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go-fuzz: randomized testing for Go

Go-fuzz is a coverage-guided fuzzing solution for testing of Go packages. Fuzzing is mainly applicable to packages that parse complex inputs (both text and binary), and is especially useful for hardening of systems that parse inputs from potentially malicious users (e.g. anything accepted over a network).

Note: go-fuzz has recently added preliminary support for fuzzing Go Modules. See the section below for more details. If you encounter a problem with modules, please file an issue with details. A workaround might be to disable modules via export GO111MODULE=off.

Usage

First, you need to write a test function of the form:

func Fuzz(data []byte) int

Data is a random input generated by go-fuzz, note that in most cases it is invalid. The function must return 1 if the fuzzer should increase priority of the given input during subsequent fuzzing (for example, the input is lexically correct and was parsed successfully); -1 if the input must not be added to corpus even if gives new coverage; and 0 otherwise; other values are reserved for future use.

The Fuzz function must be in a package that go-fuzz can import. This means the code you want to test can't be in package main. Fuzzing internal packages is supported, however.

In its basic form the Fuzz function just parses the input, and go-fuzz ensures that it does not panic, crash the program, allocate insane amount of memory nor hang. Fuzz function can also do application-level checks, which will make testing more efficient (discover more bugs). For example, Fuzz function can serialize all inputs that were successfully deserialized, thus ensuring that serialization can handle everything deserialization can produce. Or, Fuzz function can deserialize-serialize-deserialize-serialize and check that results of first and second serialization are equal. Or, Fuzz function can feed the input into two different implementations (e.g. dumb and optimized) and check that the output is equal. To communicate application-level bugs Fuzz function should panic (os.Exit(1) will work too, but panic message contains more info). Note that Fuzz function should not output to stdout/stderr, it will slow down fuzzing and nobody will see the output anyway. The exception is printing info about a bug just before panicking.

Here is an example of a simple Fuzz function for image/png package:

package png

import (
	"bytes"
	"image/png"
)

func Fuzz(data []byte) int {
	png.Decode(bytes.NewReader(data))
	return 0
}

A more useful Fuzz function would look like:

func Fuzz(data []byte) int {
	img, err := png.Decode(bytes.NewReader(data))
	if err != nil {
		if img != nil {
			panic("img != nil on error")
		}
		return 0
	}
	var w bytes.Buffer
	err = png.Encode(&w, img)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	return 1
}

The second step is collection of initial input corpus. Ideally, files in the corpus are as small as possible and as diverse as possible. You can use inputs used by unit tests and/or generate them. For example, for an image decoding package you can encode several small bitmaps (black, random noise, white with few non-white pixels) with different levels of compressions and use that as the initial corpus. Go-fuzz will deduplicate and minimize the inputs. So throwing in a thousand of inputs is fine, diversity is more important.

Put the initial corpus into the workdir/corpus directory (in our case examples/png/corpus). Go-fuzz will add own inputs to the corpus directory. Consider committing the generated inputs to your source control system, this will allow you to restart go-fuzz without losing previous work.

The go-fuzz-corpus repository contains a bunch of examples of test functions and initial input corpuses for various packages.

The next step is to get go-fuzz:

$ go install github.com/trailofbits/go-fuzz/go-fuzz@latest github.com/trailofbits/go-fuzz/go-fuzz-build@latest
$ go install golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports@latest

Then, download the corpus and build the test program with necessary instrumentation:

$ go get -d github.com/dvyukov/go-fuzz-corpus
$ cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/dvyukov/go-fuzz-corpus
$ cd png
$ go-fuzz-build

This will produce png-fuzz.zip archive.

Now we are ready to go:

$ go-fuzz

Go-fuzz will generate and test various inputs in an infinite loop. Workdir is used to store persistent data like current corpus and crashers, it allows fuzzer to continue after restart. Discovered bad inputs are stored in workdir/crashers dir; where file without a suffix contains binary input, file with .quoted suffix contains quoted input that can be directly copied into a reproducer program or a test, file with .output suffix contains output of the test on this input. Every few seconds go-fuzz prints logs to stderr of the form:

2015/04/25 12:39:53 workers: 500, corpus: 186 (42s ago), crashers: 3,
     restarts: 1/8027, execs: 12009519 (121224/sec), cover: 2746, uptime: 1m39s

Where workers means number of tests running in parallel (set with -procs flag). corpus is current number of interesting inputs the fuzzer has discovered, time in brackets says when the last interesting input was discovered. crashers is number of discovered bugs (check out workdir/crashers dir). restarts is the rate with which the fuzzer restarts test processes. The rate should be close to 1/10000 (which is the planned restart rate); if it is considerably higher than 1/10000, consider fixing already discovered bugs which lead to frequent restarts. execs is total number of test executions, and the number in brackets is the average speed of test executions. cover is number of bits set in a hashed coverage bitmap, if this number grows fuzzer uncovers new lines of code; size of the bitmap is 64K; ideally cover value should be less than ~5000, otherwise fuzzer can miss new interesting inputs due to hash collisions. And finally uptime is uptime of the process. This same information is also served via http (see the -http flag).

Modules support

go-fuzz has preliminary support for fuzzing Go Modules. go-fuzz respects the standard GO111MODULE environment variable, which can be set to on, off, or auto.

go-fuzz-build will add a require for github.com/trailofbits/go-fuzz to your go.mod. If desired, you may remove this once the build is complete.

Vendoring with modules is not yet supported. A vendor directory will be ignored, and go-fuzz will report an error if GOFLAGS=-mod=vendor is set.

Note that while modules are used to prepare the build, the final instrumented build is still done in GOPATH mode. For most modules, this should not matter.

Fuzzing dictionaries

Go-fuzz supports user-defined dictionaries containing tokens or interesting byte sequences. Dictionaries replace the low-signal token list that is automatically generated by go-fuzz with a high-signal token list. Use -dict DICTIONARY_FILE to provide a dictionary. The dictionary syntax is the same as AFL/Libfuzzer. See AFL Dictionaries for more information.

libFuzzer support

go-fuzz-build can also generate an archive file that can be used with libFuzzer instead of go-fuzz (requires linux).

Sample usage:

$ cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/dvyukov/go-fuzz-corpus/fmt
$ go-fuzz-build -libfuzzer  # produces fmt.a
$ clang -fsanitize=fuzzer fmt.a -o fmt.libfuzzer
$ ./fmt.libfuzzer

When run with -libfuzzer, go-fuzz-build adds the additional build tag gofuzz_libfuzzer when building code.

Continuous Fuzzing

Just as unit-testing, fuzzing is better done continuously.

Currently there are 2 services that offer continuous fuzzing based on go-fuzz:

Random Notes

go-fuzz-build builds the program with gofuzz build tag, this allows to put the Fuzz function implementation directly into the tested package, but exclude it from normal builds with // +build gofuzz directive.

If your inputs contain a checksum, it can make sense to append/update the checksum in the Fuzz function. The chances that go-fuzz will generate the correct checksum are very low, so most work will be in vain otherwise.

Go-fuzz can utilize several machines. To do this, start the coordinator process separately:

$ go-fuzz -workdir=examples/png -coordinator=127.0.0.1:8745

It will manage persistent corpus and crashers and coordinate work of worker processes. Then run one or more worker processes as:

$ go-fuzz -bin=./png-fuzz.zip -worker=127.0.0.1:8745 -procs=10

External Articles

History rewrite

go-fuzz repository history was recently rewritten to exclude examples directory to reduce total repository size and download time (see #88, #114 and https://github.com/dvyukov/go-fuzz-corpus). Unfortunately, that means that go get -u command will fail if you had a previous version installed. Please remove $GOPATH/github.com/trailofbits/go-fuzz before running go get again.

Credits and technical details

Go-fuzz fuzzing logic is heavily based on american fuzzy lop, so refer to AFL readme if you are interested in technical details. AFL is written and maintained by Michal Zalewski. Some of the mutations employed by go-fuzz are inspired by work done by Mateusz Jurczyk, Gynvael Coldwind and Felix Gröbert.

Trophies

If you find some bugs with go-fuzz and are comfortable with sharing them, I would like to add them to this list. Please either send a pull request for README.md (preferable) or file an issue. If the source code is closed, you can say just "found N bugs in project X". Thank you.