diff --git a/app/lib/pre_assembly/file_manifest.rb b/app/lib/pre_assembly/file_manifest.rb
index 093f93c7e..f4b53a8d1 100644
--- a/app/lib/pre_assembly/file_manifest.rb
+++ b/app/lib/pre_assembly/file_manifest.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,13 @@ class FileManifest
attr_reader :csv_filename, :staging_location
# the valid roles a file can have, if you specify a "role" column and the value is not one of these, it will be ignored
- VALID_ROLES = %w[transcription annotations derivative master].freeze
+ VALID_ROLES = %w[
+ annotations
+ caption
+ derivative
+ master
+ transcription
+ ].freeze
# the required columns that must exist in the file manifest
REQUIRED_COLUMNS = %w[druid filename resource_label sequence publish shelve preserve resource_type].freeze
@@ -79,7 +85,8 @@ def file_properties_from_row(row)
externalIdentifier: FileIdentifierGenerator.generate,
filename: row[:filename],
label: row[:file_label].presence || row[:filename],
- use: role(row),
+ languageTag: row[:file_language],
+ use: VALID_ROLES.include?(row[:role]) ? row[:role] : nil, # filter out unexpected role values
administrative: administrative(row),
hasMessageDigests: md5_digest(row),
hasMimeType: row[:mimetype].presence,
@@ -105,11 +112,6 @@ def administrative(row)
{ sdrPreserve: preserve, publish:, shelve: }
end
- # @return [String] the role for the file (if a valid role value, otherwise nil)
- def role(row)
- row[:role] if VALID_ROLES.include?(row[:role])
- end
-
def md5_digest(row)
container_path = File.join(staging_location, row[:druid])
# look for a checksum file named the same as this file
diff --git a/app/lib/pre_assembly/from_staging_location/structural_builder.rb b/app/lib/pre_assembly/from_staging_location/structural_builder.rb
index b2ca2d40f..442e0a186 100644
--- a/app/lib/pre_assembly/from_staging_location/structural_builder.rb
+++ b/app/lib/pre_assembly/from_staging_location/structural_builder.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def initialize(filesets:, cocina_dro:, all_files_public:, reading_order: nil)
# rubocop:disable Metrics/AbcSize
# rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
def build
- # a counter to use when creating auto-labels for resources, with incremenets for each type
+ # a counter to use when creating auto-labels for resources, with increments for each type
resource_type_counters = Hash.new(0)
# rubocop:disable Metrics/BlockLength
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ def build
hasMessageDigests: message_digests(fileset_file),
hasMimeType: fileset_file.mimetype,
administrative: administrative(fileset_file),
- access: file_access
+ access: file_access,
+ use: fileset_file.file_attributes[:role]
}
- file_attributes[:use] = fileset_file.file_attributes[:role] if role?(fileset_file)
Cocina::Models::File.new(file_attributes)
end
@@ -110,10 +110,6 @@ def administrative(fileset_file)
{ sdrPreserve: preserve, publish:, shelve: }
end
- def role?(fileset_file)
- fileset_file.file_attributes.key? :role
- end
-
def message_digests(fileset_file)
fileset_file.provider_md5 ? [{ type: 'md5', digest: fileset_file.provider_md5 }] : []
end
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/book-file-manifest-extra-file-on-disk/file_manifest.csv b/spec/fixtures/book-file-manifest-extra-file-on-disk/file_manifest.csv
index 304c4cddc..2cc59c87b 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/book-file-manifest-extra-file-on-disk/file_manifest.csv
+++ b/spec/fixtures/book-file-manifest-extra-file-on-disk/file_manifest.csv
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role
-bb000kk0000,page_0001.pdf,page 1,1,yes,yes,yes,page,
-bb000kk0000,page_0001.xml,page 1,1,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription
+druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role,file_language
+bb000kk0000,page_0001.pdf,page 1,1,yes,yes,yes,page,,
+bb000kk0000,page_0001.xml,page 1,1,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription,
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/book-file-manifest-extra-file/file_manifest.csv b/spec/fixtures/book-file-manifest-extra-file/file_manifest.csv
index 4a69967db..8658cc79c 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/book-file-manifest-extra-file/file_manifest.csv
+++ b/spec/fixtures/book-file-manifest-extra-file/file_manifest.csv
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role
-bb000kk0000,page_0000.jpg,page 1,1,no,yes,no,page,
-bb000kk0000,page_0001.jpg,page 1,1,no,yes,no,page,
-bb000kk0000,page_0001.pdf,page 1,1,yes,yes,yes,page,
-bb000kk0000,page_0001.xml,page 1,1,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription
+druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role,file_language
+bb000kk0000,page_0000.jpg,page 1,1,no,yes,no,page,,
+bb000kk0000,page_0001.jpg,page 1,1,no,yes,no,page,,
+bb000kk0000,page_0001.pdf,page 1,1,yes,yes,yes,page,,
+bb000kk0000,page_0001.xml,page 1,1,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription,
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/book-file-manifest/file_manifest.csv b/spec/fixtures/book-file-manifest/file_manifest.csv
index 93b9d00f5..9ff1bbb78 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/book-file-manifest/file_manifest.csv
+++ b/spec/fixtures/book-file-manifest/file_manifest.csv
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role
-bb000kk0000,page_0001.jpg,page 1,1,no,yes,no,page,
-bb000kk0000,page_0001.pdf,page 1,1,yes,yes,yes,page,
-bb000kk0000,page_0001.xml,page 1,1,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription
-bb000kk0000,page_0002.jpg,page 2,2,no,yes,no,page,
-bb000kk0000,page_0002.pdf,page 2,2,yes,yes,yes,page,
-bb000kk0000,page_0002.xml,page 2,2,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription
-bb000kk0000,page_0003.jpg,page 3,3,no,yes,no,page,
-bb000kk0000,page_0003.pdf,page 3,3,yes,yes,yes,page,
-bb000kk0000,page_0003.xml,page 3,3,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription
+druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role,file_language
+bb000kk0000,page_0001.jpg,page 1,1,no,yes,no,page,,
+bb000kk0000,page_0001.pdf,page 1,1,yes,yes,yes,page,,
+bb000kk0000,page_0001.xml,page 1,1,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription,
+bb000kk0000,page_0002.jpg,page 2,2,no,yes,no,page,,
+bb000kk0000,page_0002.pdf,page 2,2,yes,yes,yes,page,,
+bb000kk0000,page_0002.xml,page 2,2,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription,
+bb000kk0000,page_0003.jpg,page 3,3,no,yes,no,page,,
+bb000kk0000,page_0003.pdf,page 3,3,yes,yes,yes,page,,
+bb000kk0000,page_0003.xml,page 3,3,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription,
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/hierarchical-files-with-file-manifest/file_manifest.csv b/spec/fixtures/hierarchical-files-with-file-manifest/file_manifest.csv
index ca771e5f3..2def7e4d9 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/hierarchical-files-with-file-manifest/file_manifest.csv
+++ b/spec/fixtures/hierarchical-files-with-file-manifest/file_manifest.csv
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role
-mm111mm2222,test1.txt,page 1,1,no,yes,no,page,
-mm111mm2222,config/test.yml,file 2,1,yes,yes,yes,file,
-mm111mm2222,config/settings/test.yml,file 3,1,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription
-mm111mm2222,config/settings/test1.yml,file 4,1,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription
-mm111mm2222,config/settings/test2.yml,file 5,1,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription
-mm111mm2222,config/images/image.jpg,page 2,2,yes,yes,yes,page,page
-mm111mm2222,config/images/subdir/image.jpg,file 6,2,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription
+druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role,file_language
+mm111mm2222,test1.txt,page 1,1,no,yes,no,page,,
+mm111mm2222,config/test.yml,file 2,1,yes,yes,yes,file,,
+mm111mm2222,config/settings/test.yml,file 3,1,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription,
+mm111mm2222,config/settings/test1.yml,file 4,1,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription,
+mm111mm2222,config/settings/test2.yml,file 5,1,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription,
+mm111mm2222,config/images/image.jpg,page 2,2,yes,yes,yes,page,page,
+mm111mm2222,config/images/subdir/image.jpg,file 6,2,yes,yes,yes,page,transcription,
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest.csv b/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest.csv
index 315bf1007..7ce808212 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest.csv
+++ b/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest.csv
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role
-sn000dd0000,test.csv,Test,1,yes,yes,yes,page,,
+druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role,file_language
+sn000dd0000,test.csv,Test,1,yes,yes,yes,page,,,
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_blank_rows.csv b/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_blank_rows.csv
index 33868475f..e1c70257c 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_blank_rows.csv
+++ b/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_blank_rows.csv
@@ -1,23 +1,21 @@
-druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,yes,yes,yes,file,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sh.wav,,,yes,yes,no,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111.pdf,Transcript,3,yes,yes,yes,file,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,
-
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,no,yes,no,media,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_sh.wav,,,yes,yes,no,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222.pdf,Transcript,3,yes,yes,yes,file,transcription
+druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role,file_language
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,yes,yes,yes,file,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sh.wav,,,yes,yes,no,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111.pdf,Transcript,3,yes,yes,yes,file,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,no,yes,no,media,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_sh.wav,,,yes,yes,no,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222.pdf,Transcript,3,yes,yes,yes,file,transcription,
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_invalid.csv b/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_invalid.csv
index b283bf552..e9a06bcd0 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_invalid.csv
+++ b/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_invalid.csv
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,yes,yes,yes,file,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sh.wav,,,no,no,no,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111.pdf,Transcript,3,yes,yes,yes,file,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,no,yes,no,media,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_sh.wav,,,no,no,no,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222.pdf,Transcript,3,yes,yes,yes,file,transcription
+druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role,file_language
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,yes,yes,yes,file,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sh.wav,,,no,no,no,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111.pdf,Transcript,3,yes,yes,yes,file,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,no,yes,no,media,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_sh.wav,,,no,no,no,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222.pdf,Transcript,3,yes,yes,yes,file,transcription,
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_missing_columns.csv b/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_missing_columns.csv
index 5df45e605..0544e205f 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_missing_columns.csv
+++ b/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_missing_columns.csv
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-druid,filename,label,sequence,resource_type,role
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,media,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sh.wav,,,,
+druid,filename,label,sequence,resource_type,role,file_language
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,media,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sh.wav,,,,,
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_missing_druid_column.csv b/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_missing_druid_column.csv
index 186c7e127..1793ff147 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_missing_druid_column.csv
+++ b/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_missing_druid_column.csv
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-object,filename,label,sequence,resource_type,role
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,media,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sh.wav,,,,
+object,filename,label,sequence,resource_type,role,file_language
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,media,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sh.wav,,,,,
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_no_rows.csv b/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_no_rows.csv
index a1012b44e..da8753433 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_no_rows.csv
+++ b/spec/fixtures/media_missing/file_manifest_no_rows.csv
@@ -1 +1 @@
-object,filename,label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role
+object,filename,label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role,file_language
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/media_video_test/file_manifest.csv b/spec/fixtures/media_video_test/file_manifest.csv
index c1033ba63..f907b240e 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/media_video_test/file_manifest.csv
+++ b/spec/fixtures/media_video_test/file_manifest.csv
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role
-vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_1.mp4,Video file 1,1,yes,yes,yes,video,,
-vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_1.mpeg,Video file 1,1,no,yes,no,video,,
-vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_1_thumb.jp2,Video file 1,1,yes,yes,yes,image,thumb,
-vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_2.mp4,Video file 2,2,yes,yes,yes,video,,
-vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_2.mpeg,Video file 2,2,no,yes,no,video,,
-vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_2_thumb.jp2,Video file 2,2,yes,yes,yes,image,thumb,
-vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_img_1.tif,Image of media (1 of 2),3,no,yes,no,image,,
-vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_img_2.tif,Image of media (2 of 2),4,no,yes,no,image,bogus_role
-vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_log.txt,Disc log file,5,no,yes,no,file,transcription
+druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role,file_language
+vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_1.mp4,Video file 1,1,yes,yes,yes,video,,,
+vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_1.mpeg,Video file 1,1,no,yes,no,video,,,
+vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_1_thumb.jp2,Video file 1,1,yes,yes,yes,image,thumb,,
+vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_2.mp4,Video file 2,2,yes,yes,yes,video,,,
+vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_2.mpeg,Video file 2,2,no,yes,no,video,,,
+vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_2_thumb.jp2,Video file 2,2,yes,yes,yes,image,thumb,,
+vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_img_1.tif,Image of media (1 of 2),3,no,yes,no,image,,,
+vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_img_2.tif,Image of media (2 of 2),4,no,yes,no,image,bogus_role,
+vd000bj0000,vd000bj0000_video_log.txt,Disc log file,5,no,yes,no,file,transcription,
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/multimedia/aa111aa1111/aa111aa1111.vtt b/spec/fixtures/multimedia/aa111aa1111/aa111aa1111.vtt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87a600ef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/fixtures/multimedia/aa111aa1111/aa111aa1111.vtt
@@ -0,0 +1,4741 @@
+WEBVTT
+
+1
+00:00:36.071 --> 00:00:38.654
+(upbeat music)
+
+2
+00:01:17.530 --> 00:01:19.470
+Well, I guess first I want to say
+
+3
+00:01:19.470 --> 00:01:22.870
+that every student is special.
+
+4
+00:01:22.870 --> 00:01:25.720
+And I want to get that out first before saying,
+
+5
+00:01:25.720 --> 00:01:27.929
+but some students are more special than others.
+
+6
+00:01:27.929 --> 00:01:30.690 line:15%
+(audience laughs)
+
+7
+00:01:30.690 --> 00:01:32.240 line:15%
+When I first heard about Angela,
+
+8
+00:01:32.240 --> 00:01:35.900 line:15%
+it was during her undergraduate years,
+
+9
+00:01:35.900 --> 00:01:39.520
+and that's unusual to begin with,
+
+10
+00:01:39.520 --> 00:01:42.680
+when you hear about a student who's not even,
+
+11
+00:01:42.680 --> 00:01:46.140
+hadn't even applied to graduate school yet.
+
+12
+00:01:46.140 --> 00:01:48.690
+But I did know about a student
+
+13
+00:01:48.690 --> 00:01:50.400
+who was working on the Black Panther Party
+
+14
+00:01:50.400 --> 00:01:53.566
+and was doing very interesting work.
+
+15
+00:01:53.566 --> 00:01:57.260
+And I knew immediately that there would be a real scramble
+
+16
+00:01:57.260 --> 00:02:00.985
+for somebody who is outstanding
+
+17
+00:02:00.985 --> 00:02:05.060
+and they graduated with honors from Harvard
+
+18
+00:02:05.060 --> 00:02:07.285
+and wanting to go on graduate school.
+
+19
+00:02:07.285 --> 00:02:09.270
+And it just seemed
+
+20
+00:02:09.270 --> 00:02:13.480
+that here was someone who was not only a great student
+
+21
+00:02:13.480 --> 00:02:15.810
+but someone who seemed to have a real vision.
+
+22
+00:02:15.810 --> 00:02:17.820
+And I think that's what made her very special,
+
+23
+00:02:17.820 --> 00:02:19.700
+someone who had a notion
+
+24
+00:02:19.700 --> 00:02:22.910
+about where to apply her talents
+
+25
+00:02:22.910 --> 00:02:25.040
+to make a real contribution that was unique
+
+26
+00:02:25.040 --> 00:02:27.790
+and distinctive and important.
+
+27
+00:02:27.790 --> 00:02:31.470
+And that was certainly the case with Angela.
+
+28
+00:02:31.470 --> 00:02:34.612
+When she was working on a thesis
+
+29
+00:02:34.612 --> 00:02:37.495
+on the women in the Black Panther Party,
+
+30
+00:02:37.495 --> 00:02:41.700
+a subject that had not really received a great deal
+
+31
+00:02:41.700 --> 00:02:44.370
+of attention and one that required a great deal
+
+32
+00:02:44.370 --> 00:02:46.740
+of originality that you can do the research.
+
+33
+00:02:46.740 --> 00:02:48.340
+You had to go out and find the people,
+
+34
+00:02:48.340 --> 00:02:53.340
+and a lot of them were spread throughout the country.
+
+35
+00:02:53.540 --> 00:02:56.683
+But clearly Angela was able to do that.
+
+36
+00:02:57.550 --> 00:03:01.170
+Once it clear that Stanford was among the places
+
+37
+00:03:01.170 --> 00:03:03.100
+that she was considering for graduate school,
+
+38
+00:03:03.100 --> 00:03:05.300
+I think I would have offered just about anything
+
+39
+00:03:05.300 --> 00:03:08.100
+to Stanford to offer to get her to come here.
+
+40
+00:03:08.100 --> 00:03:10.100
+But I think probably the most important thing
+
+41
+00:03:10.100 --> 00:03:13.120
+we offered was the possibility
+
+42
+00:03:13.120 --> 00:03:17.290
+of bringing the Black Panther papers here to Stanford,
+
+43
+00:03:17.290 --> 00:03:20.540
+which was being discussed at that time.
+
+44
+00:03:20.540 --> 00:03:23.930
+And to me, this has been a really perfect fit
+
+45
+00:03:23.930 --> 00:03:28.930
+of having a person who is, I think, the worldwide expert
+
+46
+00:03:29.958 --> 00:03:34.055
+on the Black Panther Party, even as a graduate student
+
+47
+00:03:34.055 --> 00:03:38.720
+and having the most important collection here at Stanford.
+
+48
+00:03:38.720 --> 00:03:43.250
+And I think that Angela has not only taken advantage
+
+49
+00:03:43.250 --> 00:03:46.018
+of this possibility but really made the most of it
+
+50
+00:03:46.018 --> 00:03:51.018
+now as director of the Black Panther Research Project,
+
+51
+00:03:51.360 --> 00:03:54.830
+which has been established on this campus
+
+52
+00:03:54.830 --> 00:03:57.900
+and has already become the center for research
+
+53
+00:03:57.900 --> 00:04:01.810
+on the Black Panther Party and her forthcoming thesis,
+
+54
+00:04:01.810 --> 00:04:04.680
+which I hope will quickly be turned into a book
+
+55
+00:04:04.680 --> 00:04:08.680
+on the subject, I think will reshape
+
+56
+00:04:09.610 --> 00:04:11.560
+what people think about the Panthers.
+
+57
+00:04:11.560 --> 00:04:14.910
+Although there is a lot of people know something
+
+58
+00:04:14.910 --> 00:04:18.370
+about the Black Panther Party through its notoriety,
+
+59
+00:04:18.370 --> 00:04:20.980
+there's been actually very little
+
+60
+00:04:20.980 --> 00:04:23.490
+significant scholarly research,
+
+61
+00:04:23.490 --> 00:04:25.670
+and no scholarly book has been written
+
+62
+00:04:25.670 --> 00:04:27.453
+on the Black Panther Party to date.
+
+63
+00:04:28.490 --> 00:04:33.490
+So this is an area that I think we need a great deal
+
+64
+00:04:33.610 --> 00:04:35.960
+of research and I can't think of anyone more qualified
+
+65
+00:04:35.960 --> 00:04:38.460
+to do it than Angela.
+
+66
+00:04:38.460 --> 00:04:42.877
+So here is Angela.
+(audience applauds)
+
+67
+00:04:49.650 --> 00:04:50.853
+Thank you very much.
+
+68
+00:04:51.940 --> 00:04:55.040
+I don't know what my talk is going to sound like
+
+69
+00:04:55.040 --> 00:04:59.040
+after that introduction, (laughs) but I'll do my best.
+
+70
+00:04:59.040 --> 00:05:01.700 line:15%
+First I want to say good afternoon to everyone here,
+
+71
+00:05:01.700 --> 00:05:05.290 line:15%
+and I'm so pleased that so many of you came out
+
+72
+00:05:05.290 --> 00:05:09.143 line:15%
+during lunchtime to essentially hear a history lecture.
+
+73
+00:05:10.900 --> 00:05:12.120
+What's really interesting though
+
+74
+00:05:12.120 --> 00:05:14.060
+is that as Professor Carson said,
+
+75
+00:05:14.060 --> 00:05:17.830
+I don't just think of what I do as history.
+
+76
+00:05:17.830 --> 00:05:21.690
+I also try to find the lessons that can be learned
+
+77
+00:05:21.690 --> 00:05:26.670
+from the research that I do to apply to life today.
+
+78
+00:05:26.670 --> 00:05:29.360
+And with that in mind,
+
+79
+00:05:29.360 --> 00:05:33.810
+I'd like to ask you to not just hear the information,
+
+80
+00:05:33.810 --> 00:05:35.440
+the dates and the details,
+
+81
+00:05:35.440 --> 00:05:37.860
+but think about the issues and the concepts
+
+82
+00:05:37.860 --> 00:05:40.316
+that surround some of the material
+
+83
+00:05:40.316 --> 00:05:44.220
+that I talk about and really see how it applies
+
+84
+00:05:44.220 --> 00:05:49.140
+to your life that you've lived in the past, now,
+
+85
+00:05:49.140 --> 00:05:50.540
+younger people you might know,
+
+86
+00:05:50.540 --> 00:05:51.800
+older people you might know,
+
+87
+00:05:51.800 --> 00:05:56.800
+just move outside of your box that we're normally in
+
+88
+00:05:57.500 --> 00:06:01.343
+when we think about material that is new and different.
+
+89
+00:06:02.480 --> 00:06:06.310
+Before I begin my official talk,
+
+90
+00:06:06.310 --> 00:06:10.193
+I'd like to ask for a little audience participation.
+
+91
+00:06:11.360 --> 00:06:15.810
+What I'd like to know personally is what came to mind,
+
+92
+00:06:15.810 --> 00:06:18.709
+and I just need three or four bold volunteers
+
+93
+00:06:18.709 --> 00:06:21.570
+to let me know what came to mind
+
+94
+00:06:21.570 --> 00:06:25.340
+when they read the title of my talk,
+
+95
+00:06:25.340 --> 00:06:28.397
+and the title is "From Babies for the Revolution
+
+96
+00:06:28.397 --> 00:06:30.947
+"to Planned Parenthood: The Transformation
+
+97
+00:06:30.947 --> 00:06:32.247
+"of the Black Panther Party
+
+98
+00:06:32.247 --> 00:06:36.340
+"Female Revolutionary 1966 to 1982."
+
+99
+00:06:36.340 --> 00:06:37.640
+So what's the first thing you thought?
+
+100
+00:06:37.640 --> 00:06:38.940
+What'd you expect to hear?
+
+101
+00:06:40.310 --> 00:06:41.530
+Yes.
+
+102
+00:06:41.530 --> 00:06:42.363
+I thought I really wanted to hear it,
+
+103
+00:06:42.363 --> 00:06:44.367
+because I've always wondered what happened to the women
+
+104
+00:06:44.367 --> 00:06:46.043
+of the Black Panther Party.
+
+105
+00:06:47.300 --> 00:06:49.900
+I wonder if they got buried as much as most women
+
+106
+00:06:49.900 --> 00:06:51.958
+of revolutionary parties.
+
+107
+00:06:51.958 --> 00:06:53.083
+Okay.
+
+108
+00:06:54.170 --> 00:06:55.410
+I thought of Ericka Huggins
+
+109
+00:06:55.410 --> 00:06:58.307
+and Elaine Brown, wanted to know about them.
+
+110
+00:06:58.307 --> 00:06:59.370
+Because those were the women
+
+111
+00:06:59.370 --> 00:07:01.656
+that I was aware of in the '60s.
+
+112
+00:07:01.656 --> 00:07:02.971
+Okay.
+
+113
+00:07:02.971 --> 00:07:03.804
+Yes.
+
+114
+00:07:03.804 --> 00:07:05.250
+Actually, I thought of Angela Davis
+
+115
+00:07:05.250 --> 00:07:09.030
+and how she's gone from being a fugitive
+
+116
+00:07:09.030 --> 00:07:10.890
+to a respected professor and author,
+
+117
+00:07:10.890 --> 00:07:13.290
+and I wondered what happened to the other women.
+
+118
+00:07:14.364 --> 00:07:16.910
+Because you only hear, I only hear about her
+
+119
+00:07:16.910 --> 00:07:18.637
+and I don't care about the others.
+
+120
+00:07:18.637 --> 00:07:20.497
+Right, okay.
+
+121
+00:07:20.497 --> 00:07:22.020
+One more.
+
+122
+00:07:22.020 --> 00:07:25.480
+I thought of Burmese and labor production.
+
+123
+00:07:25.480 --> 00:07:26.430
+Very interesting.
+
+124
+00:07:27.280 --> 00:07:28.494
+Okay.
+
+125
+00:07:28.494 --> 00:07:29.327
+Well,
+
+126
+00:07:31.620 --> 00:07:35.330
+I've written a couple other articles
+
+127
+00:07:35.330 --> 00:07:38.034
+that deal specifically and in more detail
+
+128
+00:07:38.034 --> 00:07:41.410
+with all of those issues.
+
+129
+00:07:41.410 --> 00:07:46.410
+And today's talk won't be exactly
+
+130
+00:07:47.260 --> 00:07:51.630
+what at least the people who expressed are expecting
+
+131
+00:07:51.630 --> 00:07:54.210
+or thought when they immediately saw the title
+
+132
+00:07:54.210 --> 00:07:55.340
+of the topic.
+
+133
+00:07:55.340 --> 00:07:58.930
+But again, as I said, with the information,
+
+134
+00:07:58.930 --> 00:08:02.104
+you'll be able to have a larger idea
+
+135
+00:08:02.104 --> 00:08:04.940
+of what exactly was going on
+
+136
+00:08:04.940 --> 00:08:08.863
+during a particular point in time on a particular topic.
+
+137
+00:08:12.350 --> 00:08:15.260
+I'd like everyone to bear in mind what they just heard,
+
+138
+00:08:15.260 --> 00:08:18.820
+think about each of your own ideas,
+
+139
+00:08:18.820 --> 00:08:22.590
+and open your mind to information I'm about to present.
+
+140
+00:08:22.590 --> 00:08:25.380
+I'll spend about 30 minutes or so talking specifically
+
+141
+00:08:25.380 --> 00:08:29.150
+about Black Panther Party women and their transformation.
+
+142
+00:08:29.150 --> 00:08:32.770
+In between, I'll include about a five-minute clip,
+
+143
+00:08:32.770 --> 00:08:36.680
+a video clip of a former female Black Panther Party member,
+
+144
+00:08:36.680 --> 00:08:40.810
+Ericka Huggins actually, who's reflecting
+
+145
+00:08:40.810 --> 00:08:43.780
+on some of her experiences in the organization
+
+146
+00:08:43.780 --> 00:08:48.580
+as it relates to reproduction
+
+147
+00:08:48.580 --> 00:08:53.580
+and gender roles and differences in national chapters.
+
+148
+00:08:54.270 --> 00:08:55.670
+And then finally,
+
+149
+00:08:55.670 --> 00:08:58.860
+I'll spend the remaining time answering questions,
+
+150
+00:08:58.860 --> 00:09:00.310
+any questions you might have.
+
+151
+00:09:01.730 --> 00:09:03.640
+The primary intent of my discussion
+
+152
+00:09:03.640 --> 00:09:05.260
+is to trace the transformation
+
+153
+00:09:05.260 --> 00:09:06.910
+of Black Panther Party women
+
+154
+00:09:06.910 --> 00:09:11.370
+through three phases that I've identified to date.
+
+155
+00:09:11.370 --> 00:09:16.370
+The first I identify as woman as vessel, woman as nurturer,
+
+156
+00:09:16.580 --> 00:09:20.840
+covering the years between 1968 and 1970.
+
+157
+00:09:20.840 --> 00:09:23.750
+At this point, Black Panther Party women were seen
+
+158
+00:09:23.750 --> 00:09:27.000
+as a conduit for the continuation of the race.
+
+159
+00:09:27.000 --> 00:09:29.990
+Additionally, they were supporters and nurturers
+
+160
+00:09:29.990 --> 00:09:33.670
+for the male members that saw them as objects.
+
+161
+00:09:33.670 --> 00:09:36.917
+There were large numbers of Black Panther Party deaths.
+
+162
+00:09:36.917 --> 00:09:41.115
+Anti and voluntary sterilization sentiment was rampant
+
+163
+00:09:41.115 --> 00:09:44.780
+among party members,
+
+164
+00:09:44.780 --> 00:09:48.823
+and the members were primarily under the age of 20 years.
+
+165
+00:09:49.810 --> 00:09:52.560
+The second stage I call the transitional woman,
+
+166
+00:09:52.560 --> 00:09:57.560
+dynamic woman phase between 1971 and 1977.
+
+167
+00:09:58.710 --> 00:10:01.590
+The concept of the revolutionary Black woman is
+
+168
+00:10:01.590 --> 00:10:05.190
+in serious flux regarding the woman's primary roles
+
+169
+00:10:05.190 --> 00:10:07.430
+as nurturers and supporters.
+
+170
+00:10:07.430 --> 00:10:09.710
+Organizationally, there's less funding
+
+171
+00:10:09.710 --> 00:10:11.840
+to support the additional children
+
+172
+00:10:11.840 --> 00:10:14.423
+that need to be fed and cared for.
+
+173
+00:10:15.350 --> 00:10:20.350
+In 1971, a serious round of party centralization takes place
+
+174
+00:10:20.520 --> 00:10:22.400
+causing a high concentration
+
+175
+00:10:22.400 --> 00:10:25.760
+of highly effective female organizers to concentrate
+
+176
+00:10:25.760 --> 00:10:29.380
+in one area, that being Oakland, California.
+
+177
+00:10:29.380 --> 00:10:31.690
+During the later years of this phase,
+
+178
+00:10:31.690 --> 00:10:33.920
+finances improved slightly.
+
+179
+00:10:33.920 --> 00:10:38.080
+The women become more mature due to natural age increase
+
+180
+00:10:38.080 --> 00:10:41.470
+and planned parenthood begun in earnest
+
+181
+00:10:41.470 --> 00:10:44.700
+during 1972 reaches fruition.
+
+182
+00:10:44.700 --> 00:10:49.700
+The final phase, which includes the years 1977 to 1982
+
+183
+00:10:49.771 --> 00:10:52.880
+are slightly more difficult to describe.
+
+184
+00:10:52.880 --> 00:10:55.370
+Perhaps the woman as organizer,
+
+185
+00:10:55.370 --> 00:10:59.060
+woman as asexual being best describes this phase
+
+186
+00:10:59.060 --> 00:11:01.420
+of Black Panther Party history.
+
+187
+00:11:01.420 --> 00:11:03.530
+This phase is characterized by the height
+
+188
+00:11:03.530 --> 00:11:06.430
+of female leadership and organizing
+
+189
+00:11:06.430 --> 00:11:09.970
+and simultaneously by women's renewed discussion
+
+190
+00:11:09.970 --> 00:11:14.970
+of the restrictive dating policy applied to women
+
+191
+00:11:15.770 --> 00:11:19.470
+and letters suggesting, letters from these female members
+
+192
+00:11:19.470 --> 00:11:22.190
+to Huey Newton, the organization's leader,
+
+193
+00:11:22.190 --> 00:11:24.930
+suggesting a painful feeling of isolation
+
+194
+00:11:24.930 --> 00:11:26.240
+and lack of sex appeal
+
+195
+00:11:26.240 --> 00:11:28.893
+to non-Black Panther Party community members.
+
+196
+00:11:31.390 --> 00:11:34.050
+My concern today follows the yearlong theme,
+
+197
+00:11:34.050 --> 00:11:36.820
+public policy, private lives.
+
+198
+00:11:36.820 --> 00:11:38.730
+Instead of focusing on national
+
+199
+00:11:38.730 --> 00:11:41.700
+or local legislation that might have had an impact
+
+200
+00:11:41.700 --> 00:11:44.040
+on women in the Black Panther Party,
+
+201
+00:11:44.040 --> 00:11:48.030
+I decided to focus on the intraorganizational policies
+
+202
+00:11:48.030 --> 00:11:52.060
+that had an impact on the private lives of these women.
+
+203
+00:11:52.060 --> 00:11:53.950
+Some of the policies were known
+
+204
+00:11:53.950 --> 00:11:55.520
+to the surrounding communities
+
+205
+00:11:55.520 --> 00:11:59.620
+within which these activists organized, others were not.
+
+206
+00:11:59.620 --> 00:12:03.200
+Nevertheless, all decisions made had a direct
+
+207
+00:12:03.200 --> 00:12:06.163
+or indirect effect on the female leadership.
+
+208
+00:12:07.430 --> 00:12:08.840
+I'm sorry, female membership,
+
+209
+00:12:08.840 --> 00:12:10.770
+which would include the leadership as well
+
+210
+00:12:10.770 --> 00:12:12.713
+as the rank and file.
+
+211
+00:12:13.700 --> 00:12:14.810
+With the exception of people
+
+212
+00:12:14.810 --> 00:12:16.780
+from the San Francisco Bay Area,
+
+213
+00:12:16.780 --> 00:12:20.600
+many people have no idea what the Black Panther Party was.
+
+214
+00:12:20.600 --> 00:12:23.430
+The Black Panther Party was an organization composed
+
+215
+00:12:23.430 --> 00:12:27.430
+of a contingent of lower and middle class African Americans
+
+216
+00:12:27.430 --> 00:12:29.720
+that sent waves throughout the world
+
+217
+00:12:29.720 --> 00:12:31.220
+initially with their call
+
+218
+00:12:31.220 --> 00:12:35.010
+for armed self-defense against police harassment.
+
+219
+00:12:35.010 --> 00:12:39.970
+The BPP was co-founded on October 15, 1966
+
+220
+00:12:39.970 --> 00:12:44.070
+by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California,
+
+221
+00:12:44.070 --> 00:12:47.490
+in the West Oakland Poverty Center office.
+
+222
+00:12:47.490 --> 00:12:50.453
+That office doubled as Seale's place of employment.
+
+223
+00:12:51.520 --> 00:12:54.077
+On that day, the co-founders drafted a document
+
+224
+00:12:54.077 --> 00:12:57.870
+they named the Ten-Point Platform and Program.
+
+225
+00:12:57.870 --> 00:13:01.980
+This charter called for freedom and land,
+
+226
+00:13:01.980 --> 00:13:06.050
+improved housing, economics, education
+
+227
+00:13:06.050 --> 00:13:10.800
+and police relations, as well as a UN-supervised plebiscite
+
+228
+00:13:10.800 --> 00:13:13.260
+for African Americans to convene
+
+229
+00:13:13.260 --> 00:13:17.260
+and determine the parameter of their national destiny.
+
+230
+00:13:17.260 --> 00:13:20.360
+By 1970, the Black Panther Party had expanded
+
+231
+00:13:20.360 --> 00:13:23.370
+to greater than 40 chapters
+
+232
+00:13:24.240 --> 00:13:28.120
+and branches locally, nationally, and worldwide.
+
+233
+00:13:28.120 --> 00:13:30.460
+Although no official records exist,
+
+234
+00:13:30.460 --> 00:13:33.360
+several former high ranking leaders have stated
+
+235
+00:13:33.360 --> 00:13:35.060
+that at its height
+
+236
+00:13:35.060 --> 00:13:38.320
+the Black Panther Party had thousands of members.
+
+237
+00:13:38.320 --> 00:13:40.310
+While the BPP was intended
+
+238
+00:13:40.310 --> 00:13:43.600
+as an all-male organization from its creation,
+
+239
+00:13:43.600 --> 00:13:47.860
+within two years, females represented approximately 60%
+
+240
+00:13:47.860 --> 00:13:50.020
+of the party's membership.
+
+241
+00:13:50.020 --> 00:13:53.300
+Between 1968 and 1982,
+
+242
+00:13:53.300 --> 00:13:55.080
+the Black Panther Party developed greater
+
+243
+00:13:55.080 --> 00:13:57.480
+than 50 community programs,
+
+244
+00:13:57.480 --> 00:13:59.630
+the majority of which were coordinated
+
+245
+00:13:59.630 --> 00:14:01.763
+and staffed by female members.
+
+246
+00:14:02.890 --> 00:14:07.640
+The years between 1974 and 1977 were the most crucial
+
+247
+00:14:07.640 --> 00:14:09.860
+for women programmatically.
+
+248
+00:14:09.860 --> 00:14:11.910
+With women at the organization's helm
+
+249
+00:14:11.910 --> 00:14:14.500
+during these years, the Black Panther Party
+
+250
+00:14:14.500 --> 00:14:17.270
+implemented its largest number
+
+251
+00:14:17.270 --> 00:14:20.820
+of new community programs, approximately 30,
+
+252
+00:14:20.820 --> 00:14:25.339
+and became intimately involved in local electoral politics.
+
+253
+00:14:25.339 --> 00:14:29.280
+Furthermore, at any given moment after 1968
+
+254
+00:14:30.940 --> 00:14:33.010
+when the organization expanded its focus
+
+255
+00:14:33.010 --> 00:14:35.390
+to include community organizing,
+
+256
+00:14:35.390 --> 00:14:37.860
+females continued to represent the majority
+
+257
+00:14:37.860 --> 00:14:39.490
+of the membership.
+
+258
+00:14:39.490 --> 00:14:42.400
+Therefore, it is crucial to understand the variety
+
+259
+00:14:42.400 --> 00:14:47.310
+of roles they performed between 1966 and 1982,
+
+260
+00:14:47.310 --> 00:14:49.630
+because they represented the largest percentage
+
+261
+00:14:49.630 --> 00:14:51.180
+of the membership.
+
+262
+00:14:51.180 --> 00:14:53.530
+While they were not always the decision-makers
+
+263
+00:14:53.530 --> 00:14:56.050
+to an extent that reflected their numbers,
+
+264
+00:14:56.050 --> 00:15:00.110
+they were influential in many decisions that were made.
+
+265
+00:15:00.110 --> 00:15:03.220
+Additionally, they received the greatest fallout
+
+266
+00:15:03.220 --> 00:15:06.130
+from many of those same group policies.
+
+267
+00:15:06.130 --> 00:15:08.800
+Before we can understand the Black Panther Party
+
+268
+00:15:08.800 --> 00:15:12.120
+women's experiences, we must account for the fact
+
+269
+00:15:12.120 --> 00:15:15.890
+that Black Panther Party women were not a monolithic group
+
+270
+00:15:15.890 --> 00:15:18.140
+with monolithic experiences.
+
+271
+00:15:18.140 --> 00:15:21.915
+They were divided or united by regional upbringing,
+
+272
+00:15:21.915 --> 00:15:25.950 line:15%
+economic background, differing educational levels
+
+273
+00:15:25.950 --> 00:15:29.523 line:15%
+and diverging ages to name only a few categories.
+
+274
+00:15:31.130 --> 00:15:33.660
+During the earliest years of the Black Panther Party,
+
+275
+00:15:33.660 --> 00:15:34.750
+during the earliest years,
+
+276
+00:15:34.750 --> 00:15:37.750
+the Black Panther Party was a nationalist organization
+
+277
+00:15:37.750 --> 00:15:41.400
+with race as a primary category for organizing.
+
+278
+00:15:41.400 --> 00:15:44.490
+The unique aspect of their group, however,
+
+279
+00:15:44.490 --> 00:15:46.230
+was their eventual willingness
+
+280
+00:15:46.230 --> 00:15:50.070
+to incorporate an economic component into their analysis
+
+281
+00:15:50.070 --> 00:15:53.940
+to compliment the traditional race-based approach.
+
+282
+00:15:53.940 --> 00:15:56.580
+When you combine these components with the fact
+
+283
+00:15:56.580 --> 00:16:00.500
+that during 1968 and 1969 local
+
+284
+00:16:00.500 --> 00:16:03.800
+and federal law enforcement attacked the group most
+
+285
+00:16:03.800 --> 00:16:08.290
+with at least 30 members dying during 1969,
+
+286
+00:16:08.290 --> 00:16:10.530
+it becomes clear why both male
+
+287
+00:16:10.530 --> 00:16:14.770
+and female party members would begin to call for replacement
+
+288
+00:16:14.770 --> 00:16:16.233
+of the dying members.
+
+289
+00:16:17.370 --> 00:16:20.290
+And the myths of constant raids by police,
+
+290
+00:16:20.290 --> 00:16:23.250
+FBI telephone and visual surveillance
+
+291
+00:16:23.250 --> 00:16:25.210
+and the tenor of the times
+
+292
+00:16:25.210 --> 00:16:28.490
+that a revolution was just around the corner,
+
+293
+00:16:28.490 --> 00:16:31.050
+the Black Panther Party members, the majority
+
+294
+00:16:31.050 --> 00:16:35.380
+of whom were younger than 20 years decided to birth babies
+
+295
+00:16:35.380 --> 00:16:39.400
+for the revolution to ensure that the struggle will continue
+
+296
+00:16:39.400 --> 00:16:41.150
+in the event that they were killed.
+
+297
+00:16:42.250 --> 00:16:44.540
+This was never an official policy
+
+298
+00:16:44.540 --> 00:16:46.370
+in the sense that there's no evidence
+
+299
+00:16:46.370 --> 00:16:49.120
+of a directive to the various chapters.
+
+300
+00:16:49.120 --> 00:16:52.830
+However, personal letters and articles were published
+
+301
+00:16:52.830 --> 00:16:54.870
+in the Black Panther Party newspaper
+
+302
+00:16:54.870 --> 00:16:59.870
+that by 1969 had an international distribution.
+
+303
+00:17:00.430 --> 00:17:03.980
+According to Black Panther Party member Deborah Johnson,
+
+304
+00:17:03.980 --> 00:17:06.541
+the fiancee of Fred Hampton,
+
+305
+00:17:06.541 --> 00:17:11.541
+the recently assassinated 1969 and renowned chairman
+
+306
+00:17:12.750 --> 00:17:15.910
+of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party,
+
+307
+00:17:15.910 --> 00:17:18.880
+the role of the revolutionary Black woman was
+
+308
+00:17:18.880 --> 00:17:21.930
+to reproduce Black revolutionaries
+
+309
+00:17:21.930 --> 00:17:25.460
+to challenge the inequalities of the social system.
+
+310
+00:17:25.460 --> 00:17:28.580
+Similarly, another female Panther argued
+
+311
+00:17:28.580 --> 00:17:31.720
+that once a Black woman has reached a certain level
+
+312
+00:17:31.720 --> 00:17:33.560
+of awareness of the needs
+
+313
+00:17:33.560 --> 00:17:36.657
+of her family and of her children, quote,
+
+314
+00:17:36.657 --> 00:17:40.237
+"She then becomes an artist existing solely
+
+315
+00:17:40.237 --> 00:17:43.017
+"for the the purpose of helping the Black man
+
+316
+00:17:43.017 --> 00:17:45.307
+"achieve the heights of his ambition."
+
+317
+00:17:46.410 --> 00:17:48.850
+The art in the Black Panther community
+
+318
+00:17:48.850 --> 00:17:52.520
+news service newspaper also reflected the concept
+
+319
+00:17:52.520 --> 00:17:55.450
+of the revolutionary Black family.
+
+320
+00:17:55.450 --> 00:17:57.513
+The fact that these items were published
+
+321
+00:17:57.513 --> 00:18:00.700
+with no articles to rebut the concept
+
+322
+00:18:00.700 --> 00:18:03.530
+suggested to the public at least
+
+323
+00:18:03.530 --> 00:18:07.163
+that this was an official organizational policy.
+
+324
+00:18:08.440 --> 00:18:09.920
+An example of the belief
+
+325
+00:18:09.920 --> 00:18:12.850
+that woman was a vessel is an analysis
+
+326
+00:18:12.850 --> 00:18:16.690
+of Bobby Seale's discussion of the way the party used women
+
+327
+00:18:16.690 --> 00:18:20.490
+as organizing tools in the early years
+
+328
+00:18:20.490 --> 00:18:24.553
+and also a phrase Eldridge Cleaver referred to
+
+329
+00:18:24.553 --> 00:18:27.180
+during his campaign for president
+
+330
+00:18:27.180 --> 00:18:30.053
+on the Peace and Freedom Party ticket in 1968.
+
+331
+00:18:32.960 --> 00:18:35.883
+The phrase he used was pussy power.
+
+332
+00:18:37.350 --> 00:18:39.180
+In both leaders' minds,
+
+333
+00:18:39.180 --> 00:18:41.680
+women could be used strategically to attract men
+
+334
+00:18:41.680 --> 00:18:45.203
+to the party who probably would not join on their own.
+
+335
+00:18:46.460 --> 00:18:49.193
+Physical attraction would be the primary bait.
+
+336
+00:18:50.210 --> 00:18:51.910
+While Bobby Seale wrote about it
+
+337
+00:18:51.910 --> 00:18:56.117
+in his first party publication called "Seize the Time:
+
+338
+00:18:56.117 --> 00:18:59.600
+"The Story of Huey Newton and the Black Panther Party"
+
+339
+00:18:59.600 --> 00:19:03.300
+published during '69, Eldridge Cleaver publicly spoke
+
+340
+00:19:03.300 --> 00:19:05.810
+about this concept wherever he went
+
+341
+00:19:05.810 --> 00:19:08.383
+during his 1968 campaign.
+
+342
+00:19:09.550 --> 00:19:10.890
+While not all women,
+
+343
+00:19:10.890 --> 00:19:14.060
+all Black Panther Party women agreed with this policy,
+
+344
+00:19:14.060 --> 00:19:15.820
+there is no evidence
+
+345
+00:19:15.820 --> 00:19:19.893
+that anyone told him to stop using the concept publicly.
+
+346
+00:19:21.130 --> 00:19:22.660
+It is important to note here
+
+347
+00:19:22.660 --> 00:19:24.600
+that not all women agreed with
+
+348
+00:19:24.600 --> 00:19:27.990
+or adhered to unofficial party policies.
+
+349
+00:19:27.990 --> 00:19:31.700
+Older females and those with strong personalities
+
+350
+00:19:31.700 --> 00:19:34.476
+resisted any attempts to categorize them
+
+351
+00:19:34.476 --> 00:19:36.560
+and force them to do things
+
+352
+00:19:36.560 --> 00:19:38.670
+with which they did not agree.
+
+353
+00:19:38.670 --> 00:19:41.960
+For example, Elaine Brown, the only woman
+
+354
+00:19:41.960 --> 00:19:45.100
+in the party to rise to the highest organizational position
+
+355
+00:19:45.100 --> 00:19:49.610
+as chairman recalled that she always had used birth control
+
+356
+00:19:49.610 --> 00:19:51.460
+despite what any unofficial
+
+357
+00:19:51.460 --> 00:19:54.523
+or official organizational policies had been.
+
+358
+00:19:55.440 --> 00:19:57.434
+Health reports for other members
+
+359
+00:19:57.434 --> 00:20:00.100
+that I've located in the collection
+
+360
+00:20:00.100 --> 00:20:04.640
+in the Huey P. Newton papers supports this
+
+361
+00:20:04.640 --> 00:20:07.874
+with references to women's choices to have abortions,
+
+362
+00:20:07.874 --> 00:20:12.010
+intrauterine devices, IUDs,
+
+363
+00:20:12.010 --> 00:20:15.670
+and to use birth control pills as options.
+
+364
+00:20:15.670 --> 00:20:19.790
+And at this point I'd like to stop and let you listen
+
+365
+00:20:19.790 --> 00:20:24.180
+to Ericka Huggins, who begins by talking
+
+366
+00:20:24.180 --> 00:20:28.610
+about her husband, her former husband, John Huggins,
+
+367
+00:20:28.610 --> 00:20:33.610
+who had been killed in 1969 during an altercation
+
+368
+00:20:34.590 --> 00:20:37.660
+at UCLA between the Panthers and US members.
+
+369
+00:20:37.660 --> 00:20:38.790
+So that's where she begins.
+
+370
+00:20:38.790 --> 00:20:43.110
+But then she'll discuss a specific experience
+
+371
+00:20:43.110 --> 00:20:46.450
+that she had when she traveled from the Los Angeles chapter
+
+372
+00:20:46.450 --> 00:20:50.803
+where she originally joined in '68 to the Bay Area chapter.
+
+373
+00:20:52.610 --> 00:20:56.213
+When I first, let's see in 1960,
+
+374
+00:20:58.290 --> 00:21:02.900
+well, John was killed on January 17th of 1969
+
+375
+00:21:02.900 --> 00:21:06.160
+here on UCLA's campus.
+
+376
+00:21:06.160 --> 00:21:09.793
+John Huggins was one amazing man.
+
+377
+00:21:10.640 --> 00:21:13.090
+And I don't say that because I'm biased.
+
+378
+00:21:13.090 --> 00:21:15.600
+He was my friend before he was my lover,
+
+379
+00:21:15.600 --> 00:21:17.150
+and he remains to be my friend.
+
+380
+00:21:19.800 --> 00:21:23.106
+He was a man who took a bath with rubber duckies.
+
+381
+00:21:23.106 --> 00:21:24.050
+(audience laughs)
+
+382
+00:21:24.050 --> 00:21:27.970
+See, we don't like to admit how we really live, okay.
+
+383
+00:21:27.970 --> 00:21:30.730
+We like to act like we all are on some pedestals
+
+384
+00:21:30.730 --> 00:21:34.880
+and that nothing we do stinks, and we don't cry,
+
+385
+00:21:34.880 --> 00:21:35.970
+and we don't get scared
+
+386
+00:21:35.970 --> 00:21:38.620
+in the middle of the night, and we do.
+
+387
+00:21:38.620 --> 00:21:40.400
+He took a bath with rubber duckies
+
+388
+00:21:40.400 --> 00:21:44.130
+and he loved his daughter who he only knew for three weeks.
+
+389
+00:21:44.130 --> 00:21:45.730
+And he told me something once.
+
+390
+00:21:45.730 --> 00:21:49.527
+He said, "It is impossible to make revolution in society
+
+391
+00:21:49.527 --> 00:21:53.078
+"if you don't make first revolution in yourself."
+
+392
+00:21:53.078 --> 00:21:54.870
+True, it's true.
+
+393
+00:21:54.870 --> 00:21:55.850
+He told me that.
+
+394
+00:21:55.850 --> 00:22:00.450
+I was 19 years old and pregnant with our daughter
+
+395
+00:22:00.450 --> 00:22:01.830
+and I have never forgotten it.
+
+396
+00:22:01.830 --> 00:22:03.050
+And it stays with me.
+
+397
+00:22:03.050 --> 00:22:07.730
+And it is the, it is the jumping off place inside myself
+
+398
+00:22:07.730 --> 00:22:09.800
+that I do my own inner work.
+
+399
+00:22:13.810 --> 00:22:15.510
+I wanted to say that
+
+400
+00:22:18.790 --> 00:22:23.790
+when I was pregnant with Mai, she'll be 26 in December,
+
+401
+00:22:24.350 --> 00:22:26.490
+when I was pregnant with Mai,
+
+402
+00:22:26.490 --> 00:22:29.590
+I walked into a party house and we had all these houses
+
+403
+00:22:29.590 --> 00:22:31.120
+where we lived collectively,
+
+404
+00:22:31.120 --> 00:22:33.173
+men, women, children, everybody.
+
+405
+00:22:34.890 --> 00:22:37.480
+And this was in Oakland right around the corner
+
+406
+00:22:37.480 --> 00:22:40.140
+from the national headquarters office,
+
+407
+00:22:40.140 --> 00:22:42.100
+which you'll see in one of these pictures over here
+
+408
+00:22:42.100 --> 00:22:42.993
+on the wall.
+
+409
+00:22:43.900 --> 00:22:45.810
+And we were eating dinner.
+
+410
+00:22:45.810 --> 00:22:47.980
+Well, the women,
+
+411
+00:22:47.980 --> 00:22:50.330
+and see, this was not a role we allowed ourselves
+
+412
+00:22:50.330 --> 00:22:52.260
+to be relegated to.
+
+413
+00:22:52.260 --> 00:22:55.390
+The women had cooked the dinner, which was very sweet.
+
+414
+00:22:55.390 --> 00:22:56.500
+I didn't think very much of it.
+
+415
+00:22:56.500 --> 00:22:58.650
+Elaine and I were standing there together.
+
+416
+00:22:58.650 --> 00:23:00.830
+And the men were sitting in the front room,
+
+417
+00:23:00.830 --> 00:23:02.210
+and we thought that was a little odd,
+
+418
+00:23:02.210 --> 00:23:04.010
+because in Los Angeles,
+
+419
+00:23:04.010 --> 00:23:07.130
+everybody cooked everything and everybody ate.
+
+420
+00:23:07.130 --> 00:23:10.140
+And then I walked toward the kitchen
+
+421
+00:23:10.140 --> 00:23:12.180
+with my belly, like, way big.
+
+422
+00:23:12.180 --> 00:23:14.603
+I walked toward the kitchen to get food for us.
+
+423
+00:23:15.760 --> 00:23:20.760
+And someone said to me, "Sister,
+
+424
+00:23:21.257 --> 00:23:23.757
+"you gonna have to wait 'cause the men eat first."
+
+425
+00:23:24.658 --> 00:23:27.800
+(audience laughs)
+
+426
+00:23:27.800 --> 00:23:29.883
+I couldn't believe I was hearing this.
+
+427
+00:23:31.080 --> 00:23:32.390
+And then I heard conversation
+
+428
+00:23:32.390 --> 00:23:36.220
+about we make the next warriors for the revolution.
+
+429
+00:23:36.220 --> 00:23:37.461
+No we don't.
+
+430
+00:23:37.461 --> 00:23:40.084
+(audience laughs)
+
+431
+00:23:40.084 --> 00:23:43.950
+I'm saying that that doesn't come from the party.
+
+432
+00:23:43.950 --> 00:23:46.460
+That was not something that Huey Newton, Bobby Seale,
+
+433
+00:23:46.460 --> 00:23:49.280
+or David Hilliard ever put out as a way
+
+434
+00:23:49.280 --> 00:23:51.510
+in which we would behave or believe.
+
+435
+00:23:51.510 --> 00:23:56.287
+That came as a response to virulent oppression
+
+436
+00:23:57.960 --> 00:24:00.870
+and trying to reclaim something of Africa
+
+437
+00:24:00.870 --> 00:24:04.060
+and trying to have a culture that wasn't one of slavery.
+
+438
+00:24:04.060 --> 00:24:05.853
+However, it didn't work,
+
+439
+00:24:06.900 --> 00:24:11.900
+because my baby and I were going to eat first and we did.
+
+440
+00:24:12.140 --> 00:24:16.770
+And the men in that house were very angry
+
+441
+00:24:16.770 --> 00:24:20.370
+with Elaine and I for stepping out of our place.
+
+442
+00:24:20.370 --> 00:24:22.140
+And we continued to do that,
+
+443
+00:24:22.140 --> 00:24:25.320
+and we continue to still step out of our place.
+
+444
+00:24:25.320 --> 00:24:30.320
+And we're saying that as Maya Angelou the other night said
+
+445
+00:24:31.420 --> 00:24:34.950
+her grand-aunt said to her once,
+
+446
+00:24:34.950 --> 00:24:39.050
+she said to her sister, "You got to stand out on the word."
+
+447
+00:24:39.050 --> 00:24:41.860
+Well, we all need to be stand-up people
+
+448
+00:24:41.860 --> 00:24:43.240
+just like I was that day.
+
+449
+00:24:43.240 --> 00:24:45.979
+I didn't do that because I had some political
+
+450
+00:24:45.979 --> 00:24:48.120
+blah, blah, blah, blah.
+
+451
+00:24:48.120 --> 00:24:49.243
+I was hungry,
+
+452
+00:24:50.120 --> 00:24:53.920
+and the baby was hungry, and it made no sense.
+
+453
+00:24:53.920 --> 00:24:57.970
+So I'm giving you anecdotes to let you know,
+
+454
+00:24:57.970 --> 00:24:59.680
+there are these anecdotes are the answers
+
+455
+00:24:59.680 --> 00:25:03.440
+to all those wonderful questions that Ron mentioned.
+
+456
+00:25:03.440 --> 00:25:06.830
+What we need to do is go forward
+
+457
+00:25:06.830 --> 00:25:10.020
+with love and compassion for our people
+
+458
+00:25:10.020 --> 00:25:11.330
+and for ourselves.
+
+459
+00:25:11.330 --> 00:25:13.130
+We don't know how to love ourselves.
+
+460
+00:25:14.070 --> 00:25:18.050
+I could tell you story after story, Huey Newton's addiction,
+
+461
+00:25:18.050 --> 00:25:20.630
+yes, he was a dope fiend.
+
+462
+00:25:20.630 --> 00:25:24.500
+Huey Newton's addiction was the result
+
+463
+00:25:24.500 --> 00:25:27.961
+of the constant onslaught from society
+
+464
+00:25:27.961 --> 00:25:31.143
+and the constant onslaught from inside.
+
+465
+00:25:32.640 --> 00:25:35.500
+And we all have our demons to fight.
+
+466
+00:25:35.500 --> 00:25:38.630
+If we're going to do anything to change society,
+
+467
+00:25:38.630 --> 00:25:43.630
+we have to fight those demons, meet them face on.
+
+468
+00:25:43.920 --> 00:25:47.610
+And if we don't, we're not going to change any society.
+
+469
+00:25:47.610 --> 00:25:50.060
+We're not going to fight police brutality.
+
+470
+00:25:50.060 --> 00:25:51.580
+We're not going to do anything
+
+471
+00:25:51.580 --> 00:25:54.561
+except be at odds with ourselves.
+
+472
+00:25:54.561 --> 00:25:55.394
+That's right.
+
+473
+00:25:55.394 --> 00:25:57.663
+So that's all I want to say to you right now.
+
+474
+00:25:59.170 --> 00:26:02.583
+So as Ericka Huggins said,
+
+475
+00:26:02.583 --> 00:26:06.140
+there was no official policy
+
+476
+00:26:06.140 --> 00:26:09.317 line:15%
+that there had to be babies for the revolution
+
+477
+00:26:09.317 --> 00:26:11.600 line:15%
+and that there had to be women
+
+478
+00:26:11.600 --> 00:26:14.350 line:15%
+who cooked the dinner all the time
+
+479
+00:26:14.350 --> 00:26:16.400 line:15%
+and ate after the men ate.
+
+480
+00:26:16.400 --> 00:26:19.280
+But nevertheless, these things did go on
+
+481
+00:26:19.280 --> 00:26:21.293
+at local chapter levels.
+
+482
+00:26:23.156 --> 00:26:28.156
+The babies for the revolution concept was popular
+
+483
+00:26:28.410 --> 00:26:31.000
+during 1969 and 1970.
+
+484
+00:26:31.000 --> 00:26:34.713
+But the overall lifetime for these ideas was short-lived.
+
+485
+00:26:35.670 --> 00:26:38.690
+While the policy might've been lauded at the time
+
+486
+00:26:38.690 --> 00:26:42.400
+as a logical approach to solve the immediate urgency
+
+487
+00:26:42.400 --> 00:26:45.000
+of replacing the fallen comrades,
+
+488
+00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:47.540
+the long-term impact of such action
+
+489
+00:26:47.540 --> 00:26:49.363
+soon had to be confronted.
+
+490
+00:26:50.470 --> 00:26:53.960
+In addition to the party's loss of individuals,
+
+491
+00:26:53.960 --> 00:26:57.580
+there were also massive arrests during these early years.
+
+492
+00:26:57.580 --> 00:27:01.860
+This meant that the BPP's coffers were constantly strained
+
+493
+00:27:01.860 --> 00:27:03.920
+because of the need to pay bail,
+
+494
+00:27:03.920 --> 00:27:06.740
+particularly for those organizers
+
+495
+00:27:06.740 --> 00:27:09.530
+who were considered crucial to the group's fundraising
+
+496
+00:27:09.530 --> 00:27:12.420
+and community organizing potential.
+
+497
+00:27:12.420 --> 00:27:14.850
+Consequently, the lack of funds
+
+498
+00:27:14.850 --> 00:27:17.930
+in addition to the lack of childcare facilities
+
+499
+00:27:17.930 --> 00:27:21.850
+meant that women were caught in a precarious position.
+
+500
+00:27:21.850 --> 00:27:24.620
+Most people who joined the party survived
+
+501
+00:27:24.620 --> 00:27:27.960
+using the proceeds generated from newspaper sales
+
+502
+00:27:27.960 --> 00:27:32.030
+among other things, such as donations that were solicited
+
+503
+00:27:32.030 --> 00:27:35.590
+from businesses and private arenas.
+
+504
+00:27:35.590 --> 00:27:40.060
+However, during pregnancy and after female had the baby,
+
+505
+00:27:40.060 --> 00:27:43.540
+she was physically unable to provide for herself
+
+506
+00:27:43.540 --> 00:27:46.220
+using the same strategies.
+
+507
+00:27:46.220 --> 00:27:49.230
+Also Panthers nationwide continued to live
+
+508
+00:27:49.230 --> 00:27:52.950
+in collective housing to minimize expenses.
+
+509
+00:27:52.950 --> 00:27:55.270
+With the new mothers now out of commission
+
+510
+00:27:55.270 --> 00:27:57.340
+and unable to provide for themselves
+
+511
+00:27:57.340 --> 00:27:58.810
+and others in the house,
+
+512
+00:27:58.810 --> 00:28:00.300
+the organizational strain
+
+513
+00:28:00.300 --> 00:28:03.160
+at the immediate local level was clear.
+
+514
+00:28:03.160 --> 00:28:06.180
+The absence of childcare and funds led some women
+
+515
+00:28:06.180 --> 00:28:09.380
+to make decisions that they probably would not have made.
+
+516
+00:28:09.380 --> 00:28:11.660
+Numerous women left the organization
+
+517
+00:28:11.660 --> 00:28:14.030
+to take care of their children.
+
+518
+00:28:14.030 --> 00:28:16.082
+Deborah Johnson, the same woman
+
+519
+00:28:16.082 --> 00:28:20.960
+who had advocated replacing fallen Black Panther Party men
+
+520
+00:28:20.960 --> 00:28:24.360
+with new warriors left the party within one year
+
+521
+00:28:24.360 --> 00:28:26.290
+after her son's birth.
+
+522
+00:28:26.290 --> 00:28:28.960
+Johnson had attempted to maintain the same level
+
+523
+00:28:28.960 --> 00:28:31.130
+of party work after childbirth
+
+524
+00:28:31.130 --> 00:28:35.100
+by asking her mother to care for her infant son.
+
+525
+00:28:35.100 --> 00:28:37.570
+Shortly, however, she joined her son,
+
+526
+00:28:37.570 --> 00:28:40.990
+because she could not fathom the idea of her mother caring
+
+527
+00:28:40.990 --> 00:28:44.340
+for her child as the sole caregiver.
+
+528
+00:28:44.340 --> 00:28:47.260
+In her mind, it was her responsibility,
+
+529
+00:28:47.260 --> 00:28:50.183
+and she wanted to have more contact with her child.
+
+530
+00:28:51.280 --> 00:28:53.956
+Black Panther Party mothers during these earliest years
+
+531
+00:28:53.956 --> 00:28:57.240
+had realized that emphasis on motherhood
+
+532
+00:28:57.240 --> 00:29:00.010
+without the proper support structures in place
+
+533
+00:29:00.010 --> 00:29:02.490
+often meant de-emphasis of their roles
+
+534
+00:29:02.490 --> 00:29:05.200
+as effective community organizers.
+
+535
+00:29:05.200 --> 00:29:08.850
+During 1969 at a large conference in Oakland,
+
+536
+00:29:08.850 --> 00:29:10.240
+a core of women called
+
+537
+00:29:10.240 --> 00:29:13.310
+for the Black Panther Party's official recognition
+
+538
+00:29:13.310 --> 00:29:15.980
+that increasing numbers of women were experiencing
+
+539
+00:29:15.980 --> 00:29:19.210
+the same law enforcement harassment as men.
+
+540
+00:29:19.210 --> 00:29:22.380
+They also argued that they were beginning to see themselves
+
+541
+00:29:22.380 --> 00:29:25.150
+in the same critical roles as women
+
+542
+00:29:25.150 --> 00:29:27.260
+in armed revolts on other continents,
+
+543
+00:29:27.260 --> 00:29:29.920
+such as Central America and Africa.
+
+544
+00:29:29.920 --> 00:29:32.640
+Yet those who would become mothers also had
+
+545
+00:29:32.640 --> 00:29:36.680
+to face another reality, minimal structural support
+
+546
+00:29:36.680 --> 00:29:40.850
+beneath the veneer of revolutionary ideology.
+
+547
+00:29:40.850 --> 00:29:43.400
+Even before numerous women became mothers,
+
+548
+00:29:43.400 --> 00:29:44.826
+they had to deal with the reality
+
+549
+00:29:44.826 --> 00:29:48.440
+that Black Panther Party revolutionary ideas
+
+550
+00:29:48.440 --> 00:29:52.676
+and practices were biologically alienating for them.
+
+551
+00:29:52.676 --> 00:29:56.630
+The Black Panther Party took pride in the fact
+
+552
+00:29:56.630 --> 00:29:58.075
+that the women were trained
+
+553
+00:29:58.075 --> 00:30:01.067
+using the exact same military approach
+
+554
+00:30:01.067 --> 00:30:03.630
+of drills, for example.
+
+555
+00:30:03.630 --> 00:30:06.300
+Women learned to assemble, shoot,
+
+556
+00:30:06.300 --> 00:30:08.620
+disassemble and clean weapons.
+
+557
+00:30:08.620 --> 00:30:10.630
+They performed combat maneuvers,
+
+558
+00:30:10.630 --> 00:30:14.313
+sandbagged homes and led drill sections themselves.
+
+559
+00:30:16.180 --> 00:30:18.330
+Even in interviews that I conducted
+
+560
+00:30:18.330 --> 00:30:21.110
+with about 30 or 40 women,
+
+561
+00:30:21.110 --> 00:30:23.710
+they also took pride in remembering all
+
+562
+00:30:23.710 --> 00:30:25.473
+of those things that they had done.
+
+563
+00:30:26.310 --> 00:30:28.820
+Simultaneously, however, the stress
+
+564
+00:30:28.820 --> 00:30:31.150
+and intensity associated with these activities
+
+565
+00:30:31.150 --> 00:30:33.510
+and the outside pressures of constant federal
+
+566
+00:30:33.510 --> 00:30:37.490
+and local law enforcement surveillance led
+
+567
+00:30:37.490 --> 00:30:39.330
+to numerous miscarriages
+
+568
+00:30:39.330 --> 00:30:41.990
+and other reproductive health problems.
+
+569
+00:30:41.990 --> 00:30:43.880
+Of course, this is the kind of information
+
+570
+00:30:43.880 --> 00:30:45.030
+that you won't find
+
+571
+00:30:45.030 --> 00:30:48.350
+in the newspapers in the Panther newspaper or in the books.
+
+572
+00:30:48.350 --> 00:30:51.428
+Instead, this information was revealed to me
+
+573
+00:30:51.428 --> 00:30:54.430
+during personal interviews that I had done.
+
+574
+00:30:54.430 --> 00:30:57.870
+And I really believe that they only shared that information
+
+575
+00:30:57.870 --> 00:31:01.103
+with me because I was a woman, a young woman.
+
+576
+00:31:03.160 --> 00:31:07.010
+The transition to planned parenthood was directly connected
+
+577
+00:31:07.010 --> 00:31:10.150
+to the realization that changes had to be made
+
+578
+00:31:10.150 --> 00:31:12.101
+if the party held its future,
+
+579
+00:31:12.101 --> 00:31:15.790
+held its future's best interest at heart.
+
+580
+00:31:15.790 --> 00:31:18.170
+Yet this change only seemed possible
+
+581
+00:31:18.170 --> 00:31:21.640
+once large numbers of individuals were relocated
+
+582
+00:31:21.640 --> 00:31:24.530
+to the national headquarters in Oakland.
+
+583
+00:31:24.530 --> 00:31:28.630
+During the years between 1972 and 1977,
+
+584
+00:31:28.630 --> 00:31:30.310
+the Black Panther Party was involved
+
+585
+00:31:30.310 --> 00:31:32.940
+in expanding its base in Oakland.
+
+586
+00:31:32.940 --> 00:31:34.520
+They expanded their services
+
+587
+00:31:34.520 --> 00:31:37.110
+from free breakfast for school children
+
+588
+00:31:37.110 --> 00:31:41.010
+and other afterschool and summer programs for children
+
+589
+00:31:41.010 --> 00:31:44.550
+to include services for senior citizens, teens
+
+590
+00:31:44.550 --> 00:31:46.860
+and other non-educational programs
+
+591
+00:31:46.860 --> 00:31:48.540
+for the wider Oakland community.
+
+592
+00:31:48.540 --> 00:31:50.900
+In the midst of these changes,
+
+593
+00:31:50.900 --> 00:31:53.890
+the predominantly female program coordinators
+
+594
+00:31:53.890 --> 00:31:55.170
+were also engaged
+
+595
+00:31:55.170 --> 00:31:59.180
+in restructuring the internal organizational structure
+
+596
+00:31:59.180 --> 00:32:03.330
+to accommodate the entire Black Panther Party workforce.
+
+597
+00:32:03.330 --> 00:32:06.580
+Huey Newton and other supporting party leadership
+
+598
+00:32:06.580 --> 00:32:09.450
+redirected the organization's energies
+
+599
+00:32:09.450 --> 00:32:13.453
+towards establishing a firm base within the local community.
+
+600
+00:32:14.290 --> 00:32:18.520
+To this end, Audrea Jones proposed
+
+601
+00:32:18.520 --> 00:32:21.500
+and instituted a planned parenthood policy
+
+602
+00:32:21.500 --> 00:32:24.280
+to compliment the structural changes,
+
+603
+00:32:24.280 --> 00:32:29.280
+such as the 1970 creation of a childcare facility in Oakland
+
+604
+00:32:29.370 --> 00:32:32.270
+for Black Panther Party members' children.
+
+605
+00:32:32.270 --> 00:32:34.690
+Jones was one of the most dynamic
+
+606
+00:32:34.690 --> 00:32:37.740
+and respected local leaders who had been transferred
+
+607
+00:32:37.740 --> 00:32:40.940
+to Oakland from the Boston, Massachusetts chapter
+
+608
+00:32:40.940 --> 00:32:42.130
+where she had begun one
+
+609
+00:32:42.130 --> 00:32:47.130
+of several successful national Black Panther sponsored
+
+610
+00:32:47.190 --> 00:32:49.170
+free community health clinics.
+
+611
+00:32:49.170 --> 00:32:51.800
+Her specialty was in healthcare,
+
+612
+00:32:51.800 --> 00:32:53.660
+the division within which she worked
+
+613
+00:32:53.660 --> 00:32:55.790
+when she moved to Oakland.
+
+614
+00:32:55.790 --> 00:32:59.350
+During August 1972, Jones proposed
+
+615
+00:32:59.350 --> 00:33:03.300
+that the party implement a planned parenthood policy.
+
+616
+00:33:03.300 --> 00:33:07.490
+The impact of financial centralization became central
+
+617
+00:33:07.490 --> 00:33:11.020
+to the experiences of those wishing to have children.
+
+618
+00:33:11.020 --> 00:33:13.593
+Beginning July 1972,
+
+619
+00:33:14.540 --> 00:33:17.220
+the Central Committee and party members had dialogued
+
+620
+00:33:17.220 --> 00:33:19.193
+about a birth control policy.
+
+621
+00:33:20.230 --> 00:33:23.850
+Audrea Jones, an integral part of the party as staff
+
+622
+00:33:23.850 --> 00:33:27.410
+at the Oakland-based George Jackson Free Health Clinic
+
+623
+00:33:27.410 --> 00:33:31.270
+was author of a powerful document noting the need
+
+624
+00:33:31.270 --> 00:33:34.210
+for a shifting policy regarding birth control
+
+625
+00:33:34.210 --> 00:33:36.420
+and family planning.
+
+626
+00:33:36.420 --> 00:33:38.760
+Jones' ideological position is important
+
+627
+00:33:38.760 --> 00:33:40.920
+because it shows a marked shift
+
+628
+00:33:40.920 --> 00:33:44.130
+from the 1968 and '69 argument
+
+629
+00:33:44.130 --> 00:33:46.460
+that women should bear children for the revolution
+
+630
+00:33:46.460 --> 00:33:49.743
+and reject birth control because it was genocidal.
+
+631
+00:33:50.590 --> 00:33:53.200
+The document refers to the increase in births
+
+632
+00:33:53.200 --> 00:33:55.800
+within the party, in terms of the financial
+
+633
+00:33:55.800 --> 00:33:59.403
+and manpower strain it would place on the organization.
+
+634
+00:34:00.367 --> 00:34:02.557
+"Our experience has been one of groups
+
+635
+00:34:02.557 --> 00:34:04.057
+"of sisters becoming pregnant
+
+636
+00:34:04.057 --> 00:34:07.967
+"at approximately the same time," Jones begins.
+
+637
+00:34:07.967 --> 00:34:10.737
+"As a result, we have had bulk increases
+
+638
+00:34:10.737 --> 00:34:12.607
+"in financial expenses
+
+639
+00:34:12.607 --> 00:34:15.766
+"and bulk decreases in manpower during the pregnancies,
+
+640
+00:34:15.766 --> 00:34:19.697
+"and the childcare staffs are experiencing similar problems
+
+641
+00:34:19.697 --> 00:34:21.387
+"after the babies are born."
+
+642
+00:34:22.680 --> 00:34:24.950
+Not only did the children need financial assistance
+
+643
+00:34:24.950 --> 00:34:26.250
+for food and clothing
+
+644
+00:34:26.250 --> 00:34:29.980
+as well as shelter and healthcare provided by the party,
+
+645
+00:34:29.980 --> 00:34:32.930
+but more specifically, manpower was lost
+
+646
+00:34:32.930 --> 00:34:35.843
+for the survival programs and community outreach.
+
+647
+00:34:37.110 --> 00:34:39.270
+Essentially, while the mothers were pregnant,
+
+648
+00:34:39.270 --> 00:34:42.767
+they were not always able to remain active in the community,
+
+649
+00:34:42.767 --> 00:34:46.550
+a requirement for all Black Panther Party members.
+
+650
+00:34:46.550 --> 00:34:49.300
+This is evident in the Health Cadre Reports
+
+651
+00:34:49.300 --> 00:34:54.120
+for the period June 1972 through March 1973.
+
+652
+00:34:54.120 --> 00:34:57.570
+Under the section headings Cadre and Community
+
+653
+00:34:57.570 --> 00:35:01.070
+in these weekly reports, there was usually a reference
+
+654
+00:35:01.070 --> 00:35:03.170
+to the morale of the members
+
+655
+00:35:03.170 --> 00:35:05.660
+linked to whether they had the opportunity to work
+
+656
+00:35:05.660 --> 00:35:09.160
+outside the clinic conducting voter registration,
+
+657
+00:35:09.160 --> 00:35:13.990
+for instance, during the 1972-73 Bobby Seale
+
+658
+00:35:13.990 --> 00:35:16.153
+and Elaine Brown campaigns.
+
+659
+00:35:17.140 --> 00:35:19.260
+Indeed, there was a direct correlation
+
+660
+00:35:19.260 --> 00:35:22.700
+between high spirits and community involvement.
+
+661
+00:35:22.700 --> 00:35:25.170
+The converse was true regarding low morale
+
+662
+00:35:25.170 --> 00:35:26.803
+and low community involvement.
+
+663
+00:35:27.760 --> 00:35:29.860
+Most interesting was Jones' suggestion
+
+664
+00:35:29.860 --> 00:35:32.310
+that the Black Panther Party and the spirit
+
+665
+00:35:32.310 --> 00:35:35.610
+of true social equality not forced the woman
+
+666
+00:35:35.610 --> 00:35:39.410
+to bear the responsibility of birth control alone.
+
+667
+00:35:39.410 --> 00:35:40.660
+In Jones' opinion,
+
+668
+00:35:40.660 --> 00:35:43.667
+this was quote, "backward and unprogressive."
+
+669
+00:35:44.820 --> 00:35:48.470
+Yet she admitted that idea was present in the party.
+
+670
+00:35:48.470 --> 00:35:50.850
+In an attempt to alleviate these ideas,
+
+671
+00:35:50.850 --> 00:35:53.610
+Joan suggested that both women and men attend
+
+672
+00:35:53.610 --> 00:35:57.907
+Black Panther Party clinic-sponsored birth control classes.
+
+673
+00:35:57.907 --> 00:36:01.360
+These classes would not only consist of the pros and cons
+
+674
+00:36:01.360 --> 00:36:04.300
+of various birth control devices and methods
+
+675
+00:36:04.300 --> 00:36:06.920
+but also and more importantly,
+
+676
+00:36:06.920 --> 00:36:10.273
+the responsibility and necessity for us to do so.
+
+677
+00:36:11.517 --> 00:36:16.517
+Jones's issues were placed on the August 16th, 1972 agenda
+
+678
+00:36:16.930 --> 00:36:20.237
+of the Central Committee meeting and included quote,
+
+679
+00:36:20.237 --> 00:36:23.357
+"setting a policy of planned parenthood in the party,
+
+680
+00:36:23.357 --> 00:36:26.337
+"the establishment of a policy for expectant mothers
+
+681
+00:36:26.337 --> 00:36:27.827
+"and a designated period
+
+682
+00:36:27.827 --> 00:36:30.187
+"of recuperation after childbirth."
+
+683
+00:36:31.100 --> 00:36:34.160
+The party had established its goals for the upcoming years
+
+684
+00:36:34.160 --> 00:36:37.340
+and it was a practical, organizational necessity
+
+685
+00:36:37.340 --> 00:36:38.310
+to make decisions
+
+686
+00:36:38.310 --> 00:36:40.752
+that would keep Black Panther Party women healthy
+
+687
+00:36:40.752 --> 00:36:43.300
+and the party more efficient
+
+688
+00:36:43.300 --> 00:36:46.140
+in terms of manpower and finances.
+
+689
+00:36:46.140 --> 00:36:49.870
+Between April and July, there were five new babies.
+
+690
+00:36:49.870 --> 00:36:52.680
+And by December, there would be three more,
+
+691
+00:36:52.680 --> 00:36:56.630
+in addition to the 21 already at the childcare center,
+
+692
+00:36:56.630 --> 00:37:00.030
+the preschool component of the childcare center,
+
+693
+00:37:00.030 --> 00:37:05.030
+and 48 at the alternative elementary school they developed,
+
+694
+00:37:05.710 --> 00:37:08.530
+then known as the Intercommunal Youth Institute
+
+695
+00:37:08.530 --> 00:37:09.550
+but that would later go on
+
+696
+00:37:09.550 --> 00:37:11.650
+to be called the Oakland Community School.
+
+697
+00:37:12.720 --> 00:37:14.440
+This was a financial reality
+
+698
+00:37:14.440 --> 00:37:17.280
+for the financially strapped party.
+
+699
+00:37:17.280 --> 00:37:19.380
+The additional issue to be discussed
+
+700
+00:37:19.380 --> 00:37:22.380
+on the agenda was the relationship between party members
+
+701
+00:37:22.380 --> 00:37:25.290
+and the outside community regarding dating,
+
+702
+00:37:25.290 --> 00:37:27.663
+sexuality and reproduction.
+
+703
+00:37:28.770 --> 00:37:32.570
+Jones suggested that outside dating policy be clarified
+
+704
+00:37:32.570 --> 00:37:35.950
+and that party members not be allowed to reproduce children
+
+705
+00:37:35.950 --> 00:37:38.390
+with non-party members.
+
+706
+00:37:38.390 --> 00:37:41.350
+For Jones, ideological training was necessary
+
+707
+00:37:41.350 --> 00:37:43.060
+for members to understand
+
+708
+00:37:43.060 --> 00:37:46.220
+the full responsibilities of parenthood.
+
+709
+00:37:46.220 --> 00:37:49.310
+Therefore, she suggested that planned parenthood be a part
+
+710
+00:37:49.310 --> 00:37:52.120
+of the political education discussions.
+
+711
+00:37:52.120 --> 00:37:55.100
+Furthermore, Jones believed the party would benefit
+
+712
+00:37:55.100 --> 00:37:59.140
+from collective decision-making regarding having children,
+
+713
+00:37:59.140 --> 00:38:01.180
+especially since the membership was young
+
+714
+00:38:01.180 --> 00:38:03.823
+in age and ideologically.
+
+715
+00:38:04.670 --> 00:38:07.750
+In essence, she proposed a four-step process.
+
+716
+00:38:07.750 --> 00:38:11.270
+One, a comrade sister and brother should first decide
+
+717
+00:38:11.270 --> 00:38:14.590
+between themselves that they wished to have a child.
+
+718
+00:38:14.590 --> 00:38:16.840
+This is usually not the case.
+
+719
+00:38:16.840 --> 00:38:20.940
+Many of the pregnancies in our party are not planned.
+
+720
+00:38:20.940 --> 00:38:24.960
+Two, discussions between them and the review committee,
+
+721
+00:38:24.960 --> 00:38:27.690
+which would consist of responsible members
+
+722
+00:38:27.690 --> 00:38:31.060
+and should include finance secretary, personnel
+
+723
+00:38:31.060 --> 00:38:32.683
+and the ministry of health.
+
+724
+00:38:33.690 --> 00:38:36.600 line:15%
+Number three, based upon the discussions
+
+725
+00:38:36.600 --> 00:38:38.350 line:15%
+and the objective conditions,
+
+726
+00:38:38.350 --> 00:38:40.930 line:15%
+the review committee would then make recommendations
+
+727
+00:38:40.930 --> 00:38:43.406 line:15%
+to the entire Central Committee,
+
+728
+00:38:43.406 --> 00:38:47.380
+the Central Committee being the body of,
+
+729
+00:38:47.380 --> 00:38:49.640
+the select body of members that made,
+
+730
+00:38:49.640 --> 00:38:52.203
+that determined policy for the whole organization.
+
+731
+00:38:53.170 --> 00:38:54.360
+And number four,
+
+732
+00:38:54.360 --> 00:38:56.710
+the Central Committee would then make a decision
+
+733
+00:38:56.710 --> 00:38:59.928
+as to the feasibility at that time.
+
+734
+00:38:59.928 --> 00:39:02.296
+These were all suggestions,
+
+735
+00:39:02.296 --> 00:39:04.300
+party women were never forced
+
+736
+00:39:04.300 --> 00:39:05.960
+not to have children.
+
+737
+00:39:05.960 --> 00:39:08.910
+Indeed, there's evidence that women made their own decisions
+
+738
+00:39:08.910 --> 00:39:10.760
+about whether they would have children
+
+739
+00:39:10.760 --> 00:39:13.223
+by practicing some form of birth control.
+
+740
+00:39:14.400 --> 00:39:16.780
+By January '74, however,
+
+741
+00:39:16.780 --> 00:39:19.190
+Black Panther Party members were told
+
+742
+00:39:19.190 --> 00:39:22.160
+in a directive from Huey P. Newton
+
+743
+00:39:22.160 --> 00:39:24.167
+that all members should practice quote,
+
+744
+00:39:24.167 --> 00:39:26.167
+"some form of birth control."
+
+745
+00:39:27.290 --> 00:39:29.170
+While this might have seemed the practical
+
+746
+00:39:29.170 --> 00:39:31.320
+and logical decision to make,
+
+747
+00:39:31.320 --> 00:39:32.710
+numerous women were battling
+
+748
+00:39:32.710 --> 00:39:35.820
+with their personal desires while simultaneously laboring
+
+749
+00:39:35.820 --> 00:39:37.360
+for the collective.
+
+750
+00:39:37.360 --> 00:39:39.980
+It was difficult for them to give up all the things
+
+751
+00:39:39.980 --> 00:39:42.800
+they had been socialized to expect.
+
+752
+00:39:42.800 --> 00:39:44.360
+Katherine Campbell, a member
+
+753
+00:39:44.360 --> 00:39:46.870
+of the San Francisco branch left the party
+
+754
+00:39:46.870 --> 00:39:49.660
+on several occasions in an attempt to spend more time
+
+755
+00:39:49.660 --> 00:39:54.050
+with her husband, who she had met in the party and daughter.
+
+756
+00:39:54.050 --> 00:39:56.590
+Her husband had left the party, but she would return
+
+757
+00:39:56.590 --> 00:39:57.690
+because of her commitment
+
+758
+00:39:57.690 --> 00:40:00.350
+to the party's community service goals,
+
+759
+00:40:00.350 --> 00:40:02.640
+her commitment to the Oakland Community School
+
+760
+00:40:02.640 --> 00:40:06.373
+and her deep regard for the party as a surrogate family.
+
+761
+00:40:07.240 --> 00:40:12.240
+Like a woman in 1974, who had decided to return to Detroit
+
+762
+00:40:12.380 --> 00:40:15.650
+and have her baby instead of remaining in the party,
+
+763
+00:40:15.650 --> 00:40:17.790
+Campbell had spent many years of her life
+
+764
+00:40:17.790 --> 00:40:20.640
+searching for what family meant to her.
+
+765
+00:40:20.640 --> 00:40:22.290
+And at this stage, she believed
+
+766
+00:40:22.290 --> 00:40:24.650
+that she could find a more personal meaning
+
+767
+00:40:24.650 --> 00:40:27.929
+by leaving the party to focus on nuclear family living
+
+768
+00:40:27.929 --> 00:40:32.110
+instead of the Black Panther Party's collective lifestyle.
+
+769
+00:40:32.110 --> 00:40:34.030
+When JoNina Abron arrived
+
+770
+00:40:34.030 --> 00:40:36.660
+at party headquarters in Oakland in February
+
+771
+00:40:36.660 --> 00:40:40.910
+or March of 1974, there was a Central Committee directive
+
+772
+00:40:40.910 --> 00:40:43.560
+ordering members to practice birth control.
+
+773
+00:40:43.560 --> 00:40:46.160
+This was in sharp contrast to the attitude
+
+774
+00:40:46.160 --> 00:40:48.930
+of party leadership and many male
+
+775
+00:40:48.930 --> 00:40:50.910
+and female rank and file members,
+
+776
+00:40:50.910 --> 00:40:55.250
+who in '69 and '70 discouraged any serious discussion
+
+777
+00:40:55.250 --> 00:40:56.450
+of birth control
+
+778
+00:40:56.450 --> 00:40:59.030
+and called for the reproduction of the young warriors
+
+779
+00:40:59.030 --> 00:41:00.630
+for the revolution.
+
+780
+00:41:00.630 --> 00:41:04.390
+No longer apparently was there the immediate possibility
+
+781
+00:41:04.390 --> 00:41:05.900
+of an impending revolution
+
+782
+00:41:05.900 --> 00:41:08.593
+for which children and young adults would be needed.
+
+783
+00:41:09.850 --> 00:41:14.000
+All women, however, did not subscribe to the early policies.
+
+784
+00:41:14.000 --> 00:41:17.830
+Elaine Brown in a 1976 interview revealed
+
+785
+00:41:17.830 --> 00:41:19.970
+that she had always made the final decision
+
+786
+00:41:19.970 --> 00:41:21.987
+for her personal life.
+
+787
+00:41:21.987 --> 00:41:24.187
+"I never went along with that program.
+
+788
+00:41:24.187 --> 00:41:27.300
+"I always bought my own contraceptives."
+
+789
+00:41:27.300 --> 00:41:30.730
+Regarding the new attitude after 1974,
+
+790
+00:41:30.730 --> 00:41:34.358
+Brown recalls that quote, "Having or not having a child
+
+791
+00:41:34.358 --> 00:41:37.557
+"or having or not having an abortion was left
+
+792
+00:41:37.557 --> 00:41:39.397
+"as an individual decision."
+
+793
+00:41:40.340 --> 00:41:42.790
+JoNina Abron refers to another example
+
+794
+00:41:42.790 --> 00:41:44.640
+of a woman making her own decision
+
+795
+00:41:44.640 --> 00:41:46.383
+about reproduction rights.
+
+796
+00:41:47.317 --> 00:41:49.900
+Abron personally knew the woman member
+
+797
+00:41:49.900 --> 00:41:52.300
+from Detroit who had become pregnant
+
+798
+00:41:52.300 --> 00:41:54.860
+at the time that the directive was being circulated
+
+799
+00:41:54.860 --> 00:41:57.200
+among members of the Oakland branch.
+
+800
+00:41:57.200 --> 00:41:59.430
+Rather than abort her unborn child,
+
+801
+00:41:59.430 --> 00:42:02.410
+which was a suggestion that was made to the woman,
+
+802
+00:42:02.410 --> 00:42:05.460
+the unnamed woman decided that she would return to Detroit
+
+803
+00:42:05.460 --> 00:42:06.563
+to have her baby.
+
+804
+00:42:08.020 --> 00:42:09.810
+Deborah Johnson left the chapter,
+
+805
+00:42:09.810 --> 00:42:12.530
+because she could not simultaneously raise her child
+
+806
+00:42:12.530 --> 00:42:15.560
+and continue to work in the party full time.
+
+807
+00:42:15.560 --> 00:42:20.030
+And according to her: Before you were by yourself.
+
+808
+00:42:20.030 --> 00:42:21.580
+You could really sleep anywhere
+
+809
+00:42:21.580 --> 00:42:23.190
+and you could work all night,
+
+810
+00:42:23.190 --> 00:42:25.270
+but when you have the responsibility of children,
+
+811
+00:42:25.270 --> 00:42:26.780
+you can't do that.
+
+812
+00:42:26.780 --> 00:42:28.610
+There was no structure set up to work
+
+813
+00:42:28.610 --> 00:42:30.880
+within the party to continue to work
+
+814
+00:42:30.880 --> 00:42:34.270
+in the breakfast program, to continue to sell the newspaper.
+
+815
+00:42:34.270 --> 00:42:37.370
+It was the demand to do it all or nothing.
+
+816
+00:42:37.370 --> 00:42:39.030
+You would have to explain why you had
+
+817
+00:42:39.030 --> 00:42:41.080
+to go take your child to the doctor,
+
+818
+00:42:41.080 --> 00:42:42.830
+go through some struggle with that.
+
+819
+00:42:43.700 --> 00:42:46.767
+Therefore, after continuing her work,
+
+820
+00:42:46.767 --> 00:42:50.391
+she left the party because she,
+
+821
+00:42:50.391 --> 00:42:53.930
+again, did not want her mother to take full responsibility
+
+822
+00:42:53.930 --> 00:42:55.623
+for caring for that child.
+
+823
+00:42:56.550 --> 00:42:59.760
+Not only were there problems for those Panther members,
+
+824
+00:42:59.760 --> 00:43:03.480
+especially women who were in need of childcare facilities,
+
+825
+00:43:03.480 --> 00:43:07.400
+there were also reproductive problems for the women
+
+826
+00:43:07.400 --> 00:43:08.810
+as mentioned earlier.
+
+827
+00:43:08.810 --> 00:43:11.720
+And women throughout the country
+
+828
+00:43:11.720 --> 00:43:14.463
+in the various chapters experienced that same form
+
+829
+00:43:14.463 --> 00:43:17.453
+of intense pressure and physical rigor.
+
+830
+00:43:18.990 --> 00:43:23.090
+Although between 1970 and '73, there were childcare houses
+
+831
+00:43:23.090 --> 00:43:26.830
+or centers where both men and women worked,
+
+832
+00:43:26.830 --> 00:43:28.810
+it was not until 1973
+
+833
+00:43:28.810 --> 00:43:31.030
+that Newton established a school in Oakland
+
+834
+00:43:31.030 --> 00:43:34.860
+for the Panther children and dormitories for the children.
+
+835
+00:43:34.860 --> 00:43:36.540
+According to Elaine Brown,
+
+836
+00:43:36.540 --> 00:43:38.660
+while most party members worked every day
+
+837
+00:43:38.660 --> 00:43:40.600
+at their varying tasks,
+
+838
+00:43:40.600 --> 00:43:44.410
+some were assigned to care for and teach our children.
+
+839
+00:43:44.410 --> 00:43:47.270
+That was an expression of a party ideal,
+
+840
+00:43:47.270 --> 00:43:49.900
+that the family was the collective.
+
+841
+00:43:49.900 --> 00:43:52.700
+Nothing belongs to the individual,
+
+842
+00:43:52.700 --> 00:43:57.700
+neither money, nor housing, nor men, women, children.
+
+843
+00:43:58.070 --> 00:44:01.794
+Everything was part of the whole, the collective.
+
+844
+00:44:01.794 --> 00:44:04.410
+Therefore individuals now had a structure
+
+845
+00:44:04.410 --> 00:44:06.893
+within which to incorporate their family.
+
+846
+00:44:08.810 --> 00:44:11.510
+However, not all women felt a sense of community
+
+847
+00:44:11.510 --> 00:44:14.560
+and family within the BPP structure.
+
+848
+00:44:14.560 --> 00:44:18.465
+As late as August 1977, Black Panther Party women
+
+849
+00:44:18.465 --> 00:44:20.530
+were involved in discussions
+
+850
+00:44:20.530 --> 00:44:22.820
+and reflections regarding their relationship
+
+851
+00:44:22.820 --> 00:44:25.770
+to party men and non-party men.
+
+852
+00:44:25.770 --> 00:44:27.120
+By this point, the number
+
+853
+00:44:27.120 --> 00:44:30.210
+of Black Panther chapters had dwindled
+
+854
+00:44:30.210 --> 00:44:32.160
+to approximately four
+
+855
+00:44:32.160 --> 00:44:35.400
+and the total membership was less than 200.
+
+856
+00:44:35.400 --> 00:44:39.880
+Additionally, at least 33% of those involved were close to
+
+857
+00:44:39.880 --> 00:44:43.380
+or had already entered their 30s in age.
+
+858
+00:44:43.380 --> 00:44:45.770
+The membership was asked to respond to the issue
+
+859
+00:44:45.770 --> 00:44:48.340
+of whether or not Panther women should be allowed
+
+860
+00:44:48.340 --> 00:44:50.670
+to date men outside the party.
+
+861
+00:44:50.670 --> 00:44:53.640
+Overwhelmingly, those who responded believed
+
+862
+00:44:53.640 --> 00:44:54.810
+that women should be allowed
+
+863
+00:44:54.810 --> 00:44:56.660
+to date men outside the party
+
+864
+00:44:56.660 --> 00:44:59.450
+if these men were organizational supporters
+
+865
+00:44:59.450 --> 00:45:02.750
+and if they did not represent a threat of any kind
+
+866
+00:45:02.750 --> 00:45:06.395
+to the woman's continued involvement with the party.
+
+867
+00:45:06.395 --> 00:45:08.660
+This concern about not allowing women
+
+868
+00:45:08.660 --> 00:45:11.359
+to date men outside the party hearkened back
+
+869
+00:45:11.359 --> 00:45:14.140
+to those earliest days when Bobby Seale
+
+870
+00:45:14.140 --> 00:45:18.101
+and Eldridge Cleaver had linked a woman's drawing power
+
+871
+00:45:18.101 --> 00:45:23.101
+and physical appearance to their roles in the organization.
+
+872
+00:45:23.750 --> 00:45:27.730
+Unfortunately, almost 10 years later, after both Seale
+
+873
+00:45:27.730 --> 00:45:30.600
+and Cleaver had been expelled, the maintenance
+
+874
+00:45:30.600 --> 00:45:34.420
+of this dating policy was continuing to generate tensions
+
+875
+00:45:34.420 --> 00:45:36.880
+for some BPP membership.
+
+876
+00:45:36.880 --> 00:45:40.843
+The policy suggests that even after such a long time
+
+877
+00:45:40.843 --> 00:45:44.140
+women were not trusted to be able to think for themselves
+
+878
+00:45:44.140 --> 00:45:48.060
+and resist being drawn away from their party work.
+
+879
+00:45:48.060 --> 00:45:49.860
+Letters from the men on the question
+
+880
+00:45:49.860 --> 00:45:52.190
+of outside dating were basic notes
+
+881
+00:45:52.190 --> 00:45:53.890
+of support that they agreed
+
+882
+00:45:53.890 --> 00:45:55.990
+that women should be allowed the same privilege
+
+883
+00:45:55.990 --> 00:45:58.520
+of seeking outside companionship.
+
+884
+00:45:58.520 --> 00:45:59.780
+On the other hand,
+
+885
+00:45:59.780 --> 00:46:02.600
+the women were more analytical and expressive
+
+886
+00:46:02.600 --> 00:46:06.590
+and tapped into the emotional impact of their isolation.
+
+887
+00:46:06.590 --> 00:46:07.700
+One member who felt
+
+888
+00:46:07.700 --> 00:46:12.100
+she had had too many negative interactions with male members
+
+889
+00:46:12.100 --> 00:46:15.191
+who only wanted to have sex with her and nothing more
+
+890
+00:46:15.191 --> 00:46:19.100
+spoke of her regular consideration of lesbianism
+
+891
+00:46:19.100 --> 00:46:21.550
+because of her need to simply feel loved
+
+892
+00:46:21.550 --> 00:46:23.793
+and be treated nicely by someone.
+
+893
+00:46:24.810 --> 00:46:29.810
+She also spoke of community members seeing her, should I?
+
+894
+00:46:30.270 --> 00:46:31.103
+Okay.
+
+895
+00:46:31.103 --> 00:46:33.810
+She also spoke of community members seeing her
+
+896
+00:46:33.810 --> 00:46:38.810
+as nothing more than an automaton, an asexual workaholic.
+
+897
+00:46:39.380 --> 00:46:42.390
+One letter to Newton from the newspaper's editor
+
+898
+00:46:42.390 --> 00:46:45.390
+reflected the feelings of many women's correspondence.
+
+899
+00:46:45.390 --> 00:46:46.830
+And so for that reason,
+
+900
+00:46:46.830 --> 00:46:49.672
+I'd like to quote extensively from this.
+
+901
+00:46:49.672 --> 00:46:50.640
+And JoNina Abron,
+
+902
+00:46:50.640 --> 00:46:52.352
+the woman from the Detroit chapter
+
+903
+00:46:52.352 --> 00:46:55.923
+who moved to Oakland in 1974 is the author of this.
+
+904
+00:46:57.470 --> 00:46:59.730
+Throughout the 29 years of my life,
+
+905
+00:46:59.730 --> 00:47:01.930
+I have experienced the dual pain
+
+906
+00:47:01.930 --> 00:47:04.400
+of being a Black woman in America.
+
+907
+00:47:04.400 --> 00:47:07.700
+When I joined the party five years ago, I was thrilled
+
+908
+00:47:07.700 --> 00:47:10.300
+about becoming part of an organization that believes
+
+909
+00:47:10.300 --> 00:47:12.790
+in the equality of men and women.
+
+910
+00:47:12.790 --> 00:47:15.130
+However, I have since learned that my comrades
+
+911
+00:47:15.130 --> 00:47:19.490
+and I have yet to overcome many of our backward ideas.
+
+912
+00:47:19.490 --> 00:47:21.500
+I believe there are some women in the party
+
+913
+00:47:21.500 --> 00:47:22.950
+who have the political strength
+
+914
+00:47:22.950 --> 00:47:25.240
+to maintain principled relationships
+
+915
+00:47:25.240 --> 00:47:28.180
+with men who do not belong to the party,
+
+916
+00:47:28.180 --> 00:47:30.380
+men, who although they may not necessarily
+
+917
+00:47:30.380 --> 00:47:33.670
+be potential party members are making a contribution
+
+918
+00:47:33.670 --> 00:47:35.230
+to the community.
+
+919
+00:47:35.230 --> 00:47:37.310
+Obviously just as the comrade brothers
+
+920
+00:47:37.310 --> 00:47:40.099
+in the party may find themselves sexually attracted
+
+921
+00:47:40.099 --> 00:47:42.870
+to women who are not in the party,
+
+922
+00:47:42.870 --> 00:47:45.320
+so do we women encounter men
+
+923
+00:47:45.320 --> 00:47:47.830
+in the community who attract us.
+
+924
+00:47:47.830 --> 00:47:51.160
+I do not deny that this is a chauvinist society.
+
+925
+00:47:51.160 --> 00:47:53.022
+Because I am an aggressive person,
+
+926
+00:47:53.022 --> 00:47:56.520
+I have suffered from male chauvinism all my life,
+
+927
+00:47:56.520 --> 00:47:59.110
+perhaps more so than less aggressive women
+
+928
+00:47:59.110 --> 00:48:03.030
+who nevertheless suffer just as I have and do.
+
+929
+00:48:03.030 --> 00:48:06.340
+I feel that both men and women party members
+
+930
+00:48:06.340 --> 00:48:08.490
+who elect to have sexual relationships
+
+931
+00:48:08.490 --> 00:48:12.910
+outside our party should do so with people who have ideals
+
+932
+00:48:12.910 --> 00:48:15.010
+and goals common to ours.
+
+933
+00:48:15.010 --> 00:48:16.030
+If they do not,
+
+934
+00:48:16.030 --> 00:48:19.270
+then the relationship is not only nonproductive.
+
+935
+00:48:19.270 --> 00:48:21.650
+It may, in the case of the comrade sister,
+
+936
+00:48:21.650 --> 00:48:23.930
+draw her away from the party
+
+937
+00:48:23.930 --> 00:48:26.652
+if she lacks political strength.
+
+938
+00:48:26.652 --> 00:48:30.460
+In the interests of the party, I believe that a body
+
+939
+00:48:30.460 --> 00:48:34.300
+of comrades should be designated to provide direction to men
+
+940
+00:48:34.300 --> 00:48:36.780
+and women party members who choose
+
+941
+00:48:36.780 --> 00:48:39.260
+to have relationships outside the party.
+
+942
+00:48:39.260 --> 00:48:41.670
+This way we maintain structure
+
+943
+00:48:41.670 --> 00:48:44.820
+as we do in all areas of our party.
+
+944
+00:48:44.820 --> 00:48:47.250
+My concern about male-female relationships
+
+945
+00:48:47.250 --> 00:48:49.760
+extends beyond the sexual aspect.
+
+946
+00:48:49.760 --> 00:48:51.750
+Ultimately, it will take a new
+
+947
+00:48:51.750 --> 00:48:55.500
+and humane society to alter the ways in which men
+
+948
+00:48:55.500 --> 00:48:58.470
+and women in America treat each other.
+
+949
+00:48:58.470 --> 00:49:01.490
+Within our party, it bothers me that there are a couple
+
+950
+00:49:01.490 --> 00:49:05.640
+of comrade brothers who still view women as sexual objects.
+
+951
+00:49:05.640 --> 00:49:06.760
+We should have no men
+
+952
+00:49:06.760 --> 00:49:09.290
+in the Black Panther Party who feel this way
+
+953
+00:49:09.290 --> 00:49:11.170
+or women for that matter.
+
+954
+00:49:11.170 --> 00:49:13.650
+It bothers me that there are a few brothers
+
+955
+00:49:13.650 --> 00:49:16.493
+who seem unable to carry a conversation with me
+
+956
+00:49:16.493 --> 00:49:18.860
+once I explain that I am not interested
+
+957
+00:49:18.860 --> 00:49:20.750
+in going to bed with them.
+
+958
+00:49:20.750 --> 00:49:22.790
+It makes me feel that,
+
+959
+00:49:22.790 --> 00:49:25.550
+it makes me feel that they feel I have no value
+
+960
+00:49:25.550 --> 00:49:26.683
+behind my body.
+
+961
+00:49:28.790 --> 00:49:31.170
+I realize that I made a ridiculous statement above,
+
+962
+00:49:31.170 --> 00:49:34.240
+when I said that my concern extends beyond the sexual aspect
+
+963
+00:49:34.240 --> 00:49:36.220
+of male-female relationships.
+
+964
+00:49:36.220 --> 00:49:39.294
+It is because of backwards ideas about the role
+
+965
+00:49:39.294 --> 00:49:43.730
+of men and the role of women that this whole problem exists.
+
+966
+00:49:43.730 --> 00:49:46.030
+I would like to see the party seriously begin
+
+967
+00:49:46.030 --> 00:49:48.180
+to deal with this issue.
+
+968
+00:49:48.180 --> 00:49:49.510
+While we have a number of women
+
+969
+00:49:49.510 --> 00:49:51.660
+in leadership positions in our party,
+
+970
+00:49:51.660 --> 00:49:53.240
+they are respected by the men
+
+971
+00:49:53.240 --> 00:49:55.420
+because they are in leadership.
+
+972
+00:49:55.420 --> 00:49:58.990
+I have seen time after time instances in which brothers,
+
+973
+00:49:58.990 --> 00:50:02.683
+not in the leadership, promptly carry out suggestions
+
+974
+00:50:02.683 --> 00:50:05.660
+made by women central body members
+
+975
+00:50:05.660 --> 00:50:09.360
+and ignore and often insult women
+
+976
+00:50:09.360 --> 00:50:13.020
+not on the central body who made the same suggestion.
+
+977
+00:50:13.020 --> 00:50:14.560
+This appalls me.
+
+978
+00:50:14.560 --> 00:50:16.240
+I do not hesitate to admit
+
+979
+00:50:16.240 --> 00:50:18.890
+that women are guilty of the same type of attitude
+
+980
+00:50:18.890 --> 00:50:22.040
+toward men who are not in the leadership.
+
+981
+00:50:22.040 --> 00:50:25.710
+The bottom line is that chauvinism exists in our party
+
+982
+00:50:25.710 --> 00:50:27.760
+to the extent that it does,
+
+983
+00:50:27.760 --> 00:50:29.873
+because we women tolerate it.
+
+984
+00:50:33.470 --> 00:50:36.010
+I'd actually like to leave you
+
+985
+00:50:36.010 --> 00:50:40.990
+with that chunk of quote from JoNina Abron,
+
+986
+00:50:40.990 --> 00:50:44.470
+and at this point not give you my opinion on it,
+
+987
+00:50:44.470 --> 00:50:47.000
+because I'd actually like to get some feedback
+
+988
+00:50:47.000 --> 00:50:48.600
+from you afterwards.
+
+989
+00:50:48.600 --> 00:50:52.200
+But essentially to close,
+
+990
+00:50:52.200 --> 00:50:55.720
+I think that as Black Panther Party women matured,
+
+991
+00:50:55.720 --> 00:50:58.800
+they had the presence of mind to understand
+
+992
+00:50:58.800 --> 00:51:02.780
+that a lot of the dilemmas that they faced were
+
+993
+00:51:02.780 --> 00:51:07.780
+in some instances linked to their position
+
+994
+00:51:08.570 --> 00:51:10.910
+in the party because they were a member.
+
+995
+00:51:10.910 --> 00:51:12.990
+But I think they also began to realize
+
+996
+00:51:12.990 --> 00:51:14.620
+that there were certain issues
+
+997
+00:51:14.620 --> 00:51:18.000
+that were separate and distinct from the things
+
+998
+00:51:18.000 --> 00:51:20.823
+that Black Panther Party men had to deal with.
+
+999
+00:51:22.420 --> 00:51:25.320
+Being female and being a mother placed them in a category
+
+1000
+00:51:25.320 --> 00:51:26.770
+that was unique.
+
+1001
+00:51:26.770 --> 00:51:29.340
+They neither used these distinctions as crutches
+
+1002
+00:51:29.340 --> 00:51:32.053
+nor as the opportunity to practice one-upsmanship.
+
+1003
+00:51:32.950 --> 00:51:36.525 line:15%
+Instead, select female organizational planners made sure
+
+1004
+00:51:36.525 --> 00:51:39.900 line:15%
+that the party addressed the needs of its women
+
+1005
+00:51:39.900 --> 00:51:41.970 line:15%
+and children to the necessary degree
+
+1006
+00:51:41.970 --> 00:51:44.443 line:15%
+to keep the group functionally efficient.
+
+1007
+00:51:46.570 --> 00:51:49.310
+There's so much more that I could say about the topic,
+
+1008
+00:51:49.310 --> 00:51:53.250
+but today my intention was just to provide some information
+
+1009
+00:51:53.250 --> 00:51:54.970
+that could serve as food for thought,
+
+1010
+00:51:54.970 --> 00:51:58.070
+particularly for the individuals,
+
+1011
+00:51:58.070 --> 00:52:01.350
+women and men who are involved in organizations
+
+1012
+00:52:01.350 --> 00:52:02.995
+that force you to make decisions
+
+1013
+00:52:02.995 --> 00:52:07.800
+for the common good but that have an impact on the lives
+
+1014
+00:52:07.800 --> 00:52:12.110
+of a greater proportion of one group of members
+
+1015
+00:52:12.110 --> 00:52:13.053
+than the other.
+
+1016
+00:52:14.040 --> 00:52:17.410
+Black Panther Party women's history also reveals
+
+1017
+00:52:17.410 --> 00:52:22.120
+that at the times when one's needs are not being met,
+
+1018
+00:52:22.120 --> 00:52:24.123
+tough decisions have to be made.
+
+1019
+00:52:25.186 --> 00:52:29.390
+In numerous cases, women who did not feel structurally
+
+1020
+00:52:29.390 --> 00:52:32.630
+or emotionally supported left the group.
+
+1021
+00:52:32.630 --> 00:52:34.930
+Others remained and fought within the structure
+
+1022
+00:52:34.930 --> 00:52:36.463
+until their needs were met.
+
+1023
+00:52:37.370 --> 00:52:39.590
+I think the most important thing to remember is,
+
+1024
+00:52:39.590 --> 00:52:42.950
+Ericka Huggins said in the clip from the video is
+
+1025
+00:52:42.950 --> 00:52:47.210
+that all these Black Panther Party members were human
+
+1026
+00:52:47.210 --> 00:52:49.930
+whether they were male or female,
+
+1027
+00:52:49.930 --> 00:52:54.150
+and the choices that they made were intensely as personal
+
+1028
+00:52:54.150 --> 00:52:57.830
+as they were, excuse me, as they were public.
+
+1029
+00:52:57.830 --> 00:53:00.440
+And I think the one thing that's clear is
+
+1030
+00:53:00.440 --> 00:53:04.044
+that there's really no easy way to disassociate
+
+1031
+00:53:04.044 --> 00:53:05.900
+the private from the public
+
+1032
+00:53:05.900 --> 00:53:08.060
+and the personal from the political.
+
+1033
+00:53:08.060 --> 00:53:09.630
+So I'd like to thank you
+
+1034
+00:53:09.630 --> 00:53:11.190
+for your time and attention
+
+1035
+00:53:11.190 --> 00:53:14.209
+and also open up for questions.
+
+1036
+00:53:14.209 --> 00:53:17.209
+(audience applauds)
+
+1037
+00:53:28.310 --> 00:53:31.220
+During the earliest years,
+
+1038
+00:53:31.220 --> 00:53:33.913
+the babies for the revolution phase,
+
+1039
+00:53:35.590 --> 00:53:37.080
+that's also the period when
+
+1040
+00:53:37.080 --> 00:53:40.050
+because of all the outside law enforcement pressure,
+
+1041
+00:53:40.050 --> 00:53:44.910
+there were lots of purges that were going on internally.
+
+1042
+00:53:44.910 --> 00:53:49.910
+And a lot of men were expelled from the party,
+
+1043
+00:53:52.490 --> 00:53:55.460
+because they were considered to be, you know,
+
+1044
+00:53:55.460 --> 00:53:58.080
+agent provocateurs causing dissension.
+
+1045
+00:53:58.080 --> 00:54:01.410
+And it was revealed in later testimony
+
+1046
+00:54:01.410 --> 00:54:04.208
+that some of them were actually undercover policemen.
+
+1047
+00:54:04.208 --> 00:54:08.732
+But a number of women were expelled
+
+1048
+00:54:08.732 --> 00:54:12.950
+for the same reason that they were praised,
+
+1049
+00:54:12.950 --> 00:54:14.060
+they were lauded and praised,
+
+1050
+00:54:14.060 --> 00:54:16.370
+because they could attract men to the party,
+
+1051
+00:54:16.370 --> 00:54:17.547
+make babies for the revolution.
+
+1052
+00:54:17.547 --> 00:54:21.310
+And that became a tool that was used against them,
+
+1053
+00:54:21.310 --> 00:54:24.320
+because the argument would be that, oh, you can tell
+
+1054
+00:54:24.320 --> 00:54:26.680
+that this person, this woman is an agent provocateur
+
+1055
+00:54:26.680 --> 00:54:28.930
+because since she's joined the party
+
+1056
+00:54:28.930 --> 00:54:31.510
+all she's wanting to do is sleep with this leader
+
+1057
+00:54:31.510 --> 00:54:34.133
+and that leader and the next person.
+
+1058
+00:54:37.110 --> 00:54:40.600
+But I would have to say that during the earliest years,
+
+1059
+00:54:40.600 --> 00:54:45.140
+the decisions to leave were very personal
+
+1060
+00:54:45.140 --> 00:54:48.410
+in terms of childcare and wondering how they would care
+
+1061
+00:54:48.410 --> 00:54:50.660
+for the children once the children were born.
+
+1062
+00:54:51.680 --> 00:54:54.190
+During the later years, there were still a lot
+
+1063
+00:54:54.190 --> 00:54:57.593
+of intraorganizational dissension going on,
+
+1064
+00:54:59.150 --> 00:55:04.150
+particularly in 1977, when Huey Newton returned from Cuba,
+
+1065
+00:55:05.610 --> 00:55:09.810
+he had been in Cuban exile from 1974 to '77
+
+1066
+00:55:09.810 --> 00:55:13.528
+related to charges that he had pistol-whipped his tailor
+
+1067
+00:55:13.528 --> 00:55:15.780
+and also that he had murdered,
+
+1068
+00:55:15.780 --> 00:55:19.560
+he had shot and murdered a 14-year-old prostitute
+
+1069
+00:55:19.560 --> 00:55:20.740
+in Oakland.
+
+1070
+00:55:20.740 --> 00:55:23.350
+So when he returned,
+
+1071
+00:55:23.350 --> 00:55:26.320
+according to Elaine Brown's autobiography
+
+1072
+00:55:26.320 --> 00:55:28.963
+and some other interviews that I had done,
+
+1073
+00:55:30.110 --> 00:55:35.110
+apparently a group of men who were considered the squad
+
+1074
+00:55:36.990 --> 00:55:40.440
+or the brothers, sort of the strong-armers
+
+1075
+00:55:40.440 --> 00:55:44.260
+in the party that supported Newton felt
+
+1076
+00:55:44.260 --> 00:55:46.410
+that they finally had the opportunity to get rid
+
+1077
+00:55:46.410 --> 00:55:49.380
+of all of these women who had been placed
+
+1078
+00:55:49.380 --> 00:55:50.802
+in these leadership positions
+
+1079
+00:55:50.802 --> 00:55:55.802
+when Elaine Brown took over in '74 after Huey Newton left.
+
+1080
+00:55:57.580 --> 00:56:02.470
+And there are several reported cases of women being beaten
+
+1081
+00:56:04.665 --> 00:56:08.627
+and raped actually and deciding to leave.
+
+1082
+00:56:09.612 --> 00:56:12.880
+So that's not so much that,
+
+1083
+00:56:12.880 --> 00:56:14.340
+I mean, to answer your question,
+
+1084
+00:56:14.340 --> 00:56:19.270
+it's not so much that these beatings and such had
+
+1085
+00:56:19.270 --> 00:56:22.880
+and these expulsions had a direct impact
+
+1086
+00:56:22.880 --> 00:56:26.280
+on whether they could or couldn't have a child,
+
+1087
+00:56:26.280 --> 00:56:31.140
+but rather it's sort of the larger context, right?
+
+1088
+00:56:31.140 --> 00:56:34.520
+And especially with instances of rape, you know,
+
+1089
+00:56:34.520 --> 00:56:36.540
+and I'm saying this, I don't mean to say
+
+1090
+00:56:36.540 --> 00:56:38.700
+that every day there was a rape,
+
+1091
+00:56:38.700 --> 00:56:41.427
+but even if there was one rape, you know,
+
+1092
+00:56:41.427 --> 00:56:45.370
+that calls to question the nature of this organization
+
+1093
+00:56:45.370 --> 00:56:47.530
+that's supposed to, you know,
+
+1094
+00:56:47.530 --> 00:56:51.223
+practice equality between men and women.
+
+1095
+00:57:01.440 --> 00:57:05.400
+Initially I think the assumption might be
+
+1096
+00:57:05.400 --> 00:57:08.490
+that there was no relationship between the two,
+
+1097
+00:57:08.490 --> 00:57:12.376
+but on the contrary, there was a large interaction
+
+1098
+00:57:12.376 --> 00:57:17.050
+between the two groups, but especially here in the Bay Area.
+
+1099
+00:57:17.050 --> 00:57:22.050
+And what I found is that a number
+
+1100
+00:57:23.200 --> 00:57:25.763
+of Black Panther Party women,
+
+1101
+00:57:26.870 --> 00:57:28.450
+for example JoNina Abron,
+
+1102
+00:57:28.450 --> 00:57:31.050
+who was a newspaper editor
+
+1103
+00:57:31.050 --> 00:57:35.600
+as well as a couple other members would attend events
+
+1104
+00:57:35.600 --> 00:57:40.120
+that were billed as feminist events.
+
+1105
+00:57:40.120 --> 00:57:43.265
+And they would, the Black Panther Party would advertise
+
+1106
+00:57:43.265 --> 00:57:45.210
+these upcoming events.
+
+1107
+00:57:45.210 --> 00:57:47.940
+And they would also include stories,
+
+1108
+00:57:47.940 --> 00:57:52.360
+follow-up stories on the events in their newspaper.
+
+1109
+00:57:52.360 --> 00:57:57.270
+One thing that comes to mind also is a lot
+
+1110
+00:57:57.270 --> 00:58:00.040
+of organizing that happened around political prisoners
+
+1111
+00:58:00.040 --> 00:58:01.010
+during the time,
+
+1112
+00:58:01.010 --> 00:58:03.404
+and Ericka Huggins, the same woman on the video
+
+1113
+00:58:03.404 --> 00:58:07.110
+was in prison in New Haven
+
+1114
+00:58:07.110 --> 00:58:11.417
+between 1969 and 1971 charged for the murder
+
+1115
+00:58:13.380 --> 00:58:18.360
+of one Black Panther Party member in the New Haven chapter.
+
+1116
+00:58:18.360 --> 00:58:23.360
+And the National Welfare Rights Organization
+
+1117
+00:58:25.000 --> 00:58:30.000
+as well as a number of grassroots feminist organizations
+
+1118
+00:58:32.050 --> 00:58:37.050
+staunchly supported Ericka Huggins' case,
+
+1119
+00:58:37.200 --> 00:58:40.130
+not because she was a Black Panther
+
+1120
+00:58:40.130 --> 00:58:42.090
+but because she was a woman.
+
+1121
+00:58:42.090 --> 00:58:44.650
+And she was arrested at the same time
+
+1122
+00:58:44.650 --> 00:58:47.170
+with about eight other women,
+
+1123
+00:58:47.170 --> 00:58:50.120
+I think about eight other women from the New Haven chapter,
+
+1124
+00:58:51.080 --> 00:58:54.200
+a couple of whom had been pregnant when they were arrested.
+
+1125
+00:58:54.200 --> 00:58:56.840
+So they had delivered the babies in prison,
+
+1126
+00:58:56.840 --> 00:58:59.010
+and they had their babies removed from them.
+
+1127
+00:58:59.010 --> 00:59:01.780
+So around the issue of motherhood
+
+1128
+00:59:01.780 --> 00:59:05.790
+and incarceration is where they found that point
+
+1129
+00:59:05.790 --> 00:59:06.760
+of entry to agree.
+
+1130
+00:59:06.760 --> 00:59:08.313
+And actually one group,
+
+1131
+00:59:09.510 --> 00:59:11.960
+I can't remember the name of it right now,
+
+1132
+00:59:11.960 --> 00:59:16.960
+but they almost refused to join that particular movement
+
+1133
+00:59:18.950 --> 00:59:22.840
+because in their mind the Black Panther Party was filled
+
+1134
+00:59:22.840 --> 00:59:26.780
+with a bunch of egotistical macho individuals.
+
+1135
+00:59:26.780 --> 00:59:30.960
+And they assumed that if they became involved
+
+1136
+00:59:30.960 --> 00:59:34.810
+in this arm
+
+1137
+00:59:34.810 --> 00:59:37.300
+of Black Panther Party's organizing
+
+1138
+00:59:37.300 --> 00:59:38.720
+that the Black Panther Party would try
+
+1139
+00:59:38.720 --> 00:59:42.290
+to take over their organization.
+
+1140
+00:59:42.290 --> 00:59:44.840
+So there are also examples
+
+1141
+00:59:44.840 --> 00:59:47.530
+of women who joined the Black Panther Party
+
+1142
+00:59:47.530 --> 00:59:49.850
+in the search for their identity.
+
+1143
+00:59:49.850 --> 00:59:53.360
+And after having about a year or so experience
+
+1144
+00:59:53.360 --> 00:59:56.210
+with the Panthers and keeping their eyes
+
+1145
+00:59:56.210 --> 00:59:59.530
+and ears open to the larger feminist movement
+
+1146
+00:59:59.530 --> 01:00:03.290
+decided that they would prefer to be
+
+1147
+01:00:03.290 --> 01:00:06.502
+in the feminist movement than in the Black Panther Party.
+
+1148
+01:00:06.502 --> 01:00:08.250
+So there's a wide perspective,
+
+1149
+01:00:08.250 --> 01:00:11.010
+but they definitely had interactions.
+
+1150
+01:00:11.010 --> 01:00:12.810
+I think one thing that's really interesting is
+
+1151
+01:00:12.810 --> 01:00:15.900
+when I interviewed a lot of these women
+
+1152
+01:00:15.900 --> 01:00:17.870
+and I asked them
+
+1153
+01:00:17.870 --> 01:00:21.230
+if they considered themselves feminists at the time,
+
+1154
+01:00:21.230 --> 01:00:22.600
+they were almost offended
+
+1155
+01:00:23.510 --> 01:00:28.510
+that I would even imply such a thing, because it's,
+
+1156
+01:00:29.020 --> 01:00:31.770
+I think you remember from JoNina Abron's quote.
+
+1157
+01:00:31.770 --> 01:00:35.047
+She said, you know, "I'm a Black woman,
+
+1158
+01:00:35.047 --> 01:00:38.187
+"and I consider myself a Panther member
+
+1159
+01:00:38.187 --> 01:00:40.180
+"before I consider myself a woman."
+
+1160
+01:00:40.180 --> 01:00:42.583
+So there was always that tension.
+
+1161
+01:00:53.705 --> 01:00:58.340
+Yes, about 90%
+
+1162
+01:00:58.340 --> 01:01:01.380
+of them are still involved
+
+1163
+01:01:01.380 --> 01:01:05.120
+in community organizing and community activism
+
+1164
+01:01:05.120 --> 01:01:08.618
+in some shape or form, might be even higher than that.
+
+1165
+01:01:08.618 --> 01:01:11.753
+The common theme that drew them
+
+1166
+01:01:11.753 --> 01:01:16.540
+to the organization in 1968 in large numbers,
+
+1167
+01:01:16.540 --> 01:01:19.151
+because they joined as early as 1967,
+
+1168
+01:01:19.151 --> 01:01:23.440
+but they rallied to the organization in 1968
+
+1169
+01:01:23.440 --> 01:01:27.860
+because of the increased community work
+
+1170
+01:01:27.860 --> 01:01:29.780
+that was being done.
+
+1171
+01:01:29.780 --> 01:01:31.270
+After the organization had moved
+
+1172
+01:01:31.270 --> 01:01:36.160
+beyond the armed police patrols of the communities,
+
+1173
+01:01:36.160 --> 01:01:38.360
+which a couple of women had been involved in,
+
+1174
+01:01:38.360 --> 01:01:41.540
+that's when the women really became involved.
+
+1175
+01:01:41.540 --> 01:01:44.313
+And to link my response to your question
+
+1176
+01:01:44.313 --> 01:01:48.140
+with what Vera had asked me about violence,
+
+1177
+01:01:48.140 --> 01:01:50.330
+intraorganizational violence,
+
+1178
+01:01:50.330 --> 01:01:55.330
+a lot of women endured years of that kind of abuse,
+
+1179
+01:01:58.440 --> 01:02:01.720
+because they were committed to the goals
+
+1180
+01:02:01.720 --> 01:02:05.650
+of the Oakland Community School, more specifically,
+
+1181
+01:02:05.650 --> 01:02:08.723
+and the education that the children received.
+
+1182
+01:02:10.001 --> 01:02:12.306
+Thank you very much.
+Thank you.
+
+1183
+01:02:12.306 --> 01:02:17.306
+Thank you.
+(audience applauds)
+
+1184
+01:02:42.436 --> 01:02:46.019
+(majestic orchestra music)
+
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/multimedia/complete_file_manifest.csv b/spec/fixtures/multimedia/complete_file_manifest.csv
index 4110a37ed..51be1b935 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/multimedia/complete_file_manifest.csv
+++ b/spec/fixtures/multimedia/complete_file_manifest.csv
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role,file_label,rights_view,rights_download,rights_location,mimetype
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,,,world,world
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,,world,stanford
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,"Tape 1, Side A image",dark,none
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,yes,yes,yes,file,,,location-based,location-based,spec
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,,,world,location-based,music
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,,stanford,location-based,art
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,"Tape 1, Side B image",stanford,stanford
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111.pdf,Transcript,3,yes,yes,yes,file,transcription,,,,,"application/pdf"
+druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role,file_language,file_label,rights_view,rights_download,rights_location,mimetype
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,,,,world,world
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,,,world,stanford
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,,"Tape 1, Side A image",dark,none
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,yes,yes,yes,file,,,,location-based,location-based,spec
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,,,,world,location-based,music
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,,,stanford,location-based,art
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,,"Tape 1, Side B image",stanford,stanford
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111.pdf,Transcript,3,yes,yes,yes,file,transcription,,,,,,"application/pdf"
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111.vtt,Caption file,4,yes,yes,yes,file,caption,,,,,,"text/vtt"
diff --git a/spec/fixtures/multimedia/file_manifest.csv b/spec/fixtures/multimedia/file_manifest.csv
index bf35318a5..0b96f10c9 100644
--- a/spec/fixtures/multimedia/file_manifest.csv
+++ b/spec/fixtures/multimedia/file_manifest.csv
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,yes,yes,yes,file,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111.pdf,,3,yes,yes,yes,file,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,no,yes,no,media,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,
-bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222.pdf,Transcript,3,yes,yes,yes,file,transcription
+druid,filename,resource_label,sequence,publish,preserve,shelve,resource_type,role,file_language
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,yes,yes,yes,file,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111_001_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+aa111aa1111,aa111aa1111.pdf,,3,yes,yes,yes,file,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side A",1,no,yes,no,media,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_a_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_img_1.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_pm.wav,"Tape 1, Side B",2,no,yes,no,media,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_sh.wav,,,no,yes,no,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_b_sl.mp3,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222_002_img_2.jpg,,,yes,yes,yes,,,
+bb222bb2222,bb222bb2222.pdf,Transcript,3,yes,yes,yes,file,transcription,
diff --git a/spec/lib/pre_assembly/digital_object_spec.rb b/spec/lib/pre_assembly/digital_object_spec.rb
index ac7dd0f08..fffc04ee2 100644
--- a/spec/lib/pre_assembly/digital_object_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/lib/pre_assembly/digital_object_spec.rb
@@ -183,6 +183,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image1.jp2',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/jp2',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '1111' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: false, shelve: true } }] } },
@@ -196,6 +197,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image1.tif',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/tiff',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '1111' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: false, sdrPreserve: true, shelve: false } }] } },
@@ -209,6 +211,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image2.jp2',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/jp2',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '2222' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: false, shelve: true } }] } },
@@ -222,6 +225,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image2.tif',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/tiff',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '2222' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: false, sdrPreserve: true, shelve: false } }] } }],
@@ -253,6 +257,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: '00/image1.tif',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/tiff',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '1111' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: false, sdrPreserve: true, shelve: false } }] } },
@@ -266,6 +271,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: '00/image2.tif',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/tiff',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '2222' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: false, sdrPreserve: true, shelve: false } }] } },
@@ -279,6 +285,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: '05/image1.jp2',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/jp2',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '1111' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: false, shelve: true } }] } }],
@@ -311,6 +318,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image1.jp2',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/jp2',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '1111' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: false, shelve: true } }] } },
@@ -324,6 +332,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image2.jp2',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/jp2',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '2222' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: false, shelve: true } }] } }],
@@ -355,6 +364,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image1.jp2',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/jp2',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '1111' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: false, shelve: true } }] } },
@@ -368,6 +378,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image2.jp2',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/jp2',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '2222' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: false, shelve: true } }] } }],
@@ -399,6 +410,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image1.jp2',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/jp2',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '1111' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: false, shelve: true } }] } },
@@ -412,6 +424,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image2.jp2',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/jp2',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '2222' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: false, shelve: true } }] } }],
@@ -443,6 +456,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image1.jp2',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/jp2',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '1111' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: false, shelve: true } }] } },
@@ -456,6 +470,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image2.jp2',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/jp2',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '2222' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: false, shelve: true } }] } }],
@@ -487,6 +502,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image1.jp2',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/jp2',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '1111' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: false, shelve: true } },
@@ -496,6 +512,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image1.tif',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/tiff',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '1111' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: false, sdrPreserve: true, shelve: false } }] } },
@@ -509,6 +526,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image2.jp2',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/jp2',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '2222' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: false, shelve: true } },
@@ -518,6 +536,7 @@ def add_object_files(extension:, num: 2, rel_path: '')
filename: 'image2.tif',
version: 1,
hasMimeType: 'image/tiff',
+ use: nil,
hasMessageDigests: [{ type: 'md5', digest: '2222' }],
access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
administrative: { publish: false, sdrPreserve: true, shelve: false } }] } }],
diff --git a/spec/lib/pre_assembly/file_manifest_spec.rb b/spec/lib/pre_assembly/file_manifest_spec.rb
index dbba3e8b1..9e7343ef7 100644
--- a/spec/lib/pre_assembly/file_manifest_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/lib/pre_assembly/file_manifest_spec.rb
@@ -230,6 +230,21 @@
administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: true, shelve: true } }
]
}
+ }, {
+ type: 'https://cocina.sul.stanford.edu/models/resources/file',
+ externalIdentifier: 'bc234fg5678_4',
+ label: 'Caption file', version: 1,
+ structural: {
+ contains: [
+ { type: 'https://cocina.sul.stanford.edu/models/file',
+ externalIdentifier: 'https://cocina.sul.stanford.edu/file/9', label: 'aa111aa1111.vtt', filename: 'aa111aa1111.vtt', version: 1,
+ hasMessageDigests: [],
+ hasMimeType: 'text/vtt',
+ use: 'caption',
+ access: { view: 'world', download: 'none', controlledDigitalLending: false },
+ administrative: { publish: true, sdrPreserve: true, shelve: true } }
+ ]
+ }
}
],
hasMemberOrders: [], isMemberOf: [] }