diff --git a/src/cargo/core/compiler/compilation.rs b/src/cargo/core/compiler/compilation.rs
index 018792d2b13..017c41b8afd 100644
--- a/src/cargo/core/compiler/compilation.rs
+++ b/src/cargo/core/compiler/compilation.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,25 @@ use crate::core::compiler::{CompileKind, Metadata, Unit};
 use crate::core::Package;
 use crate::util::{config, CargoResult, GlobalContext};
 
+/// Represents the kind of process we are creating.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum ToolKind {
+    /// See [`Compilation::rustc_process`].
+    Rustc,
+    /// See [`Compilation::rustdoc_process`].
+    Rustdoc,
+    /// See [`Compilation::host_process`].
+    HostProcess,
+    /// See [`Compilation::target_process`].
+    TargetProcess,
+}
+
+impl ToolKind {
+    fn is_rustc_tool(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, ToolKind::Rustc | ToolKind::Rustdoc)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Structure with enough information to run `rustdoc --test`.
 pub struct Doctest {
     /// What's being doctested
@@ -176,7 +195,7 @@ impl<'gctx> Compilation<'gctx> {
         };
 
         let cmd = fill_rustc_tool_env(rustc, unit);
-        self.fill_env(cmd, &unit.pkg, None, unit.kind, true)
+        self.fill_env(cmd, &unit.pkg, None, unit.kind, ToolKind::Rustc)
     }
 
     /// Returns a [`ProcessBuilder`] for running `rustdoc`.
@@ -187,7 +206,7 @@ impl<'gctx> Compilation<'gctx> {
     ) -> CargoResult<ProcessBuilder> {
         let rustdoc = ProcessBuilder::new(&*self.gctx.rustdoc()?);
         let cmd = fill_rustc_tool_env(rustdoc, unit);
-        let mut cmd = self.fill_env(cmd, &unit.pkg, script_meta, unit.kind, true)?;
+        let mut cmd = self.fill_env(cmd, &unit.pkg, script_meta, unit.kind, ToolKind::Rustdoc)?;
         cmd.retry_with_argfile(true);
         unit.target.edition().cmd_edition_arg(&mut cmd);
 
@@ -214,7 +233,7 @@ impl<'gctx> Compilation<'gctx> {
             pkg,
             None,
             CompileKind::Host,
-            false,
+            ToolKind::HostProcess,
         )
     }
 
@@ -249,7 +268,8 @@ impl<'gctx> Compilation<'gctx> {
         } else {
             ProcessBuilder::new(cmd)
         };
-        let mut builder = self.fill_env(builder, pkg, script_meta, kind, false)?;
+        let tool_kind = ToolKind::TargetProcess;
+        let mut builder = self.fill_env(builder, pkg, script_meta, kind, tool_kind)?;
 
         if let Some(client) = self.gctx.jobserver_from_env() {
             builder.inherit_jobserver(client);
@@ -269,10 +289,22 @@ impl<'gctx> Compilation<'gctx> {
         pkg: &Package,
         script_meta: Option<Metadata>,
         kind: CompileKind,
-        is_rustc_tool: bool,
+        tool_kind: ToolKind,
     ) -> CargoResult<ProcessBuilder> {
         let mut search_path = Vec::new();
-        if is_rustc_tool {
+        if tool_kind.is_rustc_tool() {
+            if matches!(tool_kind, ToolKind::Rustdoc) {
+                // HACK: `rustdoc --test` not only compiles but executes doctests.
+                // Ideally only execution phase should have search paths appended,
+                // so the executions can find native libs just like other tests.
+                // However, there is no way to separate these two phase, so this
+                // hack is added for both phases.
+                // TODO: handle doctest-xcompile
+                search_path.extend(super::filter_dynamic_search_path(
+                    self.native_dirs.iter(),
+                    &self.root_output[&CompileKind::Host],
+                ));
+            }
             search_path.push(self.deps_output[&CompileKind::Host].clone());
         } else {
             search_path.extend(super::filter_dynamic_search_path(
diff --git a/tests/testsuite/test.rs b/tests/testsuite/test.rs
index ae79e8df688..44a830134f5 100644
--- a/tests/testsuite/test.rs
+++ b/tests/testsuite/test.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use cargo_test_support::{
 };
 use cargo_test_support::{cross_compile, paths};
 use cargo_test_support::{rustc_host, rustc_host_env, sleep_ms};
+use cargo_util::paths::dylib_path_envvar;
 use std::fs;
 
 #[cargo_test]
@@ -2767,6 +2768,53 @@ fn only_test_docs() {
         .run();
 }
 
+#[cargo_test]
+fn doctest_with_library_paths() {
+    let p = project();
+    // Only link search directories within the target output directory are
+    // propagated through to dylib_path_envvar() (see #3366).
+    let dir1 = p.target_debug_dir().join("foo\\backslash");
+    let dir2 = p.target_debug_dir().join("dir=containing=equal=signs");
+
+    let p = p
+        .file("Cargo.toml", &basic_manifest("foo", "0.0.0"))
+        .file(
+            "build.rs",
+            &format!(
+                r##"
+                    fn main() {{
+                        println!(r#"cargo::rustc-link-search=native={}"#);
+                        println!(r#"cargo::rustc-link-search={}"#);
+                    }}
+                "##,
+                dir1.display(),
+                dir2.display()
+            ),
+        )
+        .file(
+            "src/lib.rs",
+            &format!(
+                r##"
+                    /// ```
+                    /// foo::assert_search_path();
+                    /// ```
+                    pub fn assert_search_path() {{
+                        let search_path = std::env::var_os("{}").unwrap();
+                        let paths = std::env::split_paths(&search_path).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                        assert!(paths.contains(&r#"{}"#.into()));
+                        assert!(paths.contains(&r#"{}"#.into()));
+                    }}
+                "##,
+                dylib_path_envvar(),
+                dir1.display(),
+                dir2.display()
+            ),
+        )
+        .build();
+
+    p.cargo("test --doc").run();
+}
+
 #[cargo_test]
 fn test_panic_abort_with_dep() {
     let p = project()