diff --git a/src/Control/Monad/Bayes/Population.hs b/src/Control/Monad/Bayes/Population.hs
index 9dff3152..1ad9c97a 100644
--- a/src/Control/Monad/Bayes/Population.hs
+++ b/src/Control/Monad/Bayes/Population.hs
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ module Control.Monad.Bayes.Population
     resampleSystematic,
     stratified,
     resampleStratified,
+    onlyBelowEffectiveSampleSize,
+    effectiveSampleSize,
     extractEvidence,
     pushEvidence,
     proper,
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ import Numeric.Log qualified as Log
 import Prelude hiding (all, sum)
 
 -- | The old-fashioned, broken list transformer, adding a list/nondeterminism/choice effect.
---   It is not a valid monad transformer, but it is a valid 'Applicative'.
+--  It is not a valid monad transformer, but it is a valid 'Applicative'.
 newtype ListT m a = ListT {getListT :: Compose m [] a}
   deriving newtype (Functor, Applicative, Alternative)
 
@@ -244,6 +246,43 @@ resampleMultinomial ::
   PopulationT m a
 resampleMultinomial = resampleGeneric multinomial
 
+-- ** Effective sample size
+
+-- | Only use the given resampler when the effective sample size is below a certain threshold.
+--
+-- See 'withEffectiveSampleSize'.
+onlyBelowEffectiveSampleSize ::
+  (MonadDistribution m) =>
+  -- | The threshold under which the effective sample size must fall before the resampler is used.
+  --   For example, this may be half of the number of particles.
+  Double ->
+  -- | The resampler to user under the threshold
+  (forall n. (MonadDistribution n) => PopulationT n a -> PopulationT n a) ->
+  -- | The new resampler
+  (PopulationT m a -> PopulationT m a)
+onlyBelowEffectiveSampleSize threshold resampler pop = fromWeightedList $ do
+  (as, ess) <- withEffectiveSampleSize pop
+  if ess < threshold then runPopulationT $ resampler $ fromWeightedList $ pure as else return as
+
+-- | Compute the effective sample size of a population from the weights.
+--
+--  See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_effect#Effective_sample_size
+effectiveSampleSize :: (Functor m) => PopulationT m a -> m Double
+effectiveSampleSize = fmap snd . withEffectiveSampleSize
+
+-- | Compute the effective sample size alongside the samples themselves.
+--
+-- The advantage over 'effectiveSampleSize' is that the samples need not be created a second time.
+withEffectiveSampleSize :: (Functor m) => PopulationT m a -> m ([(a, Log Double)], Double)
+withEffectiveSampleSize = fmap (\as -> (as, effectiveSampleSizeKish $ (exp . ln . snd) <$> as)) . runPopulationT
+  where
+    effectiveSampleSizeKish :: [Double] -> Double
+    effectiveSampleSizeKish weights = square (Data.List.sum weights) / Data.List.sum (square <$> weights)
+    square :: Double -> Double
+    square x = x * x
+
+-- ** Utility functions
+
 -- | Separate the sum of weights into the 'WeightedT' transformer.
 -- Weights are normalized after this operation.
 extractEvidence ::