A promise library based on the Promises/A+ standard written in Swift for iOS and OSX.
Promises are a way to handle asynchronous operations. They are a proxy for values that are currently unknown due to waiting for the network, long and complex computations, or anything else that does not immediately resolve. Promises are commonly used in JavaScript in libraries like jQuery. Most JavaScript implementations conform to the Promises/A+ standard like Q or RSVP.
There are also a few Objective-C implementations for iOS. Check out this article for more information on Promises.
In order to use Craft in your project, you can take all the .swift files inside the directory craft/craft or you can build a framework for your desired target. The project has targets for OSX and iOS. The OSX target creates craft.framework and the iOS target creates craft_ios.framework. You should then be able to include the frameworks as normal.
Basic usage is going to be very similar to most JavaScript implementations as Swift supports closures natively.
let promise = Craft.promise({
(resolve: (value: Value) -> (), reject: (value: Value) -> ()) -> () in
//some async action
let queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0)
dispatch_async(queue, {
//do something
usleep(250 * 1000)
dispatch_sync(dispatch_get_main_queue(), {
//resolve if all went well
resolve(value: value)
//or reject if there was a problem
reject(value: value)
})
})
})
promise.then({
(value: Value) -> Value in
//resolved successfully!
return nil
}, reject: {
(value: Value) -> Value in
//failed for some reason
return nil
})A Promise is created using the static method Craft.promise() and a closure that accepts a resolve and reject closure should be passed in for any async work that should be done. Generally you will want to use Grand Central Dispatch for actually performing an async operation. The Promise must then resolve or reject on the main thread.
When the work is done, the resolve or reject closures passed into promise.then will be called depending on the state of the Promise. A Promise cannot be both rejected and resolved. Once a Promise has been resolved or rejected, it cannot be reused.
Chaining is one of the defining features of the Promises/A+ standard. The resolve or reject handlers passed into then can return nil or a value. The return type of those closures is Value which is a typealias for Any?. These closures have a return type because their returned values are then passed into the next resolve or reject handler.
promise.then({
(value: Value) -> Value in
return "hello"
})
.then({
(value: Value) -> Value in
println(value + " world")
//hello world
return nil
})
In the above example, the first resolve returns the string "hello". That is then passed into the next resolve as it's incoming value parameter so when we print value + " world" we get "hello world".
When you return a Promise in a resolve closure, the result of that promise will be sent to the next resolve in the chain.
promise.then({
(value: Value) -> Value in
return somePromise
})
.then({
(value: Value) -> Value in
println(value)
//value is the result of the returned promise above
return nil
})Sometimes you will want multiple Promises to resolve before doing anything because they all depend on each other or some other reason. As a convenience, there is an all() method that can handle this.
let a = [
somePromise,
someOtherPromise,
anotherPromise
]
Craft.all(a).then({
(value: Value) -> Value in
if let v: [Value] = value as? [Value]
{
//v is an array of the Promise results
println(v)
}
return nil
})The value passed into the resolve will be an Array of results from each Promise.
If any of the Promises in the array is rejected then the entire thing is rejected. Craft.all() only resolves if all the Promises resolve and rejects immediately if any of them fail.
Sometimes you don't want all the Promises to resolve in order to proceed so there is a convenience method called Craft.allSettled(). It works in very much the same way as Craft.all() except it will return the state of each Promise in the array.
let a = [
somePromise,
someOtherPromise,
anotherPromise
]
Craft.allSettled(a).then({
(value: Value) -> Value in
if let v: [Value] = value as? [Value]
{
for var i = 0; i < v.count; ++i
{
if let result = v[i] as SettledResult
{
//fulfilled or rejected
println(result.state.toRaw())
//the result of the promise
println(result.value)
}
}
}
return nil
})The result is an Array of SettledResult objects that wrap each Promise result. A SettledResult has a state and value property to denote the state (FULFILLED or REJECTED) and the resulting value of the promise. Craft.allSettled will always resolve.
Other example usages can be found in the tests. They are in the cleverly named craftTests.swift.
It is recommended that you work with or through the Promise type. There is a Deferred type that does the heavy lifting but it is not intended to be used directly. Any creation should also be done through the Craft class. It is not recommended to create your own Promise or Deferred instances via their constructors.
You are welcome to open issues here on Github or fork it and change it any way you like. As for questions you can find me on Twitter @iamsupertommy. I am not terribly active on Twitter.