diff --git a/crates/cargo-util/src/paths.rs b/crates/cargo-util/src/paths.rs
index fc10c5912d9..2af93218384 100644
--- a/crates/cargo-util/src/paths.rs
+++ b/crates/cargo-util/src/paths.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub fn join_paths<T: AsRef<OsStr>>(paths: &[T], env: &str) -> Result<OsString> {
 
 /// Returns the name of the environment variable used for searching for
 /// dynamic libraries.
-pub fn dylib_path_envvar() -> &'static str {
+pub const fn dylib_path_envvar() -> &'static str {
     if cfg!(windows) {
         "PATH"
     } else if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
diff --git a/src/cargo/core/compiler/compilation.rs b/src/cargo/core/compiler/compilation.rs
index 4830677b6d2..829ca85017c 100644
--- a/src/cargo/core/compiler/compilation.rs
+++ b/src/cargo/core/compiler/compilation.rs
@@ -529,3 +529,98 @@ fn target_linker(bcx: &BuildContext<'_, '_>, kind: CompileKind) -> CargoResult<O
     }
     Ok(matching_linker.map(|(_k, linker)| linker.val.clone().resolve_program(bcx.gctx)))
 }
+
+/// This tracks environment variables Cargo sets to rustc when building a crate.
+///
+/// This only inclues variables with statically known keys.
+/// For environment variable keys that vary like `CARG_BIN_EXE_<name>` or
+/// `-Zbindeps` related env vars, we compare only their prefixes to determine
+/// if they are internal.
+/// See [`is_env_set_by_cargo`] and
+/// <https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/cargo/reference/environment-variables.html#environment-variables-cargo-sets-for-crates>.
+const ENV_VARS_SET_FOR_CRATES: [&str; 23] = [
+    crate::CARGO_ENV,
+    "CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR",
+    "CARGO_MANIFEST_PATH",
+    "CARGO_PKG_VERSION",
+    "CARGO_PKG_VERSION_MAJOR",
+    "CARGO_PKG_VERSION_MINOR",
+    "CARGO_PKG_VERSION_PATCH",
+    "CARGO_PKG_VERSION_PRE",
+    "CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS",
+    "CARGO_PKG_NAME",
+    "CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION",
+    "CARGO_PKG_HOMEPAGE",
+    "CARGO_PKG_REPOSITORY",
+    "CARGO_PKG_LICENSE",
+    "CARGO_PKG_LICENSE_FILE",
+    "CARGO_PKG_RUST_VERSION",
+    "CARGO_PKG_README",
+    "CARGO_CRATE_NAME",
+    "CARGO_BIN_NAME",
+    "OUT_DIR",
+    "CARGO_PRIMARY_PACKAGE",
+    "CARGO_TARGET_TMPDIR",
+    paths::dylib_path_envvar(),
+];
+/// Asserts if the given env vars are controlled by Cargo.
+///
+/// This is only for reminding Cargo developer to keep newly added environment
+/// variables in sync with [`ENV_VARS_SET_FOR_CRATES`].
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+pub(crate) fn assert_only_envs_set_by_cargo<'a>(
+    keys: impl Iterator<Item = impl AsRef<str>>,
+    env_config: &HashMap<String, OsString>,
+) {
+    for key in keys {
+        let key = key.as_ref();
+        // When running Cargo's test suite,
+        // we're fine if it is from the `[env]` table
+        if env_config.contains_key(key) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        assert!(
+            is_env_set_by_cargo(key),
+            "`{key}` is not tracked as an environment variable set by Cargo\n\
+            Add it to `ENV_VARS_SET_FOR_CRATES` if you intend to introduce a new one"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// True if the given env var is controlled or set by Cargo.
+/// See [`ENV_VARS_SET_FOR_CRATES`].
+pub(crate) fn is_env_set_by_cargo(key: &str) -> bool {
+    ENV_VARS_SET_FOR_CRATES.contains(&key)
+        || key.starts_with("CARGO_BIN_EXE_")
+        || key.starts_with("__CARGO") // internal/test-only envs
+        || key == "RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP" // for -Zbuild-std
+        || is_artifact_dep_env_vars(key)
+}
+
+/// Whether an env var is set because of `-Zbindeps`.
+fn is_artifact_dep_env_vars(key: &str) -> bool {
+    let Some(key) = key.strip_prefix("CARGO_") else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let Some(key) = key
+        .strip_prefix("BIN_")
+        .or_else(|| key.strip_prefix("CDYLIB_"))
+        .or_else(|| key.strip_prefix("STATICLIB_"))
+    else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    key.starts_with("FILE_") || key.starts_with("DIR_")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+    use super::ENV_VARS_SET_FOR_CRATES;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_env_vars_set_for_crates_unique() {
+        let set: HashSet<&str> = HashSet::from_iter(ENV_VARS_SET_FOR_CRATES);
+        assert_eq!(ENV_VARS_SET_FOR_CRATES.len(), set.len());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/cargo/core/compiler/fingerprint/dep_info.rs b/src/cargo/core/compiler/fingerprint/dep_info.rs
index e8628f34ebf..0a3f926b8fb 100644
--- a/src/cargo/core/compiler/fingerprint/dep_info.rs
+++ b/src/cargo/core/compiler/fingerprint/dep_info.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use cargo_util::paths;
 use cargo_util::ProcessBuilder;
 use cargo_util::Sha256;
 
+use crate::core::compiler::is_env_set_by_cargo;
 use crate::CargoResult;
 use crate::CARGO_ENV;
 
@@ -334,7 +335,13 @@ pub fn translate_dep_info(
     //
     // For cargo#13280, We trace env vars that are defined in the `[env]` config table.
     on_disk_info.env.retain(|(key, _)| {
-        env_config.contains_key(key) || !rustc_cmd.get_envs().contains_key(key) || key == CARGO_ENV
+        if env_config.contains_key(key) && !is_env_set_by_cargo(key) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if !rustc_cmd.get_envs().contains_key(key) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        key == CARGO_ENV
     });
 
     let serialize_path = |file| {
diff --git a/src/cargo/core/compiler/mod.rs b/src/cargo/core/compiler/mod.rs
index 61d88a68383..407ba39dfbd 100644
--- a/src/cargo/core/compiler/mod.rs
+++ b/src/cargo/core/compiler/mod.rs
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ pub use self::build_context::{
 };
 use self::build_plan::BuildPlan;
 pub use self::build_runner::{BuildRunner, Metadata};
+pub(crate) use self::compilation::is_env_set_by_cargo;
 pub use self::compilation::{Compilation, Doctest, UnitOutput};
 pub use self::compile_kind::{CompileKind, CompileTarget};
 pub use self::crate_type::CrateType;
@@ -334,6 +335,10 @@ fn rustc(
         output_options.show_diagnostics = false;
     }
     let env_config = Arc::clone(build_runner.bcx.gctx.env_config()?);
+
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    compilation::assert_only_envs_set_by_cargo(rustc.get_envs().keys(), &env_config);
+
     return Ok(Work::new(move |state| {
         // Artifacts are in a different location than typical units,
         // hence we must assure the crate- and target-dependent
diff --git a/tests/testsuite/cargo_env_config.rs b/tests/testsuite/cargo_env_config.rs
index 93a500bb09e..ffd4a687af4 100644
--- a/tests/testsuite/cargo_env_config.rs
+++ b/tests/testsuite/cargo_env_config.rs
@@ -490,7 +490,6 @@ foo
 
 "#]])
         .with_stderr_data(str![[r#"
-[COMPILING] foo v0.5.0 ([ROOT]/foo)
 [FINISHED] `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in [ELAPSED]s
 [RUNNING] `target/debug/foo[EXE]`