diff --git a/packages/next/src/build/webpack-config.ts b/packages/next/src/build/webpack-config.ts
index 22d2ac187e640..cfaee10f2fa5d 100644
--- a/packages/next/src/build/webpack-config.ts
+++ b/packages/next/src/build/webpack-config.ts
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ import {
   createAppRouterApiAliases,
 } from './create-compiler-aliases'
 import { hasCustomExportOutput } from '../export/utils'
-import { MergeCssChunksPlugin } from './webpack/plugins/merge-css-chunks-plugin'
+import { CssChunkingPlugin } from './webpack/plugins/css-chunking-plugin'
 
 type ExcludesFalse = <T>(x: T | false) => x is T
 type ClientEntries = {
@@ -1005,10 +1005,12 @@ export default async function getBaseWebpackConfig(
 
         const libCacheGroup = {
           test(module: {
+            type: string
             size: Function
             nameForCondition: Function
           }): boolean {
             return (
+              !module.type?.startsWith('css') &&
               module.size() > 160000 &&
               /node_modules[/\\]/.test(module.nameForCondition() || '')
             )
@@ -1046,14 +1048,6 @@ export default async function getBaseWebpackConfig(
         }
 
         // client chunking
-        const cssCacheGroup = {
-          test: /\.(css|sass|scss)$/i,
-          chunks: 'all' as const,
-          enforce: true,
-          type: /css/,
-          minChunks: 2,
-          priority: 100,
-        }
         return {
           // Keep main and _app chunks unsplitted in webpack 5
           // as we don't need a separate vendor chunk from that
@@ -1061,16 +1055,10 @@ export default async function getBaseWebpackConfig(
           // duplication that need to be pulled out.
           chunks: (chunk: any) =>
             !/^(polyfills|main|pages\/_app)$/.test(chunk.name),
-          cacheGroups: appDir
-            ? {
-                css: cssCacheGroup,
-                framework: frameworkCacheGroup,
-                lib: libCacheGroup,
-              }
-            : {
-                framework: frameworkCacheGroup,
-                lib: libCacheGroup,
-              },
+          cacheGroups: {
+            framework: frameworkCacheGroup,
+            lib: libCacheGroup,
+          },
           maxInitialRequests: 25,
           minSize: 20000,
         }
@@ -1891,10 +1879,8 @@ export default async function getBaseWebpackConfig(
         new NextFontManifestPlugin({
           appDir,
         }),
-      !dev &&
-        isClient &&
-        config.experimental.mergeCssChunks &&
-        new MergeCssChunksPlugin(),
+      isClient &&
+        new CssChunkingPlugin(config.experimental.cssChunking === 'strict'),
       !dev &&
         isClient &&
         new (require('./webpack/plugins/telemetry-plugin').TelemetryPlugin)(
diff --git a/packages/next/src/build/webpack/config/blocks/css/index.ts b/packages/next/src/build/webpack/config/blocks/css/index.ts
index 4cd621d937f5c..42ac2171769b8 100644
--- a/packages/next/src/build/webpack/config/blocks/css/index.ts
+++ b/packages/next/src/build/webpack/config/blocks/css/index.ts
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ export const css = curry(async function css(
         // For app dir, we need to match the specific app layer.
         ctx.hasAppDir
           ? markRemovable({
-              sideEffects: false,
+              sideEffects: true,
               test: regexCssModules,
               issuerLayer: APP_LAYER_RULE,
               use: [
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ export const css = curry(async function css(
             })
           : null,
         markRemovable({
-          sideEffects: false,
+          sideEffects: true,
           test: regexCssModules,
           issuerLayer: PAGES_LAYER_RULE,
           use: getCssModuleLoader(
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ export const css = curry(async function css(
         // For app dir, we need to match the specific app layer.
         ctx.hasAppDir
           ? markRemovable({
-              sideEffects: false,
+              sideEffects: true,
               test: regexSassModules,
               issuerLayer: APP_LAYER_RULE,
               use: [
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ export const css = curry(async function css(
             })
           : null,
         markRemovable({
-          sideEffects: false,
+          sideEffects: true,
           test: regexSassModules,
           issuerLayer: PAGES_LAYER_RULE,
           use: getCssModuleLoader(
diff --git a/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/css-chunking-plugin.ts b/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/css-chunking-plugin.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..3a2c48e9cf5fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/css-chunking-plugin.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+import type { Chunk, Compiler, Module } from 'webpack'
+
+const PLUGIN_NAME = 'CssChunkingPlugin'
+
+/**
+ * Merge chunks until they are bigger than the target size.
+ */
+const MIN_CSS_CHUNK_SIZE = 30 * 1024
+/**
+ * Avoid merging chunks when they would be bigger than this size.
+ */
+const MAX_CSS_CHUNK_SIZE = 100 * 1024
+
+type ChunkState = {
+  chunk: Chunk
+  modules: Module[]
+  order: number
+  requests: number
+}
+
+export class CssChunkingPlugin {
+  private strict: boolean
+  constructor(strict: boolean) {
+    this.strict = strict
+  }
+
+  public apply(compiler: Compiler) {
+    const strict = this.strict
+    const summary = !!process.env.CSS_CHUNKING_SUMMARY
+    compiler.hooks.thisCompilation.tap(PLUGIN_NAME, (compilation) => {
+      let once = false
+      compilation.hooks.optimizeChunks.tap(
+        {
+          name: PLUGIN_NAME,
+          stage: 5,
+        },
+        () => {
+          if (once) {
+            return
+          }
+          once = true
+          const chunkGraph = compilation.chunkGraph
+          let changed: undefined | true = undefined
+
+          const chunkStates = new Map<Chunk, ChunkState>()
+          const chunkStatesByModule = new Map<Module, Map<ChunkState, number>>()
+
+          // Collect all css modules in chunks and the execpted order of them
+          for (const chunk of compilation.chunks) {
+            if (chunk.name?.startsWith('pages/')) continue
+            const modules = []
+            for (const module of chunkGraph.getChunkModulesIterable(chunk)) {
+              if (!module.type?.startsWith('css')) continue
+              modules.push(module)
+            }
+            if (!modules.length) continue
+            const chunkState = {
+              chunk,
+              modules,
+              order: 0,
+              requests: modules.length,
+            }
+            chunkStates.set(chunk, chunkState)
+            for (let i = 0; i < modules.length; i++) {
+              const module = modules[i]
+              let moduleChunkStates = chunkStatesByModule.get(module)
+              if (!moduleChunkStates) {
+                moduleChunkStates = new Map()
+                chunkStatesByModule.set(module, moduleChunkStates)
+              }
+              moduleChunkStates.set(chunkState, i)
+              chunkStatesByModule.set(module, moduleChunkStates)
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Sort modules by their index sum
+          const orderedModules: { module: Module; sum: number }[] = []
+
+          for (const [module, moduleChunkStates] of chunkStatesByModule) {
+            let sum = 0
+            for (const i of moduleChunkStates.values()) {
+              sum += i
+            }
+            orderedModules.push({ module, sum })
+          }
+
+          orderedModules.sort((a, b) => a.sum - b.sum)
+
+          // A queue of modules that still need to be processed
+          const remainingModules = new Set(
+            orderedModules.map(({ module }) => module)
+          )
+
+          // In loose mode we guess the dependents of modules from the order
+          // assuming that when a module is a dependency of another module
+          // it will always appear before it in every chunk.
+          const allDependents = new Map<Module, Set<Module>>()
+
+          if (!this.strict) {
+            for (const b of remainingModules) {
+              const dependent = new Set<Module>()
+              loop: for (const a of remainingModules) {
+                if (a === b) continue
+                // check if a depends on b
+                for (const [chunkState, ia] of chunkStatesByModule.get(a)!) {
+                  const bChunkStates = chunkStatesByModule.get(b)!
+                  const ib = bChunkStates.get(chunkState)
+                  if (ib === undefined) {
+                    // If a would depend on b, it would be included in that chunk group too
+                    continue loop
+                  }
+                  if (ib > ia) {
+                    // If a would depend on b, b would be before a in order
+                    continue loop
+                  }
+                }
+                dependent.add(a)
+              }
+              if (dependent.size > 0) allDependents.set(b, dependent)
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Stores the new chunk for every module
+          const newChunksByModule = new Map<Module, Chunk>()
+
+          // Process through all modules
+          for (const startModule of remainingModules) {
+            // The current position of processing in all selected chunks
+            let allChunkStates = new Map(chunkStatesByModule.get(startModule)!)
+
+            // The list of modules that goes into the new chunk
+            const newChunkModules = new Set([startModule])
+
+            // The current size of the new chunk
+            let currentSize = startModule.size()
+
+            // A pool of potential modules where the next module is selected from.
+            // It's filled from the next module of the selected modules in every chunk.
+            // It also keeps some metadata to improve performance [size, chunkStates].
+            const potentialNextModules = new Map<
+              Module,
+              [number, Map<ChunkState, number>]
+            >()
+            for (const [chunkState, i] of allChunkStates) {
+              const nextModule = chunkState.modules[i + 1]
+              if (nextModule && remainingModules.has(nextModule)) {
+                potentialNextModules.set(nextModule, [
+                  nextModule.size(),
+                  chunkStatesByModule.get(nextModule)!,
+                ])
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Try to add modules to the chunk until a break condition is met
+            let cont
+            do {
+              cont = false
+              // We try to select a module that reduces request count and
+              // has the highest number of requests
+              const orderedPotentialNextModules = []
+              for (const [
+                nextModule,
+                [size, nextChunkStates],
+              ] of potentialNextModules) {
+                let maxRequests = 0
+                for (const chunkState of nextChunkStates.keys()) {
+                  // There is always some overlap
+                  if (allChunkStates.has(chunkState)) {
+                    maxRequests = Math.max(maxRequests, chunkState.requests)
+                  }
+                }
+
+                orderedPotentialNextModules.push([
+                  nextModule,
+                  size,
+                  nextChunkStates,
+                  maxRequests,
+                ] as const)
+              }
+              orderedPotentialNextModules.sort(
+                (a, b) =>
+                  b[3] - a[3] ||
+                  (a[0].identifier() < b[0].identifier() ? -1 : 1)
+              )
+
+              // Try every potential module
+              loop: for (const [
+                nextModule,
+                size,
+                nextChunkStates,
+              ] of orderedPotentialNextModules) {
+                if (currentSize + size > MAX_CSS_CHUNK_SIZE) {
+                  // Chunk would be too large
+                  continue
+                }
+                if (!strict) {
+                  // In loose mode we only check if the dependencies are not violated
+                  const dependent = allDependents.get(nextModule)
+                  if (dependent) {
+                    for (const dep of dependent) {
+                      if (newChunkModules.has(dep)) {
+                        // A dependent of the module is already in the chunk, which would violate the order
+                        continue loop
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                } else {
+                  // In strict mode we check that none of the order in any chunk is changed by adding the module
+                  for (const [chunkState, i] of nextChunkStates) {
+                    const prevState = allChunkStates.get(chunkState)
+                    if (prevState === undefined) {
+                      // New chunk group, can add it, but should we?
+                      // We only add that if below min size
+                      if (currentSize < MIN_CSS_CHUNK_SIZE) {
+                        continue
+                      } else {
+                        continue loop
+                      }
+                    } else if (prevState + 1 === i) {
+                      // Existing chunk group, order fits
+                      continue
+                    } else {
+                      // Existing chunk group, there is something in between or order is reversed
+                      continue loop
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+                potentialNextModules.delete(nextModule)
+                currentSize += size
+                for (const [chunkState, i] of nextChunkStates) {
+                  if (allChunkStates.has(chunkState)) {
+                    // This reduces the request count of the chunk group
+                    chunkState.requests--
+                  }
+                  allChunkStates.set(chunkState, i)
+                  const newNextModule = chunkState.modules[i + 1]
+                  if (
+                    newNextModule &&
+                    remainingModules.has(newNextModule) &&
+                    !newChunkModules.has(newNextModule)
+                  ) {
+                    potentialNextModules.set(newNextModule, [
+                      newNextModule.size(),
+                      chunkStatesByModule.get(newNextModule)!,
+                    ])
+                  }
+                }
+                newChunkModules.add(nextModule)
+                cont = true
+                break
+              }
+            } while (cont)
+            const newChunk = compilation.addChunk()
+            newChunk.preventIntegration = true
+            newChunk.idNameHints.add('css')
+            for (const module of newChunkModules) {
+              remainingModules.delete(module)
+              chunkGraph.connectChunkAndModule(newChunk, module)
+              newChunksByModule.set(module, newChunk)
+            }
+            changed = true
+          }
+
+          for (const { chunk, modules } of chunkStates.values()) {
+            const chunks = new Set()
+            for (const module of modules) {
+              const newChunk = newChunksByModule.get(module)
+              if (newChunk) {
+                chunkGraph.disconnectChunkAndModule(chunk, module)
+                if (chunks.has(newChunk)) continue
+                chunks.add(newChunk)
+                chunk.split(newChunk)
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          if (summary) {
+            console.log('Top 20 chunks by request count:')
+            const orderedChunkStates = [...chunkStates.values()]
+            orderedChunkStates.sort((a, b) => b.requests - a.requests)
+            for (const { chunk, modules, requests } of orderedChunkStates.slice(
+              0,
+              20
+            )) {
+              console.log(
+                `- ${requests} requests for ${chunk.name} (has ${modules.length} modules)`
+              )
+            }
+          }
+
+          return changed
+        }
+      )
+    })
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/flight-client-entry-plugin.ts b/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/flight-client-entry-plugin.ts
index 59205dc0a0925..55137ca57a85b 100644
--- a/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/flight-client-entry-plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/flight-client-entry-plugin.ts
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ import {
   traverseModules,
   forEachEntryModule,
   formatBarrelOptimizedResource,
+  getModuleReferencesInOrder,
 } from '../utils'
 import { normalizePathSep } from '../../../shared/lib/page-path/normalize-path-sep'
 import { getProxiedPluginState } from '../../build-context'
@@ -283,8 +284,9 @@ export class FlightClientEntryPlugin {
       const clientEntriesToInject = []
       const mergedCSSimports: CssImports = {}
 
-      for (const connection of compilation.moduleGraph.getOutgoingConnections(
-        entryModule
+      for (const connection of getModuleReferencesInOrder(
+        entryModule,
+        compilation.moduleGraph
       )) {
         // Entry can be any user defined entry files such as layout, page, error, loading, etc.
         const entryRequest = (
@@ -564,7 +566,7 @@ export class FlightClientEntryPlugin {
           collectedActions.set(modRequest, actions)
         }
 
-        ;[...compilation.moduleGraph.getOutgoingConnections(mod)].forEach(
+        getModuleReferencesInOrder(mod, compilation.moduleGraph).forEach(
           (connection) => {
             collectActionsInDep(
               connection.resolvedModule as webpack.NormalModule
@@ -586,8 +588,9 @@ export class FlightClientEntryPlugin {
     for (const entryDependency of dependencies) {
       const ssrEntryModule =
         compilation.moduleGraph.getResolvedModule(entryDependency)!
-      for (const connection of compilation.moduleGraph.getOutgoingConnections(
-        ssrEntryModule
+      for (const connection of getModuleReferencesInOrder(
+        ssrEntryModule,
+        compilation.moduleGraph
       )) {
         const dependency = connection.dependency!
         const request = (dependency as unknown as webpack.NormalModule).request
@@ -699,7 +702,7 @@ export class FlightClientEntryPlugin {
         return
       }
 
-      Array.from(compilation.moduleGraph.getOutgoingConnections(mod)).forEach(
+      getModuleReferencesInOrder(mod, compilation.moduleGraph).forEach(
         (connection: any) => {
           const dependencyIds: string[] = []
           if (connection.dependency?.ids?.length) {
diff --git a/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/flight-manifest-plugin.ts b/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/flight-manifest-plugin.ts
index d3a185eabe2a7..02f41c7923710 100644
--- a/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/flight-manifest-plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/flight-manifest-plugin.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,10 @@ import { WEBPACK_LAYERS } from '../../../lib/constants'
 import { normalizePagePath } from '../../../shared/lib/page-path/normalize-page-path'
 import { CLIENT_STATIC_FILES_RUNTIME_MAIN_APP } from '../../../shared/lib/constants'
 import { getDeploymentIdQueryOrEmptyString } from '../../deployment-id'
-import { formatBarrelOptimizedResource } from '../utils'
+import {
+  formatBarrelOptimizedResource,
+  getModuleReferencesInOrder,
+} from '../utils'
 import type { ChunkGroup } from 'webpack'
 
 interface Options {
@@ -409,8 +412,10 @@ export class ClientReferenceManifestPlugin {
               continue
             }
 
-            const connections =
-              compilation.moduleGraph.getOutgoingConnections(mod)
+            const connections = getModuleReferencesInOrder(
+              mod,
+              compilation.moduleGraph
+            )
 
             for (const connection of connections) {
               const dependency = connection.dependency
diff --git a/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/merge-css-chunks-plugin.ts b/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/merge-css-chunks-plugin.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d53a1bd5b1557..0000000000000
--- a/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/merge-css-chunks-plugin.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
-import type { Chunk, ChunkGraph, Compiler, ChunkGroup } from 'webpack'
-
-const PLUGIN_NAME = 'MergeCssChunksPlugin'
-
-/**
- * Merge chunks until they are bigger than the target size.
- */
-const MIN_CSS_CHUNK_SIZE = 30 * 1024
-/**
- * Avoid merging chunks when they would be bigger than this size.
- */
-const MAX_CSS_CHUNK_SIZE = 100 * 1024
-
-function isCssChunk(chunkGraph: ChunkGraph, chunk: Chunk): boolean {
-  for (const mod of chunkGraph.getChunkModulesIterable(chunk)) {
-    return mod.type.startsWith('css')
-  }
-  return false
-}
-
-type CssChunkInfo = {
-  entrypoints: Map<
-    ChunkGroup,
-    {
-      prev: Chunk | null
-      next: Chunk | null
-    }
-  >
-  size: number
-}
-type ChunkGroupItem = {
-  entrypoint: ChunkGroup
-  cssChunks: Set<Chunk>
-  size: number
-}
-
-export class MergeCssChunksPlugin {
-  public apply(compiler: Compiler) {
-    compiler.hooks.thisCompilation.tap(PLUGIN_NAME, (compilation) => {
-      let once = false
-      compilation.hooks.optimizeChunks.tap(
-        {
-          name: PLUGIN_NAME,
-          stage: 20,
-        },
-        () => {
-          if (once) {
-            return
-          }
-          once = true
-          const chunkGraph = compilation.chunkGraph
-          let changed = false
-
-          const cssChunkInfo = new Map<Chunk, CssChunkInfo>()
-          const cssChunksForChunkGroup = new Map<ChunkGroup, Set<Chunk>>()
-          const chunkGroups: ChunkGroupItem[] = []
-
-          // Add all css chunks to the maps and lists
-          for (const [, entrypoint] of compilation.entrypoints) {
-            const cssChunks = entrypoint.chunks.filter((chunk) =>
-              isCssChunk(chunkGraph, chunk)
-            )
-
-            if (cssChunks.length <= 1) continue
-
-            let totalSize = 0
-            const set = new Set<Chunk>()
-
-            function addChunk(
-              chunk: Chunk,
-              prev: Chunk | null,
-              next: Chunk | null
-            ) {
-              let info = cssChunkInfo.get(chunk)
-              if (info === undefined) {
-                info = {
-                  entrypoints: new Map(),
-                  size: chunkGraph.getChunkSize(chunk),
-                }
-                cssChunkInfo.set(chunk, info)
-              }
-              info.entrypoints.set(entrypoint, { prev, next })
-              totalSize += info.size
-              if (info.size < MAX_CSS_CHUNK_SIZE) set.add(chunk)
-            }
-
-            const first = cssChunks[0]
-            const second = cssChunks[1]
-            addChunk(first, null, second)
-            for (let i = 2; i < cssChunks.length; i++) {
-              const prev = cssChunks[i - 2]
-              const current = cssChunks[i - 1]
-              const next = cssChunks[i]
-              addChunk(current, prev, next)
-            }
-            const last = cssChunks[cssChunks.length - 1]
-            addChunk(last, cssChunks[cssChunks.length - 2], null)
-
-            cssChunksForChunkGroup.set(entrypoint, set)
-            chunkGroups.push({ entrypoint, cssChunks: set, size: totalSize })
-          }
-
-          // Sorting for determinism, order isn't that relevant
-          chunkGroups.sort(
-            (a, b) => b.cssChunks.size - a.cssChunks.size || b.size - a.size
-          )
-
-          // Checks if two chunks can be merged without breaking css order and size limits
-          function canBeMerged(a: Chunk, b: Chunk) {
-            const aInfo = cssChunkInfo.get(a)!
-            const bInfo = cssChunkInfo.get(b)!
-            if (
-              aInfo.size > MIN_CSS_CHUNK_SIZE &&
-              bInfo.size > MIN_CSS_CHUNK_SIZE
-            ) {
-              // No need to merge them since they are already big enough
-              return false
-            }
-            if (aInfo.size + bInfo.size > MAX_CSS_CHUNK_SIZE) {
-              // Can't merge than as that would be too big
-              return false
-            }
-            for (const [entrypoint, infoInA] of aInfo.entrypoints) {
-              if (bInfo.entrypoints.has(entrypoint) && infoInA.next !== b) {
-                // Can't merge as they are both in the same entrypoint, but are not siblings
-                // Merging them would break the css order
-                return false
-              }
-            }
-            return chunkGraph.canChunksBeIntegrated(a, b)
-          }
-
-          /**
-           * Update datastructure to reflect that `removedChunk` is being merged into `newChunk`
-           */
-          function updateInfoForMerging(removedChunk: Chunk, newChunk: Chunk) {
-            const info = cssChunkInfo.get(removedChunk)!
-            const newInfo = cssChunkInfo.get(newChunk)!
-            for (const [entrypoint, entryInfo] of info.entrypoints) {
-              const prev = entryInfo.prev !== newChunk ? entryInfo.prev : null
-              const next = entryInfo.next !== newChunk ? entryInfo.next : null
-              if (prev) {
-                const prevInfo = cssChunkInfo.get(prev)!
-                prevInfo.entrypoints.get(entrypoint)!.next = newChunk
-              }
-              if (next) {
-                const nextInfo = cssChunkInfo.get(next)!
-                nextInfo.entrypoints.get(entrypoint)!.prev = newChunk
-              }
-              cssChunksForChunkGroup.get(entrypoint)!.delete(removedChunk)
-              let newEntryInfo = newInfo.entrypoints.get(entrypoint)
-              if (newEntryInfo !== undefined) {
-                newEntryInfo.prev =
-                  newEntryInfo.prev === removedChunk ? prev : newEntryInfo.prev
-                newEntryInfo.next =
-                  newEntryInfo.next === removedChunk ? next : newEntryInfo.next
-              } else {
-                newEntryInfo = { prev, next }
-                newInfo.entrypoints.set(entrypoint, newEntryInfo)
-              }
-            }
-            cssChunkInfo.delete(removedChunk)
-            return info
-          }
-
-          // Merge chunks, until nothing more can be merged
-          let changedInIteration = false
-          do {
-            changedInIteration = false
-            for (const { entrypoint, cssChunks } of chunkGroups) {
-              for (const chunk of cssChunks) {
-                const info = cssChunkInfo.get(chunk)!
-                const entryInfo = info.entrypoints.get(entrypoint)!
-                const next = entryInfo.next
-                if (!next) continue
-
-                if (canBeMerged(chunk, next)) {
-                  // `next` will be removed, so we need to update the pointers to it from other chunks
-                  updateInfoForMerging(next, chunk)
-
-                  // Really merge it
-                  chunkGraph.integrateChunks(chunk, next)
-                  compilation.chunks.delete(next)
-                  changed = true
-                  changedInIteration = true
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          } while (changedInIteration)
-
-          return changed
-        }
-      )
-    })
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/middleware-plugin.ts b/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/middleware-plugin.ts
index 0bf9aa079b192..59ec0cdf2a281 100644
--- a/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/middleware-plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/next/src/build/webpack/plugins/middleware-plugin.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import { INSTRUMENTATION_HOOK_FILENAME } from '../../../lib/constants'
 import type { CustomRoutes } from '../../../lib/load-custom-routes'
 import { isInterceptionRouteRewrite } from '../../../lib/generate-interception-routes-rewrites'
 import { getDynamicCodeEvaluationError } from './wellknown-errors-plugin/parse-dynamic-code-evaluation-error'
+import { getModuleReferencesInOrder } from '../utils'
 
 const KNOWN_SAFE_DYNAMIC_PACKAGES =
   require('../../../lib/known-edge-safe-packages.json') as string[]
@@ -715,7 +716,7 @@ function getExtractMetadata(params: {
          * Append to the list of modules to process outgoingConnections from
          * the module that is being processed.
          */
-        for (const conn of moduleGraph.getOutgoingConnections(module)) {
+        for (const conn of getModuleReferencesInOrder(module, moduleGraph)) {
           if (conn.module) {
             modules.add(conn.module as webpack.NormalModule)
           }
diff --git a/packages/next/src/build/webpack/utils.ts b/packages/next/src/build/webpack/utils.ts
index e1ad9db9cc194..307aedef19ba5 100644
--- a/packages/next/src/build/webpack/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/next/src/build/webpack/utils.ts
@@ -1,25 +1,33 @@
-import type { webpack } from 'next/dist/compiled/webpack/webpack'
+import type {
+  Compilation,
+  Chunk,
+  ChunkGroup,
+  NormalModule,
+  Module,
+  ModuleGraph,
+} from 'webpack'
 import { isAppRouteRoute } from '../../lib/is-app-route-route'
+import type { ModuleGraphConnection } from 'webpack'
 
 export function traverseModules(
-  compilation: webpack.Compilation,
+  compilation: Compilation,
   callback: (
     mod: any,
-    chunk: webpack.Chunk,
+    chunk: Chunk,
     chunkGroup: (typeof compilation.chunkGroups)[0],
     modId: string | null
   ) => any,
-  filterChunkGroup?: (chunkGroup: webpack.ChunkGroup) => boolean
+  filterChunkGroup?: (chunkGroup: ChunkGroup) => boolean
 ) {
   compilation.chunkGroups.forEach((chunkGroup) => {
     if (filterChunkGroup && !filterChunkGroup(chunkGroup)) {
       return
     }
-    chunkGroup.chunks.forEach((chunk: webpack.Chunk) => {
+    chunkGroup.chunks.forEach((chunk: Chunk) => {
       const chunkModules = compilation.chunkGraph.getChunkModulesIterable(
         chunk
         // TODO: Update type so that it doesn't have to be cast.
-      ) as Iterable<webpack.NormalModule>
+      ) as Iterable<NormalModule>
       for (const mod of chunkModules) {
         const modId = compilation.chunkGraph.getModuleId(mod)?.toString()
         callback(mod, chunk, chunkGroup, modId)
@@ -49,8 +57,7 @@ export function forEachEntryModule(
     }
 
     // Check if the page entry is a server component or not.
-    const entryDependency: webpack.NormalModule | undefined =
-      entry.dependencies?.[0]
+    const entryDependency: NormalModule | undefined = entry.dependencies?.[0]
     // Ensure only next-app-loader entries are handled.
     if (!entryDependency || !entryDependency.request) continue
 
@@ -62,7 +69,7 @@ export function forEachEntryModule(
     )
       continue
 
-    let entryModule: webpack.NormalModule =
+    let entryModule: NormalModule =
       compilation.moduleGraph.getResolvedModule(entryDependency)
 
     if (request.startsWith('next-edge-ssr-loader?')) {
@@ -84,3 +91,20 @@ export function formatBarrelOptimizedResource(
 ) {
   return `${resource}@${matchResource}`
 }
+
+export function getModuleReferencesInOrder(
+  module: Module,
+  moduleGraph: ModuleGraph
+): ModuleGraphConnection[] {
+  const connections = []
+  for (const connection of moduleGraph.getOutgoingConnections(module)) {
+    if (connection.dependency && connection.module) {
+      connections.push({
+        connection,
+        index: moduleGraph.getParentBlockIndex(connection.dependency),
+      })
+    }
+  }
+  connections.sort((a, b) => a.index - b.index)
+  return connections.map((c) => c.connection)
+}
diff --git a/packages/next/src/server/config-schema.ts b/packages/next/src/server/config-schema.ts
index 097ea9d270a83..309accbcb3915 100644
--- a/packages/next/src/server/config-schema.ts
+++ b/packages/next/src/server/config-schema.ts
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ export const configSchema: zod.ZodType<NextConfig> = z.lazy(() =>
         linkNoTouchStart: z.boolean().optional(),
         manualClientBasePath: z.boolean().optional(),
         middlewarePrefetch: z.enum(['strict', 'flexible']).optional(),
-        mergeCssChunks: z.boolean().optional(),
+        cssChunking: z.enum(['strict', 'loose']).optional(),
         nextScriptWorkers: z.boolean().optional(),
         // The critter option is unknown, use z.any() here
         optimizeCss: z.union([z.boolean(), z.any()]).optional(),
diff --git a/packages/next/src/server/config-shared.ts b/packages/next/src/server/config-shared.ts
index ef4fcc35b90c9..da77d85447e1f 100644
--- a/packages/next/src/server/config-shared.ts
+++ b/packages/next/src/server/config-shared.ts
@@ -197,10 +197,12 @@ export interface ExperimentalConfig {
   middlewarePrefetch?: 'strict' | 'flexible'
   manualClientBasePath?: boolean
   /**
-   * This will enable a plugin that attempts to keep CSS entries below a certain amount
-   * by merging smaller chunks into larger ones
+   * CSS Chunking strategy. Defaults to 'loose', which guesses dependencies
+   * between CSS files to keep ordering of them.
+   * An alternative is 'strict', which will try to keep correct ordering as
+   * much as possible, even when this leads to many requests.
    */
-  mergeCssChunks?: boolean
+  cssChunking?: 'strict' | 'loose'
   /**
    * @deprecated use config.cacheHandler instead
    */
@@ -913,7 +915,6 @@ export const defaultConfig: NextConfig = {
     missingSuspenseWithCSRBailout: true,
     optimizeServerReact: true,
     useEarlyImport: false,
-    mergeCssChunks: true,
   },
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/next/types/webpack.d.ts b/packages/next/types/webpack.d.ts
index bcd6eeb8eed18..da080ab6d13f7 100644
--- a/packages/next/types/webpack.d.ts
+++ b/packages/next/types/webpack.d.ts
@@ -45,7 +45,10 @@ declare module 'next/dist/compiled/webpack/webpack' {
     NormalModule,
     ResolvePluginInstance,
     ModuleFilenameHelpers,
+  } from 'webpack'
+  export type {
     LoaderDefinitionFunction,
     LoaderContext,
+    ModuleGraph,
   } from 'webpack'
 }
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/app-css/index.test.ts b/test/e2e/app-dir/app-css/index.test.ts
index 9115168eef628..1e65901051977 100644
--- a/test/e2e/app-dir/app-css/index.test.ts
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/app-css/index.test.ts
@@ -359,37 +359,47 @@ createNextDescribe(
           }
         })
 
-        it('should not preload styles twice during HMR', async () => {
-          const filePath = 'app/hmr/page.js'
-          const origContent = await next.readFile(filePath)
-
-          const browser = await next.browser('/hmr')
-
-          try {
-            await next.patchFile(
-              filePath,
-              origContent.replace(
-                '<div>hello!</div>',
-                '<div>hello world!</div>'
+        // Turbopack doesn't preload styles
+        if (!process.env.TURBOPACK) {
+          it('should not preload styles twice during HMR', async () => {
+            const filePath = 'app/hmr/page.js'
+            const origContent = await next.readFile(filePath)
+
+            const browser = await next.browser('/hmr')
+
+            try {
+              await next.patchFile(
+                filePath,
+                origContent.replace(
+                  '<div>hello!</div>',
+                  '<div>hello world!</div>'
+                )
               )
-            )
 
-            // Wait for HMR to trigger
-            await check(
-              () => browser.elementByCss('body').text(),
-              'hello world!'
-            )
-
-            // there should be only 1 preload link
-            expect(
-              await browser.eval(
-                `document.querySelectorAll("link[rel=preload][href^='/_next/static/css/app/layout.css']").length`
+              // Wait for HMR to trigger
+              await check(
+                () => browser.elementByCss('body').text(),
+                'hello world!'
               )
-            ).toBe(1)
-          } finally {
-            await next.patchFile(filePath, origContent)
-          }
-        })
+
+              // there should be only 1 preload link
+              expect(
+                await browser.eval(
+                  `(() => {
+                  const tags = document.querySelectorAll('link[rel="preload"][href^="/_next/static/css"]')
+                  const counts = new Map();
+                  for (const tag of tags) {
+                    counts.set(tag.href, (counts.get(tag.href) || 0) + 1)
+                  }
+                  return Math.max(...counts.values())
+                })()`
+                )
+              ).toBe(1)
+            } finally {
+              await next.patchFile(filePath, origContent)
+            }
+          })
+        }
 
         it('should reload @import styles during HMR', async () => {
           const filePath = 'app/hmr/import/actual-styles.css'
@@ -464,15 +474,19 @@ createNextDescribe(
               ).toBe(5)
             } else {
               // Even if it's deduped by Float, it should still only be included once in the payload.
-              // There are 3 matches, one for the rendered <link>, one for float preload and one for the <link> inside flight payload.
 
-              expect(
-                initialHtml.match(/css-duplicate-2\/layout\.css\?v=/g).length
-              ).toBe(3)
-              // Links in data-precedence does not have `?v=` query
-              expect(
-                initialHtml.match(/css-duplicate-2\/layout\.css/g).length
-              ).toBe(5)
+              const matches = initialHtml.match(
+                /\/_next\/static\/css\/.+?\.css/g
+              )
+              const counts = new Map()
+              for (const match of matches) {
+                counts.set(match, (counts.get(match) || 0) + 1)
+              }
+              for (const count of counts.values()) {
+                // There are 3 matches, one for the rendered <link>, one for float preload and one for the <link> inside flight payload.
+                // And there is one match for the not found style
+                expect([1, 3]).toContain(count)
+              }
             }
           })
 
@@ -758,23 +772,20 @@ createNextDescribe(
               'rgb(255, 0, 0)'
             )
 
-            if (process.env.TURBOPACK) {
-              await check(
-                () =>
-                  browser.eval(
-                    `document.querySelectorAll('link[rel="stylesheet"][href*="/app_hmr_global_"]').length`
-                  ),
-                1
-              )
-            } else {
-              await check(
-                () =>
-                  browser.eval(
-                    `document.querySelectorAll('link[rel="stylesheet"][href*="/page.css"]').length`
-                  ),
-                1
-              )
-            }
+            await check(
+              () =>
+                browser.eval(
+                  `(() => {
+                    const tags = document.querySelectorAll('link[rel="stylesheet"][href^="/_next/static"]')
+                    const counts = new Map();
+                    for (const tag of tags) {
+                      counts.set(tag.href, (counts.get(tag.href) || 0) + 1)
+                    }
+                    return Math.max(...counts.values())
+                  })()`
+                ),
+              1
+            )
           } finally {
             await next.patchFile(filePath, origContent)
           }
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/big-interleaved/a/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/big-interleaved/a/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..33e43587696c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/big-interleaved/a/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import style0 from '../style0.module.css'
+import style1 from '../style1.module.css'
+import style2 from '../style2.module.css'
+import style3 from '../style3.module.css'
+import Nav from '../../nav'
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <p
+        className={`${style0.name} ${style1.name} ${style2.name} ${style3.name}`}
+        id="hellobia"
+      >
+        hello world
+      </p>
+      <Nav />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/big-interleaved/b/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/big-interleaved/b/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6cb11ddbed7d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/big-interleaved/b/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import style0 from '../style0.module.css'
+import style1 from '../style1.module.css'
+import style3 from '../style3.module.css'
+import style4 from '../style4.module.css'
+import Nav from '../../nav'
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <p
+        className={`${style0.name} ${style1.name} ${style3.name} ${style4.name}`}
+        id="hellobib"
+      >
+        hello world
+      </p>
+      <Nav />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/big-interleaved/style0.module.css b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/big-interleaved/style0.module.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a0356cb745d40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/big-interleaved/style0.module.css
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+.name {
+  color: rgb(255, 10, 0);
+}
+
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
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+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
+/* big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big big */
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/first-client/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/first-client/page.tsx
index 591cf63428b0b..53e81d43ede2e 100644
--- a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/first-client/page.tsx
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/first-client/page.tsx
@@ -1,34 +1,20 @@
 'use client'
 
-import Link from 'next/link'
 import baseStyle from '../base2.module.css'
 import baseStyle2 from '../base2-scss.module.scss'
 import style from './style.module.css'
+import Nav from '../nav'
 
 export default function Page() {
   return (
     <div>
       <p
-        className={`${style.name} ${baseStyle.base} ${baseStyle2.base}`}
+        className={`${baseStyle.base} ${style.name} ${baseStyle2.base}`}
         id="hello1c"
       >
         hello world
       </p>
-      <Link href={'/first'} id="first">
-        First
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/first-client'} id="first-client">
-        First client
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/second'} id="second">
-        Second
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/second-client'} id="second-client">
-        Second client
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/third'} id="third">
-        Third
-      </Link>
+      <Nav />
     </div>
   )
 }
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/first/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/first/page.tsx
index d8ad145fa2622..404a176979888 100644
--- a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/first/page.tsx
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/first/page.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-import Link from 'next/link'
 import baseStyle from '../base2.module.css'
 import baseStyle2 from '../base2-scss.module.scss'
 import style from './style.module.css'
+import Nav from '../nav'
 
 export default function Page() {
   return (
@@ -12,21 +12,7 @@ export default function Page() {
       >
         hello world
       </p>
-      <Link href={'/first'} id="first">
-        First
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/first-client'} id="first-client">
-        First client
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/second'} id="second">
-        Second
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/second-client'} id="second-client">
-        Second client
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/third'} id="third">
-        Third
-      </Link>
+      <Nav />
     </div>
   )
 }
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/a/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/a/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..313fa5a5f10d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/a/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import style0 from '../style0.module.css'
+import style1 from '../style1.module.css'
+import style2 from '../style2.module.css'
+import style3 from '../style3.module.css'
+import Nav from '../../nav'
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <p
+        className={`${style0.name} ${style1.name} ${style2.name} ${style3.name}`}
+        id="helloia"
+      >
+        hello world
+      </p>
+      <Nav />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/b/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/b/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..fb1b25611db37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/b/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import style0 from '../style0.module.css'
+import style1 from '../style1.module.css'
+import style3 from '../style3.module.css'
+import style4 from '../style4.module.css'
+import Nav from '../../nav'
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <p
+        className={`${style0.name} ${style1.name} ${style3.name} ${style4.name}`}
+        id="helloib"
+      >
+        hello world
+      </p>
+      <Nav />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style0.module.css b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style0.module.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..12a7b79f06ba3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style0.module.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.name {
+  color: rgb(255, 10, 0);
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style1.module.css b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style1.module.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..5806f48ca0441
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style1.module.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.name {
+  color: rgb(255, 11, 0);
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style2.module.css b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style2.module.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8e5b5a99e6aa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style2.module.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.name {
+  color: rgb(255, 12, 0);
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style3.module.css b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style3.module.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..dab02d511fdd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style3.module.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.name {
+  color: rgb(0, 255, 0);
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style4.module.css b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style4.module.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..0abc7dffce960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/interleaved/style4.module.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.name {
+  color: rgb(255, 0, 255);
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/nav.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/nav.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d47adc22cf204
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/nav.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import Link from 'next/link'
+
+export default function Nav() {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <h3>App</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/first'} id="first">
+            First
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/first-client'} id="first-client">
+            First client
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/second'} id="second">
+            Second
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/second-client'} id="second-client">
+            Second client
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/third'} id="third">
+            Third
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/interleaved/a'} id="interleaved-a">
+            Interleaved A
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/interleaved/b'} id="interleaved-b">
+            Interleaved B
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/big-interleaved/a'} id="big-interleaved-a">
+            Big Interleaved A
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/big-interleaved/b'} id="big-interleaved-b">
+            Big Interleaved B
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/reversed/a'} id="reversed-a">
+            Reversed A
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/reversed/b'} id="reversed-b">
+            Reversed B
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/partial-reversed/a'} id="partial-reversed-a">
+            Partial Reversed A
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/partial-reversed/b'} id="partial-reversed-b">
+            Partial Reversed B
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+      </ul>
+      <h3>Pages</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/pages/first'} id="pages-first">
+            First
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/pages/second'} id="pages-second">
+            Second
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/pages/third'} id="pages-third">
+            Third
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/pages/interleaved/a'} id="pages-interleaved-a">
+            Interleaved A
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/pages/interleaved/b'} id="pages-interleaved-b">
+            Interleaved B
+          </Link>
+        </li>{' '}
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/pages/reversed/a'} id="pages-reversed-a">
+            Reversed A
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link href={'/pages/reversed/b'} id="pages-reversed-b">
+            Reversed B
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link
+            href={'/pages/partial-reversed/a'}
+            id="pages-partial-reversed-a"
+          >
+            Partial Reversed A
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <Link
+            href={'/pages/partial-reversed/b'}
+            id="pages-partial-reversed-b"
+          >
+            Partial Reversed B
+          </Link>
+        </li>
+      </ul>
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/page.tsx
index 136769782c178..8d58f6092d5cd 100644
--- a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/page.tsx
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/page.tsx
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-import Link from 'next/link'
+import Nav from './nav'
 
 export default function Page() {
   return (
     <div>
-      <p>hello world</p>
-      <Link href={'/first'}>First</Link>
-      <Link href={'/second'}>Second</Link>
+      <Nav />
     </div>
   )
 }
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/a/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/a/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f3fc8408a8383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/a/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import style1 from '../style1.module.css'
+import style2 from '../style2.module.css'
+import style3 from '../style3.module.css'
+import style4 from '../style4.module.css'
+import Nav from '../../nav'
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <p
+        className={`${style1.name} ${style2.name} ${style3.name} ${style4.name}`}
+        id="hellopra"
+      >
+        hello world
+      </p>
+      <Nav />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/b/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/b/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6631a74d8df8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/b/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import style1 from '../style1.module.css'
+import style3 from '../style3.module.css'
+import style2 from '../style2.module.css'
+import style4 from '../style4.module.css'
+import Nav from '../../nav'
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <p
+        className={`${style1.name} ${style3.name} ${style2.name} ${style4.name}`}
+        id="helloprb"
+      >
+        hello world
+      </p>
+      <Nav />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/style1.module.css b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/style1.module.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..166e8070eaade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/style1.module.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.name {
+  background: rgb(255, 0, 0);
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/style2.module.css b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/style2.module.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e111252c80d59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/style2.module.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.name {
+  color: rgb(255, 55, 255);
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/style3.module.css b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/style3.module.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6b386fd075b7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/style3.module.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.name {
+  color: rgb(255, 166, 255);
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/style4.module.css b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/style4.module.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..75e89fec09db2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/partial-reversed/style4.module.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.name {
+  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/a/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/a/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..dff548c19a8c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/a/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import style1 from '../style1.module.css'
+import style2 from '../style2.module.css'
+import style3 from '../style3.module.css'
+import Nav from '../../nav'
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <p
+        className={`${style1.name} ${style2.name} ${style3.name}`}
+        id="hellora"
+      >
+        hello world
+      </p>
+      <Nav />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/b/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/b/page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..cbda2a63f1fc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/b/page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import style3 from '../style3.module.css'
+import style2 from '../style2.module.css'
+import style1 from '../style1.module.css'
+import Nav from '../../nav'
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <p
+        className={`${style1.name} ${style2.name} ${style3.name}`}
+        id="hellorb"
+      >
+        hello world
+      </p>
+      <Nav />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/style1.module.css b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/style1.module.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..0e410181ab6a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/style1.module.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.name {
+  color: rgb(0, 89, 255);
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/style2.module.css b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/style2.module.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f44fca4ab2f4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/style2.module.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.name {
+  color: rgb(255, 13, 0);
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/style3.module.css b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/style3.module.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f1eb60b048f0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/reversed/style3.module.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.name {
+  color: rgb(0, 166, 255);
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/second-client/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/second-client/page.tsx
index c2442d3d7829c..d345484388947 100644
--- a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/second-client/page.tsx
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/second-client/page.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 'use client'
 
-import Link from 'next/link'
 import baseStyle from '../base2.module.css'
 import baseStyle2 from '../base2-scss.module.scss'
 import style from './style.module.css'
+import Nav from '../nav'
 
 export default function Page() {
   return (
@@ -14,21 +14,7 @@ export default function Page() {
       >
         hello world
       </p>
-      <Link href={'/first'} id="first">
-        First
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/first-client'} id="first-client">
-        First client
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/second'} id="second">
-        Second
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/second-client'} id="second-client">
-        Second client
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/third'} id="third">
-        Third
-      </Link>
+      <Nav />
     </div>
   )
 }
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/second/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/second/page.tsx
index ac8870b490e38..f4f3cff3c0701 100644
--- a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/second/page.tsx
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/second/page.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-import Link from 'next/link'
 import baseStyle from '../base2.module.css'
 import baseStyle2 from '../base2-scss.module.scss'
 import style from './style.module.scss'
+import Nav from '../nav'
 
 export default function Page() {
   return (
@@ -12,21 +12,7 @@ export default function Page() {
       >
         hello world
       </p>
-      <Link href={'/first'} id="first">
-        First
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/first-client'} id="first-client">
-        First client
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/second'} id="second">
-        Second
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/second-client'} id="second-client">
-        Second client
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/third'} id="third">
-        Third
-      </Link>
+      <Nav />
     </div>
   )
 }
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/third/page.tsx b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/third/page.tsx
index cd5c620743825..10c489d88ce8a 100644
--- a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/third/page.tsx
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/app/third/page.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-import Link from 'next/link'
 import baseStyle from '../base2.module.css'
 import baseStyle2 from '../base2-scss.module.scss'
 import style from './style.module.scss'
+import Nav from '../nav'
 
 export default function Page() {
   return (
@@ -12,21 +12,7 @@ export default function Page() {
       >
         hello world
       </p>
-      <Link href={'/first'} id="first">
-        First
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/first-client'} id="first-client">
-        First client
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/second'} id="second">
-        Second
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/second-client'} id="second-client">
-        Second client
-      </Link>
-      <Link href={'/third'} id="third">
-        Third
-      </Link>
+      <Nav />
     </div>
   )
 }
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/css-order.test.ts b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/css-order.test.ts
index 8b5afb3d2a54d..24d88e60cc90f 100644
--- a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/css-order.test.ts
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/css-order.test.ts
@@ -1,144 +1,327 @@
-import { createNextDescribe } from 'e2e-utils'
+import path from 'path'
+import { createNextDescribe, FileRef } from 'e2e-utils'
 
-function getPairs(all) {
-  const result = []
+function getPairs(all: string[]): (readonly [string, string])[] {
+  const result: (readonly [string, string])[] = []
 
   for (const first of all) {
     for (const second of all) {
-      if (first === second) {
+      if (first === second || PAGES[first].group !== PAGES[second].group) {
         continue
       }
-      result.push([first, second])
+      result.push([first, second] as const)
     }
   }
 
   return result
 }
 
-const PAGES = {
+const PAGES: Record<
+  string,
+  {
+    group: string
+    url: string
+    selector: string
+    color: string
+    background?: string
+    conflict?: boolean
+    brokenLoading?: boolean
+    brokenLoadingDev?: boolean
+    brokenLoadingTurbo?: boolean
+  }
+> = {
   first: {
+    group: 'basic',
     url: '/first',
     selector: '#hello1',
     color: 'rgb(0, 0, 255)',
   },
   second: {
+    group: 'basic',
     url: '/second',
     selector: '#hello2',
     color: 'rgb(0, 128, 0)',
   },
   third: {
+    group: 'basic',
     url: '/third',
     selector: '#hello3',
     color: 'rgb(0, 128, 128)',
   },
   'first-client': {
+    group: 'basic',
     url: '/first-client',
     selector: '#hello1c',
     color: 'rgb(255, 0, 255)',
   },
   'second-client': {
+    group: 'basic',
     url: '/second-client',
     selector: '#hello2c',
     color: 'rgb(255, 128, 0)',
   },
+  'interleaved-a': {
+    group: 'interleaved',
+    url: '/interleaved/a',
+    selector: '#helloia',
+    color: 'rgb(0, 255, 0)',
+  },
+  'interleaved-b': {
+    group: 'interleaved',
+    url: '/interleaved/b',
+    selector: '#helloib',
+    color: 'rgb(255, 0, 255)',
+  },
+  'big-interleaved-a': {
+    group: 'big-interleaved',
+    // TODO fix this case
+    brokenLoading: true,
+    url: '/big-interleaved/a',
+    selector: '#hellobia',
+    color: 'rgb(166, 255, 0)',
+  },
+  'big-interleaved-b': {
+    group: 'big-interleaved',
+    // TODO fix this case
+    brokenLoading: true,
+    url: '/big-interleaved/b',
+    selector: '#hellobib',
+    color: 'rgb(166, 0, 255)',
+  },
+  'reversed-a': {
+    group: 'reversed',
+    conflict: true,
+    url: '/reversed/a',
+    selector: '#hellora',
+    color: 'rgb(0, 166, 255)',
+  },
+  'reversed-b': {
+    group: 'reversed',
+    conflict: true,
+    url: '/reversed/b',
+    selector: '#hellorb',
+    color: 'rgb(0, 89, 255)',
+  },
+  'partial-reversed-a': {
+    group: 'partial-reversed',
+    conflict: true,
+    url: '/partial-reversed/a',
+    selector: '#hellopra',
+    color: 'rgb(255, 166, 255)',
+    background: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)',
+  },
+  'partial-reversed-b': {
+    group: 'partial-reversed',
+    conflict: true,
+    url: '/partial-reversed/b',
+    selector: '#helloprb',
+    color: 'rgb(255, 55, 255)',
+    background: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)',
+  },
+  'pages-first': {
+    group: 'pages-basic',
+    url: '/pages/first',
+    selector: '#hello1',
+    color: 'rgb(0, 0, 255)',
+  },
+  'pages-second': {
+    group: 'pages-basic',
+    url: '/pages/second',
+    selector: '#hello2',
+    color: 'rgb(0, 128, 0)',
+  },
+  'pages-third': {
+    group: 'pages-basic',
+    url: '/pages/third',
+    selector: '#hello3',
+    color: 'rgb(0, 128, 128)',
+  },
+
+  'pages-interleaved-a': {
+    group: 'pages-interleaved',
+    brokenLoadingDev: true,
+    brokenLoadingTurbo: true,
+    url: '/pages/interleaved/a',
+    selector: '#helloia',
+    color: 'rgb(0, 255, 0)',
+  },
+  'pages-interleaved-b': {
+    group: 'pages-interleaved',
+    brokenLoadingDev: true,
+    brokenLoadingTurbo: true,
+    url: '/pages/interleaved/b',
+    selector: '#helloib',
+    color: 'rgb(255, 0, 255)',
+  },
+  'pages-reversed-a': {
+    group: 'pages-reversed',
+    brokenLoadingDev: true,
+    url: '/pages/reversed/a',
+    selector: '#hellora',
+    color: 'rgb(0, 166, 255)',
+  },
+  'pages-reversed-b': {
+    group: 'pages-reversed',
+    brokenLoadingDev: true,
+    url: '/pages/reversed/b',
+    selector: '#hellorb',
+    color: 'rgb(0, 89, 255)',
+  },
+  'pages-partial-reversed-a': {
+    group: 'pages-partial-reversed',
+    brokenLoadingDev: true,
+    url: '/pages/partial-reversed/a',
+    selector: '#hellopra',
+    color: 'rgb(255, 166, 255)',
+    background: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)',
+  },
+  'pages-partial-reversed-b': {
+    group: 'pages-partial-reversed',
+    brokenLoadingDev: true,
+    url: '/pages/partial-reversed/b',
+    selector: '#helloprb',
+    color: 'rgb(255, 55, 255)',
+    background: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)',
+  },
 }
 
 const allPairs = getPairs(Object.keys(PAGES))
 
-createNextDescribe(
-  'css-order',
-  {
-    files: __dirname,
-    dependencies: {
-      sass: 'latest',
+for (const mode of process.env.TURBOPACK ? ['turbo'] : ['strict', 'loose'])
+  createNextDescribe(
+    `css-order ${mode}`,
+    {
+      files: {
+        app: new FileRef(path.join(__dirname, 'app')),
+        pages: new FileRef(path.join(__dirname, 'pages')),
+        'next.config.js': process.env.TURBOPACK
+          ? `
+            module.exports = {}`
+          : `
+            module.exports = {
+              experimental: {
+                cssChunking: ${JSON.stringify(mode)}
+              }
+            }`,
+      },
+      dependencies: {
+        sass: 'latest',
+      },
     },
-  },
-  ({ next, isNextDev, isTurbopack }) => {
-    for (const ordering of allPairs) {
-      const name = `should load correct styles navigating back again ${ordering.join(
-        ' -> '
-      )} -> ${ordering.join(' -> ')}`
-      // TODO fix this case
-      const broken = isNextDev
-      if (broken) {
-        it.todo(name)
-        continue
-      }
-      it(name, async () => {
-        const start = PAGES[ordering[0]]
-        const browser = await next.browser(start.url)
-        const check = async (pageInfo) => {
-          expect(
-            await browser
-              .waitForElementByCss(pageInfo.selector)
-              .getComputedCss('color')
-          ).toBe(pageInfo.color)
-        }
-        const navigate = async (page) => {
-          await browser.waitForElementByCss('#' + page).click()
+    ({ next, isNextDev }) => {
+      for (const ordering of allPairs) {
+        const name = `should load correct styles navigating back again ${ordering.join(
+          ' -> '
+        )} -> ${ordering.join(' -> ')}`
+        if (ordering.some((page) => PAGES[page].conflict)) {
+          // Conflict scenarios won't support that case
+          continue
         }
-        await check(start)
-        for (const page of ordering.slice(1)) {
-          await navigate(page)
-          await check(PAGES[page])
+        // TODO fix this case
+        const broken =
+          mode === 'turbo'
+            ? isNextDev
+            : ordering.some(
+                (page) =>
+                  PAGES[page].brokenLoading ||
+                  (isNextDev && PAGES[page].brokenLoadingDev)
+              )
+        if (broken) {
+          it.todo(name)
+          continue
         }
-        for (const page of ordering) {
-          await navigate(page)
-          await check(PAGES[page])
+        it(name, async () => {
+          const start = PAGES[ordering[0]]
+          const browser = await next.browser(start.url)
+          const check = async (pageInfo) => {
+            expect(
+              await browser
+                .waitForElementByCss(pageInfo.selector)
+                .getComputedCss('color')
+            ).toBe(pageInfo.color)
+            if (pageInfo.background) {
+              expect(
+                await browser
+                  .waitForElementByCss(pageInfo.selector)
+                  .getComputedCss('background-color')
+              ).toBe(pageInfo.background)
+            }
+          }
+          const navigate = async (page) => {
+            await browser.waitForElementByCss('#' + page).click()
+          }
+          await check(start)
+          for (const page of ordering.slice(1)) {
+            await navigate(page)
+            await check(PAGES[page])
+          }
+          for (const page of ordering) {
+            await navigate(page)
+            await check(PAGES[page])
+          }
+        })
+      }
+      for (const ordering of allPairs) {
+        const name = `should load correct styles navigating ${ordering.join(
+          ' -> '
+        )}`
+        if (mode !== 'turbo') {
+          if (ordering.some((page) => PAGES[page].conflict)) {
+            // Conflict scenarios won't support that case
+            continue
+          }
+          // TODO fix this case
+          const broken = ordering.some(
+            (page) =>
+              PAGES[page].brokenLoading ||
+              (isNextDev && PAGES[page].brokenLoadingDev)
+          )
+          if (broken) {
+            it.todo(name)
+            continue
+          }
+        } else {
+          // TODO fix this case
+          const broken = ordering.some((page) => PAGES[page].brokenLoadingTurbo)
+          if (broken) {
+            it.todo(name)
+            continue
+          }
         }
-      })
-    }
-    for (const ordering of allPairs) {
-      const name = `should load correct styles navigating ${ordering.join(
-        ' -> '
-      )}`
-      // TODO fix this case
-      const broken =
-        isNextDev &&
-        !isTurbopack &&
-        ordering.some(
-          (page) => page.includes('client') || page.includes('first')
-        )
-      if (broken) {
-        it.todo(name)
-        continue
+        it(name, async () => {
+          const start = PAGES[ordering[0]]
+          const browser = await next.browser(start.url)
+          const check = async (pageInfo) => {
+            expect(
+              await browser
+                .waitForElementByCss(pageInfo.selector)
+                .getComputedCss('color')
+            ).toBe(pageInfo.color)
+          }
+          const navigate = async (page) => {
+            await browser.waitForElementByCss('#' + page).click()
+          }
+          await check(start)
+          for (const page of ordering.slice(1)) {
+            await navigate(page)
+            await check(PAGES[page])
+          }
+        })
       }
-      it(name, async () => {
-        const start = PAGES[ordering[0]]
-        const browser = await next.browser(start.url)
-        const check = async (pageInfo) => {
+      for (const [page, pageInfo] of Object.entries(PAGES)) {
+        const name = `should load correct styles on ${page}`
+        if (mode === 'loose' && pageInfo.conflict) {
+          // Conflict scenarios won't support that case
+          continue
+        }
+        it(name, async () => {
+          const browser = await next.browser(pageInfo.url)
           expect(
             await browser
               .waitForElementByCss(pageInfo.selector)
               .getComputedCss('color')
           ).toBe(pageInfo.color)
-        }
-        const navigate = async (page) => {
-          await browser.waitForElementByCss('#' + page).click()
-        }
-        await check(start)
-        for (const page of ordering.slice(1)) {
-          await navigate(page)
-          await check(PAGES[page])
-        }
-      })
-    }
-    for (const [page, pageInfo] of Object.entries(PAGES)) {
-      const name = `should load correct styles on ${page}`
-      // TODO fix this case
-      const broken = isNextDev && !isTurbopack && page.includes('client')
-      if (broken) {
-        it.todo(name)
-        continue
+        })
       }
-      it(name, async () => {
-        const browser = await next.browser(pageInfo.url)
-        expect(
-          await browser
-            .waitForElementByCss(pageInfo.selector)
-            .getComputedCss('color')
-        ).toBe(pageInfo.color)
-      })
     }
-  }
-)
+  )
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/next.config.js b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/next.config.js
index 807126e4cf0bf..48100d07a069a 100644
--- a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/next.config.js
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/next.config.js
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 /**
  * @type {import('next').NextConfig}
  */
-const nextConfig = {}
+const nextConfig = {
+  experimental: {
+    cssChunking: 'strict',
+  },
+}
 
 module.exports = nextConfig
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/first.js b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/first.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..0e7c30dd48690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/first.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { default } from '../../app/first/page'
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/interleaved/a.js b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/interleaved/a.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..0ed6c34d84242
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/interleaved/a.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { default } from '../../../app/interleaved/a/page'
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/interleaved/b.js b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/interleaved/b.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a6807d789043f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/interleaved/b.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { default } from '../../../app/interleaved/b/page'
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/partial-reversed/a.js b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/partial-reversed/a.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..562fbcf778b81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/partial-reversed/a.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { default } from '../../../app/partial-reversed/a/page'
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/partial-reversed/b.js b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/partial-reversed/b.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..35e282a1e55e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/partial-reversed/b.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { default } from '../../../app/partial-reversed/b/page'
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/reversed/a.js b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/reversed/a.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..82c6a7f6d64f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/reversed/a.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { default } from '../../../app/reversed/a/page'
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/reversed/b.js b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/reversed/b.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..3f31089648a9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/reversed/b.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { default } from '../../../app/reversed/b/page'
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/second.js b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/second.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f0933aa33c506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/second.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { default } from '../../app/second/page'
diff --git a/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/third.js b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/third.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..cd6e68f45603c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/pages/pages/third.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { default } from '../../app/third/page'
diff --git a/test/turbopack-tests-manifest.json b/test/turbopack-tests-manifest.json
index 1df7f2167950b..de60e87002906 100644
--- a/test/turbopack-tests-manifest.json
+++ b/test/turbopack-tests-manifest.json
@@ -2483,9 +2483,7 @@
       "app dir - css sass support server pages should support global sass/scss inside server pages",
       "app dir - css sass support server pages should support sass/scss modules inside server pages"
     ],
-    "failed": [
-      "app dir - css css support should not preload styles twice during HMR"
-    ],
+    "failed": [],
     "pending": [
       "app dir - css css support multiple entries should only inject the same style once if used by different layers",
       "app dir - css css support multiple entries should only load chunks for the css module that is used by the specific entrypoint",
@@ -3229,54 +3227,107 @@
   },
   "test/e2e/app-dir/css-order/css-order.test.ts": {
     "passed": [
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating first -> first-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating first -> second",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating first -> second-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating first -> third",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating first-client -> first",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating first-client -> second",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating first-client -> second-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating first-client -> third",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating second -> first",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating second -> first-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating second -> second-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating second -> third",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating second-client -> first",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating second-client -> first-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating second-client -> second",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating second-client -> third",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating third -> first",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating third -> first-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating third -> second",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating third -> second-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles on first",
-      "css-order should load correct styles on first-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles on second",
-      "css-order should load correct styles on second-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles on third"
-    ],
-    "failed": [],
-    "pending": [
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again first -> first-client -> first -> first-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again first -> second -> first -> second",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again first -> second-client -> first -> second-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again first -> third -> first -> third",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again first-client -> first -> first-client -> first",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again first-client -> second -> first-client -> second",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again first-client -> second-client -> first-client -> second-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again first-client -> third -> first-client -> third",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again second -> first -> second -> first",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again second -> first-client -> second -> first-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again second -> second-client -> second -> second-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again second -> third -> second -> third",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again second-client -> first -> second-client -> first",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again second-client -> first-client -> second-client -> first-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again second-client -> second -> second-client -> second",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again second-client -> third -> second-client -> third",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again third -> first -> third -> first",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again third -> first-client -> third -> first-client",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again third -> second -> third -> second",
-      "css-order should load correct styles navigating back again third -> second-client -> third -> second-client"
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating first -> second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating first -> third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating first -> first-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating first -> second-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating second -> first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating second -> third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating second -> first-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating second -> second-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating third -> first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating third -> second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating third -> first-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating third -> second-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating first-client -> first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating first-client -> second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating first-client -> third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating first-client -> second-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating second-client -> first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating second-client -> second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating second-client -> third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating second-client -> first-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating interleaved-a -> interleaved-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating interleaved-b -> interleaved-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating big-interleaved-a -> big-interleaved-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating big-interleaved-b -> big-interleaved-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating reversed-a -> reversed-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating reversed-b -> reversed-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating partial-reversed-a -> partial-reversed-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating partial-reversed-b -> partial-reversed-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating pages-first -> pages-second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating pages-first -> pages-third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating pages-second -> pages-first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating pages-second -> pages-third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating pages-third -> pages-first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating pages-third -> pages-second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating pages-reversed-a -> pages-reversed-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating pages-reversed-b -> pages-reversed-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating pages-partial-reversed-a -> pages-partial-reversed-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating pages-partial-reversed-b -> pages-partial-reversed-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on first-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on second-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on interleaved-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on interleaved-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on big-interleaved-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on big-interleaved-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on reversed-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on reversed-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on partial-reversed-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on partial-reversed-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on pages-first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on pages-second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on pages-third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on pages-interleaved-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on pages-interleaved-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on pages-reversed-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on pages-reversed-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on pages-partial-reversed-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles on pages-partial-reversed-b"
+    ],
+    "failed": [],
+    "pending": [
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again first -> second -> first -> second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again first -> third -> first -> third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again first -> first-client -> first -> first-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again first -> second-client -> first -> second-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again second -> first -> second -> first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again second -> third -> second -> third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again second -> first-client -> second -> first-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again second -> second-client -> second -> second-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again third -> first -> third -> first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again third -> second -> third -> second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again third -> first-client -> third -> first-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again third -> second-client -> third -> second-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again first-client -> first -> first-client -> first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again first-client -> second -> first-client -> second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again first-client -> third -> first-client -> third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again first-client -> second-client -> first-client -> second-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again second-client -> first -> second-client -> first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again second-client -> second -> second-client -> second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again second-client -> third -> second-client -> third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again second-client -> first-client -> second-client -> first-client",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again interleaved-a -> interleaved-b -> interleaved-a -> interleaved-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again interleaved-b -> interleaved-a -> interleaved-b -> interleaved-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again big-interleaved-a -> big-interleaved-b -> big-interleaved-a -> big-interleaved-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again big-interleaved-b -> big-interleaved-a -> big-interleaved-b -> big-interleaved-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again pages-first -> pages-second -> pages-first -> pages-second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again pages-first -> pages-third -> pages-first -> pages-third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again pages-second -> pages-first -> pages-second -> pages-first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again pages-second -> pages-third -> pages-second -> pages-third",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again pages-third -> pages-first -> pages-third -> pages-first",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again pages-third -> pages-second -> pages-third -> pages-second",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again pages-interleaved-a -> pages-interleaved-b -> pages-interleaved-a -> pages-interleaved-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again pages-interleaved-b -> pages-interleaved-a -> pages-interleaved-b -> pages-interleaved-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again pages-reversed-a -> pages-reversed-b -> pages-reversed-a -> pages-reversed-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again pages-reversed-b -> pages-reversed-a -> pages-reversed-b -> pages-reversed-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again pages-partial-reversed-a -> pages-partial-reversed-b -> pages-partial-reversed-a -> pages-partial-reversed-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating back again pages-partial-reversed-b -> pages-partial-reversed-a -> pages-partial-reversed-b -> pages-partial-reversed-a",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating pages-interleaved-a -> pages-interleaved-b",
+      "css-order turbo should load correct styles navigating pages-interleaved-b -> pages-interleaved-a"
     ],
     "flakey": [],
     "runtimeError": false