diff --git a/torchaudio/transforms/__init__.py b/torchaudio/transforms/__init__.py
index a84ed64ce0..37c78ac1ed 100644
--- a/torchaudio/transforms/__init__.py
+++ b/torchaudio/transforms/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from ._multi_channel import MVDR, PSD, RTFMVDR, SoudenMVDR
+
 from ._transforms import (
     Spectrogram,
     InverseSpectrogram,
@@ -22,10 +24,6 @@
     ComputeDeltas,
     PitchShift,
     RNNTLoss,
-    PSD,
-    MVDR,
-    RTFMVDR,
-    SoudenMVDR,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/torchaudio/transforms/_multi_channel.py b/torchaudio/transforms/_multi_channel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..80dbb22a1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/torchaudio/transforms/_multi_channel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,581 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import warnings
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+import torch
+from torch import Tensor
+from torchaudio import functional as F
+
+
+__all__ = []
+
+
+def _get_mat_trace(input: torch.Tensor, dim1: int = -1, dim2: int = -2) -> torch.Tensor:
+    r"""Compute the trace of a Tensor along ``dim1`` and ``dim2`` dimensions.
+
+    Args:
+        input (torch.Tensor): Tensor of dimension `(..., channel, channel)`
+        dim1 (int, optional): the first dimension of the diagonal matrix
+            (Default: -1)
+        dim2 (int, optional): the second dimension of the diagonal matrix
+            (Default: -2)
+
+    Returns:
+        torch.Tensor: trace of the input Tensor
+    """
+    assert input.ndim >= 2, "The dimension of the tensor must be at least 2."
+    assert input.shape[dim1] == input.shape[dim2], "The size of ``dim1`` and ``dim2`` must be the same."
+    input = torch.diagonal(input, 0, dim1=dim1, dim2=dim2)
+    return input.sum(dim=-1)
+
+
+class PSD(torch.nn.Module):
+    r"""Compute cross-channel power spectral density (PSD) matrix.
+
+    .. devices:: CPU CUDA
+
+    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript
+
+    Args:
+        multi_mask (bool, optional): whether to use multi-channel Time-Frequency masks. (Default: ``False``)
+        normalize (bool, optional): whether normalize the mask along the time dimension.
+        eps (float, optional): a value added to the denominator in mask normalization. (Default: 1e-15)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, multi_mask: bool = False, normalize: bool = True, eps: float = 1e-15):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.multi_mask = multi_mask
+        self.normalize = normalize
+        self.eps = eps
+
+    def forward(self, specgram: torch.Tensor, mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None):
+        """
+        Args:
+            specgram (torch.Tensor): multi-channel complex-valued STFT matrix.
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., channel, freq, time)`
+            mask (torch.Tensor or None, optional): Time-Frequency mask for normalization.
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, time)` if multi_mask is ``False`` or
+                of dimension `(..., channel, freq, time)` if multi_mask is ``True``
+
+        Returns:
+            Tensor: PSD matrix of the input STFT matrix.
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel, channel)`
+        """
+        # outer product:
+        # (..., ch_1, freq, time) x (..., ch_2, freq, time) -> (..., time, ch_1, ch_2)
+        psd = torch.einsum("...cft,...eft->...ftce", [specgram, specgram.conj()])
+
+        if mask is not None:
+            if self.multi_mask:
+                # Averaging mask along channel dimension
+                mask = mask.mean(dim=-3)  # (..., freq, time)
+
+            # Normalized mask along time dimension:
+            if self.normalize:
+                mask = mask / (mask.sum(dim=-1, keepdim=True) + self.eps)
+
+            psd = psd * mask.unsqueeze(-1).unsqueeze(-1)
+
+        psd = psd.sum(dim=-3)
+        return psd
+
+
+class MVDR(torch.nn.Module):
+    """Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) module that performs MVDR beamforming with Time-Frequency masks.
+
+    .. devices:: CPU CUDA
+
+    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript
+
+    Based on https://github.com/espnet/espnet/blob/master/espnet2/enh/layers/beamformer.py
+
+    We provide three solutions of MVDR beamforming. One is based on *reference channel selection*
+    [:footcite:`souden2009optimal`] (``solution=ref_channel``).
+
+    .. math::
+        \\textbf{w}_{\\text{MVDR}}(f) =\
+        \\frac{{{\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f){\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{SS}}}}(f)}\
+        {\\text{Trace}({{{\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f) \\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{SS}}}(f))}}\\bm{u}
+
+    where :math:`\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{SS}}` and :math:`\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{NN}}` are the covariance\
+        matrices of speech and noise, respectively. :math:`\\bf{u}` is an one-hot vector to determine the\
+         reference channel.
+
+    The other two solutions are based on the steering vector (``solution=stv_evd`` or ``solution=stv_power``).
+
+    .. math::
+        \\textbf{w}_{\\text{MVDR}}(f) =\
+        \\frac{{{\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f){\\bm{v}}(f)}}\
+        {{\\bm{v}^{\\mathsf{H}}}(f){\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f){\\bm{v}}(f)}
+
+    where :math:`\\bm{v}` is the acoustic transfer function or the steering vector.\
+        :math:`.^{\\mathsf{H}}` denotes the Hermitian Conjugate operation.
+
+    We apply either *eigenvalue decomposition*
+    [:footcite:`higuchi2016robust`] or the *power method* [:footcite:`mises1929praktische`] to get the
+    steering vector from the PSD matrix of speech.
+
+    After estimating the beamforming weight, the enhanced Short-time Fourier Transform (STFT) is obtained by
+
+    .. math::
+        \\hat{\\bf{S}} = {\\bf{w}^\\mathsf{H}}{\\bf{Y}}, {\\bf{w}} \\in \\mathbb{C}^{M \\times F}
+
+    where :math:`\\bf{Y}` and :math:`\\hat{\\bf{S}}` are the STFT of the multi-channel noisy speech and\
+        the single-channel enhanced speech, respectively.
+
+    For online streaming audio, we provide a *recursive method* [:footcite:`higuchi2017online`] to update the
+    PSD matrices of speech and noise, respectively.
+
+    Args:
+        ref_channel (int, optional): the reference channel for beamforming. (Default: ``0``)
+        solution (str, optional): the solution to get MVDR weight.
+            Options: [``ref_channel``, ``stv_evd``, ``stv_power``]. (Default: ``ref_channel``)
+        multi_mask (bool, optional): whether to use multi-channel Time-Frequency masks. (Default: ``False``)
+        diag_loading (bool, optional): whether apply diagonal loading on the psd matrix of noise.
+            (Default: ``True``)
+        diag_eps (float, optional): the coefficient multipied to the identity matrix for diagonal loading.
+            (Default: 1e-7)
+        online (bool, optional): whether to update the mvdr vector based on the previous psd matrices.
+            (Default: ``False``)
+
+    Note:
+        To improve the numerical stability, the input spectrogram will be converted to double precision
+        (``torch.complex128`` or ``torch.cdouble``) dtype for internal computation. The output spectrogram
+        is converted to the dtype of the input spectrogram to be compatible with other modules.
+
+    Note:
+        If you use ``stv_evd`` solution, the gradient of the same input may not be identical if the
+        eigenvalues of the PSD matrix are not distinct (i.e. some eigenvalues are close or identical).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        ref_channel: int = 0,
+        solution: str = "ref_channel",
+        multi_mask: bool = False,
+        diag_loading: bool = True,
+        diag_eps: float = 1e-7,
+        online: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        assert solution in [
+            "ref_channel",
+            "stv_evd",
+            "stv_power",
+        ], "Unknown solution provided. Must be one of [``ref_channel``, ``stv_evd``, ``stv_power``]."
+        self.ref_channel = ref_channel
+        self.solution = solution
+        self.multi_mask = multi_mask
+        self.diag_loading = diag_loading
+        self.diag_eps = diag_eps
+        self.online = online
+        self.psd = PSD(multi_mask)
+
+        psd_s: torch.Tensor = torch.zeros(1)
+        psd_n: torch.Tensor = torch.zeros(1)
+        mask_sum_s: torch.Tensor = torch.zeros(1)
+        mask_sum_n: torch.Tensor = torch.zeros(1)
+        self.register_buffer("psd_s", psd_s)
+        self.register_buffer("psd_n", psd_n)
+        self.register_buffer("mask_sum_s", mask_sum_s)
+        self.register_buffer("mask_sum_n", mask_sum_n)
+
+    def _get_updated_mvdr_vector(
+        self,
+        psd_s: torch.Tensor,
+        psd_n: torch.Tensor,
+        mask_s: torch.Tensor,
+        mask_n: torch.Tensor,
+        reference_vector: torch.Tensor,
+        solution: str = "ref_channel",
+        diagonal_loading: bool = True,
+        diag_eps: float = 1e-7,
+        eps: float = 1e-8,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        r"""Recursively update the MVDR beamforming vector.
+
+        Args:
+            psd_s (torch.Tensor): psd matrix of target speech
+            psd_n (torch.Tensor): psd matrix of noise
+            mask_s (torch.Tensor): T-F mask of target speech
+            mask_n (torch.Tensor): T-F mask of noise
+            reference_vector (torch.Tensor): one-hot reference channel matrix
+            solution (str, optional): the solution to estimate the beamforming weight
+                (Default: ``ref_channel``)
+            diagonal_loading (bool, optional): whether to apply diagonal loading to psd_n
+                (Default: ``True``)
+            diag_eps (float, optional): The coefficient multipied to the identity matrix for diagonal loading
+                (Default: 1e-7)
+            eps (float, optional): a value added to the denominator in mask normalization. (Default: 1e-8)
+
+        Returns:
+            Tensor: the mvdr beamforming weight matrix
+        """
+        if self.multi_mask:
+            # Averaging mask along channel dimension
+            mask_s = mask_s.mean(dim=-3)  # (..., freq, time)
+            mask_n = mask_n.mean(dim=-3)  # (..., freq, time)
+        if self.psd_s.ndim == 1:
+            self.psd_s = psd_s
+            self.psd_n = psd_n
+            self.mask_sum_s = mask_s.sum(dim=-1)
+            self.mask_sum_n = mask_n.sum(dim=-1)
+            return self._get_mvdr_vector(psd_s, psd_n, reference_vector, solution, diagonal_loading, diag_eps, eps)
+        else:
+            psd_s = self._get_updated_psd_speech(psd_s, mask_s)
+            psd_n = self._get_updated_psd_noise(psd_n, mask_n)
+            self.psd_s = psd_s
+            self.psd_n = psd_n
+            self.mask_sum_s = self.mask_sum_s + mask_s.sum(dim=-1)
+            self.mask_sum_n = self.mask_sum_n + mask_n.sum(dim=-1)
+            return self._get_mvdr_vector(psd_s, psd_n, reference_vector, solution, diagonal_loading, diag_eps, eps)
+
+    def _get_updated_psd_speech(self, psd_s: torch.Tensor, mask_s: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        r"""Update psd of speech recursively.
+
+        Args:
+            psd_s (torch.Tensor): psd matrix of target speech
+            mask_s (torch.Tensor): T-F mask of target speech
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: the updated psd of speech
+        """
+        numerator = self.mask_sum_s / (self.mask_sum_s + mask_s.sum(dim=-1))
+        denominator = 1 / (self.mask_sum_s + mask_s.sum(dim=-1))
+        psd_s = self.psd_s * numerator[..., None, None] + psd_s * denominator[..., None, None]
+        return psd_s
+
+    def _get_updated_psd_noise(self, psd_n: torch.Tensor, mask_n: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        r"""Update psd of noise recursively.
+
+        Args:
+            psd_n (torch.Tensor): psd matrix of target noise
+            mask_n (torch.Tensor): T-F mask of target noise
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: the updated psd of noise
+        """
+        numerator = self.mask_sum_n / (self.mask_sum_n + mask_n.sum(dim=-1))
+        denominator = 1 / (self.mask_sum_n + mask_n.sum(dim=-1))
+        psd_n = self.psd_n * numerator[..., None, None] + psd_n * denominator[..., None, None]
+        return psd_n
+
+    def _get_mvdr_vector(
+        self,
+        psd_s: torch.Tensor,
+        psd_n: torch.Tensor,
+        reference_vector: torch.Tensor,
+        solution: str = "ref_channel",
+        diagonal_loading: bool = True,
+        diag_eps: float = 1e-7,
+        eps: float = 1e-8,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        r"""Compute beamforming vector by the reference channel selection method.
+
+        Args:
+            psd_s (torch.Tensor): psd matrix of target speech
+            psd_n (torch.Tensor): psd matrix of noise
+            reference_vector (torch.Tensor): one-hot reference channel matrix
+            solution (str, optional): the solution to estimate the beamforming weight
+                (Default: ``ref_channel``)
+            diagonal_loading (bool, optional): whether to apply diagonal loading to psd_n
+                (Default: ``True``)
+            diag_eps (float, optional): The coefficient multipied to the identity matrix for diagonal loading
+                (Default: 1e-7)
+            eps (float, optional): a value added to the denominator in mask normalization. Default: 1e-8
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: the mvdr beamforming weight matrix
+        """
+        if diagonal_loading:
+            psd_n = self._tik_reg(psd_n, reg=diag_eps, eps=eps)
+        if solution == "ref_channel":
+            numerator = torch.linalg.solve(psd_n, psd_s)  # psd_n.inv() @ psd_s
+            # ws: (..., C, C) / (...,) -> (..., C, C)
+            ws = numerator / (_get_mat_trace(numerator)[..., None, None] + eps)
+            # h: (..., F, C_1, C_2) x (..., C_2) -> (..., F, C_1)
+            beamform_vector = torch.einsum("...fec,...c->...fe", [ws, reference_vector])
+        else:
+            if solution == "stv_evd":
+                stv = self._get_steering_vector_evd(psd_s)
+            else:
+                stv = self._get_steering_vector_power(psd_s, psd_n, reference_vector)
+            # numerator = psd_n.inv() @ stv
+            numerator = torch.linalg.solve(psd_n, stv).squeeze(-1)  # (..., freq, channel)
+            # denominator = stv^H @ psd_n.inv() @ stv
+            denominator = torch.einsum("...d,...d->...", [stv.conj().squeeze(-1), numerator])
+            # normalzie the numerator
+            scale = stv.squeeze(-1)[..., self.ref_channel, None].conj()
+            beamform_vector = numerator / (denominator.real.unsqueeze(-1) + eps) * scale
+
+        return beamform_vector
+
+    def _get_steering_vector_evd(self, psd_s: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        r"""Estimate the steering vector by eigenvalue decomposition.
+
+        Args:
+            psd_s (torch.tensor): covariance matrix of speech
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel, channel)`
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: the enhanced STFT
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel, 1)`
+        """
+        w, v = torch.linalg.eig(psd_s)  # (..., freq, channel, channel)
+        _, indices = torch.max(w.abs(), dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+        indices = indices.unsqueeze(-1)
+        stv = v.gather(-1, indices.expand(psd_s.shape[:-1] + (1,)))  # (..., freq, channel, 1)
+        return stv
+
+    def _get_steering_vector_power(
+        self, psd_s: torch.Tensor, psd_n: torch.Tensor, reference_vector: torch.Tensor
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        r"""Estimate the steering vector by the power method.
+
+        Args:
+            psd_s (torch.tensor): covariance matrix of speech
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel, channel)`
+            psd_n (torch.Tensor): covariance matrix of noise
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel, channel)`
+            reference_vector (torch.Tensor): one-hot reference channel matrix
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: the enhanced STFT
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel, 1)`
+        """
+        phi = torch.linalg.solve(psd_n, psd_s)  # psd_n.inv() @ psd_s
+        stv = torch.einsum("...fec,...c->...fe", [phi, reference_vector])
+        stv = stv.unsqueeze(-1)
+        stv = torch.matmul(phi, stv)
+        stv = torch.matmul(psd_s, stv)
+        return stv
+
+    def _apply_beamforming_vector(self, specgram: torch.Tensor, beamform_vector: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        r"""Apply the beamforming weight to the noisy STFT
+        Args:
+            specgram (torch.tensor): multi-channel noisy STFT
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., channel, freq, time)`
+            beamform_vector (torch.Tensor): beamforming weight matrix
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel)`
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: the enhanced STFT
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, time)`
+        """
+        # (..., channel) x (..., channel, freq, time) -> (..., freq, time)
+        specgram_enhanced = torch.einsum("...fc,...cft->...ft", [beamform_vector.conj(), specgram])
+        return specgram_enhanced
+
+    def _tik_reg(self, mat: torch.Tensor, reg: float = 1e-7, eps: float = 1e-8) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Perform Tikhonov regularization (only modifying real part).
+        Args:
+            mat (torch.Tensor): input matrix (..., channel, channel)
+            reg (float, optional): regularization factor (Default: 1e-8)
+            eps (float, optional): a value to avoid the correlation matrix is all-zero (Default: 1e-8)
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: regularized matrix (..., channel, channel)
+        """
+        # Add eps
+        C = mat.size(-1)
+        eye = torch.eye(C, dtype=mat.dtype, device=mat.device)
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            epsilon = _get_mat_trace(mat).real[..., None, None] * reg
+            # in case that correlation_matrix is all-zero
+            epsilon = epsilon + eps
+        mat = mat + epsilon * eye[..., :, :]
+        return mat
+
+    def forward(
+        self, specgram: torch.Tensor, mask_s: torch.Tensor, mask_n: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Perform MVDR beamforming.
+
+        Args:
+            specgram (torch.Tensor): the multi-channel STF of the noisy speech.
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., channel, freq, time)`
+            mask_s (torch.Tensor): Time-Frequency mask of target speech.
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, time)` if multi_mask is ``False``
+                or or dimension `(..., channel, freq, time)` if multi_mask is ``True``
+            mask_n (torch.Tensor or None, optional): Time-Frequency mask of noise.
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, time)` if multi_mask is ``False``
+                or or dimension `(..., channel, freq, time)` if multi_mask is ``True``
+                (Default: None)
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: The single-channel STFT of the enhanced speech.
+                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, time)`
+        """
+        dtype = specgram.dtype
+        if specgram.ndim < 3:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected at least 3D tensor (..., channel, freq, time). Found: {specgram.shape}")
+        if not specgram.is_complex():
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"The type of ``specgram`` tensor must be ``torch.cfloat`` or ``torch.cdouble``.\
+                    Found: {specgram.dtype}"
+            )
+        if specgram.dtype == torch.cfloat:
+            specgram = specgram.cdouble()  # Convert specgram to ``torch.cdouble``.
+
+        if mask_n is None:
+            warnings.warn("``mask_n`` is not provided, use ``1 - mask_s`` as ``mask_n``.")
+            mask_n = 1 - mask_s
+
+        shape = specgram.size()
+
+        # pack batch
+        specgram = specgram.reshape(-1, shape[-3], shape[-2], shape[-1])
+        if self.multi_mask:
+            mask_s = mask_s.reshape(-1, shape[-3], shape[-2], shape[-1])
+            mask_n = mask_n.reshape(-1, shape[-3], shape[-2], shape[-1])
+        else:
+            mask_s = mask_s.reshape(-1, shape[-2], shape[-1])
+            mask_n = mask_n.reshape(-1, shape[-2], shape[-1])
+
+        psd_s = self.psd(specgram, mask_s)  # (..., freq, time, channel, channel)
+        psd_n = self.psd(specgram, mask_n)  # (..., freq, time, channel, channel)
+
+        u = torch.zeros(specgram.size()[:-2], device=specgram.device, dtype=torch.cdouble)  # (..., channel)
+        u[..., self.ref_channel].fill_(1)
+
+        if self.online:
+            w_mvdr = self._get_updated_mvdr_vector(
+                psd_s, psd_n, mask_s, mask_n, u, self.solution, self.diag_loading, self.diag_eps
+            )
+        else:
+            w_mvdr = self._get_mvdr_vector(psd_s, psd_n, u, self.solution, self.diag_loading, self.diag_eps)
+
+        specgram_enhanced = self._apply_beamforming_vector(specgram, w_mvdr)
+
+        # unpack batch
+        specgram_enhanced = specgram_enhanced.reshape(shape[:-3] + shape[-2:])
+
+        return specgram_enhanced.to(dtype)
+
+
+class RTFMVDR(torch.nn.Module):
+    r"""Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (*MVDR* [:footcite:`capon1969high`]) module
+    based on the relative transfer function (RTF) and power spectral density (PSD) matrix of noise.
+
+    .. devices:: CPU CUDA
+
+    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript
+
+    Given the multi-channel complex-valued spectrum :math:`\textbf{Y}`, the relative transfer function (RTF) matrix
+    or the steering vector of target speech :math:`\bm{v}`, the PSD matrix of noise :math:`\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{NN}}`, and
+    a one-hot vector that represents the reference channel :math:`\bf{u}`, the module computes the single-channel
+    complex-valued spectrum of the enhanced speech :math:`\hat{\textbf{S}}`. The formula is defined as:
+
+    .. math::
+        \hat{\textbf{S}}(f) = \textbf{w}_{\text{bf}}(f)^{\mathsf{H}} \textbf{Y}(f)
+
+    where :math:`\textbf{w}_{\text{bf}}(f)` is the MVDR beamforming weight for the :math:`f`-th frequency bin,
+    :math:`(.)^{\mathsf{H}}` denotes the Hermitian Conjugate operation.
+
+    The beamforming weight is computed by:
+
+    .. math::
+        \textbf{w}_{\text{MVDR}}(f) =
+        \frac{{{\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f){\bm{v}}(f)}}
+        {{\bm{v}^{\mathsf{H}}}(f){\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f){\bm{v}}(f)}
+    """
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        specgram: Tensor,
+        rtf: Tensor,
+        psd_n: Tensor,
+        reference_channel: Union[int, Tensor],
+        diagonal_loading: bool = True,
+        diag_eps: float = 1e-7,
+        eps: float = 1e-8,
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        """
+        Args:
+            specgram (torch.Tensor): Multi-channel complex-valued spectrum.
+                Tensor with dimensions `(..., channel, freq, time)`
+            rtf (torch.Tensor): The complex-valued RTF vector of target speech.
+                Tensor with dimensions `(..., freq, channel)`.
+            psd_n (torch.Tensor): The complex-valued power spectral density (PSD) matrix of noise.
+                Tensor with dimensions `(..., freq, channel, channel)`.
+            reference_channel (int or torch.Tensor): Specifies the reference channel.
+                If the dtype is ``int``, it represents the reference channel index.
+                If the dtype is ``torch.Tensor``, its shape is `(..., channel)`, where the ``channel`` dimension
+                is one-hot.
+            diagonal_loading (bool, optional): If ``True``, enables applying diagonal loading to ``psd_n``.
+                (Default: ``True``)
+            diag_eps (float, optional): The coefficient multiplied to the identity matrix for diagonal loading.
+                It is only effective when ``diagonal_loading`` is set to ``True``. (Default: ``1e-7``)
+            eps (float, optional): Value to add to the denominator in the beamforming weight formula.
+                (Default: ``1e-8``)
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Single-channel complex-valued enhanced spectrum with dimensions `(..., freq, time)`.
+        """
+        w_mvdr = F.mvdr_weights_rtf(rtf, psd_n, reference_channel, diagonal_loading, diag_eps, eps)
+        spectrum_enhanced = F.apply_beamforming(w_mvdr, specgram)
+        return spectrum_enhanced
+
+
+class SoudenMVDR(torch.nn.Module):
+    r"""Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (*MVDR* [:footcite:`capon1969high`]) module
+    based on the method proposed by *Souden et, al.* [:footcite:`souden2009optimal`].
+
+    .. devices:: CPU CUDA
+
+    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript
+
+    Given the multi-channel complex-valued spectrum :math:`\textbf{Y}`, the power spectral density (PSD) matrix
+    of target speech :math:`\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{SS}}`, the PSD matrix of noise :math:`\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{NN}}`, and
+    a one-hot vector that represents the reference channel :math:`\bf{u}`, the module computes the single-channel
+    complex-valued spectrum of the enhanced speech :math:`\hat{\textbf{S}}`. The formula is defined as:
+
+    .. math::
+        \hat{\textbf{S}}(f) = \textbf{w}_{\text{bf}}(f)^{\mathsf{H}} \textbf{Y}(f)
+
+    where :math:`\textbf{w}_{\text{bf}}(f)` is the MVDR beamforming weight for the :math:`f`-th frequency bin.
+
+    The beamforming weight is computed by:
+
+    .. math::
+        \textbf{w}_{\text{MVDR}}(f) =
+        \frac{{{\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f){\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{SS}}}}(f)}
+        {\text{Trace}({{{\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f) \bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{SS}}}(f))}}\bm{u}
+    """
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        specgram: Tensor,
+        psd_s: Tensor,
+        psd_n: Tensor,
+        reference_channel: Union[int, Tensor],
+        diagonal_loading: bool = True,
+        diag_eps: float = 1e-7,
+        eps: float = 1e-8,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Args:
+            specgram (torch.Tensor): Multi-channel complex-valued spectrum.
+                Tensor with dimensions `(..., channel, freq, time)`.
+            psd_s (torch.Tensor): The complex-valued power spectral density (PSD) matrix of target speech.
+                Tensor with dimensions `(..., freq, channel, channel)`.
+            psd_n (torch.Tensor): The complex-valued power spectral density (PSD) matrix of noise.
+                Tensor with dimensions `(..., freq, channel, channel)`.
+            reference_channel (int or torch.Tensor): Specifies the reference channel.
+                If the dtype is ``int``, it represents the reference channel index.
+                If the dtype is ``torch.Tensor``, its shape is `(..., channel)`, where the ``channel`` dimension
+                is one-hot.
+            diagonal_loading (bool, optional): If ``True``, enables applying diagonal loading to ``psd_n``.
+                (Default: ``True``)
+            diag_eps (float, optional): The coefficient multiplied to the identity matrix for diagonal loading.
+                It is only effective when ``diagonal_loading`` is set to ``True``. (Default: ``1e-7``)
+            eps (float, optional): Value to add to the denominator in the beamforming weight formula.
+                (Default: ``1e-8``)
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Single-channel complex-valued enhanced spectrum with dimensions `(..., freq, time)`.
+        """
+        w_mvdr = F.mvdr_weights_souden(psd_s, psd_n, reference_channel, diagonal_loading, diag_eps, eps)
+        spectrum_enhanced = F.apply_beamforming(w_mvdr, specgram)
+        return spectrum_enhanced
diff --git a/torchaudio/transforms/_transforms.py b/torchaudio/transforms/_transforms.py
index 7a81ab8e9b..eac2dd7077 100644
--- a/torchaudio/transforms/_transforms.py
+++ b/torchaudio/transforms/_transforms.py
@@ -2,15 +2,12 @@
 
 import math
 import warnings
-from typing import Callable, Optional, Union
+from typing import Callable, Optional
 
 import torch
 from torch import Tensor
 from torchaudio import functional as F
-from torchaudio.functional.functional import (
-    _get_sinc_resample_kernel,
-    _apply_sinc_resample_kernel,
-)
+from torchaudio.functional.functional import _apply_sinc_resample_kernel, _get_sinc_resample_kernel
 
 __all__ = []
 
@@ -1645,573 +1642,3 @@ def forward(
             otherwise scalar.
         """
         return F.rnnt_loss(logits, targets, logit_lengths, target_lengths, self.blank, self.clamp, self.reduction)
-
-
-def _get_mat_trace(input: torch.Tensor, dim1: int = -1, dim2: int = -2) -> torch.Tensor:
-    r"""Compute the trace of a Tensor along ``dim1`` and ``dim2`` dimensions.
-
-    Args:
-        input (torch.Tensor): Tensor of dimension `(..., channel, channel)`
-        dim1 (int, optional): the first dimension of the diagonal matrix
-            (Default: -1)
-        dim2 (int, optional): the second dimension of the diagonal matrix
-            (Default: -2)
-
-    Returns:
-        torch.Tensor: trace of the input Tensor
-    """
-    assert input.ndim >= 2, "The dimension of the tensor must be at least 2."
-    assert input.shape[dim1] == input.shape[dim2], "The size of ``dim1`` and ``dim2`` must be the same."
-    input = torch.diagonal(input, 0, dim1=dim1, dim2=dim2)
-    return input.sum(dim=-1)
-
-
-class PSD(torch.nn.Module):
-    r"""Compute cross-channel power spectral density (PSD) matrix.
-
-    .. devices:: CPU CUDA
-
-    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript
-
-    Args:
-        multi_mask (bool, optional): whether to use multi-channel Time-Frequency masks. (Default: ``False``)
-        normalize (bool, optional): whether normalize the mask along the time dimension.
-        eps (float, optional): a value added to the denominator in mask normalization. (Default: 1e-15)
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, multi_mask: bool = False, normalize: bool = True, eps: float = 1e-15):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.multi_mask = multi_mask
-        self.normalize = normalize
-        self.eps = eps
-
-    def forward(self, specgram: torch.Tensor, mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None):
-        """
-        Args:
-            specgram (torch.Tensor): multi-channel complex-valued STFT matrix.
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., channel, freq, time)`
-            mask (torch.Tensor or None, optional): Time-Frequency mask for normalization.
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, time)` if multi_mask is ``False`` or
-                of dimension `(..., channel, freq, time)` if multi_mask is ``True``
-
-        Returns:
-            Tensor: PSD matrix of the input STFT matrix.
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel, channel)`
-        """
-        # outer product:
-        # (..., ch_1, freq, time) x (..., ch_2, freq, time) -> (..., time, ch_1, ch_2)
-        psd = torch.einsum("...cft,...eft->...ftce", [specgram, specgram.conj()])
-
-        if mask is not None:
-            if self.multi_mask:
-                # Averaging mask along channel dimension
-                mask = mask.mean(dim=-3)  # (..., freq, time)
-
-            # Normalized mask along time dimension:
-            if self.normalize:
-                mask = mask / (mask.sum(dim=-1, keepdim=True) + self.eps)
-
-            psd = psd * mask.unsqueeze(-1).unsqueeze(-1)
-
-        psd = psd.sum(dim=-3)
-        return psd
-
-
-class MVDR(torch.nn.Module):
-    """Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) module that performs MVDR beamforming with Time-Frequency masks.
-
-    .. devices:: CPU CUDA
-
-    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript
-
-    Based on https://github.com/espnet/espnet/blob/master/espnet2/enh/layers/beamformer.py
-
-    We provide three solutions of MVDR beamforming. One is based on *reference channel selection*
-    [:footcite:`souden2009optimal`] (``solution=ref_channel``).
-
-    .. math::
-        \\textbf{w}_{\\text{MVDR}}(f) =\
-        \\frac{{{\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f){\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{SS}}}}(f)}\
-        {\\text{Trace}({{{\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f) \\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{SS}}}(f))}}\\bm{u}
-
-    where :math:`\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{SS}}` and :math:`\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{NN}}` are the covariance\
-        matrices of speech and noise, respectively. :math:`\\bf{u}` is an one-hot vector to determine the\
-         reference channel.
-
-    The other two solutions are based on the steering vector (``solution=stv_evd`` or ``solution=stv_power``).
-
-    .. math::
-        \\textbf{w}_{\\text{MVDR}}(f) =\
-        \\frac{{{\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f){\\bm{v}}(f)}}\
-        {{\\bm{v}^{\\mathsf{H}}}(f){\\bf{\\Phi}_{\\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f){\\bm{v}}(f)}
-
-    where :math:`\\bm{v}` is the acoustic transfer function or the steering vector.\
-        :math:`.^{\\mathsf{H}}` denotes the Hermitian Conjugate operation.
-
-    We apply either *eigenvalue decomposition*
-    [:footcite:`higuchi2016robust`] or the *power method* [:footcite:`mises1929praktische`] to get the
-    steering vector from the PSD matrix of speech.
-
-    After estimating the beamforming weight, the enhanced Short-time Fourier Transform (STFT) is obtained by
-
-    .. math::
-        \\hat{\\bf{S}} = {\\bf{w}^\\mathsf{H}}{\\bf{Y}}, {\\bf{w}} \\in \\mathbb{C}^{M \\times F}
-
-    where :math:`\\bf{Y}` and :math:`\\hat{\\bf{S}}` are the STFT of the multi-channel noisy speech and\
-        the single-channel enhanced speech, respectively.
-
-    For online streaming audio, we provide a *recursive method* [:footcite:`higuchi2017online`] to update the
-    PSD matrices of speech and noise, respectively.
-
-    Args:
-        ref_channel (int, optional): the reference channel for beamforming. (Default: ``0``)
-        solution (str, optional): the solution to get MVDR weight.
-            Options: [``ref_channel``, ``stv_evd``, ``stv_power``]. (Default: ``ref_channel``)
-        multi_mask (bool, optional): whether to use multi-channel Time-Frequency masks. (Default: ``False``)
-        diag_loading (bool, optional): whether apply diagonal loading on the psd matrix of noise.
-            (Default: ``True``)
-        diag_eps (float, optional): the coefficient multipied to the identity matrix for diagonal loading.
-            (Default: 1e-7)
-        online (bool, optional): whether to update the mvdr vector based on the previous psd matrices.
-            (Default: ``False``)
-
-    Note:
-        To improve the numerical stability, the input spectrogram will be converted to double precision
-        (``torch.complex128`` or ``torch.cdouble``) dtype for internal computation. The output spectrogram
-        is converted to the dtype of the input spectrogram to be compatible with other modules.
-
-    Note:
-        If you use ``stv_evd`` solution, the gradient of the same input may not be identical if the
-        eigenvalues of the PSD matrix are not distinct (i.e. some eigenvalues are close or identical).
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        ref_channel: int = 0,
-        solution: str = "ref_channel",
-        multi_mask: bool = False,
-        diag_loading: bool = True,
-        diag_eps: float = 1e-7,
-        online: bool = False,
-    ):
-        super().__init__()
-        assert solution in [
-            "ref_channel",
-            "stv_evd",
-            "stv_power",
-        ], "Unknown solution provided. Must be one of [``ref_channel``, ``stv_evd``, ``stv_power``]."
-        self.ref_channel = ref_channel
-        self.solution = solution
-        self.multi_mask = multi_mask
-        self.diag_loading = diag_loading
-        self.diag_eps = diag_eps
-        self.online = online
-        self.psd = PSD(multi_mask)
-
-        psd_s: torch.Tensor = torch.zeros(1)
-        psd_n: torch.Tensor = torch.zeros(1)
-        mask_sum_s: torch.Tensor = torch.zeros(1)
-        mask_sum_n: torch.Tensor = torch.zeros(1)
-        self.register_buffer("psd_s", psd_s)
-        self.register_buffer("psd_n", psd_n)
-        self.register_buffer("mask_sum_s", mask_sum_s)
-        self.register_buffer("mask_sum_n", mask_sum_n)
-
-    def _get_updated_mvdr_vector(
-        self,
-        psd_s: torch.Tensor,
-        psd_n: torch.Tensor,
-        mask_s: torch.Tensor,
-        mask_n: torch.Tensor,
-        reference_vector: torch.Tensor,
-        solution: str = "ref_channel",
-        diagonal_loading: bool = True,
-        diag_eps: float = 1e-7,
-        eps: float = 1e-8,
-    ) -> torch.Tensor:
-        r"""Recursively update the MVDR beamforming vector.
-
-        Args:
-            psd_s (torch.Tensor): psd matrix of target speech
-            psd_n (torch.Tensor): psd matrix of noise
-            mask_s (torch.Tensor): T-F mask of target speech
-            mask_n (torch.Tensor): T-F mask of noise
-            reference_vector (torch.Tensor): one-hot reference channel matrix
-            solution (str, optional): the solution to estimate the beamforming weight
-                (Default: ``ref_channel``)
-            diagonal_loading (bool, optional): whether to apply diagonal loading to psd_n
-                (Default: ``True``)
-            diag_eps (float, optional): The coefficient multipied to the identity matrix for diagonal loading
-                (Default: 1e-7)
-            eps (float, optional): a value added to the denominator in mask normalization. (Default: 1e-8)
-
-        Returns:
-            Tensor: the mvdr beamforming weight matrix
-        """
-        if self.multi_mask:
-            # Averaging mask along channel dimension
-            mask_s = mask_s.mean(dim=-3)  # (..., freq, time)
-            mask_n = mask_n.mean(dim=-3)  # (..., freq, time)
-        if self.psd_s.ndim == 1:
-            self.psd_s = psd_s
-            self.psd_n = psd_n
-            self.mask_sum_s = mask_s.sum(dim=-1)
-            self.mask_sum_n = mask_n.sum(dim=-1)
-            return self._get_mvdr_vector(psd_s, psd_n, reference_vector, solution, diagonal_loading, diag_eps, eps)
-        else:
-            psd_s = self._get_updated_psd_speech(psd_s, mask_s)
-            psd_n = self._get_updated_psd_noise(psd_n, mask_n)
-            self.psd_s = psd_s
-            self.psd_n = psd_n
-            self.mask_sum_s = self.mask_sum_s + mask_s.sum(dim=-1)
-            self.mask_sum_n = self.mask_sum_n + mask_n.sum(dim=-1)
-            return self._get_mvdr_vector(psd_s, psd_n, reference_vector, solution, diagonal_loading, diag_eps, eps)
-
-    def _get_updated_psd_speech(self, psd_s: torch.Tensor, mask_s: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-        r"""Update psd of speech recursively.
-
-        Args:
-            psd_s (torch.Tensor): psd matrix of target speech
-            mask_s (torch.Tensor): T-F mask of target speech
-
-        Returns:
-            torch.Tensor: the updated psd of speech
-        """
-        numerator = self.mask_sum_s / (self.mask_sum_s + mask_s.sum(dim=-1))
-        denominator = 1 / (self.mask_sum_s + mask_s.sum(dim=-1))
-        psd_s = self.psd_s * numerator[..., None, None] + psd_s * denominator[..., None, None]
-        return psd_s
-
-    def _get_updated_psd_noise(self, psd_n: torch.Tensor, mask_n: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-        r"""Update psd of noise recursively.
-
-        Args:
-            psd_n (torch.Tensor): psd matrix of target noise
-            mask_n (torch.Tensor): T-F mask of target noise
-
-        Returns:
-            torch.Tensor: the updated psd of noise
-        """
-        numerator = self.mask_sum_n / (self.mask_sum_n + mask_n.sum(dim=-1))
-        denominator = 1 / (self.mask_sum_n + mask_n.sum(dim=-1))
-        psd_n = self.psd_n * numerator[..., None, None] + psd_n * denominator[..., None, None]
-        return psd_n
-
-    def _get_mvdr_vector(
-        self,
-        psd_s: torch.Tensor,
-        psd_n: torch.Tensor,
-        reference_vector: torch.Tensor,
-        solution: str = "ref_channel",
-        diagonal_loading: bool = True,
-        diag_eps: float = 1e-7,
-        eps: float = 1e-8,
-    ) -> torch.Tensor:
-        r"""Compute beamforming vector by the reference channel selection method.
-
-        Args:
-            psd_s (torch.Tensor): psd matrix of target speech
-            psd_n (torch.Tensor): psd matrix of noise
-            reference_vector (torch.Tensor): one-hot reference channel matrix
-            solution (str, optional): the solution to estimate the beamforming weight
-                (Default: ``ref_channel``)
-            diagonal_loading (bool, optional): whether to apply diagonal loading to psd_n
-                (Default: ``True``)
-            diag_eps (float, optional): The coefficient multipied to the identity matrix for diagonal loading
-                (Default: 1e-7)
-            eps (float, optional): a value added to the denominator in mask normalization. Default: 1e-8
-
-        Returns:
-            torch.Tensor: the mvdr beamforming weight matrix
-        """
-        if diagonal_loading:
-            psd_n = self._tik_reg(psd_n, reg=diag_eps, eps=eps)
-        if solution == "ref_channel":
-            numerator = torch.linalg.solve(psd_n, psd_s)  # psd_n.inv() @ psd_s
-            # ws: (..., C, C) / (...,) -> (..., C, C)
-            ws = numerator / (_get_mat_trace(numerator)[..., None, None] + eps)
-            # h: (..., F, C_1, C_2) x (..., C_2) -> (..., F, C_1)
-            beamform_vector = torch.einsum("...fec,...c->...fe", [ws, reference_vector])
-        else:
-            if solution == "stv_evd":
-                stv = self._get_steering_vector_evd(psd_s)
-            else:
-                stv = self._get_steering_vector_power(psd_s, psd_n, reference_vector)
-            # numerator = psd_n.inv() @ stv
-            numerator = torch.linalg.solve(psd_n, stv).squeeze(-1)  # (..., freq, channel)
-            # denominator = stv^H @ psd_n.inv() @ stv
-            denominator = torch.einsum("...d,...d->...", [stv.conj().squeeze(-1), numerator])
-            # normalzie the numerator
-            scale = stv.squeeze(-1)[..., self.ref_channel, None].conj()
-            beamform_vector = numerator / (denominator.real.unsqueeze(-1) + eps) * scale
-
-        return beamform_vector
-
-    def _get_steering_vector_evd(self, psd_s: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-        r"""Estimate the steering vector by eigenvalue decomposition.
-
-        Args:
-            psd_s (torch.tensor): covariance matrix of speech
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel, channel)`
-
-        Returns:
-            torch.Tensor: the enhanced STFT
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel, 1)`
-        """
-        w, v = torch.linalg.eig(psd_s)  # (..., freq, channel, channel)
-        _, indices = torch.max(w.abs(), dim=-1, keepdim=True)
-        indices = indices.unsqueeze(-1)
-        stv = v.gather(-1, indices.expand(psd_s.shape[:-1] + (1,)))  # (..., freq, channel, 1)
-        return stv
-
-    def _get_steering_vector_power(
-        self, psd_s: torch.Tensor, psd_n: torch.Tensor, reference_vector: torch.Tensor
-    ) -> torch.Tensor:
-        r"""Estimate the steering vector by the power method.
-
-        Args:
-            psd_s (torch.tensor): covariance matrix of speech
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel, channel)`
-            psd_n (torch.Tensor): covariance matrix of noise
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel, channel)`
-            reference_vector (torch.Tensor): one-hot reference channel matrix
-
-        Returns:
-            torch.Tensor: the enhanced STFT
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel, 1)`
-        """
-        phi = torch.linalg.solve(psd_n, psd_s)  # psd_n.inv() @ psd_s
-        stv = torch.einsum("...fec,...c->...fe", [phi, reference_vector])
-        stv = stv.unsqueeze(-1)
-        stv = torch.matmul(phi, stv)
-        stv = torch.matmul(psd_s, stv)
-        return stv
-
-    def _apply_beamforming_vector(self, specgram: torch.Tensor, beamform_vector: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-        r"""Apply the beamforming weight to the noisy STFT
-        Args:
-            specgram (torch.tensor): multi-channel noisy STFT
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., channel, freq, time)`
-            beamform_vector (torch.Tensor): beamforming weight matrix
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, channel)`
-
-        Returns:
-            torch.Tensor: the enhanced STFT
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, time)`
-        """
-        # (..., channel) x (..., channel, freq, time) -> (..., freq, time)
-        specgram_enhanced = torch.einsum("...fc,...cft->...ft", [beamform_vector.conj(), specgram])
-        return specgram_enhanced
-
-    def _tik_reg(self, mat: torch.Tensor, reg: float = 1e-7, eps: float = 1e-8) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """Perform Tikhonov regularization (only modifying real part).
-        Args:
-            mat (torch.Tensor): input matrix (..., channel, channel)
-            reg (float, optional): regularization factor (Default: 1e-8)
-            eps (float, optional): a value to avoid the correlation matrix is all-zero (Default: 1e-8)
-
-        Returns:
-            torch.Tensor: regularized matrix (..., channel, channel)
-        """
-        # Add eps
-        C = mat.size(-1)
-        eye = torch.eye(C, dtype=mat.dtype, device=mat.device)
-        with torch.no_grad():
-            epsilon = _get_mat_trace(mat).real[..., None, None] * reg
-            # in case that correlation_matrix is all-zero
-            epsilon = epsilon + eps
-        mat = mat + epsilon * eye[..., :, :]
-        return mat
-
-    def forward(
-        self, specgram: torch.Tensor, mask_s: torch.Tensor, mask_n: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
-    ) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """Perform MVDR beamforming.
-
-        Args:
-            specgram (torch.Tensor): the multi-channel STF of the noisy speech.
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., channel, freq, time)`
-            mask_s (torch.Tensor): Time-Frequency mask of target speech.
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, time)` if multi_mask is ``False``
-                or or dimension `(..., channel, freq, time)` if multi_mask is ``True``
-            mask_n (torch.Tensor or None, optional): Time-Frequency mask of noise.
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, time)` if multi_mask is ``False``
-                or or dimension `(..., channel, freq, time)` if multi_mask is ``True``
-                (Default: None)
-
-        Returns:
-            torch.Tensor: The single-channel STFT of the enhanced speech.
-                Tensor of dimension `(..., freq, time)`
-        """
-        dtype = specgram.dtype
-        if specgram.ndim < 3:
-            raise ValueError(f"Expected at least 3D tensor (..., channel, freq, time). Found: {specgram.shape}")
-        if not specgram.is_complex():
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"The type of ``specgram`` tensor must be ``torch.cfloat`` or ``torch.cdouble``.\
-                    Found: {specgram.dtype}"
-            )
-        if specgram.dtype == torch.cfloat:
-            specgram = specgram.cdouble()  # Convert specgram to ``torch.cdouble``.
-
-        if mask_n is None:
-            warnings.warn("``mask_n`` is not provided, use ``1 - mask_s`` as ``mask_n``.")
-            mask_n = 1 - mask_s
-
-        shape = specgram.size()
-
-        # pack batch
-        specgram = specgram.reshape(-1, shape[-3], shape[-2], shape[-1])
-        if self.multi_mask:
-            mask_s = mask_s.reshape(-1, shape[-3], shape[-2], shape[-1])
-            mask_n = mask_n.reshape(-1, shape[-3], shape[-2], shape[-1])
-        else:
-            mask_s = mask_s.reshape(-1, shape[-2], shape[-1])
-            mask_n = mask_n.reshape(-1, shape[-2], shape[-1])
-
-        psd_s = self.psd(specgram, mask_s)  # (..., freq, time, channel, channel)
-        psd_n = self.psd(specgram, mask_n)  # (..., freq, time, channel, channel)
-
-        u = torch.zeros(specgram.size()[:-2], device=specgram.device, dtype=torch.cdouble)  # (..., channel)
-        u[..., self.ref_channel].fill_(1)
-
-        if self.online:
-            w_mvdr = self._get_updated_mvdr_vector(
-                psd_s, psd_n, mask_s, mask_n, u, self.solution, self.diag_loading, self.diag_eps
-            )
-        else:
-            w_mvdr = self._get_mvdr_vector(psd_s, psd_n, u, self.solution, self.diag_loading, self.diag_eps)
-
-        specgram_enhanced = self._apply_beamforming_vector(specgram, w_mvdr)
-
-        # unpack batch
-        specgram_enhanced = specgram_enhanced.reshape(shape[:-3] + shape[-2:])
-
-        return specgram_enhanced.to(dtype)
-
-
-class RTFMVDR(torch.nn.Module):
-    r"""Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (*MVDR* [:footcite:`capon1969high`]) module
-    based on the relative transfer function (RTF) and power spectral density (PSD) matrix of noise.
-
-    .. devices:: CPU CUDA
-
-    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript
-
-    Given the multi-channel complex-valued spectrum :math:`\textbf{Y}`, the relative transfer function (RTF) matrix
-    or the steering vector of target speech :math:`\bm{v}`, the PSD matrix of noise :math:`\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{NN}}`, and
-    a one-hot vector that represents the reference channel :math:`\bf{u}`, the module computes the single-channel
-    complex-valued spectrum of the enhanced speech :math:`\hat{\textbf{S}}`. The formula is defined as:
-
-    .. math::
-        \hat{\textbf{S}}(f) = \textbf{w}_{\text{bf}}(f)^{\mathsf{H}} \textbf{Y}(f)
-
-    where :math:`\textbf{w}_{\text{bf}}(f)` is the MVDR beamforming weight for the :math:`f`-th frequency bin,
-    :math:`(.)^{\mathsf{H}}` denotes the Hermitian Conjugate operation.
-
-    The beamforming weight is computed by:
-
-    .. math::
-        \textbf{w}_{\text{MVDR}}(f) =
-        \frac{{{\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f){\bm{v}}(f)}}
-        {{\bm{v}^{\mathsf{H}}}(f){\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f){\bm{v}}(f)}
-    """
-
-    def forward(
-        self,
-        specgram: Tensor,
-        rtf: Tensor,
-        psd_n: Tensor,
-        reference_channel: Union[int, Tensor],
-        diagonal_loading: bool = True,
-        diag_eps: float = 1e-7,
-        eps: float = 1e-8,
-    ) -> Tensor:
-        """
-        Args:
-            specgram (torch.Tensor): Multi-channel complex-valued spectrum.
-                Tensor with dimensions `(..., channel, freq, time)`
-            rtf (torch.Tensor): The complex-valued RTF vector of target speech.
-                Tensor with dimensions `(..., freq, channel)`.
-            psd_n (torch.Tensor): The complex-valued power spectral density (PSD) matrix of noise.
-                Tensor with dimensions `(..., freq, channel, channel)`.
-            reference_channel (int or torch.Tensor): Specifies the reference channel.
-                If the dtype is ``int``, it represents the reference channel index.
-                If the dtype is ``torch.Tensor``, its shape is `(..., channel)`, where the ``channel`` dimension
-                is one-hot.
-            diagonal_loading (bool, optional): If ``True``, enables applying diagonal loading to ``psd_n``.
-                (Default: ``True``)
-            diag_eps (float, optional): The coefficient multiplied to the identity matrix for diagonal loading.
-                It is only effective when ``diagonal_loading`` is set to ``True``. (Default: ``1e-7``)
-            eps (float, optional): Value to add to the denominator in the beamforming weight formula.
-                (Default: ``1e-8``)
-
-        Returns:
-            torch.Tensor: Single-channel complex-valued enhanced spectrum with dimensions `(..., freq, time)`.
-        """
-        w_mvdr = F.mvdr_weights_rtf(rtf, psd_n, reference_channel, diagonal_loading, diag_eps, eps)
-        spectrum_enhanced = F.apply_beamforming(w_mvdr, specgram)
-        return spectrum_enhanced
-
-
-class SoudenMVDR(torch.nn.Module):
-    r"""Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (*MVDR* [:footcite:`capon1969high`]) module
-    based on the method proposed by *Souden et, al.* [:footcite:`souden2009optimal`].
-
-    .. devices:: CPU CUDA
-
-    .. properties:: Autograd TorchScript
-
-    Given the multi-channel complex-valued spectrum :math:`\textbf{Y}`, the power spectral density (PSD) matrix
-    of target speech :math:`\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{SS}}`, the PSD matrix of noise :math:`\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{NN}}`, and
-    a one-hot vector that represents the reference channel :math:`\bf{u}`, the module computes the single-channel
-    complex-valued spectrum of the enhanced speech :math:`\hat{\textbf{S}}`. The formula is defined as:
-
-    .. math::
-        \hat{\textbf{S}}(f) = \textbf{w}_{\text{bf}}(f)^{\mathsf{H}} \textbf{Y}(f)
-
-    where :math:`\textbf{w}_{\text{bf}}(f)` is the MVDR beamforming weight for the :math:`f`-th frequency bin.
-
-    The beamforming weight is computed by:
-
-    .. math::
-        \textbf{w}_{\text{MVDR}}(f) =
-        \frac{{{\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f){\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{SS}}}}(f)}
-        {\text{Trace}({{{\bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{NN}}^{-1}}(f) \bf{\Phi}_{\textbf{SS}}}(f))}}\bm{u}
-    """
-
-    def forward(
-        self,
-        specgram: Tensor,
-        psd_s: Tensor,
-        psd_n: Tensor,
-        reference_channel: Union[int, Tensor],
-        diagonal_loading: bool = True,
-        diag_eps: float = 1e-7,
-        eps: float = 1e-8,
-    ) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """
-        Args:
-            specgram (torch.Tensor): Multi-channel complex-valued spectrum.
-                Tensor with dimensions `(..., channel, freq, time)`.
-            psd_s (torch.Tensor): The complex-valued power spectral density (PSD) matrix of target speech.
-                Tensor with dimensions `(..., freq, channel, channel)`.
-            psd_n (torch.Tensor): The complex-valued power spectral density (PSD) matrix of noise.
-                Tensor with dimensions `(..., freq, channel, channel)`.
-            reference_channel (int or torch.Tensor): Specifies the reference channel.
-                If the dtype is ``int``, it represents the reference channel index.
-                If the dtype is ``torch.Tensor``, its shape is `(..., channel)`, where the ``channel`` dimension
-                is one-hot.
-            diagonal_loading (bool, optional): If ``True``, enables applying diagonal loading to ``psd_n``.
-                (Default: ``True``)
-            diag_eps (float, optional): The coefficient multiplied to the identity matrix for diagonal loading.
-                It is only effective when ``diagonal_loading`` is set to ``True``. (Default: ``1e-7``)
-            eps (float, optional): Value to add to the denominator in the beamforming weight formula.
-                (Default: ``1e-8``)
-
-        Returns:
-            torch.Tensor: Single-channel complex-valued enhanced spectrum with dimensions `(..., freq, time)`.
-        """
-        w_mvdr = F.mvdr_weights_souden(psd_s, psd_n, reference_channel, diagonal_loading, diag_eps, eps)
-        spectrum_enhanced = F.apply_beamforming(w_mvdr, specgram)
-        return spectrum_enhanced