diff --git a/internal/api/runme/runner/v2alpha1/config.proto b/internal/api/runme/runner/v2alpha1/config.proto
index bdea71f27..fba0f8953 100644
--- a/internal/api/runme/runner/v2alpha1/config.proto
+++ b/internal/api/runme/runner/v2alpha1/config.proto
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ message ProgramConfig {
   }
 
   // interactive, if true, uses a pseudo-tty to execute the program.
+  // Otherwise, the program is executed using in-memory buffers for I/O.
   bool interactive = 7;
 
   // TODO(adamb): understand motivation for this. In theory, source
diff --git a/internal/command/command_native.go b/internal/command/command_native.go
index ace384451..14850918a 100644
--- a/internal/command/command_native.go
+++ b/internal/command/command_native.go
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ import (
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 )
 
-// signalToProcessGroup is used in tests to disable sending signals to a process group.
-var signalToProcessGroup = true
+// SignalToProcessGroup is used in tests to disable sending signals to a process group.
+var SignalToProcessGroup = true
 
 type NativeCommand struct {
 	cfg  *Config
@@ -33,6 +33,21 @@ func newNativeCommand(cfg *Config, opts *NativeCommandOptions) *NativeCommand {
 	}
 }
 
+func (c *NativeCommand) Running() bool {
+	return c.cmd != nil && c.cmd.ProcessState == nil
+}
+
+func (c *NativeCommand) Pid() int {
+	if c.cmd == nil || c.cmd.Process == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return c.cmd.Process.Pid
+}
+
+func (c *NativeCommand) SetWinsize(rows, cols, x, y uint16) error {
+	return errors.New("unsupported")
+}
+
 func (c *NativeCommand) Start(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	argsNormalizer := &argsNormalizer{
 		session: c.opts.Session,
@@ -54,7 +69,7 @@ func (c *NativeCommand) Start(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 
 	if f, ok := stdin.(*os.File); ok && f != nil {
 		// Duplicate /dev/stdin.
-		newStdinFd, err := syscall.Dup(int(f.Fd()))
+		newStdinFd, err := dup(int(f.Fd()))
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to dup stdin")
 		}
@@ -102,7 +117,7 @@ func (c *NativeCommand) Start(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 }
 
 func (c *NativeCommand) StopWithSignal(sig os.Signal) error {
-	if signalToProcessGroup {
+	if SignalToProcessGroup {
 		// Try to terminate the whole process group. If it fails, fall back to stdlib methods.
 		err := signalPgid(c.cmd.Process.Pid, sig)
 		if err == nil {
diff --git a/internal/command/command_native_test.go b/internal/command/command_native_test.go
index cd5f308e3..e03a42306 100644
--- a/internal/command/command_native_test.go
+++ b/internal/command/command_native_test.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 func init() {
 	// Set to false to disable sending signals to process groups in tests.
 	// This can be turned on if setSysProcAttrPgid() is called in Start().
-	signalToProcessGroup = false
+	SignalToProcessGroup = false
 }
 
 func TestNativeCommand(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/internal/command/command_unix.go b/internal/command/command_unix.go
index 89adf8e32..4da20d0b0 100644
--- a/internal/command/command_unix.go
+++ b/internal/command/command_unix.go
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ func disableEcho(fd uintptr) error {
 	return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to set tty attr")
 }
 
+func dup(fd int) (int, error) {
+	return syscall.Dup(fd)
+}
+
 // func setSysProcAttrPgid(cmd *exec.Cmd) {
 // 	if cmd.SysProcAttr == nil {
 // 		cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{}
diff --git a/internal/command/command_virtual.go b/internal/command/command_virtual.go
index d3ce1299e..b2f786048 100644
--- a/internal/command/command_virtual.go
+++ b/internal/command/command_virtual.go
@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ func newVirtualCommand(cfg *Config, opts *VirtualCommandOptions) *VirtualCommand
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *VirtualCommand) IsRunning() bool {
+func (c *VirtualCommand) Running() bool {
 	return c.cmd != nil && c.cmd.ProcessState == nil
 }
 
-func (c *VirtualCommand) PID() int {
+func (c *VirtualCommand) Pid() int {
 	if c.cmd == nil || c.cmd.Process == nil {
 		return 0
 	}
diff --git a/internal/command/command_virtual_test.go b/internal/command/command_virtual_test.go
index 21c72eff5..4217e0ee6 100644
--- a/internal/command/command_virtual_test.go
+++ b/internal/command/command_virtual_test.go
@@ -61,8 +61,9 @@ func TestVirtualCommand(t *testing.T) {
 		}, nil)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NoError(t, cmd.Start(context.Background()))
-		require.True(t, cmd.IsRunning())
-		require.Greater(t, cmd.PID(), 1)
+
+		require.True(t, cmd.Running())
+		require.Greater(t, cmd.Pid(), 1)
 		require.NoError(t, cmd.Wait())
 	})
 
diff --git a/internal/command/command_windows.go b/internal/command/command_windows.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dd6be163
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/command/command_windows.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package runner
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+func setSysProcAttrCtty(cmd *exec.Cmd) {}
+
+func setSysProcAttrPgid(cmd *exec.Cmd) {}
+
+func dup(fd int) (int, error) {
+	return fd, nil
+}
+
+func disableEcho(fd uintptr) error {
+	return errors.New("Error: Environment not supported! " +
+		"Runme currently doesn't support PowerShell. " +
+		"Please go to https://github.com/stateful/runme/issues/173 to follow progress on this " +
+		"and join our Discord server at https://discord.gg/runme if you have further questions!")
+}
+
+func signalPgid(pid int, sig os.Signal) error { return errors.New("unsupported") }
diff --git a/internal/runnerv2service/execution.go b/internal/runnerv2service/execution.go
index ec912df76..29b53235c 100644
--- a/internal/runnerv2service/execution.go
+++ b/internal/runnerv2service/execution.go
@@ -29,38 +29,59 @@ const (
 	msgBufferSize = 2048 << 10 // 2 MiB
 )
 
+type commandIface interface {
+	Pid() int
+	Running() bool
+	SetWinsize(uint16, uint16, uint16, uint16) error
+	Start(context.Context) error
+	StopWithSignal(os.Signal) error
+	Wait() error
+}
+
 type execution struct {
 	ID string
 
-	Cmd *command.VirtualCommand
+	Cmd commandIface
 
 	stdin       io.Reader
 	stdinWriter io.WriteCloser
 	stdout      *rbuffer.RingBuffer
+	stderr      *rbuffer.RingBuffer
 
 	logger *zap.Logger
 }
 
 func newExecution(id string, cfg *command.Config, logger *zap.Logger) (*execution, error) {
+	stdin, stdinWriter := io.Pipe()
+	stdout := rbuffer.NewRingBuffer(ringBufferSize)
+	stderr := rbuffer.NewRingBuffer(ringBufferSize)
+
 	var (
-		stdin       io.Reader
-		stdinWriter io.WriteCloser
+		cmd commandIface
+		err error
 	)
 
 	if cfg.Interactive {
-		stdin, stdinWriter = io.Pipe()
+		cmd, err = command.NewVirtual(
+			cfg,
+			&command.VirtualCommandOptions{
+				Stdin:  stdin,
+				Stdout: stdout,
+				Logger: logger,
+			},
+		)
+	} else {
+		cmd, err = command.NewNative(
+			cfg,
+			&command.NativeCommandOptions{
+				Stdin:  stdin,
+				Stdout: stdout,
+				Stderr: stderr,
+				Logger: logger,
+			},
+		)
 	}
 
-	stdout := rbuffer.NewRingBuffer(ringBufferSize)
-
-	cmd, err := command.NewVirtual(
-		cfg,
-		&command.VirtualCommandOptions{
-			Stdin:  stdin,
-			Stdout: stdout,
-			Logger: logger,
-		},
-	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -72,6 +93,7 @@ func newExecution(id string, cfg *command.Config, logger *zap.Logger) (*executio
 		stdin:       stdin,
 		stdinWriter: stdinWriter,
 		stdout:      stdout,
+		stderr:      stderr,
 
 		logger: logger,
 	}
@@ -84,9 +106,13 @@ func (e *execution) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
 }
 
 func (e *execution) Wait(ctx context.Context, sender sender) (int, error) {
-	errc := make(chan error, 1)
+	errc := make(chan error, 2)
+
 	go func() {
-		errc <- readSendLoop(e.stdout, sender)
+		errc <- readSendLoop(e.stdout, sender, func(b []byte) *runnerv2alpha1.ExecuteResponse { return &runnerv2alpha1.ExecuteResponse{StdoutData: b} })
+	}()
+	go func() {
+		errc <- readSendLoop(e.stderr, sender, func(b []byte) *runnerv2alpha1.ExecuteResponse { return &runnerv2alpha1.ExecuteResponse{StderrData: b} })
 	}()
 
 	waitErr := e.Cmd.Wait()
@@ -96,9 +122,17 @@ func (e *execution) Wait(ctx context.Context, sender sender) (int, error) {
 
 	// If waitErr is not nil, only log the errors but return waitErr.
 	if waitErr != nil {
+		handlerErrors := 0
+
+	readSendHandlerForWaitErr:
 		select {
 		case err := <-errc:
+			handlerErrors++
 			e.logger.Info("readSendLoop finished; ignoring any errors because there was a wait error", zap.Error(err))
+			// Wait for both errors, or nils.
+			if handlerErrors < 2 {
+				goto readSendHandlerForWaitErr
+			}
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			e.logger.Info("context canceled while waiting for the readSendLoop finish; ignoring any errors because there was a wait error")
 		}
@@ -108,8 +142,14 @@ func (e *execution) Wait(ctx context.Context, sender sender) (int, error) {
 	// If waitErr is nil, wait for the readSendLoop to finish,
 	// or the context being canceled.
 	select {
-	case err := <-errc:
-		return exitCode, err
+	case err1 := <-errc:
+		// Wait for both errors, or nils.
+		select {
+		case err2 := <-errc:
+			e.logger.Info("another error from readSendLoop; won't be returned", zap.Error(err2))
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+		}
+		return exitCode, err1
 	case <-ctx.Done():
 		return exitCode, ctx.Err()
 	}
@@ -124,23 +164,32 @@ func (e *execution) SetWinsize(size *runnerv2alpha1.Winsize) error {
 	return e.Cmd.SetWinsize(uint16(size.Cols), uint16(size.Rows), uint16(size.X), uint16(size.Y))
 }
 
-func (e *execution) closeIO() {
-	var err error
-
-	if e.stdinWriter != nil {
-		err = e.stdinWriter.Close()
-		e.logger.Debug("closed stdin writer", zap.Error(err))
+func (e *execution) PostInitialRequest() {
+	// Close stdin writer for native commands after handling the initial request.
+	// Native commands do not support sending data continously.
+	if _, ok := e.Cmd.(*command.NativeCommand); ok {
+		if err := e.stdinWriter.Close(); err != nil {
+			e.logger.Info("failed to close stdin writer", zap.Error(err))
+		}
 	}
+}
+
+func (e *execution) closeIO() {
+	err := e.stdinWriter.Close()
+	e.logger.Info("closed stdin writer", zap.Error(err))
 
 	err = e.stdout.Close()
-	e.logger.Debug("closed stdout writer", zap.Error(err))
+	e.logger.Info("closed stdout writer", zap.Error(err))
+
+	err = e.stderr.Close()
+	e.logger.Info("closed stderr writer", zap.Error(err))
 }
 
 type sender interface {
 	Send(*runnerv2alpha1.ExecuteResponse) error
 }
 
-func readSendLoop(reader io.Reader, sender sender) error {
+func readSendLoop(reader io.Reader, sender sender, fn func([]byte) *runnerv2alpha1.ExecuteResponse) error {
 	limitedReader := io.LimitReader(reader, msgBufferSize)
 
 	for {
@@ -156,7 +205,7 @@ func readSendLoop(reader io.Reader, sender sender) error {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		err = sender.Send(&runnerv2alpha1.ExecuteResponse{StdoutData: buf[:n]})
+		err = sender.Send(fn(buf[:n]))
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.WithStack(err)
 		}
diff --git a/internal/runnerv2service/service_execute.go b/internal/runnerv2service/service_execute.go
index b3f52b02c..c5aa2a42e 100644
--- a/internal/runnerv2service/service_execute.go
+++ b/internal/runnerv2service/service_execute.go
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func (r *runnerService) Execute(srv runnerv2alpha1.RunnerService_ExecuteServer)
 	}
 	if err := srv.Send(&runnerv2alpha1.ExecuteResponse{
 		Pid: &runnerv2alpha1.ProcessPID{
-			Pid: int64(exec.Cmd.PID()),
+			Pid: int64(exec.Cmd.Pid()),
 		},
 	}); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ func (r *runnerService) Execute(srv runnerv2alpha1.RunnerService_ExecuteServer)
 		for {
 			var err error
 
-			if l := len(req.InputData); l > 0 {
-				logger.Info("received input data", zap.Int("len", l))
+			if req.InputData != nil {
+				logger.Info("received input data", zap.Int("len", len(req.InputData)))
 				_, err = exec.Write(req.InputData)
 				if err != nil {
 					logger.Info("failed to write to stdin; ignoring", zap.Error(err))
@@ -87,6 +87,8 @@ func (r *runnerService) Execute(srv runnerv2alpha1.RunnerService_ExecuteServer)
 				return
 			}
 
+			exec.PostInitialRequest()
+
 			req, err = srv.Recv()
 			logger.Info("received request", zap.Any("req", req), zap.Error(err))
 			switch {
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ func (r *runnerService) Execute(srv runnerv2alpha1.RunnerService_ExecuteServer)
 				}
 				return
 			case status.Convert(err).Code() == codes.Canceled || status.Convert(err).Code() == codes.DeadlineExceeded:
-				if !exec.Cmd.IsRunning() {
+				if !exec.Cmd.Running() {
 					logger.Info("stream canceled after the process finished; ignoring")
 				} else {
 					logger.Info("stream canceled while the process is still running; program will be stopped if non-background")
diff --git a/internal/runnerv2service/service_test.go b/internal/runnerv2service/service_test.go
index 7b2bb6325..405133538 100644
--- a/internal/runnerv2service/service_test.go
+++ b/internal/runnerv2service/service_test.go
@@ -16,9 +16,16 @@ import (
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials/insecure"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/test/bufconn"
 
+	"github.com/stateful/runme/internal/command"
 	runnerv2alpha1 "github.com/stateful/runme/internal/gen/proto/go/runme/runner/v2alpha1"
 )
 
+func init() {
+	// Set to false to disable sending signals to process groups in tests.
+	// This can be turned on if setSysProcAttrPgid() is called in Start().
+	command.SignalToProcessGroup = false
+}
+
 func TestRunnerServiceServerExecute(t *testing.T) {
 	lis, stop := testStartRunnerServiceServer(t)
 	t.Cleanup(stop)
@@ -37,12 +44,27 @@ func TestRunnerServiceServerExecute(t *testing.T) {
 				Source: &runnerv2alpha1.ProgramConfig_Commands{
 					Commands: &runnerv2alpha1.ProgramConfig_CommandList{
 						Items: []string{
-							"echo -n test",
+							"echo test",
 						},
 					},
 				},
 			},
-			expectedOutput: "test",
+			expectedOutput: "test\n",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "BasicInteractive",
+			programConfig: &runnerv2alpha1.ProgramConfig{
+				ProgramName: "bash",
+				Source: &runnerv2alpha1.ProgramConfig_Commands{
+					Commands: &runnerv2alpha1.ProgramConfig_CommandList{
+						Items: []string{
+							"echo test",
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				Interactive: true,
+			},
+			expectedOutput: "test\r\n",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "BasicSleep",
@@ -58,10 +80,27 @@ func TestRunnerServiceServerExecute(t *testing.T) {
 					},
 				},
 			},
-			expectedOutput: "1\r\n2\r\n",
+			expectedOutput: "1\n2\n",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "BasicInput",
+			programConfig: &runnerv2alpha1.ProgramConfig{
+				ProgramName: "bash",
+				Source: &runnerv2alpha1.ProgramConfig_Commands{
+					Commands: &runnerv2alpha1.ProgramConfig_CommandList{
+						Items: []string{
+							"read name",
+							"echo \"My name is $name\"",
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				Interactive: false,
+			},
+			inputData:      []byte("Frank\n"),
+			expectedOutput: "My name is Frank\n",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "BasicInputInteractive",
 			programConfig: &runnerv2alpha1.ProgramConfig{
 				ProgramName: "bash",
 				Source: &runnerv2alpha1.ProgramConfig_Commands{
@@ -84,6 +123,7 @@ func TestRunnerServiceServerExecute(t *testing.T) {
 				Source: &runnerv2alpha1.ProgramConfig_Script{
 					Script: "print('test')",
 				},
+				Interactive: true,
 			},
 			expectedOutput: "test\r\n",
 		},
@@ -95,7 +135,7 @@ func TestRunnerServiceServerExecute(t *testing.T) {
 					Script: "console.log('1');\nconsole.log('2');",
 				},
 			},
-			expectedOutput: "1\r\n2\r\n",
+			expectedOutput: "1\n2\n",
 		},
 	}