diff --git a/changelog.md b/changelog.md
index f54a76b7f..a8081b509 100644
--- a/changelog.md
+++ b/changelog.md
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Uiua is not yet stable.
 ## 0.15.0 - 2025-??-??
 This version is not yet released. If you are reading this on the website, then these changes are live here.
 ### Language
+- **Breaking Change** - [`repeat ⍥`](https://uiua.org/docs/repeat) and [`do ⍢`](https://uiua.org/docs/do) with net-negative signatures now preserve lower stack values between iterations
 - Signature comments can now use a `$` rather than a `?` to automatically label arguments and outputs
 - Add sided subscripts for [`reach 𝄐`](https://uiua.org/docs/reach)
 
diff --git a/src/algorithm/loops.rs b/src/algorithm/loops.rs
index c983a8d66..bb76e68cf 100644
--- a/src/algorithm/loops.rs
+++ b/src/algorithm/loops.rs
@@ -168,6 +168,8 @@ fn repeat_impl(f: SigNode, inv: Option<SigNode>, n: f64, env: &mut Uiua) -> Uiua
         let f = inv.ok_or_else(|| env.error("No inverse found"))?;
         (f, -n)
     };
+    let preserve_count = f.sig.args.saturating_sub(f.sig.outputs);
+    let preserved = env.copy_n_down(preserve_count, f.sig.args)?;
     let mut convergence_count = 0;
     if n.is_infinite() {
         // Converging repeat
@@ -180,6 +182,9 @@ fn repeat_impl(f: SigNode, inv: Option<SigNode>, n: f64, env: &mut Uiua) -> Uiua
         let mut prev = env.pop(1)?;
         env.push(prev.clone());
         loop {
+            if preserve_count > 0 {
+                env.insert_stack(sig.outputs, preserved.iter().cloned())?;
+            }
             env.exec(f.clone())?;
             let next = env.pop("converging function result")?;
             let converged = next == prev;
@@ -208,9 +213,13 @@ fn repeat_impl(f: SigNode, inv: Option<SigNode>, n: f64, env: &mut Uiua) -> Uiua
             }
         }
         for _ in 0..n {
+            if preserve_count > 0 {
+                env.insert_stack(sig.outputs, preserved.iter().cloned())?;
+            }
             env.exec(f.clone())?;
         }
     }
+    env.remove_n(preserve_count, sig.args)?;
     Ok(convergence_count)
 }
 
@@ -239,14 +248,10 @@ pub fn do_(ops: Ops, env: &mut Uiua) -> UiuaResult {
             {} and {}, minus the condition, is {comp_sig}",
             body.sig, cond.sig
         ))),
-        Ordering::Greater => Some(env.error(format!(
-            "Do's functions cannot have a negative net stack \
-            change, but the composed signature of {} and \
-            {}, minus the condition, is {comp_sig}",
-            body.sig, cond.sig
-        ))),
         _ => None,
     };
+    let preserve_count = comp_sig.args.saturating_sub(comp_sig.outputs);
+    let preserved = env.copy_n_down(preserve_count, comp_sig.args)?;
     loop {
         // Make sure there are enough values
         if env.stack().len() < copy_count {
@@ -271,12 +276,15 @@ pub fn do_(ops: Ops, env: &mut Uiua) -> UiuaResult {
             break;
         }
         // Call body
+        if preserve_count > 0 {
+            env.insert_stack(comp_sig.outputs, preserved.iter().cloned())?;
+        }
         env.exec(body.clone())?;
         if let Some(err) = sig_err {
             return Err(err);
         }
     }
-    Ok(())
+    env.remove_n(preserve_count, comp_sig.args)
 }
 
 pub fn split_by(f: SigNode, by_scalar: bool, keep_empty: bool, env: &mut Uiua) -> UiuaResult {
diff --git a/src/check.rs b/src/check.rs
index 368154583..7f26c4dca 100644
--- a/src/check.rs
+++ b/src/check.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 use std::{
     array,
     cell::RefCell,
-    cmp::Ordering,
     collections::HashMap,
     fmt,
     hash::{DefaultHasher, Hash, Hasher},
@@ -711,69 +710,56 @@ impl VirtualEnv {
         &SigNode { sig, ref node }: &SigNode,
         n: BasicValue,
     ) -> Result<(), SigCheckError> {
-        if let BasicValue::Num(n) = n {
-            // If n is a known natural number, then the function can have any signature.
-            let sig = if n >= 0.0 { sig } else { sig.inverse() };
-            if n.fract() == 0.0 {
-                let n = n.abs() as usize;
-                if n > 0 {
-                    if n <= 100 {
-                        for _ in 0..n {
-                            self.node(node)?;
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        let (args, outputs) = match sig.args.cmp(&sig.outputs) {
-                            Ordering::Equal => (sig.args, sig.outputs),
-                            Ordering::Less => (sig.args, n * (sig.outputs - sig.args) + sig.args),
-                            Ordering::Greater => {
-                                ((n - 1) * (sig.args - sig.outputs) + sig.args, sig.outputs)
+        if sig.args < sig.outputs {
+            // More outputs than arguments
+            if let BasicValue::Num(n) = n {
+                let sig = if n >= 0.0 { sig } else { sig.inverse() };
+                if n.fract() == 0.0 {
+                    // If n is a known natural number, then it's fine
+                    let n = n.abs() as usize;
+                    if n > 0 {
+                        if n <= 100 {
+                            for _ in 0..n {
+                                self.node(node)?;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            let args = sig.args;
+                            let outputs = n * (sig.outputs - sig.args) + sig.args;
+                            if validate_size_of::<BasicValue>([outputs]).is_err() {
+                                return Err("repeat with excessive outputs".into());
                             }
-                        };
-                        if validate_size_of::<BasicValue>([outputs]).is_err() {
-                            return Err("repeat with excessive outputs".into());
+                            self.handle_args_outputs(args, outputs);
                         }
-                        self.handle_args_outputs(args, outputs);
                     }
-                }
-            } else if n.is_infinite() {
-                match sig.args.cmp(&sig.outputs) {
-                    Ordering::Greater => {
-                        return Err(SigCheckError::from(format!(
-                            "repeat with infinity and a function with signature {sig}"
-                        ))
-                        .loop_overreach());
-                    }
-                    Ordering::Less if self.array_depth == 0 => {
+                } else if n.is_infinite() {
+                    // If n is infinite, then we must be in an array
+                    if self.array_depth == 0 {
                         self.handle_args_outputs(sig.args, sig.outputs);
                         return Err(SigCheckError::from(format!(
                             "repeat with infinity and a function with signature {sig}"
                         ))
                         .loop_variable(self.stack.sig().args));
+                    } else {
+                        self.handle_sig(sig);
                     }
-                    _ => self.handle_sig(sig),
+                } else {
+                    return Err("repeat without an integer or infinity".into());
                 }
             } else {
-                return Err("repeat without an integer or infinity".into());
-            }
-        } else {
-            // If n is unknown, then what we do depends on the signature
-            match sig.args.cmp(&sig.outputs) {
-                Ordering::Equal => self.handle_sig(sig),
-                Ordering::Greater => {
-                    return Err(SigCheckError::from(format!(
-                        "repeat with no number and a function with signature {sig}"
-                    ))
-                    .loop_overreach());
-                }
-                Ordering::Less if self.array_depth == 0 => {
+                // If there is no number, then we must be in an array
+                if self.array_depth == 0 {
                     self.handle_args_outputs(sig.args, sig.outputs);
                     return Err(SigCheckError::from(format!(
                         "repeat with no number and a function with signature {sig}"
                     ))
                     .loop_variable(self.stack.sig().args));
+                } else {
+                    self.handle_sig(sig);
                 }
-                Ordering::Less => self.handle_sig(sig),
             }
+        } else {
+            // Non-positive case
+            self.handle_sig(sig);
         }
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/src/primitive/defs.rs b/src/primitive/defs.rs
index cbcb5ceb9..6d65481fd 100644
--- a/src/primitive/defs.rs
+++ b/src/primitive/defs.rs
@@ -1652,6 +1652,16 @@ primitive!(
     ///
     /// ex: ⍥(+2)5 0
     /// ex: ⍥(⊂2)5 []
+    /// If the net stack change of the function is negative, then lower stack values will be preserved between iterations.
+    /// ex: ⍥+5 3 10
+    /// ex: ⍥⊂5 1 2
+    /// If the net stack change of the function is positive, then either the number of repetitions must be static, or the [repeat] must be wrapped in an array.
+    /// ex: F ← ⍥(⊢.)2
+    ///   : F [1_2 3_4]
+    /// ex! F ← ⍥(⊢.)⊙[1_2 3_4]
+    ///   : F 2
+    /// ex: F ← {⍥(⊢.)⊙[1_2 3_4]}
+    ///   : F 2
     /// Repeating [infinity] times will do a fixed-point iteration.
     /// The loop will end when the top value of the function's output is equal to the top value of the function's input.
     /// For example, this could be used to flatten a deeply nested array.
@@ -2122,18 +2132,20 @@ primitive!(
     /// Consider this equivalence:
     /// ex: ⍢(×3|<100)  1
     ///   : ⍢(×3|<100.) 1
-    /// The net stack change of the two functions, minus the condition, must be 0.
+    /// The net stack change of the two functions, minus the condition, is called the *composed signature*.
+    /// The composed signatures of the above examples all have a net stack change of `0`.
+    /// A positive composed signature net stack change is only allowed inside an array.
     /// ex! ⍢(×2.|<1000) 1
-    /// This requirement is relaxed inside an array.
     /// ex: [⍢(×2.|<1000)] 1
-    /// Alternatively, you can [join] the items to an initial list.
-    /// ex: ◌⍢(⊃(×2)⊂|<100) 1 []
+    /// A negative composed signature net stack change will reuse values lower on the stack.
+    /// ex: ⍢(×|<100) 1 2
+    /// ex: ⍢(⊂⤚(×⊢)|<100⊢) 1 2
     ///
     /// Even if signatures are invalid, [do] will alway run its condition function at least once.
     /// If the condition returns true, it will always run its body function at least once.
     /// This is helpful when initially setting up a loop so that you can debug if necessary.
     /// ex! ⍢(+|?) 5 3
-    /// ex! ⍢(?+|>2) 5 3
+    /// ex! ⍢(?..+|>2) 5 3
     ([2], Do, IteratingModifier, ("do", '⍢')),
     /// Set the fill value for a function
     ///
diff --git a/src/run.rs b/src/run.rs
index a6427f877..519050b02 100644
--- a/src/run.rs
+++ b/src/run.rs
@@ -1068,6 +1068,14 @@ impl Uiua {
         let height = self.require_height(n)?;
         Ok(self.rt.stack[height..].to_vec())
     }
+    /// Copy some values down the stack
+    ///
+    /// `depth` must be greater than or equal to `n`
+    pub fn copy_n_down(&self, n: usize, depth: usize) -> UiuaResult<Vec<Value>> {
+        debug_assert!(depth >= n);
+        let height = self.require_height(depth)?;
+        Ok(self.rt.stack[height..][..n].to_vec())
+    }
     /// Prepare to fork and return the arguments to f
     pub fn prepare_fork(&mut self, f_args: usize, g_args: usize) -> UiuaResult<Vec<Value>> {
         if f_args > g_args {
@@ -1095,6 +1103,7 @@ impl Uiua {
     ///
     /// `depth` must be greater than or equal to `n`
     pub fn dup_values(&mut self, n: usize, depth: usize) -> UiuaResult {
+        debug_assert!(depth >= n);
         let start = self.require_height(depth)?;
         for i in 0..n {
             self.rt.stack.push(self.rt.stack[start + i].clone());
@@ -1104,6 +1113,26 @@ impl Uiua {
         }
         Ok(())
     }
+    /// Insert some values into the stack
+    pub fn insert_stack(
+        &mut self,
+        depth: usize,
+        values: impl IntoIterator<Item = Value>,
+    ) -> UiuaResult {
+        let start = self.require_height(depth)?;
+        self.rt.stack.extend(values);
+        self.rt.stack[start..].rotate_left(depth);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    /// Remove some values from the stack
+    ///
+    /// `depth` must be greater than or equal to `n`
+    pub fn remove_n(&mut self, n: usize, depth: usize) -> UiuaResult {
+        debug_assert!(depth >= n);
+        let start = self.require_height(depth)?;
+        self.rt.stack.drain(start..start + n);
+        Ok(())
+    }
     /// Rotate the stack up at some depth
     pub fn rotate_up(&mut self, n: usize, depth: usize) -> UiuaResult {
         let start = self.require_height(depth)?;
diff --git a/tests/loops.ua b/tests/loops.ua
index 52d43d8f0..bbb9f19b9 100644
--- a/tests/loops.ua
+++ b/tests/loops.ua
@@ -275,12 +275,14 @@ A ← ↯2_3_4⇡24
 ⍤⤙≍ +10 ⟜⍥+₁ ¤⇡0 ¤¤10
 ⍤⤙≍ +1⇡7 ⍥/◇⊂∞ {1 {2 3} {4 {5 6 {7}}}}
 ⍤⤙≍ {4 +1⇡7} {°⍥°/◇⊂} {1 {2 3} {4 {5 6 {7}}}}
+⍤⤙≍ 52 ⍥+⊙(2 10) 5
 
 # Do
 ⍤⤙≍ 1024 ⍢(×2|<1000) 1
 ⍤⤙≍ 1024 ⍢(×2|<1000.) 1
 ⍤⤙≍ [1 2 4 8 16 32 64] ◌⍢(⊃(×2|⊂:)|<100) 1 []
-⍤⤙≍ [1 2 4 8 16 5] ◌⍢⊂(¬∊:,,⨬(+1×3|÷2)=0◿2.⊢.) [5]
+⍤⤙≍ [1 2 4 8 16 5] ◌⍢⊂(¬∊◡:⨬(+1×3|÷2)=0◿2.⊢.) [5]
+⍤⤙≍ 128 ⍢(×|<100) 1 2
 
 # Partition noadic
 F ← ⊜?≠@l.
diff --git a/tests/signature.ua b/tests/signature.ua
index e960fc214..889e88371 100644
--- a/tests/signature.ua
+++ b/tests/signature.ua
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ F ← |1 ⍣⋕∘
 F ← ⍣(°$"_-_"⊙◌|⍤.$"Invalid string on line _: \"_\"":)
 # Repeat
 F ← |1 {⍥(⊜⧻..)∞}
+F ← |3 ⍥+
 # Do
 C ← ⨬(+1×3|÷2)=0◿2.
 F ← |1 ◌⍢(|2 ⊂||1.3 ¬∊:,,C⊢.)
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ F ← |1 ⍢(|1 ×2||1.2 <1000.)
 ◌F 1
 F ← |2 ⍢(+|?)
 G ← |2 ⍢(?+|>2)
+F ← |2 ⍢(×|<100)
 # On
 F ← |1 ⟜()
 # By
diff --git a/tests_special/error.ua b/tests_special/error.ua
index ac2541d03..1dcba0fc1 100644
--- a/tests_special/error.ua
+++ b/tests_special/error.ua
@@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ F"oops"
 F ← [⋅◌ ⍥0] 1
 F "oops"
 
-F ← ⌊×10[◌◌⍥gen]⧻:0
-
 ⊕⊢ [0 2 2] [1 2 3]
 
 + ¤[1 2 3] [10_20_30_40 50_60_70_80]
diff --git a/todo.md b/todo.md
index ded7f0890..03db542a6 100644
--- a/todo.md
+++ b/todo.md
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 # Uiua Todo
 
 # 0.15
-- Mixed subscripts
-- `bind` and `ref` modifiers
-- Make `un by` more robust
 - Multidimensional `group`
 - `un`/`anti` `stencil`
 - `on`/`by` subscripts