diff --git a/doc/development/tutorials/examples/todo.py b/doc/development/tutorials/examples/todo.py
index 25aedfb0543..a8aa1ec4a1d 100644
--- a/doc/development/tutorials/examples/todo.py
+++ b/doc/development/tutorials/examples/todo.py
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ def process_todo_nodes(app, doctree, fromdocname):
 
     # Replace all todolist nodes with a list of the collected todos.
     # Augment each todo with a backlink to the original location.
-    env = app.builder.env
+    env = app.env
 
     if not hasattr(env, 'todo_all_todos'):
         env.todo_all_todos = []
diff --git a/sphinx/builders/__init__.py b/sphinx/builders/__init__.py
index 71f89cdcc50..fa181480934 100644
--- a/sphinx/builders/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/builders/__init__.py
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence, Set
+    from pathlib import Path
 
     from docutils.nodes import Node
 
@@ -242,8 +243,8 @@ def compile_catalogs(self, catalogs: set[CatalogInfo], message: str) -> None:
         if not self.config.gettext_auto_build:
             return
 
-        def cat2relpath(cat: CatalogInfo) -> str:
-            return relpath(cat.mo_path, self.env.srcdir).replace(os.path.sep, SEP)
+        def cat2relpath(cat: CatalogInfo, srcdir: Path = self.srcdir) -> str:
+            return relpath(cat.mo_path, srcdir).replace(os.path.sep, SEP)
 
         logger.info(bold(__('building [mo]: ')) + message)
         for catalog in status_iterator(
@@ -615,14 +616,15 @@ def merge(docs: list[str], otherenv: bytes) -> None:
     @final
     def read_doc(self, docname: str, *, _cache: bool = True) -> None:
         """Parse a file and add/update inventory entries for the doctree."""
-        self.env.prepare_settings(docname)
+        env = self.env
+        env.prepare_settings(docname)
 
         # Add confdir/docutils.conf to dependencies list if exists
         docutilsconf = os.path.join(self.confdir, 'docutils.conf')
         if os.path.isfile(docutilsconf):
-            self.env.note_dependency(docutilsconf)
+            env.note_dependency(docutilsconf)
 
-        filename = str(self.env.doc2path(docname))
+        filename = str(env.doc2path(docname))
         filetype = get_filetype(self.app.config.source_suffix, filename)
         publisher = self.app.registry.get_publisher(self.app, filetype)
         self.env.current_document._parser = publisher.parser
@@ -630,7 +632,7 @@ def read_doc(self, docname: str, *, _cache: bool = True) -> None:
         # explicitly re-initialise for each document
         publisher.settings.record_dependencies = DependencyList()
         with (
-            sphinx_domains(self.env),
+            sphinx_domains(env),
             rst.default_role(docname, self.config.default_role),
         ):
             # set up error_handler for the target document
@@ -642,11 +644,11 @@ def read_doc(self, docname: str, *, _cache: bool = True) -> None:
             doctree = publisher.document
 
         # store time of reading, for outdated files detection
-        self.env.all_docs[docname] = time.time_ns() // 1_000
+        env.all_docs[docname] = time.time_ns() // 1_000
 
         # cleanup
-        self.env.current_document = _CurrentDocument()
-        self.env.ref_context.clear()
+        env.current_document = _CurrentDocument()
+        env.ref_context.clear()
 
         self.write_doctree(docname, doctree, _cache=_cache)
 
diff --git a/sphinx/builders/changes.py b/sphinx/builders/changes.py
index 62eb1177c48..3ce79947c48 100644
--- a/sphinx/builders/changes.py
+++ b/sphinx/builders/changes.py
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ def hl(no: int, line: str) -> str:
         logger.info(bold(__('copying source files...')))
         for docname in self.env.all_docs:
             with open(
-                self.env.doc2path(docname), encoding=self.env.config.source_encoding
+                self.env.doc2path(docname), encoding=self.config.source_encoding
             ) as f:
                 try:
                     lines = f.readlines()
diff --git a/sphinx/builders/gettext.py b/sphinx/builders/gettext.py
index c6ac25ed085..62e2959a37f 100644
--- a/sphinx/builders/gettext.py
+++ b/sphinx/builders/gettext.py
@@ -146,10 +146,8 @@ class I18nBuilder(Builder):
 
     def init(self) -> None:
         super().init()
-        self.env.set_versioning_method(
-            self.versioning_method, self.env.config.gettext_uuid
-        )
-        self.tags = I18nTags()
+        self.env.set_versioning_method(self.versioning_method, self.config.gettext_uuid)
+        self.tags = self.app.tags = I18nTags()
         self.catalogs: defaultdict[str, Catalog] = defaultdict(Catalog)
 
     def get_target_uri(self, docname: str, typ: str | None = None) -> str:
@@ -174,7 +172,7 @@ def write_doc(self, docname: str, doctree: nodes.document) -> None:
             if not _is_node_in_substitution_definition(node):
                 catalog.add(msg, node)
 
-        if 'index' in self.env.config.gettext_additional_targets:
+        if 'index' in self.config.gettext_additional_targets:
             # Extract translatable messages from index entries.
             for node, entries in traverse_translatable_index(doctree):
                 for entry_type, value, _target_id, _main, _category_key in entries:
diff --git a/sphinx/builders/html/__init__.py b/sphinx/builders/html/__init__.py
index 9a1001fceaf..0e5b352635c 100644
--- a/sphinx/builders/html/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/builders/html/__init__.py
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ def write_domain_indices(self) -> None:
 
     def copy_image_files(self) -> None:
         if self.images:
-            stringify_func = ImageAdapter(self.app.env).get_original_image_uri
+            stringify_func = ImageAdapter(self.env).get_original_image_uri
             ensuredir(self._images_dir)
             for src in status_iterator(
                 self.images,
diff --git a/sphinx/builders/latex/__init__.py b/sphinx/builders/latex/__init__.py
index 489b0d542dc..5e979817b92 100644
--- a/sphinx/builders/latex/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/builders/latex/__init__.py
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ def copy_latex_additional_files(self) -> None:
 
     def copy_image_files(self) -> None:
         if self.images:
-            stringify_func = ImageAdapter(self.app.env).get_original_image_uri
+            stringify_func = ImageAdapter(self.env).get_original_image_uri
             for src in status_iterator(
                 self.images,
                 __('copying images... '),
diff --git a/sphinx/builders/texinfo.py b/sphinx/builders/texinfo.py
index 7143e68c4f0..a2f37e373ad 100644
--- a/sphinx/builders/texinfo.py
+++ b/sphinx/builders/texinfo.py
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ def copy_assets(self) -> None:
 
     def copy_image_files(self, targetname: str) -> None:
         if self.images:
-            stringify_func = ImageAdapter(self.app.env).get_original_image_uri
+            stringify_func = ImageAdapter(self.env).get_original_image_uri
             for src in status_iterator(
                 self.images,
                 __('copying images... '),
diff --git a/sphinx/directives/__init__.py b/sphinx/directives/__init__.py
index 1488d4ee391..b56a915596b 100644
--- a/sphinx/directives/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/directives/__init__.py
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ def run(self) -> list[Node]:
             finally:
                 # Private attributes for ToC generation. Will be modified or removed
                 # without notice.
-                if self.env.config.toc_object_entries:
+                if self.config.toc_object_entries:
                     signode['_toc_parts'] = self._object_hierarchy_parts(signode)
                     signode['_toc_name'] = self._toc_entry_name(signode)
                 else:
diff --git a/sphinx/domains/__init__.py b/sphinx/domains/__init__.py
index f564367d867..53ff96f8d5b 100644
--- a/sphinx/domains/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/domains/__init__.py
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ class Domain:
     data_version = 0
 
     def __init__(self, env: BuildEnvironment) -> None:
+        domain_data: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = env.domaindata
         self.env: BuildEnvironment = env
         self._role_cache: dict[str, RoleFunction] = {}
         self._directive_cache: dict[str, type[Directive]] = {}
@@ -119,13 +120,13 @@ def __init__(self, env: BuildEnvironment) -> None:
         self.roles = dict(self.roles)
         self.indices = list(self.indices)
 
-        if self.name not in env.domaindata:
+        if self.name not in domain_data:
             assert isinstance(self.initial_data, dict)
             new_data = copy.deepcopy(self.initial_data)
             new_data['version'] = self.data_version
-            self.data = env.domaindata[self.name] = new_data
+            self.data = domain_data[self.name] = new_data
         else:
-            self.data = env.domaindata[self.name]
+            self.data = domain_data[self.name]
             if self.data['version'] != self.data_version:
                 raise OSError('data of %r domain out of date' % self.label)
         for name, obj in self.object_types.items():
diff --git a/sphinx/domains/c/__init__.py b/sphinx/domains/c/__init__.py
index 992d95b932d..4ce698b98ac 100644
--- a/sphinx/domains/c/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/domains/c/__init__.py
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ def describe_signature(
         ast.describe_signature(signode, 'lastIsName', self.env, options)
 
     def run(self) -> list[Node]:
-        env = self.state.document.settings.env  # from ObjectDescription.run
+        env = self.env
         if env.current_document.c_parent_symbol is None:
             root = env.domaindata['c']['root_symbol']
             env.current_document.c_parent_symbol = root
@@ -235,8 +235,8 @@ def handle_signature(self, sig: str, signode: TextElement) -> ASTDeclaration:
         parent_symbol: Symbol = self.env.current_document.c_parent_symbol
 
         max_len = (
-            self.env.config.c_maximum_signature_line_length
-            or self.env.config.maximum_signature_line_length
+            self.config.c_maximum_signature_line_length
+            or self.config.maximum_signature_line_length
             or 0
         )
         signode['multi_line_parameter_list'] = (
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ def handle_signature(self, sig: str, signode: TextElement) -> ASTDeclaration:
             and (len(sig) > max_len > 0)
         )
 
-        parser = DefinitionParser(sig, location=signode, config=self.env.config)
+        parser = DefinitionParser(sig, location=signode, config=self.config)
         try:
             ast = self.parse_definition(parser)
             parser.assert_end()
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ def run(self) -> list[Node]:
             stack: list[Symbol] = []
         else:
             parser = DefinitionParser(
-                self.arguments[0], location=self.get_location(), config=self.env.config
+                self.arguments[0], location=self.get_location(), config=self.config
             )
             try:
                 name = parser.parse_namespace_object()
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ def run(self) -> list[Node]:
         if self.arguments[0].strip() in {'NULL', '0', 'nullptr'}:
             return []
         parser = DefinitionParser(
-            self.arguments[0], location=self.get_location(), config=self.env.config
+            self.arguments[0], location=self.get_location(), config=self.config
         )
         try:
             name = parser.parse_namespace_object()
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ def apply(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
             sig = node.sig
             parent_key = node.parentKey
             try:
-                parser = DefinitionParser(sig, location=node, config=self.env.config)
+                parser = DefinitionParser(sig, location=node, config=self.config)
                 name = parser.parse_xref_object()
             except DefinitionError as e:
                 logger.warning(e, location=node)
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ def __init__(self, asCode: bool) -> None:
     def run(self) -> tuple[list[Node], list[system_message]]:
         text = self.text.replace('\n', ' ')
         parser = DefinitionParser(
-            text, location=self.get_location(), config=self.env.config
+            text, location=self.get_location(), config=self.config
         )
         # attempt to mimic XRefRole classes, except that...
         try:
diff --git a/sphinx/domains/cpp/__init__.py b/sphinx/domains/cpp/__init__.py
index b696e529b43..08c596b0374 100644
--- a/sphinx/domains/cpp/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/domains/cpp/__init__.py
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ def add_target_and_index(
                 break
         if not is_in_concept and 'no-index-entry' not in self.options:
             stripped_name = name
-            for prefix in self.env.config.cpp_index_common_prefix:
+            for prefix in self.config.cpp_index_common_prefix:
                 if name.startswith(prefix):
                     stripped_name = stripped_name[len(prefix) :]
                     break
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ def describe_signature(
         ast.describe_signature(signode, 'lastIsName', self.env, options)
 
     def run(self) -> list[Node]:
-        env = self.state.document.settings.env  # from ObjectDescription.run
+        env = self.env
         if env.current_document.cpp_parent_symbol is None:
             root = env.domaindata['cpp']['root_symbol']
             env.current_document.cpp_parent_symbol = root
@@ -348,8 +348,8 @@ def handle_signature(self, sig: str, signode: desc_signature) -> ASTDeclaration:
         parent_symbol: Symbol = self.env.current_document.cpp_parent_symbol
 
         max_len = (
-            self.env.config.cpp_maximum_signature_line_length
-            or self.env.config.maximum_signature_line_length
+            self.config.cpp_maximum_signature_line_length
+            or self.config.maximum_signature_line_length
             or 0
         )
         signode['multi_line_parameter_list'] = (
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ def handle_signature(self, sig: str, signode: desc_signature) -> ASTDeclaration:
             and (len(sig) > max_len > 0)
         )
 
-        parser = DefinitionParser(sig, location=signode, config=self.env.config)
+        parser = DefinitionParser(sig, location=signode, config=self.config)
         try:
             ast = self.parse_definition(parser)
             parser.assert_end()
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ def _toc_entry_name(self, sig_node: desc_signature) -> str:
         if not sig_node.get('_toc_parts'):
             return ''
 
-        config = self.env.config
+        config = self.config
         objtype = sig_node.parent.get('objtype')
         if config.add_function_parentheses and objtype in {'function', 'method'}:
             parens = '()'
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ def apply(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
             sig = node.sig
             parent_key = node.parentKey
             try:
-                parser = DefinitionParser(sig, location=node, config=self.env.config)
+                parser = DefinitionParser(sig, location=node, config=self.config)
                 ast, is_shorthand = parser.parse_xref_object()
                 parser.assert_end()
             except DefinitionError as e:
diff --git a/sphinx/domains/javascript.py b/sphinx/domains/javascript.py
index 77162ade5d2..36b7f15e3c1 100644
--- a/sphinx/domains/javascript.py
+++ b/sphinx/domains/javascript.py
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ def handle_signature(self, sig: str, signode: desc_signature) -> tuple[str, str]
         signode['fullname'] = fullname
 
         max_len = (
-            self.env.config.javascript_maximum_signature_line_length
-            or self.env.config.maximum_signature_line_length
+            self.config.javascript_maximum_signature_line_length
+            or self.config.maximum_signature_line_length
             or 0
         )
         multi_line_parameter_list = (
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ def _toc_entry_name(self, sig_node: desc_signature) -> str:
         if not sig_node.get('_toc_parts'):
             return ''
 
-        config = self.env.config
+        config = self.config
         objtype = sig_node.parent.get('objtype')
         if config.add_function_parentheses and objtype in {'function', 'method'}:
             parens = '()'
diff --git a/sphinx/domains/python/__init__.py b/sphinx/domains/python/__init__.py
index 9683e4a7bc8..7cd61b1e3e3 100644
--- a/sphinx/domains/python/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/domains/python/__init__.py
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ def get_index_text(self, modname: str, name_cls: tuple[str, str]) -> str:
         name, cls = name_cls
         try:
             clsname, methname = name.rsplit('.', 1)
-            if modname and self.env.config.add_module_names:
+            if modname and self.config.add_module_names:
                 clsname = f'{modname}.{clsname}'
         except ValueError:
             if modname:
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ def get_index_text(self, modname: str, name_cls: tuple[str, str]) -> str:
         name, cls = name_cls
         try:
             clsname, attrname = name.rsplit('.', 1)
-            if modname and self.env.config.add_module_names:
+            if modname and self.config.add_module_names:
                 clsname = f'{modname}.{clsname}'
         except ValueError:
             if modname:
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ def get_index_text(self, modname: str, name_cls: tuple[str, str]) -> str:
         name, cls = name_cls
         try:
             clsname, attrname = name.rsplit('.', 1)
-            if modname and self.env.config.add_module_names:
+            if modname and self.config.add_module_names:
                 clsname = f'{modname}.{clsname}'
         except ValueError:
             if modname:
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ def get_index_text(self, modname: str, name_cls: tuple[str, str]) -> str:
         name, cls = name_cls
         try:
             clsname, attrname = name.rsplit('.', 1)
-            if modname and self.env.config.add_module_names:
+            if modname and self.config.add_module_names:
                 clsname = f'{modname}.{clsname}'
         except ValueError:
             if modname:
diff --git a/sphinx/domains/python/_object.py b/sphinx/domains/python/_object.py
index f8472823657..6fa288e0fdc 100644
--- a/sphinx/domains/python/_object.py
+++ b/sphinx/domains/python/_object.py
@@ -286,8 +286,8 @@ def handle_signature(self, sig: str, signode: desc_signature) -> tuple[str, str]
         signode['fullname'] = fullname
 
         max_len = (
-            self.env.config.python_maximum_signature_line_length
-            or self.env.config.maximum_signature_line_length
+            self.config.python_maximum_signature_line_length
+            or self.config.maximum_signature_line_length
             or 0
         )
 
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ def handle_signature(self, sig: str, signode: desc_signature) -> tuple[str, str]
 
         if prefix:
             signode += addnodes.desc_addname(prefix, prefix)
-        elif modname and add_module and self.env.config.add_module_names:
+        elif modname and add_module and self.config.add_module_names:
             nodetext = f'{modname}.'
             signode += addnodes.desc_addname(nodetext, nodetext)
 
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ def _toc_entry_name(self, sig_node: desc_signature) -> str:
         if not sig_node.get('_toc_parts'):
             return ''
 
-        config = self.env.config
+        config = self.config
         objtype = sig_node.parent.get('objtype')
         if config.add_function_parentheses and objtype in {'function', 'method'}:
             parens = '()'
diff --git a/sphinx/domains/rst.py b/sphinx/domains/rst.py
index 3493aec68cb..54b1d9007f4 100644
--- a/sphinx/domains/rst.py
+++ b/sphinx/domains/rst.py
@@ -84,12 +84,11 @@ def _toc_entry_name(self, sig_node: desc_signature) -> str:
         if not sig_node.get('_toc_parts'):
             return ''
 
-        config = self.env.config
         objtype = sig_node.parent.get('objtype')
         *parents, name = sig_node['_toc_parts']
         if objtype == 'directive:option':
             return f':{name}:'
-        if config.toc_object_entries_show_parents in {'domain', 'all'}:
+        if self.config.toc_object_entries_show_parents in {'domain', 'all'}:
             name = ':'.join(sig_node['_toc_parts'])
         if objtype == 'role':
             return f':{name}:'
diff --git a/sphinx/domains/std/__init__.py b/sphinx/domains/std/__init__.py
index cd5478a7fc8..f28bd835ec6 100644
--- a/sphinx/domains/std/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/domains/std/__init__.py
@@ -258,13 +258,13 @@ def handle_signature(self, sig: str, signode: desc_signature) -> str:
                 args = '[' + args
 
             if count:
-                if self.env.config.option_emphasise_placeholders:
+                if self.config.option_emphasise_placeholders:
                     signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(',', ',')
                     signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
                 else:
                     signode += addnodes.desc_addname(', ', ', ')
             signode += addnodes.desc_name(optname, optname)
-            if self.env.config.option_emphasise_placeholders:
+            if self.config.option_emphasise_placeholders:
                 add_end_bracket = False
                 if args:
                     if args[0] == '[' and args[-1] == ']':
diff --git a/sphinx/environment/__init__.py b/sphinx/environment/__init__.py
index 74b75d6921b..f8774e46a99 100644
--- a/sphinx/environment/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/environment/__init__.py
@@ -695,6 +695,7 @@ def get_and_resolve_doctree(
                 toctreenode,
                 prune=prune_toctrees,
                 includehidden=includehidden,
+                tags=builder.tags,
             )
             if result is None:
                 toctreenode.parent.replace(toctreenode, [])
@@ -735,6 +736,7 @@ def resolve_toctree(
             titles_only=titles_only,
             collapse=collapse,
             includehidden=includehidden,
+            tags=builder.tags,
         )
 
     def resolve_references(
diff --git a/sphinx/environment/adapters/toctree.py b/sphinx/environment/adapters/toctree.py
index 3079c7dc543..89a386a9432 100644
--- a/sphinx/environment/adapters/toctree.py
+++ b/sphinx/environment/adapters/toctree.py
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ def global_toctree_for_doc(
             titles_only=titles_only,
             collapse=collapse,
             includehidden=includehidden,
+            tags=builder.tags,
         )
         for toctree_node in env.master_doctree.findall(addnodes.toctree)
     )
@@ -110,6 +111,7 @@ def _resolve_toctree(
     titles_only: bool = False,
     collapse: bool = False,
     includehidden: bool = False,
+    tags: Tags,
 ) -> Element | None:
     """Resolve a *toctree* node into individual bullet lists with titles
     as items, returning None (if no containing titles are found) or
@@ -159,7 +161,7 @@ def _resolve_toctree(
         titles_only,
         collapse,
         includehidden,
-        builder.tags,
+        tags,
         toctree_ancestors,
         included,
         excluded,
@@ -558,13 +560,14 @@ def resolve(
             titles_only=titles_only,
             collapse=collapse,
             includehidden=includehidden,
+            tags=builder.tags,
         )
 
     def get_toctree_ancestors(self, docname: str) -> list[str]:
         return [*_get_toctree_ancestors(self.env.toctree_includes, docname)]
 
     def get_toc_for(self, docname: str, builder: Builder) -> Node:
-        return document_toc(self.env, docname, self.env.app.builder.tags)
+        return document_toc(self.env, docname, self.env.app.tags)
 
     def get_toctree_for(
         self,
diff --git a/sphinx/environment/collectors/asset.py b/sphinx/environment/collectors/asset.py
index d4cb24d1126..24f8b275e8b 100644
--- a/sphinx/environment/collectors/asset.py
+++ b/sphinx/environment/collectors/asset.py
@@ -73,9 +73,9 @@ def process_doc(self, app: Sphinx, doctree: nodes.document) -> None:
                 # Search language-specific figures at first
                 i18n_imguri = get_image_filename_for_language(imguri, app.env)
                 _, full_i18n_imgpath = app.env.relfn2path(i18n_imguri, docname)
-                self.collect_candidates(app.env, full_i18n_imgpath, candidates, node)
+                self.collect_candidates(app.srcdir, full_i18n_imgpath, candidates, node)
 
-                self.collect_candidates(app.env, full_imgpath, candidates, node)
+                self.collect_candidates(app.srcdir, full_imgpath, candidates, node)
             else:
                 # substitute imguri by figure_language_filename
                 # (ex. foo.png -> foo.en.png)
@@ -106,14 +106,14 @@ def process_doc(self, app: Sphinx, doctree: nodes.document) -> None:
 
     def collect_candidates(
         self,
-        env: BuildEnvironment,
+        srcdir: Path,
         imgpath: str,
         candidates: dict[str, str],
         node: Node,
     ) -> None:
         globbed: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
         for filename in glob(imgpath):
-            new_imgpath = _relative_path(Path(filename), env.srcdir)
+            new_imgpath = _relative_path(Path(filename), srcdir)
             try:
                 mimetype = guess_mimetype(filename)
                 if mimetype is None:
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/autodoc/__init__.py b/sphinx/ext/autodoc/__init__.py
index f6ae4890fad..64abac28638 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/autodoc/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/autodoc/__init__.py
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@
     from typing import ClassVar, Literal, TypeAlias
 
     from sphinx.application import Sphinx
-    from sphinx.environment import BuildEnvironment
+    from sphinx.environment import BuildEnvironment, _CurrentDocument
+    from sphinx.events import EventManager
     from sphinx.ext.autodoc.directive import DocumenterBridge
 
     _AutodocObjType = Literal[
@@ -370,6 +371,8 @@ def __init__(
         self.directive = directive
         self.config: Config = directive.env.config
         self.env: BuildEnvironment = directive.env
+        self._current_document: _CurrentDocument = directive.env.current_document
+        self._events: EventManager = directive.env.events
         self.options = directive.genopt
         self.name = name
         self.indent = indent
@@ -554,7 +557,7 @@ def format_signature(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
                 )
                 args = None
 
-        result = self.env.events.emit_firstresult(
+        result = self._events.emit_firstresult(
             'autodoc-process-signature',
             self.objtype,
             self.fullname,
@@ -613,9 +616,9 @@ def get_doc(self) -> list[list[str]] | None:
     def process_doc(self, docstrings: list[list[str]]) -> Iterator[str]:
         """Let the user process the docstrings before adding them."""
         for docstringlines in docstrings:
-            if self.env.app:
+            if self._events is not None:
                 # let extensions preprocess docstrings
-                self.env.events.emit(
+                self._events.emit(
                     'autodoc-process-docstring',
                     self.objtype,
                     self.fullname,
@@ -840,9 +843,9 @@ def is_filtered_inherited_member(name: str, obj: Any) -> bool:
 
                 # give the user a chance to decide whether this member
                 # should be skipped
-                if self.env.app:
+                if self._events is not None:
                     # let extensions preprocess docstrings
-                    skip_user = self.env.events.emit_firstresult(
+                    skip_user = self._events.emit_firstresult(
                         'autodoc-skip-member',
                         self.objtype,
                         membername,
@@ -878,9 +881,9 @@ def document_members(self, all_members: bool = False) -> None:
         *self.options.members*.
         """
         # set current namespace for finding members
-        self.env.current_document.autodoc_module = self.modname
+        self._current_document.autodoc_module = self.modname
         if self.objpath:
-            self.env.current_document.autodoc_class = self.objpath[0]
+            self._current_document.autodoc_class = self.objpath[0]
 
         want_all = (
             all_members or self.options.inherited_members or self.options.members is ALL
@@ -918,8 +921,8 @@ def document_members(self, all_members: bool = False) -> None:
             )
 
         # reset current objects
-        self.env.current_document.autodoc_module = ''
-        self.env.current_document.autodoc_class = ''
+        self._current_document.autodoc_module = ''
+        self._current_document.autodoc_class = ''
 
     def sort_members(
         self, documenters: list[tuple[Documenter, bool]], order: str
@@ -1261,7 +1264,7 @@ def resolve_name(
 
         # if documenting a toplevel object without explicit module,
         # it can be contained in another auto directive ...
-        modname = self.env.current_document.autodoc_module
+        modname = self._current_document.autodoc_module
         # ... or in the scope of a module directive
         if not modname:
             modname = self.env.ref_context.get('py:module')
@@ -1287,7 +1290,7 @@ def resolve_name(
             # if documenting a class-level object without path,
             # there must be a current class, either from a parent
             # auto directive ...
-            mod_cls = self.env.current_document.autodoc_class
+            mod_cls = self._current_document.autodoc_class
             # ... or from a class directive
             if not mod_cls:
                 mod_cls = self.env.ref_context.get('py:class', '')
@@ -1298,7 +1301,7 @@ def resolve_name(
         parents = [cls]
         # if the module name is still missing, get it like above
         if not modname:
-            modname = self.env.current_document.autodoc_module
+            modname = self._current_document.autodoc_module
         if not modname:
             modname = self.env.ref_context.get('py:module')
         # ... else, it stays None, which means invalid
@@ -1432,7 +1435,7 @@ def format_args(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
             kwargs.setdefault('unqualified_typehints', True)
 
         try:
-            self.env.events.emit('autodoc-before-process-signature', self.object, False)
+            self._events.emit('autodoc-before-process-signature', self.object, False)
             sig = inspect.signature(
                 self.object, type_aliases=self.config.autodoc_type_aliases
             )
@@ -1685,7 +1688,7 @@ def get_user_defined_function_or_method(obj: Any, attr: str) -> Any:
                 call = None
 
         if call is not None:
-            self.env.events.emit('autodoc-before-process-signature', call, True)
+            self._events.emit('autodoc-before-process-signature', call, True)
             try:
                 sig = inspect.signature(
                     call,
@@ -1704,7 +1707,7 @@ def get_user_defined_function_or_method(obj: Any, attr: str) -> Any:
                 new = None
 
         if new is not None:
-            self.env.events.emit('autodoc-before-process-signature', new, True)
+            self._events.emit('autodoc-before-process-signature', new, True)
             try:
                 sig = inspect.signature(
                     new,
@@ -1718,7 +1721,7 @@ def get_user_defined_function_or_method(obj: Any, attr: str) -> Any:
         # Finally, we should have at least __init__ implemented
         init = get_user_defined_function_or_method(self.object, '__init__')
         if init is not None:
-            self.env.events.emit('autodoc-before-process-signature', init, True)
+            self._events.emit('autodoc-before-process-signature', init, True)
             try:
                 sig = inspect.signature(
                     init,
@@ -1733,7 +1736,7 @@ def get_user_defined_function_or_method(obj: Any, attr: str) -> Any:
         # handle it.
         # We don't know the exact method that inspect.signature will read
         # the signature from, so just pass the object itself to our hook.
-        self.env.events.emit('autodoc-before-process-signature', self.object, False)
+        self._events.emit('autodoc-before-process-signature', self.object, False)
         try:
             sig = inspect.signature(
                 self.object,
@@ -1886,7 +1889,7 @@ def add_directive_header(self, sig: str) -> None:
             else:
                 bases = []
 
-            self.env.events.emit(
+            self._events.emit(
                 'autodoc-process-bases', self.fullname, self.object, self.options, bases
             )
 
@@ -2387,7 +2390,7 @@ def format_args(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
                 if inspect.isstaticmethod(
                     self.object, cls=self.parent, name=self.object_name
                 ):
-                    self.env.events.emit(
+                    self._events.emit(
                         'autodoc-before-process-signature', self.object, False
                     )
                     sig = inspect.signature(
@@ -2396,7 +2399,7 @@ def format_args(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
                         type_aliases=self.config.autodoc_type_aliases,
                     )
                 else:
-                    self.env.events.emit(
+                    self._events.emit(
                         'autodoc-before-process-signature', self.object, True
                     )
                     sig = inspect.signature(
@@ -3049,7 +3052,7 @@ def format_args(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
             return ''
 
         # update the annotations of the property getter
-        self.env.events.emit('autodoc-before-process-signature', func, False)
+        self._events.emit('autodoc-before-process-signature', func, False)
         # correctly format the arguments for a property
         return super().format_args(**kwargs)
 
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/autosummary/__init__.py b/sphinx/ext/autosummary/__init__.py
index 3b51817b9a7..0c045424a90 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/autosummary/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/autosummary/__init__.py
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ def process_generate_options(app: Sphinx) -> None:
     genfiles = app.config.autosummary_generate
 
     if genfiles is True:
-        env = app.builder.env
+        env = app.env
         genfiles = [
             str(env.doc2path(x, base=False))
             for x in env.found_docs
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/graphviz.py b/sphinx/ext/graphviz.py
index 45a906f28f5..979a447886b 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/graphviz.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/graphviz.py
@@ -240,6 +240,7 @@ def fix_svg_relative_paths(
     self: HTML5Translator | LaTeXTranslator | TexinfoTranslator, filepath: str
 ) -> None:
     """Change relative links in generated svg files to be relative to imgpath."""
+    env = self.builder.env
     tree = ET.parse(filepath)  # NoQA: S314
     root = tree.getroot()
     ns = {'svg': 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'xlink': 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'}
@@ -255,11 +256,11 @@ def fix_svg_relative_paths(
             # not a relative link
             continue
 
-        docname = self.builder.env.path2doc(self.document['source'])
+        docname = env.path2doc(self.document['source'])
         if docname is None:
             # This shouldn't happen!
             continue
-        doc_dir = self.builder.app.outdir.joinpath(docname).resolve().parent
+        doc_dir = self.builder.outdir.joinpath(docname).resolve().parent
 
         old_path = doc_dir / rel_uri
         img_path = doc_dir / self.builder.imgpath
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/inheritance_diagram.py b/sphinx/ext/inheritance_diagram.py
index c4381b7aff1..dd4321349a4 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/inheritance_diagram.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/inheritance_diagram.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class E(B): pass
     from docutils.nodes import Node
 
     from sphinx.application import Sphinx
-    from sphinx.environment import BuildEnvironment
+    from sphinx.config import Config
     from sphinx.util.typing import ExtensionMetadata, OptionSpec
     from sphinx.writers.html5 import HTML5Translator
     from sphinx.writers.latex import LaTeXTranslator
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ def generate_dot(
         self,
         name: str,
         urls: dict[str, str] | None = None,
-        env: BuildEnvironment | None = None,
+        config: Config | None = None,
         graph_attrs: dict | None = None,
         node_attrs: dict | None = None,
         edge_attrs: dict | None = None,
@@ -328,10 +328,10 @@ def generate_dot(
             n_attrs.update(node_attrs)
         if edge_attrs is not None:
             e_attrs.update(edge_attrs)
-        if env:
-            g_attrs.update(env.config.inheritance_graph_attrs)
-            n_attrs.update(env.config.inheritance_node_attrs)
-            e_attrs.update(env.config.inheritance_edge_attrs)
+        if config:
+            g_attrs.update(config.inheritance_graph_attrs)
+            n_attrs.update(config.inheritance_node_attrs)
+            e_attrs.update(config.inheritance_edge_attrs)
 
         res: list[str] = [
             f'digraph {name} {{\n',
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ def html_visit_inheritance_diagram(
     name = 'inheritance%s' % graph_hash
 
     # Create a mapping from fully-qualified class names to URLs.
-    graphviz_output_format = self.builder.env.config.graphviz_output_format.upper()
+    graphviz_output_format = self.config.graphviz_output_format.upper()
     current_filename = os.path.basename(
         self.builder.current_docname + self.builder.out_suffix
     )
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ def html_visit_inheritance_diagram(
             else:
                 urls[child['reftitle']] = '#' + child.get('refid')
 
-    dotcode = graph.generate_dot(name, urls, env=self.builder.env)
+    dotcode = graph.generate_dot(name, urls, config=self.config)
     render_dot_html(
         self,
         node,
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ def latex_visit_inheritance_diagram(
     name = 'inheritance%s' % graph_hash
 
     dotcode = graph.generate_dot(
-        name, env=self.builder.env, graph_attrs={'size': '"6.0,6.0"'}
+        name, config=self.config, graph_attrs={'size': '"6.0,6.0"'}
     )
     render_dot_latex(self, node, dotcode, {}, 'inheritance')
     raise nodes.SkipNode
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ def texinfo_visit_inheritance_diagram(
     name = 'inheritance%s' % graph_hash
 
     dotcode = graph.generate_dot(
-        name, env=self.builder.env, graph_attrs={'size': '"6.0,6.0"'}
+        name, config=self.config, graph_attrs={'size': '"6.0,6.0"'}
     )
     render_dot_texinfo(self, node, dotcode, {}, 'inheritance')
     raise nodes.SkipNode
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/intersphinx/_load.py b/sphinx/ext/intersphinx/_load.py
index b8257b9165d..c7ea85a0d79 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/intersphinx/_load.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/intersphinx/_load.py
@@ -140,8 +140,9 @@ def load_mappings(app: Sphinx) -> None:
 
     The intersphinx mappings are expected to be normalized.
     """
+    env = app.env
     now = int(time.time())
-    inventories = InventoryAdapter(app.builder.env)
+    inventories = InventoryAdapter(env)
     intersphinx_cache: dict[InventoryURI, InventoryCacheEntry] = inventories.cache
     intersphinx_mapping: IntersphinxMapping = app.config.intersphinx_mapping
 
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/linkcode.py b/sphinx/ext/linkcode.py
index 6643ea7f862..61d2c2e7383 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/linkcode.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/linkcode.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class LinkcodeError(SphinxError):
 
 
 def doctree_read(app: Sphinx, doctree: Node) -> None:
-    env = app.builder.env
+    env = app.env
 
     resolve_target = getattr(env.config, 'linkcode_resolve', None)
     if not callable(env.config.linkcode_resolve):
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/viewcode.py b/sphinx/ext/viewcode.py
index 39b8a5fc8cc..698aad355ae 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/viewcode.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/viewcode.py
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def is_supported_builder(builder: Builder) -> bool:
 
 
 def doctree_read(app: Sphinx, doctree: Node) -> None:
-    env = app.builder.env
+    env = app.env
     if not hasattr(env, '_viewcode_modules'):
         env._viewcode_modules = {}  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ def should_generate_module_page(app: Sphinx, modname: str) -> bool:
 
 
 def collect_pages(app: Sphinx) -> Iterator[tuple[str, dict[str, Any], str]]:
-    env = app.builder.env
+    env = app.env
     if not hasattr(env, '_viewcode_modules'):
         return
     if not is_supported_builder(app.builder):
diff --git a/sphinx/search/__init__.py b/sphinx/search/__init__.py
index 3f19d3663a0..683df0b6bbf 100644
--- a/sphinx/search/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/search/__init__.py
@@ -272,7 +272,8 @@ class IndexBuilder:
     def __init__(
         self, env: BuildEnvironment, lang: str, options: dict[str, str], scoring: str
     ) -> None:
-        self.env = env
+        self._domains = env.domains
+        self._env_version = env.version
         # docname -> title
         self._titles: dict[str, str | None] = env._search_index_titles
         # docname -> filename
@@ -323,7 +324,10 @@ def load(self, stream: IO, format: Any) -> None:
             format = self.formats[format]
         frozen = format.load(stream)
         # if an old index is present, we treat it as not existing.
-        if not isinstance(frozen, dict) or frozen.get('envversion') != self.env.version:
+        if (
+            not isinstance(frozen, dict)
+            or frozen.get('envversion') != self._env_version
+        ):
             msg = 'old format'
             raise ValueError(msg)
         index2fn = frozen['docnames']
@@ -362,7 +366,7 @@ def get_objects(
         rv: dict[str, list[tuple[int, int, int, str, str]]] = {}
         otypes = self._objtypes
         onames = self._objnames
-        for domain in self.env.domains.sorted():
+        for domain in self._domains.sorted():
             sorted_objects = sorted(domain.get_objects())
             for fullname, dispname, type, docname, anchor, prio in sorted_objects:
                 if docname not in fn2index:
@@ -452,7 +456,7 @@ def freeze(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
             'objtypes': objtypes,
             'objnames': objnames,
             'titleterms': title_terms,
-            'envversion': self.env.version,
+            'envversion': self._env_version,
             'alltitles': alltitles,
             'indexentries': index_entries,
         }
diff --git a/sphinx/testing/restructuredtext.py b/sphinx/testing/restructuredtext.py
index 38fe96d79b4..b04b61a4021 100644
--- a/sphinx/testing/restructuredtext.py
+++ b/sphinx/testing/restructuredtext.py
@@ -16,20 +16,21 @@
 
 def parse(app: Sphinx, text: str, docname: str = 'index') -> nodes.document:
     """Parse a string as reStructuredText with Sphinx application."""
+    env = app.env
     try:
         app.env.current_document.docname = docname
         reader = SphinxStandaloneReader()
         reader.setup(app)
         parser = RSTParser()
         parser.set_application(app)
-        with sphinx_domains(app.env):
+        with sphinx_domains(env):
             return publish_doctree(
                 text,
                 str(app.srcdir / f'{docname}.rst'),
                 reader=reader,
                 parser=parser,
                 settings_overrides={
-                    'env': app.env,
+                    'env': env,
                     'gettext_compact': True,
                     'input_encoding': 'utf-8',
                     'output_encoding': 'unicode',
@@ -37,4 +38,4 @@ def parse(app: Sphinx, text: str, docname: str = 'index') -> nodes.document:
                 },
             )
     finally:
-        app.env.current_document.docname = ''
+        env.current_document.docname = ''
diff --git a/sphinx/transforms/post_transforms/__init__.py b/sphinx/transforms/post_transforms/__init__.py
index de880c9c27f..011b3081356 100644
--- a/sphinx/transforms/post_transforms/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/transforms/post_transforms/__init__.py
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ def run(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         # result in a "Losing ids" exception if there is a target node before
         # the only node, so we make sure docutils can transfer the id to
         # something, even if it's just a comment and will lose the id anyway...
-        process_only_nodes(self.document, self.app.builder.tags)
+        process_only_nodes(self.document, self.app.tags)
 
 
 class SigElementFallbackTransform(SphinxPostTransform):
diff --git a/sphinx/transforms/post_transforms/images.py b/sphinx/transforms/post_transforms/images.py
index 7040952ac14..6a2da874a28 100644
--- a/sphinx/transforms/post_transforms/images.py
+++ b/sphinx/transforms/post_transforms/images.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def _download_image(self, node: nodes.image, path: Path) -> None:
             timestamp: float = ceil(path.stat().st_mtime)
             headers['If-Modified-Since'] = epoch_to_rfc1123(timestamp)
 
-        config = self.app.config
+        config = self.config
         r = requests.get(
             node['uri'],
             headers=headers,
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def _download_image(self, node: nodes.image, path: Path) -> None:
             msg = __('Could not fetch remote image: %s [%d]')
             logger.warning(msg, node['uri'], r.status_code)
         else:
-            self.app.env.original_image_uri[_StrPath(path)] = node['uri']
+            self.env.original_image_uri[_StrPath(path)] = node['uri']
 
             if r.status_code == 200:
                 path.write_bytes(r.content)
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ def _download_image(self, node: nodes.image, path: Path) -> None:
 
     def _process_image(self, node: nodes.image, path: Path) -> None:
         str_path = _StrPath(path)
-        self.app.env.original_image_uri[str_path] = node['uri']
+        self.env.original_image_uri[str_path] = node['uri']
 
         mimetype = guess_mimetype(path, default='*')
         if mimetype != '*' and not path.suffix:
@@ -114,14 +114,14 @@ def _process_image(self, node: nodes.image, path: Path) -> None:
             ext = get_image_extension(mimetype) or ''
             with_ext = path.with_name(path.name + ext)
             os.replace(path, with_ext)
-            self.app.env.original_image_uri.pop(str_path)
-            self.app.env.original_image_uri[_StrPath(with_ext)] = node['uri']
+            self.env.original_image_uri.pop(str_path)
+            self.env.original_image_uri[_StrPath(with_ext)] = node['uri']
             path = with_ext
         path_str = str(path)
         node['candidates'].pop('?')
         node['candidates'][mimetype] = path_str
         node['uri'] = path_str
-        self.app.env.images.add_file(self.env.docname, path_str)
+        self.env.images.add_file(self.env.docname, path_str)
 
 
 class DataURIExtractor(BaseImageConverter):
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ def handle(self, node: nodes.image) -> None:
         ensuredir(os.path.join(self.imagedir, 'embeded'))
         digest = sha1(image.data, usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest()
         path = _StrPath(self.imagedir, 'embeded', digest + ext)
-        self.app.env.original_image_uri[path] = node['uri']
+        self.env.original_image_uri[path] = node['uri']
 
         with open(path, 'wb') as f:
             f.write(image.data)
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ def handle(self, node: nodes.image) -> None:
         node['candidates'].pop('?')
         node['candidates'][image.mimetype] = path_str
         node['uri'] = path_str
-        self.app.env.images.add_file(self.env.docname, path_str)
+        self.env.images.add_file(self.env.docname, path_str)
 
 
 def get_filename_for(filename: str, mimetype: str) -> str:
diff --git a/sphinx/util/docfields.py b/sphinx/util/docfields.py
index 1bfcd7451e4..2f14de03ffa 100644
--- a/sphinx/util/docfields.py
+++ b/sphinx/util/docfields.py
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ def transform(self, node: nodes.field_list) -> None:
                         self.directive.domain or '',
                         target,
                         contnode=content[0],
-                        env=self.directive.state.document.settings.env,
+                        env=self.directive.env,
                     )
                     if _is_single_paragraph(field_body):
                         paragraph = cast('nodes.paragraph', field_body[0])
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ def transform(self, node: nodes.field_list) -> None:
             else:
                 fieldtype, items, location = entry
                 fieldtypes = types.get(fieldtype.name, {})
-                env = self.directive.state.document.settings.env
+                env = self.directive.env
                 inliner = self.directive.state.inliner
                 domain = self.directive.domain or ''
                 new_list += fieldtype.make_field(
diff --git a/sphinx/util/docutils.py b/sphinx/util/docutils.py
index 5a26bc88e10..0c91f4df195 100644
--- a/sphinx/util/docutils.py
+++ b/sphinx/util/docutils.py
@@ -726,6 +726,7 @@ def __init__(self, document: nodes.document, builder: Builder) -> None:
         self.builder = builder
         self.config = builder.config
         self.settings = document.settings
+        self._domains = builder.env.domains
 
     def dispatch_visit(self, node: Node) -> None:
         """
diff --git a/sphinx/writers/html5.py b/sphinx/writers/html5.py
index 2675405198f..e96e537bf2a 100644
--- a/sphinx/writers/html5.py
+++ b/sphinx/writers/html5.py
@@ -419,9 +419,7 @@ def append_fignumber(figtype: str, figure_id: str) -> None:
                     self.body.append(prefix % '.'.join(map(str, numbers)) + ' ')
                     self.body.append('</span>')
 
-        figtype = self.builder.env.domains.standard_domain.get_enumerable_node_type(
-            node
-        )
+        figtype = self._domains.standard_domain.get_enumerable_node_type(node)
         if figtype:
             if len(node['ids']) == 0:
                 msg = __('Any IDs not assigned for %s node') % node.tagname
diff --git a/sphinx/writers/latex.py b/sphinx/writers/latex.py
index cb07c0bf615..ea6ab38222f 100644
--- a/sphinx/writers/latex.py
+++ b/sphinx/writers/latex.py
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ def generate(
                 indices_config = frozenset(indices_config)
             else:
                 check_names = False
-            for domain in self.builder.env.domains.sorted():
+            for domain in self._domains.sorted():
                 for index_cls in domain.indices:
                     index_name = f'{domain.name}-{index_cls.name}'
                     if check_names and index_name not in indices_config:
@@ -1816,7 +1816,7 @@ def add_target(id: str) -> None:
         while isinstance(next_node, nodes.target):
             next_node = next_node.next_node(ascend=True)
 
-        domain = self.builder.env.domains.standard_domain
+        domain = self._domains.standard_domain
         if isinstance(next_node, HYPERLINK_SUPPORT_NODES):
             return
         if (
diff --git a/sphinx/writers/texinfo.py b/sphinx/writers/texinfo.py
index bae5714425e..db737dbb4cd 100644
--- a/sphinx/writers/texinfo.py
+++ b/sphinx/writers/texinfo.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 from docutils import nodes, writers
 
 from sphinx import __display_version__, addnodes
-from sphinx.errors import ExtensionError
 from sphinx.locale import _, __, admonitionlabels
 from sphinx.util import logging
 from sphinx.util.docutils import SphinxTranslator
@@ -493,7 +492,7 @@ def generate(
                 indices_config = frozenset(indices_config)
             else:
                 check_names = False
-            for domain in self.builder.env.domains.sorted():
+            for domain in self._domains.sorted():
                 for index_cls in domain.indices:
                     index_name = f'{domain.name}-{index_cls.name}'
                     if check_names and index_name not in indices_config:
@@ -507,7 +506,7 @@ def generate(
                             generate(content, collapsed),
                         ))
         # only add the main Index if it's not empty
-        domain = self.builder.env.domains.index_domain
+        domain = self._domains.index_domain
         for docname in self.builder.docnames:
             if domain.entries[docname]:
                 self.indices.append((_('Index'), '\n@printindex ge\n'))
@@ -1420,11 +1419,11 @@ def visit_desc_signature(self, node: Element) -> None:
                 self.add_anchor(id, node)
         # use the full name of the objtype for the category
         try:
-            domain = self.builder.env.get_domain(node.parent['domain'])
+            domain = self._domains[node.parent['domain']]
             name = domain.get_type_name(
                 domain.object_types[objtype], self.config.primary_domain == domain.name
             )
-        except (KeyError, ExtensionError):
+        except KeyError:
             name = objtype
         # by convention, the deffn category should be capitalized like a title
         category = self.escape_arg(smart_capwords(name))
diff --git a/sphinx/writers/xml.py b/sphinx/writers/xml.py
index 825f6da5ca7..f909e3406f9 100644
--- a/sphinx/writers/xml.py
+++ b/sphinx/writers/xml.py
@@ -16,10 +16,11 @@ class XMLWriter(BaseXMLWriter):  # type: ignore[misc]
     def __init__(self, builder: Builder) -> None:
         super().__init__()
         self.builder = builder
+        self._config = builder.config
 
     def translate(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         self.document.settings.newlines = self.document.settings.indents = (
-            self.builder.env.config.xml_pretty
+            self._config.xml_pretty
         )
         self.document.settings.xml_declaration = True
         self.document.settings.doctype_declaration = True
diff --git a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_object_description.py b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_object_description.py
index 7f3ffba633a..501a6c9772a 100644
--- a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_object_description.py
+++ b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_object_description.py
@@ -14,21 +14,24 @@
 from sphinx.util.docutils import sphinx_domains
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from sphinx.builders import Builder
+    from sphinx.application import Sphinx
+    from sphinx.environment import BuildEnvironment
 
 
-def _doctree_for_test(builder: Builder, docname: str) -> nodes.document:
-    builder.env.prepare_settings(docname)
-    publisher = create_publisher(builder.app, 'restructuredtext')
-    with sphinx_domains(builder.env):
-        publisher.set_source(source_path=str(builder.env.doc2path(docname)))
+def _doctree_for_test(
+    app: Sphinx, env: BuildEnvironment, docname: str
+) -> nodes.document:
+    env.prepare_settings(docname)
+    publisher = create_publisher(app, 'restructuredtext')
+    with sphinx_domains(env):
+        publisher.set_source(source_path=str(env.doc2path(docname)))
         publisher.publish()
         return publisher.document
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='object-description-sections')
 def test_object_description_sections(app):
-    doctree = _doctree_for_test(app.builder, 'index')
+    doctree = _doctree_for_test(app, app.env, 'index')
     # <document>
     #     <index>
     #     <desc>
diff --git a/tests/test_environment/test_environment_toctree.py b/tests/test_environment/test_environment_toctree.py
index 0020fb9a161..890fd596bf8 100644
--- a/tests/test_environment/test_environment_toctree.py
+++ b/tests/test_environment/test_environment_toctree.py
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ def test_domain_objects_document_scoping(app):
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_environment_toctree_basic')
 def test_document_toc(app):
     app.build()
-    toctree = document_toc(app.env, 'index', app.builder.tags)
+    toctree = document_toc(app.env, 'index', app.tags)
 
     assert_node(
         toctree,
@@ -502,8 +502,8 @@ def test_document_toc(app):
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_environment_toctree_basic')
 def test_document_toc_only(app):
     app.build()
-    builder = StandaloneHTMLBuilder(app, app.env)
-    toctree = document_toc(app.env, 'index', builder.tags)
+    StandaloneHTMLBuilder(app, app.env)  # adds format/builder tags
+    toctree = document_toc(app.env, 'index', app.tags)
 
     assert_node(
         toctree,
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ def test_document_toc_only(app):
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_environment_toctree_basic')
 def test_document_toc_tocdepth(app):
     app.build()
-    toctree = document_toc(app.env, 'tocdepth', app.builder.tags)
+    toctree = document_toc(app.env, 'tocdepth', app.tags)
 
     assert_node(
         toctree,
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc.py
index 89d8d037269..63f7f090ec5 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc.py
@@ -10,17 +10,18 @@
 import itertools
 import operator
 import sys
-from types import SimpleNamespace
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 from warnings import catch_warnings
 
 import pytest
-from docutils.statemachine import ViewList
 
 from sphinx import addnodes
 from sphinx.ext.autodoc import ALL, ModuleLevelDocumenter, Options
 
+# NEVER import these objects from sphinx.ext.autodoc directly
+from sphinx.ext.autodoc.directive import DocumenterBridge
+
 from tests.test_extensions.autodoc_util import do_autodoc
 
 try:
@@ -34,8 +35,10 @@
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from typing import Any
 
+    from sphinx.environment import BuildEnvironment
+
 
-def make_directive_bridge(env):
+def make_directive_bridge(env: BuildEnvironment) -> DocumenterBridge:
     options = Options(
         inherited_members=False,
         undoc_members=False,
@@ -54,11 +57,11 @@ def make_directive_bridge(env):
         ignore_module_all=False,
     )
 
-    directive = SimpleNamespace(
+    directive = DocumenterBridge(
         env=env,
-        genopt=options,
-        result=ViewList(),
-        record_dependencies=set(),
+        reporter=None,
+        options=options,
+        lineno=0,
         state=Mock(),
     )
     directive.state.document.settings.tab_width = 8
diff --git a/tests/test_markup/test_markup.py b/tests/test_markup/test_markup.py
index 62c4482ae55..09deb90ff0f 100644
--- a/tests/test_markup/test_markup.py
+++ b/tests/test_markup/test_markup.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def settings(app):
+    env = app.env
     texescape.init()  # otherwise done by the latex builder
     with warnings.catch_warnings():
         warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
@@ -37,10 +38,10 @@ def settings(app):
         )
     settings = optparser.get_default_values()
     settings.smart_quotes = True
-    settings.env = app.builder.env
+    settings.env = env
     settings.env.current_document.docname = 'dummy'
     settings.contentsname = 'dummy'
-    domain_context = sphinx_domains(settings.env)
+    domain_context = sphinx_domains(env)
     domain_context.enable()
     yield settings
     domain_context.disable()
diff --git a/tests/test_markup/test_parser.py b/tests/test_markup/test_parser.py
index 3f40a21693a..eb8ccf24f1d 100644
--- a/tests/test_markup/test_parser.py
+++ b/tests/test_markup/test_parser.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def test_RSTParser_prolog_epilog(RSTStateMachine, app):
     ]
 
     # with rst_prolog
-    app.env.config.rst_prolog = 'this is rst_prolog\nhello reST!'
+    app.config.rst_prolog = 'this is rst_prolog\nhello reST!'
     parser.parse(text, document)
     (content, _), _ = RSTStateMachine().run.call_args
     assert list(content.xitems()) == [
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ def test_RSTParser_prolog_epilog(RSTStateMachine, app):
     ]
 
     # with rst_epilog
-    app.env.config.rst_prolog = None
-    app.env.config.rst_epilog = 'this is rst_epilog\ngood-bye reST!'
+    app.config.rst_prolog = None
+    app.config.rst_epilog = 'this is rst_epilog\ngood-bye reST!'
     parser.parse(text, document)
     (content, _), _ = RSTStateMachine().run.call_args
     assert list(content.xitems()) == [
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ def test_RSTParser_prolog_epilog(RSTStateMachine, app):
     ]
 
     # expandtabs / convert whitespaces
-    app.env.config.rst_prolog = None
-    app.env.config.rst_epilog = None
+    app.config.rst_prolog = None
+    app.config.rst_epilog = None
     text = '\thello Sphinx world\n\v\fSphinx is a document generator'
     parser.parse(text, document)
     (content, _), _ = RSTStateMachine().run.call_args
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_i18n.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_i18n.py
index c1dfad5c78b..9040083a844 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_i18n.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_i18n.py
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ def test_get_filename_for_language(app):
     app.env.current_document.docname = 'index'
 
     # language is en
-    app.env.config.language = 'en'
+    app.config.language = 'en'
     assert get_filename('foo.png', app.env) == 'foo.en.png'
     assert get_filename('foo.bar.png', app.env) == 'foo.bar.en.png'
     assert get_filename('dir/foo.png', app.env) == 'dir/foo.en.png'
@@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ def test_get_filename_for_language(app):
     assert get_filename('foo', app.env) == 'foo.en'
 
     # modify figure_language_filename and language is 'en'
-    app.env.config.language = 'en'
-    app.env.config.figure_language_filename = 'images/{language}/{root}{ext}'
+    app.config.language = 'en'
+    app.config.figure_language_filename = 'images/{language}/{root}{ext}'
     assert get_filename('foo.png', app.env) == 'images/en/foo.png'
     assert get_filename('foo.bar.png', app.env) == 'images/en/foo.bar.png'
     assert get_filename('subdir/foo.png', app.env) == 'images/en/subdir/foo.png'
@@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ def test_get_filename_for_language(app):
     assert get_filename('foo', app.env) == 'images/en/foo'
 
     # new path and basename tokens
-    app.env.config.language = 'en'
-    app.env.config.figure_language_filename = '{path}{language}/{basename}{ext}'
+    app.config.language = 'en'
+    app.config.figure_language_filename = '{path}{language}/{basename}{ext}'
     assert get_filename('foo.png', app.env) == 'en/foo.png'
     assert get_filename('foo.bar.png', app.env) == 'en/foo.bar.png'
     assert get_filename('subdir/foo.png', app.env) == 'subdir/en/foo.png'
@@ -145,13 +145,13 @@ def test_get_filename_for_language(app):
     assert get_filename('foo', app.env) == 'en/foo'
 
     # invalid figure_language_filename
-    app.env.config.figure_language_filename = '{root}.{invalid}{ext}'
+    app.config.figure_language_filename = '{root}.{invalid}{ext}'
     with pytest.raises(SphinxError):
         get_filename('foo.png', app.env)
 
     # docpath (for a document in the top of source directory)
-    app.env.config.language = 'en'
-    app.env.config.figure_language_filename = '/{docpath}{language}/{basename}{ext}'
+    app.config.language = 'en'
+    app.config.figure_language_filename = '/{docpath}{language}/{basename}{ext}'
     assert get_filename('foo.png', app.env) == '/en/foo.png'
 
     # docpath (for a document in the sub directory)