diff --git a/cmd/oras/root/push.go b/cmd/oras/root/push.go
index 721b57bbe..0423df717 100644
--- a/cmd/oras/root/push.go
+++ b/cmd/oras/root/push.go
@@ -27,9 +27,11 @@ import (
 	"oras.land/oras-go/v2"
 	"oras.land/oras-go/v2/content"
 	"oras.land/oras-go/v2/content/file"
+	"oras.land/oras-go/v2/content/memory"
 	"oras.land/oras/cmd/oras/internal/display"
 	"oras.land/oras/cmd/oras/internal/fileref"
 	"oras.land/oras/cmd/oras/internal/option"
+	"oras.land/oras/internal/contentutil"
 )
 
 type pushOptions struct {
@@ -159,12 +161,13 @@ func runPush(ctx context.Context, opts pushOptions) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	memoryStore := memory.New()
 	pack := func() (ocispec.Descriptor, error) {
-		root, err := oras.Pack(ctx, store, opts.artifactType, descs, packOpts)
+		root, err := oras.Pack(ctx, memoryStore, opts.artifactType, descs, packOpts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return ocispec.Descriptor{}, err
 		}
-		if err = store.Tag(ctx, root, root.Digest.String()); err != nil {
+		if err = memoryStore.Tag(ctx, root, root.Digest.String()); err != nil {
 			return ocispec.Descriptor{}, err
 		}
 		return root, nil
@@ -177,12 +180,13 @@ func runPush(ctx context.Context, opts pushOptions) error {
 	}
 	copyOptions := oras.DefaultCopyOptions
 	copyOptions.Concurrency = opts.concurrency
-	updateDisplayOption(&copyOptions.CopyGraphOptions, store, opts.Verbose)
+	union := contentutil.MultiReadOnlyTarget(memoryStore, store)
+	updateDisplayOption(&copyOptions.CopyGraphOptions, union, opts.Verbose)
 	copy := func(root ocispec.Descriptor) error {
 		if tag := opts.Reference; tag == "" {
-			err = oras.CopyGraph(ctx, store, dst, root, copyOptions.CopyGraphOptions)
+			err = oras.CopyGraph(ctx, union, dst, root, copyOptions.CopyGraphOptions)
 		} else {
-			_, err = oras.Copy(ctx, store, root.Digest.String(), dst, tag, copyOptions)
+			_, err = oras.Copy(ctx, union, root.Digest.String(), dst, tag, copyOptions)
 		}
 		return err
 	}
@@ -195,7 +199,7 @@ func runPush(ctx context.Context, opts pushOptions) error {
 	fmt.Println("Pushed", opts.AnnotatedReference())
 
 	if len(opts.extraRefs) != 0 {
-		contentBytes, err := content.FetchAll(ctx, store, root)
+		contentBytes, err := content.FetchAll(ctx, memoryStore, root)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -209,10 +213,10 @@ func runPush(ctx context.Context, opts pushOptions) error {
 	fmt.Println("Digest:", root.Digest)
 
 	// Export manifest
-	return opts.ExportManifest(ctx, store, root)
+	return opts.ExportManifest(ctx, memoryStore, root)
 }
 
-func updateDisplayOption(opts *oras.CopyGraphOptions, store content.Fetcher, verbose bool) {
+func updateDisplayOption(opts *oras.CopyGraphOptions, fetcher content.Fetcher, verbose bool) {
 	committed := &sync.Map{}
 	opts.PreCopy = display.StatusPrinter("Uploading", verbose)
 	opts.OnCopySkipped = func(ctx context.Context, desc ocispec.Descriptor) error {
@@ -221,7 +225,7 @@ func updateDisplayOption(opts *oras.CopyGraphOptions, store content.Fetcher, ver
 	}
 	opts.PostCopy = func(ctx context.Context, desc ocispec.Descriptor) error {
 		committed.Store(desc.Digest.String(), desc.Annotations[ocispec.AnnotationTitle])
-		if err := display.PrintSuccessorStatus(ctx, desc, "Skipped  ", store, committed, verbose); err != nil {
+		if err := display.PrintSuccessorStatus(ctx, desc, "Skipped  ", fetcher, committed, verbose); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		return display.PrintStatus(desc, "Uploaded ", verbose)
diff --git a/internal/contentutil/target.go b/internal/contentutil/target.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ecf9d6f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/contentutil/target.go
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/*
+Copyright The ORAS Authors.
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package contentutil
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+
+	ocispec "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"oras.land/oras-go/v2"
+	"oras.land/oras-go/v2/errdef"
+)
+
+type multiReadOnlyTarget struct {
+	targets []oras.ReadOnlyTarget
+}
+
+// MultiReadOnlyTarget returns a ReadOnlyTarget that combines multiple targets.
+func MultiReadOnlyTarget(targets ...oras.ReadOnlyTarget) oras.ReadOnlyTarget {
+	return &multiReadOnlyTarget{
+		targets: targets,
+	}
+}
+
+// Fetch fetches the content from the targets in order and return first found
+// content. If no content is found, it returns ErrNotFound.
+func (m *multiReadOnlyTarget) Fetch(ctx context.Context, target ocispec.Descriptor) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	lastErr := errdef.ErrNotFound
+	for _, c := range m.targets {
+		rc, err := c.Fetch(ctx, target)
+		if err == nil {
+			return rc, nil
+		}
+		if !errors.Is(err, errdef.ErrNotFound) {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		lastErr = err
+	}
+	return nil, lastErr
+}
+
+// Exists returns true if the content exists in any of the targets.
+// multiReadOnlyTarget does not implement Exists() because it's read-only.
+func (m *multiReadOnlyTarget) Exists(ctx context.Context, target ocispec.Descriptor) (bool, error) {
+	return false, errors.New("MultiReadOnlyTarget.Exists() is not implemented")
+}
+
+// Resolve resolves the reference to a descriptor from the targets in order and
+// return first found descriptor. If no descriptor is found, it returns
+// ErrNotFound.
+func (m *multiReadOnlyTarget) Resolve(ctx context.Context, ref string) (ocispec.Descriptor, error) {
+	lastErr := errdef.ErrNotFound
+	for _, c := range m.targets {
+		desc, err := c.Resolve(ctx, ref)
+		if err == nil {
+			return desc, nil
+		}
+		if !errors.Is(err, errdef.ErrNotFound) {
+			return ocispec.Descriptor{}, err
+		}
+		lastErr = err
+	}
+	return ocispec.Descriptor{}, lastErr
+}