diff --git a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Attribute.zig b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Attribute.zig
index 4db287b65cc9..d60bae46dca2 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Attribute.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Attribute.zig
@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ fn ignoredAttrErr(p: *Parser, tok: TokenIndex, attr: Attribute.Tag, context: []c
     const strings_top = p.strings.items.len;
     defer p.strings.items.len = strings_top;
 
-    try p.strings.writer().print("attribute '{s}' ignored on {s}", .{ @tagName(attr), context });
+    try p.strings.print("attribute '{s}' ignored on {s}", .{ @tagName(attr), context });
     const str = try p.comp.diagnostics.arena.allocator().dupe(u8, p.strings.items[strings_top..]);
     try p.errStr(.ignored_attribute, tok, str);
 }
diff --git a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Builtins/Builtin.zig b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Builtins/Builtin.zig
index 6e5217b4da32..a38eaf1d23a0 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Builtins/Builtin.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Builtins/Builtin.zig
@@ -119,8 +119,7 @@ pub fn nameFromUniqueIndex(index: u16, buf: []u8) []u8 {
 
     var node_index: u16 = 0;
     var count: u16 = index;
-    var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(buf);
-    const w = fbs.writer();
+    var w: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(buf);
 
     while (true) {
         var sibling_index = dafsa[node_index].child_index;
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn nameFromUniqueIndex(index: u16, buf: []u8) []u8 {
         if (count == 0) break;
     }
 
-    return fbs.getWritten();
+    return w.buffered();
 }
 
 /// We're 1 bit shy of being able to fit this in a u32:
diff --git a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Compilation.zig b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Compilation.zig
index d7377d7e52a9..1ba3af26281e 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Compilation.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Compilation.zig
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ const Pragma = @import("Pragma.zig");
 const StrInt = @import("StringInterner.zig");
 const record_layout = @import("record_layout.zig");
 const target_util = @import("target.zig");
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 pub const Error = error{
     /// A fatal error has ocurred and compilation has stopped.
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ fn getTimestamp(comp: *Compilation) !u47 {
     return @intCast(std.math.clamp(timestamp, 0, max_timestamp));
 }
 
-fn generateDateAndTime(w: anytype, timestamp: u47) !void {
+fn generateDateAndTime(w: *Writer, timestamp: u47) !void {
     const epoch_seconds = EpochSeconds{ .secs = timestamp };
     const epoch_day = epoch_seconds.getEpochDay();
     const day_seconds = epoch_seconds.getDaySeconds();
@@ -242,7 +243,7 @@ pub const SystemDefinesMode = enum {
     include_system_defines,
 };
 
-fn generateSystemDefines(comp: *Compilation, w: anytype) !void {
+fn generateSystemDefines(comp: *Compilation, w: *Writer) !void {
     const ptr_width = comp.target.ptrBitWidth();
 
     if (comp.langopts.gnuc_version > 0) {
@@ -533,11 +534,20 @@ fn generateSystemDefines(comp: *Compilation, w: anytype) !void {
 pub fn generateBuiltinMacros(comp: *Compilation, system_defines_mode: SystemDefinesMode) !Source {
     try comp.generateBuiltinTypes();
 
-    var buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(comp.gpa);
-    defer buf.deinit();
+    var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(comp.gpa);
+    defer allocating.deinit();
+
+    generateBuiltinMacrosWriter(comp, system_defines_mode, &allocating.writer) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+        else => |e| return e,
+    };
+
+    return comp.addSourceFromBuffer("<builtin>", allocating.written());
+}
 
+pub fn generateBuiltinMacrosWriter(comp: *Compilation, system_defines_mode: SystemDefinesMode, buf: *Writer) !void {
     if (system_defines_mode == .include_system_defines) {
-        try buf.appendSlice(
+        try buf.writeAll(
             \\#define __VERSION__ "Aro
         ++ " " ++ @import("../backend.zig").version_str ++ "\"\n" ++
             \\#define __Aro__
@@ -545,11 +555,11 @@ pub fn generateBuiltinMacros(comp: *Compilation, system_defines_mode: SystemDefi
         );
     }
 
-    try buf.appendSlice("#define __STDC__ 1\n");
-    try buf.writer().print("#define __STDC_HOSTED__ {d}\n", .{@intFromBool(comp.target.os.tag != .freestanding)});
+    try buf.writeAll("#define __STDC__ 1\n");
+    try buf.print("#define __STDC_HOSTED__ {d}\n", .{@intFromBool(comp.target.os.tag != .freestanding)});
 
     // standard macros
-    try buf.appendSlice(
+    try buf.writeAll(
         \\#define __STDC_NO_COMPLEX__ 1
         \\#define __STDC_NO_THREADS__ 1
         \\#define __STDC_NO_VLA__ 1
@@ -561,23 +571,21 @@ pub fn generateBuiltinMacros(comp: *Compilation, system_defines_mode: SystemDefi
         \\
     );
     if (comp.langopts.standard.StdCVersionMacro()) |stdc_version| {
-        try buf.appendSlice("#define __STDC_VERSION__ ");
-        try buf.appendSlice(stdc_version);
-        try buf.append('\n');
+        try buf.writeAll("#define __STDC_VERSION__ ");
+        try buf.writeAll(stdc_version);
+        try buf.writeByte('\n');
     }
 
     // timestamps
     const timestamp = try comp.getTimestamp();
-    try generateDateAndTime(buf.writer(), timestamp);
+    try generateDateAndTime(buf, timestamp);
 
     if (system_defines_mode == .include_system_defines) {
-        try comp.generateSystemDefines(buf.writer());
+        try comp.generateSystemDefines(buf);
     }
-
-    return comp.addSourceFromBuffer("<builtin>", buf.items);
 }
 
-fn generateFloatMacros(w: anytype, prefix: []const u8, semantics: target_util.FPSemantics, ext: []const u8) !void {
+fn generateFloatMacros(w: *Writer, prefix: []const u8, semantics: target_util.FPSemantics, ext: []const u8) !void {
     const denormMin = semantics.chooseValue(
         []const u8,
         .{
@@ -656,7 +664,7 @@ fn generateFloatMacros(w: anytype, prefix: []const u8, semantics: target_util.FP
     try w.print("#define {s}MIN__ {s}{s}\n", .{ prefix_slice, min, ext });
 }
 
-fn generateTypeMacro(w: anytype, mapper: StrInt.TypeMapper, name: []const u8, ty: Type, langopts: LangOpts) !void {
+fn generateTypeMacro(w: *Writer, mapper: StrInt.TypeMapper, name: []const u8, ty: Type, langopts: LangOpts) !void {
     try w.print("#define {s} ", .{name});
     try ty.print(mapper, langopts, w);
     try w.writeByte('\n');
@@ -762,7 +770,7 @@ fn generateFastOrLeastType(
     bits: usize,
     kind: enum { least, fast },
     signedness: std.builtin.Signedness,
-    w: anytype,
+    w: *Writer,
     mapper: StrInt.TypeMapper,
 ) !void {
     const ty = comp.intLeastN(bits, signedness); // defining the fast types as the least types is permitted
@@ -793,7 +801,7 @@ fn generateFastOrLeastType(
     try comp.generateFmt(prefix, w, ty);
 }
 
-fn generateFastAndLeastWidthTypes(comp: *Compilation, w: anytype, mapper: StrInt.TypeMapper) !void {
+fn generateFastAndLeastWidthTypes(comp: *Compilation, w: *Writer, mapper: StrInt.TypeMapper) !void {
     const sizes = [_]usize{ 8, 16, 32, 64 };
     for (sizes) |size| {
         try comp.generateFastOrLeastType(size, .least, .signed, w, mapper);
@@ -803,7 +811,7 @@ fn generateFastAndLeastWidthTypes(comp: *Compilation, w: anytype, mapper: StrInt
     }
 }
 
-fn generateExactWidthTypes(comp: *const Compilation, w: anytype, mapper: StrInt.TypeMapper) !void {
+fn generateExactWidthTypes(comp: *const Compilation, w: *Writer, mapper: StrInt.TypeMapper) !void {
     try comp.generateExactWidthType(w, mapper, .schar);
 
     if (comp.intSize(.short) > comp.intSize(.char)) {
@@ -851,7 +859,7 @@ fn generateExactWidthTypes(comp: *const Compilation, w: anytype, mapper: StrInt.
     }
 }
 
-fn generateFmt(comp: *const Compilation, prefix: []const u8, w: anytype, ty: Type) !void {
+fn generateFmt(comp: *const Compilation, prefix: []const u8, w: *Writer, ty: Type) !void {
     const unsigned = ty.isUnsignedInt(comp);
     const modifier = ty.formatModifier();
     const formats = if (unsigned) "ouxX" else "di";
@@ -860,7 +868,7 @@ fn generateFmt(comp: *const Compilation, prefix: []const u8, w: anytype, ty: Typ
     }
 }
 
-fn generateSuffixMacro(comp: *const Compilation, prefix: []const u8, w: anytype, ty: Type) !void {
+fn generateSuffixMacro(comp: *const Compilation, prefix: []const u8, w: *Writer, ty: Type) !void {
     return w.print("#define {s}_C_SUFFIX__ {s}\n", .{ prefix, ty.intValueSuffix(comp) });
 }
 
@@ -868,7 +876,7 @@ fn generateSuffixMacro(comp: *const Compilation, prefix: []const u8, w: anytype,
 ///     Name macro (e.g. #define __UINT32_TYPE__ unsigned int)
 ///     Format strings (e.g. #define __UINT32_FMTu__ "u")
 ///     Suffix macro (e.g. #define __UINT32_C_SUFFIX__ U)
-fn generateExactWidthType(comp: *const Compilation, w: anytype, mapper: StrInt.TypeMapper, specifier: Type.Specifier) !void {
+fn generateExactWidthType(comp: *const Compilation, w: *Writer, mapper: StrInt.TypeMapper, specifier: Type.Specifier) !void {
     var ty = Type{ .specifier = specifier };
     const width = 8 * ty.sizeof(comp).?;
     const unsigned = ty.isUnsignedInt(comp);
@@ -998,7 +1006,7 @@ fn generateVaListType(comp: *Compilation) !Type {
     return ty;
 }
 
-fn generateIntMax(comp: *const Compilation, w: anytype, name: []const u8, ty: Type) !void {
+fn generateIntMax(comp: *const Compilation, w: *Writer, name: []const u8, ty: Type) !void {
     const bit_count: u8 = @intCast(ty.sizeof(comp).? * 8);
     const unsigned = ty.isUnsignedInt(comp);
     const max: u128 = switch (bit_count) {
@@ -1023,7 +1031,7 @@ pub fn wcharMax(comp: *const Compilation) u32 {
     };
 }
 
-fn generateExactWidthIntMax(comp: *const Compilation, w: anytype, specifier: Type.Specifier) !void {
+fn generateExactWidthIntMax(comp: *const Compilation, w: *Writer, specifier: Type.Specifier) !void {
     var ty = Type{ .specifier = specifier };
     const bit_count: u8 = @intCast(ty.sizeof(comp).? * 8);
     const unsigned = ty.isUnsignedInt(comp);
@@ -1040,16 +1048,16 @@ fn generateExactWidthIntMax(comp: *const Compilation, w: anytype, specifier: Typ
     return comp.generateIntMax(w, name, ty);
 }
 
-fn generateIntWidth(comp: *Compilation, w: anytype, name: []const u8, ty: Type) !void {
+fn generateIntWidth(comp: *Compilation, w: *Writer, name: []const u8, ty: Type) !void {
     try w.print("#define __{s}_WIDTH__ {d}\n", .{ name, 8 * ty.sizeof(comp).? });
 }
 
-fn generateIntMaxAndWidth(comp: *Compilation, w: anytype, name: []const u8, ty: Type) !void {
+fn generateIntMaxAndWidth(comp: *Compilation, w: *Writer, name: []const u8, ty: Type) !void {
     try comp.generateIntMax(w, name, ty);
     try comp.generateIntWidth(w, name, ty);
 }
 
-fn generateSizeofType(comp: *Compilation, w: anytype, name: []const u8, ty: Type) !void {
+fn generateSizeofType(comp: *Compilation, w: *Writer, name: []const u8, ty: Type) !void {
     try w.print("#define {s} {d}\n", .{ name, ty.sizeof(comp).? });
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Parser.zig b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Parser.zig
index 14cd70fdfdb3..20a8ee3701a8 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Parser.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Parser.zig
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ value_map: Tree.ValueMap,
 
 // buffers used during compilation
 syms: SymbolStack = .{},
-strings: std.array_list.AlignedManaged(u8, .@"4"),
+strings: std.array_list.Managed(u8),
 labels: std.array_list.Managed(Label),
 list_buf: NodeList,
 decl_buf: NodeList,
@@ -447,7 +447,17 @@ pub fn typeStr(p: *Parser, ty: Type) ![]const u8 {
     defer p.strings.items.len = strings_top;
 
     const mapper = p.comp.string_interner.getSlowTypeMapper();
-    try ty.print(mapper, p.comp.langopts, p.strings.writer());
+    {
+        var unmanaged = p.strings.moveToUnmanaged();
+        var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(p.comp.gpa, &unmanaged);
+        defer {
+            unmanaged = allocating.toArrayList();
+            p.strings = unmanaged.toManaged(p.comp.gpa);
+        }
+        ty.print(mapper, p.comp.langopts, &allocating.writer) catch |e| switch (e) {
+            error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+        };
+    }
     return try p.comp.diagnostics.arena.allocator().dupe(u8, p.strings.items[strings_top..]);
 }
 
@@ -455,7 +465,7 @@ pub fn typePairStr(p: *Parser, a: Type, b: Type) ![]const u8 {
     return p.typePairStrExtra(a, " and ", b);
 }
 
-pub fn typePairStrExtra(p: *Parser, a: Type, msg: []const u8, b: Type) ![]const u8 {
+pub fn typePairStrExtra(p: *Parser, a: Type, msg: []const u8, b: Type) Error![]const u8 {
     if (@import("builtin").mode != .Debug) {
         if (a.is(.invalid) or b.is(.invalid)) {
             return "Tried to render invalid type - this is an aro bug.";
@@ -466,29 +476,60 @@ pub fn typePairStrExtra(p: *Parser, a: Type, msg: []const u8, b: Type) ![]const
 
     try p.strings.append('\'');
     const mapper = p.comp.string_interner.getSlowTypeMapper();
-    try a.print(mapper, p.comp.langopts, p.strings.writer());
+    {
+        var unmanaged = p.strings.moveToUnmanaged();
+        var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(p.comp.gpa, &unmanaged);
+        defer {
+            unmanaged = allocating.toArrayList();
+            p.strings = unmanaged.toManaged(p.comp.gpa);
+        }
+        a.print(mapper, p.comp.langopts, &allocating.writer) catch |e| switch (e) {
+            error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+        };
+    }
     try p.strings.append('\'');
     try p.strings.appendSlice(msg);
     try p.strings.append('\'');
-    try b.print(mapper, p.comp.langopts, p.strings.writer());
+    {
+        var unmanaged = p.strings.moveToUnmanaged();
+        var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(p.comp.gpa, &unmanaged);
+        defer {
+            unmanaged = allocating.toArrayList();
+            p.strings = unmanaged.toManaged(p.comp.gpa);
+        }
+        b.print(mapper, p.comp.langopts, &allocating.writer) catch |e| switch (e) {
+            error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+        };
+    }
     try p.strings.append('\'');
     return try p.comp.diagnostics.arena.allocator().dupe(u8, p.strings.items[strings_top..]);
 }
 
-pub fn valueChangedStr(p: *Parser, res: *Result, old_value: Value, int_ty: Type) ![]const u8 {
+pub fn valueChangedStr(p: *Parser, res: *Result, old_value: Value, int_ty: Type) Error![]const u8 {
     const strings_top = p.strings.items.len;
     defer p.strings.items.len = strings_top;
 
-    var w = p.strings.writer();
     const type_pair_str = try p.typePairStrExtra(res.ty, " to ", int_ty);
-    try w.writeAll(type_pair_str);
+    {
+        var unmanaged = p.strings.moveToUnmanaged();
+        var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(p.comp.gpa, &unmanaged);
+        defer {
+            unmanaged = allocating.toArrayList();
+            p.strings = unmanaged.toManaged(p.comp.gpa);
+        }
+        allocating.writer.writeAll(type_pair_str) catch return error.OutOfMemory;
 
-    try w.writeAll(" changes ");
-    if (res.val.isZero(p.comp)) try w.writeAll("non-zero ");
-    try w.writeAll("value from ");
-    try old_value.print(res.ty, p.comp, w);
-    try w.writeAll(" to ");
-    try res.val.print(int_ty, p.comp, w);
+        allocating.writer.writeAll(" changes ") catch return error.OutOfMemory;
+        if (res.val.isZero(p.comp)) allocating.writer.writeAll("non-zero ") catch return error.OutOfMemory;
+        allocating.writer.writeAll("value from ") catch return error.OutOfMemory;
+        old_value.print(res.ty, p.comp, &allocating.writer) catch |e| switch (e) {
+            error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+        };
+        allocating.writer.writeAll(" to ") catch return error.OutOfMemory;
+        res.val.print(int_ty, p.comp, &allocating.writer) catch |e| switch (e) {
+            error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+        };
+    }
 
     return try p.comp.diagnostics.arena.allocator().dupe(u8, p.strings.items[strings_top..]);
 }
@@ -498,9 +539,8 @@ fn checkDeprecatedUnavailable(p: *Parser, ty: Type, usage_tok: TokenIndex, decl_
         const strings_top = p.strings.items.len;
         defer p.strings.items.len = strings_top;
 
-        const w = p.strings.writer();
         const msg_str = p.comp.interner.get(@"error".msg.ref()).bytes;
-        try w.print("call to '{s}' declared with attribute error: {f}", .{
+        try p.strings.print("call to '{s}' declared with attribute error: {f}", .{
             p.tokSlice(@"error".__name_tok), std.zig.fmtString(msg_str),
         });
         const str = try p.comp.diagnostics.arena.allocator().dupe(u8, p.strings.items[strings_top..]);
@@ -510,9 +550,8 @@ fn checkDeprecatedUnavailable(p: *Parser, ty: Type, usage_tok: TokenIndex, decl_
         const strings_top = p.strings.items.len;
         defer p.strings.items.len = strings_top;
 
-        const w = p.strings.writer();
         const msg_str = p.comp.interner.get(warning.msg.ref()).bytes;
-        try w.print("call to '{s}' declared with attribute warning: {f}", .{
+        try p.strings.print("call to '{s}' declared with attribute warning: {f}", .{
             p.tokSlice(warning.__name_tok), std.zig.fmtString(msg_str),
         });
         const str = try p.comp.diagnostics.arena.allocator().dupe(u8, p.strings.items[strings_top..]);
@@ -532,17 +571,16 @@ fn errDeprecated(p: *Parser, tag: Diagnostics.Tag, tok_i: TokenIndex, msg: ?Valu
     const strings_top = p.strings.items.len;
     defer p.strings.items.len = strings_top;
 
-    const w = p.strings.writer();
-    try w.print("'{s}' is ", .{p.tokSlice(tok_i)});
+    try p.strings.print("'{s}' is ", .{p.tokSlice(tok_i)});
     const reason: []const u8 = switch (tag) {
         .unavailable => "unavailable",
         .deprecated_declarations => "deprecated",
         else => unreachable,
     };
-    try w.writeAll(reason);
+    try p.strings.appendSlice(reason);
     if (msg) |m| {
         const str = p.comp.interner.get(m.ref()).bytes;
-        try w.print(": {f}", .{std.zig.fmtString(str)});
+        try p.strings.print(": {f}", .{std.zig.fmtString(str)});
     }
     const str = try p.comp.diagnostics.arena.allocator().dupe(u8, p.strings.items[strings_top..]);
     return p.errStr(tag, tok_i, str);
@@ -681,7 +719,7 @@ fn diagnoseIncompleteDefinitions(p: *Parser) !void {
 }
 
 /// root : (decl | assembly ';' | staticAssert)*
-pub fn parse(pp: *Preprocessor) Compilation.Error!Tree {
+pub fn parse(pp: *Preprocessor) Error!Tree {
     assert(pp.linemarkers == .none);
     pp.comp.pragmaEvent(.before_parse);
 
@@ -693,7 +731,7 @@ pub fn parse(pp: *Preprocessor) Compilation.Error!Tree {
         .gpa = pp.comp.gpa,
         .arena = arena.allocator(),
         .tok_ids = pp.tokens.items(.id),
-        .strings = std.array_list.AlignedManaged(u8, .@"4").init(pp.comp.gpa),
+        .strings = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(pp.comp.gpa),
         .value_map = Tree.ValueMap.init(pp.comp.gpa),
         .data = NodeList.init(pp.comp.gpa),
         .labels = std.array_list.Managed(Label).init(pp.comp.gpa),
@@ -1218,38 +1256,46 @@ fn decl(p: *Parser) Error!bool {
     return true;
 }
 
-fn staticAssertMessage(p: *Parser, cond_node: NodeIndex, message: Result) !?[]const u8 {
+fn staticAssertMessage(p: *Parser, cond_node: NodeIndex, message: Result) Error!?[]const u8 {
     const cond_tag = p.nodes.items(.tag)[@intFromEnum(cond_node)];
     if (cond_tag != .builtin_types_compatible_p and message.node == .none) return null;
 
-    var buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(p.gpa);
-    defer buf.deinit();
+    var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(p.gpa);
+    defer allocating.deinit();
+
+    const buf = &allocating.writer;
 
     if (cond_tag == .builtin_types_compatible_p) {
         const mapper = p.comp.string_interner.getSlowTypeMapper();
         const data = p.nodes.items(.data)[@intFromEnum(cond_node)].bin;
 
-        try buf.appendSlice("'__builtin_types_compatible_p(");
+        buf.writeAll("'__builtin_types_compatible_p(") catch return error.OutOfMemory;
 
         const lhs_ty = p.nodes.items(.ty)[@intFromEnum(data.lhs)];
-        try lhs_ty.print(mapper, p.comp.langopts, buf.writer());
-        try buf.appendSlice(", ");
+        lhs_ty.print(mapper, p.comp.langopts, buf) catch |e| switch (e) {
+            error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+        };
+        buf.writeAll(", ") catch return error.OutOfMemory;
 
         const rhs_ty = p.nodes.items(.ty)[@intFromEnum(data.rhs)];
-        try rhs_ty.print(mapper, p.comp.langopts, buf.writer());
+        rhs_ty.print(mapper, p.comp.langopts, buf) catch |e| switch (e) {
+            error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+        };
 
-        try buf.appendSlice(")'");
+        buf.writeAll(")'") catch return error.OutOfMemory;
     }
     if (message.node != .none) {
         assert(p.nodes.items(.tag)[@intFromEnum(message.node)] == .string_literal_expr);
-        if (buf.items.len > 0) {
-            try buf.append(' ');
+        if (buf.buffered().len > 0) {
+            buf.writeByte(' ') catch return error.OutOfMemory;
         }
         const bytes = p.comp.interner.get(message.val.ref()).bytes;
-        try buf.ensureUnusedCapacity(bytes.len);
-        try Value.printString(bytes, message.ty, p.comp, buf.writer());
+        try allocating.ensureUnusedCapacity(bytes.len);
+        Value.printString(bytes, message.ty, p.comp, buf) catch |e| switch (e) {
+            error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+        };
     }
-    return try p.comp.diagnostics.arena.allocator().dupe(u8, buf.items);
+    return try p.comp.diagnostics.arena.allocator().dupe(u8, allocating.written());
 }
 
 /// staticAssert
@@ -4981,7 +5027,7 @@ const CallExpr = union(enum) {
         return true;
     }
 
-    fn checkVarArg(self: CallExpr, p: *Parser, first_after: TokenIndex, param_tok: TokenIndex, arg: *Result, arg_idx: u32) !void {
+    fn checkVarArg(self: CallExpr, p: *Parser, first_after: TokenIndex, param_tok: TokenIndex, arg: *Result, arg_idx: u32) Error!void {
         if (self == .standard) return;
 
         const builtin_tok = p.nodes.items(.data)[@intFromEnum(self.builtin.node)].decl.name;
@@ -5183,7 +5229,17 @@ pub const Result = struct {
         const strings_top = p.strings.items.len;
         defer p.strings.items.len = strings_top;
 
-        try res.val.print(res.ty, p.comp, p.strings.writer());
+        {
+            var unmanaged = p.strings.moveToUnmanaged();
+            var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(p.comp.gpa, &unmanaged);
+            defer {
+                unmanaged = allocating.toArrayList();
+                p.strings = unmanaged.toManaged(p.comp.gpa);
+            }
+            res.val.print(res.ty, p.comp, &allocating.writer) catch |e| switch (e) {
+                error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+            };
+        }
         return try p.comp.diagnostics.arena.allocator().dupe(u8, p.strings.items[strings_top..]);
     }
 
@@ -5347,7 +5403,7 @@ pub const Result = struct {
         conditional,
         add,
         sub,
-    }) !bool {
+    }) Error!bool {
         if (b.ty.specifier == .invalid) {
             try a.saveValue(p);
             a.ty = Type.invalid;
@@ -5643,7 +5699,7 @@ pub const Result = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    fn floatToIntWarning(res: *Result, p: *Parser, int_ty: Type, old_value: Value, change_kind: Value.FloatToIntChangeKind, tok: TokenIndex) !void {
+    fn floatToIntWarning(res: *Result, p: *Parser, int_ty: Type, old_value: Value, change_kind: Value.FloatToIntChangeKind, tok: TokenIndex) Error!void {
         switch (change_kind) {
             .none => return p.errStr(.float_to_int, tok, try p.typePairStrExtra(res.ty, " to ", int_ty)),
             .out_of_range => return p.errStr(.float_out_of_range, tok, try p.typePairStrExtra(res.ty, " to ", int_ty)),
@@ -5866,7 +5922,7 @@ pub const Result = struct {
         res.val = .{};
     }
 
-    fn castType(res: *Result, p: *Parser, to: Type, operand_tok: TokenIndex, l_paren: TokenIndex) !void {
+    fn castType(res: *Result, p: *Parser, to: Type, operand_tok: TokenIndex, l_paren: TokenIndex) Error!void {
         var cast_kind: Tree.CastKind = undefined;
 
         if (to.is(.void)) {
@@ -7595,9 +7651,19 @@ fn validateFieldAccess(p: *Parser, record_ty: *const Type.Record, expr_ty: Type,
 
     p.strings.items.len = 0;
 
-    try p.strings.writer().print("'{s}' in '", .{p.tokSlice(field_name_tok)});
+    try p.strings.print("'{s}' in '", .{p.tokSlice(field_name_tok)});
     const mapper = p.comp.string_interner.getSlowTypeMapper();
-    try expr_ty.print(mapper, p.comp.langopts, p.strings.writer());
+    {
+        var unmanaged = p.strings.moveToUnmanaged();
+        var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(p.comp.gpa, &unmanaged);
+        defer {
+            unmanaged = allocating.toArrayList();
+            p.strings = unmanaged.toManaged(p.comp.gpa);
+        }
+        expr_ty.print(mapper, p.comp.langopts, &allocating.writer) catch |e| switch (e) {
+            error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+        };
+    }
     try p.strings.append('\'');
 
     const duped = try p.comp.diagnostics.arena.allocator().dupe(u8, p.strings.items);
@@ -8016,7 +8082,17 @@ fn primaryExpr(p: *Parser) Error!Result {
                 defer p.strings.items.len = strings_top;
 
                 const mapper = p.comp.string_interner.getSlowTypeMapper();
-                try Type.printNamed(func_ty, p.tokSlice(p.func.name), mapper, p.comp.langopts, p.strings.writer());
+                {
+                    var unmanaged = p.strings.moveToUnmanaged();
+                    var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(p.comp.gpa, &unmanaged);
+                    defer {
+                        unmanaged = allocating.toArrayList();
+                        p.strings = unmanaged.toManaged(p.comp.gpa);
+                    }
+                    Type.printNamed(func_ty, p.tokSlice(p.func.name), mapper, p.comp.langopts, &allocating.writer) catch |e| switch (e) {
+                        error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+                    };
+                }
                 try p.strings.append(0);
                 const predef = try p.makePredefinedIdentifier(strings_top);
                 ty = predef.ty;
diff --git a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Preprocessor.zig b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Preprocessor.zig
index 1ad666fecd88..69f461f434c2 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Preprocessor.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Preprocessor.zig
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ const TokenWithExpansionLocs = Tree.TokenWithExpansionLocs;
 const Attribute = @import("Attribute.zig");
 const features = @import("features.zig");
 const Hideset = @import("Hideset.zig");
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 const DefineMap = std.StringHashMapUnmanaged(Macro);
 const RawTokenList = std.array_list.Managed(RawToken);
@@ -982,7 +983,7 @@ fn expr(pp: *Preprocessor, tokenizer: *Tokenizer) MacroError!bool {
         .tok_i = @intCast(token_state.tokens_len),
         .arena = pp.arena.allocator(),
         .in_macro = true,
-        .strings = std.array_list.AlignedManaged(u8, .@"4").init(pp.comp.gpa),
+        .strings = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(pp.comp.gpa),
 
         .data = undefined,
         .value_map = undefined,
@@ -1193,24 +1194,21 @@ fn expandObjMacro(pp: *Preprocessor, simple_macro: *const Macro) Error!ExpandBuf
             .macro_file => {
                 const start = pp.comp.generated_buf.items.len;
                 const source = pp.comp.getSource(pp.expansion_source_loc.id);
-                const w = pp.comp.generated_buf.writer(pp.gpa);
-                try w.print("\"{s}\"\n", .{source.path});
+                try pp.comp.generated_buf.print(pp.gpa, "\"{s}\"\n", .{source.path});
 
                 buf.appendAssumeCapacity(try pp.makeGeneratedToken(start, .string_literal, tok));
             },
             .macro_line => {
                 const start = pp.comp.generated_buf.items.len;
                 const source = pp.comp.getSource(pp.expansion_source_loc.id);
-                const w = pp.comp.generated_buf.writer(pp.gpa);
-                try w.print("{d}\n", .{source.physicalLine(pp.expansion_source_loc)});
+                try pp.comp.generated_buf.print(pp.gpa, "{d}\n", .{source.physicalLine(pp.expansion_source_loc)});
 
                 buf.appendAssumeCapacity(try pp.makeGeneratedToken(start, .pp_num, tok));
             },
             .macro_counter => {
                 defer pp.counter += 1;
                 const start = pp.comp.generated_buf.items.len;
-                const w = pp.comp.generated_buf.writer(pp.gpa);
-                try w.print("{d}\n", .{pp.counter});
+                try pp.comp.generated_buf.print(pp.gpa, "{d}\n", .{pp.counter});
 
                 buf.appendAssumeCapacity(try pp.makeGeneratedToken(start, .pp_num, tok));
             },
@@ -1682,8 +1680,7 @@ fn expandFuncMacro(
                     break :blk false;
                 } else try pp.handleBuiltinMacro(raw.id, arg, macro_tok.loc);
                 const start = pp.comp.generated_buf.items.len;
-                const w = pp.comp.generated_buf.writer(pp.gpa);
-                try w.print("{}\n", .{@intFromBool(result)});
+                try pp.comp.generated_buf.print(pp.gpa, "{}\n", .{@intFromBool(result)});
                 try buf.append(try pp.makeGeneratedToken(start, .pp_num, tokFromRaw(raw)));
             },
             .macro_param_has_c_attribute => {
@@ -2988,18 +2985,16 @@ fn embed(pp: *Preprocessor, tokenizer: *Tokenizer) MacroError!void {
     // TODO: We currently only support systems with CHAR_BIT == 8
     // If the target's CHAR_BIT is not 8, we need to write out correctly-sized embed_bytes
     // and correctly account for the target's endianness
-    const writer = pp.comp.generated_buf.writer(pp.gpa);
-
     {
         const byte = embed_bytes[0];
         const start = pp.comp.generated_buf.items.len;
-        try writer.print("{d}", .{byte});
+        try pp.comp.generated_buf.print(pp.gpa, "{d}", .{byte});
         pp.addTokenAssumeCapacity(try pp.makeGeneratedToken(start, .embed_byte, filename_tok));
     }
 
     for (embed_bytes[1..]) |byte| {
         const start = pp.comp.generated_buf.items.len;
-        try writer.print(",{d}", .{byte});
+        try pp.comp.generated_buf.print(pp.gpa, ",{d}", .{byte});
         pp.addTokenAssumeCapacity(.{ .id = .comma, .loc = .{ .id = .generated, .byte_offset = @intCast(start) } });
         pp.addTokenAssumeCapacity(try pp.makeGeneratedToken(start + 1, .embed_byte, filename_tok));
     }
@@ -3241,7 +3236,7 @@ fn findIncludeSource(pp: *Preprocessor, tokenizer: *Tokenizer, first: RawToken,
 
 fn printLinemarker(
     pp: *Preprocessor,
-    w: anytype,
+    w: *Writer,
     line_no: u32,
     source: Source,
     start_resume: enum(u8) { start, @"resume", none },
@@ -3301,7 +3296,7 @@ pub const DumpMode = enum {
 /// Pretty-print the macro define or undef at location `loc`.
 /// We re-tokenize the directive because we are printing a macro that may have the same name as one in
 /// `pp.defines` but a different definition (due to being #undef'ed and then redefined)
-fn prettyPrintMacro(pp: *Preprocessor, w: anytype, loc: Source.Location, parts: enum { name_only, name_and_body }) !void {
+fn prettyPrintMacro(pp: *Preprocessor, w: *Writer, loc: Source.Location, parts: enum { name_only, name_and_body }) !void {
     const source = pp.comp.getSource(loc.id);
     var tokenizer: Tokenizer = .{
         .buf = source.buf,
@@ -3339,7 +3334,7 @@ fn prettyPrintMacro(pp: *Preprocessor, w: anytype, loc: Source.Location, parts:
     }
 }
 
-fn prettyPrintMacrosOnly(pp: *Preprocessor, w: anytype) !void {
+fn prettyPrintMacrosOnly(pp: *Preprocessor, w: *Writer) !void {
     var it = pp.defines.valueIterator();
     while (it.next()) |macro| {
         if (macro.is_builtin) continue;
@@ -3351,7 +3346,7 @@ fn prettyPrintMacrosOnly(pp: *Preprocessor, w: anytype) !void {
 }
 
 /// Pretty print tokens and try to preserve whitespace.
-pub fn prettyPrintTokens(pp: *Preprocessor, w: anytype, macro_dump_mode: DumpMode) !void {
+pub fn prettyPrintTokens(pp: *Preprocessor, w: *Writer, macro_dump_mode: DumpMode) !void {
     if (macro_dump_mode == .macros_only) {
         return pp.prettyPrintMacrosOnly(w);
     }
diff --git a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Type.zig b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Type.zig
index 6bec686a2113..a422150377a8 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Type.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Type.zig
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ const StringInterner = @import("StringInterner.zig");
 const StringId = StringInterner.StringId;
 const target_util = @import("target.zig");
 const LangOpts = @import("LangOpts.zig");
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 pub const Qualifiers = packed struct {
     @"const": bool = false,
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ pub const Qualifiers = packed struct {
         return quals.@"const" or quals.restrict or quals.@"volatile" or quals.atomic;
     }
 
-    pub fn dump(quals: Qualifiers, w: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn dump(quals: Qualifiers, w: *Writer) !void {
         if (quals.@"const") try w.writeAll("const ");
         if (quals.atomic) try w.writeAll("_Atomic ");
         if (quals.@"volatile") try w.writeAll("volatile ");
@@ -2411,12 +2412,12 @@ pub fn intValueSuffix(ty: Type, comp: *const Compilation) []const u8 {
 }
 
 /// Print type in C style
-pub fn print(ty: Type, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts, w: anytype) @TypeOf(w).Error!void {
+pub fn print(ty: Type, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts, w: *Writer) Writer.Error!void {
     _ = try ty.printPrologue(mapper, langopts, w);
     try ty.printEpilogue(mapper, langopts, w);
 }
 
-pub fn printNamed(ty: Type, name: []const u8, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts, w: anytype) @TypeOf(w).Error!void {
+pub fn printNamed(ty: Type, name: []const u8, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts, w: *Writer) Writer.Error!void {
     const simple = try ty.printPrologue(mapper, langopts, w);
     if (simple) try w.writeByte(' ');
     try w.writeAll(name);
@@ -2426,7 +2427,7 @@ pub fn printNamed(ty: Type, name: []const u8, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper,
 const StringGetter = fn (TokenIndex) []const u8;
 
 /// return true if `ty` is simple
-fn printPrologue(ty: Type, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts, w: anytype) @TypeOf(w).Error!bool {
+fn printPrologue(ty: Type, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts, w: *Writer) Writer.Error!bool {
     if (ty.qual.atomic) {
         var non_atomic_ty = ty;
         non_atomic_ty.qual.atomic = false;
@@ -2497,7 +2498,7 @@ fn printPrologue(ty: Type, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts
     return true;
 }
 
-fn printEpilogue(ty: Type, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts, w: anytype) @TypeOf(w).Error!void {
+fn printEpilogue(ty: Type, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts, w: *Writer) Writer.Error!void {
     if (ty.qual.atomic) return;
     if (ty.isPtr()) {
         const elem_ty = ty.elemType();
@@ -2564,7 +2565,7 @@ fn printEpilogue(ty: Type, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts
 const dump_detailed_containers = false;
 
 // Print as Zig types since those are actually readable
-pub fn dump(ty: Type, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts, w: anytype) @TypeOf(w).Error!void {
+pub fn dump(ty: Type, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts, w: *Writer) Writer.Error!void {
     try ty.qual.dump(w);
     switch (ty.specifier) {
         .invalid => try w.writeAll("invalid"),
@@ -2656,7 +2657,7 @@ pub fn dump(ty: Type, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts, w:
     }
 }
 
-fn dumpEnum(@"enum": *Enum, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, w: anytype) @TypeOf(w).Error!void {
+fn dumpEnum(@"enum": *Enum, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, w: *Writer) Writer.Error!void {
     try w.writeAll(" {");
     for (@"enum".fields) |field| {
         try w.print(" {s} = {d},", .{ mapper.lookup(field.name), field.value });
@@ -2664,7 +2665,7 @@ fn dumpEnum(@"enum": *Enum, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, w: anytype) @Type
     try w.writeAll(" }");
 }
 
-fn dumpRecord(record: *Record, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts, w: anytype) @TypeOf(w).Error!void {
+fn dumpRecord(record: *Record, mapper: StringInterner.TypeMapper, langopts: LangOpts, w: *Writer) Writer.Error!void {
     try w.writeAll(" {");
     for (record.fields) |field| {
         try w.writeByte(' ');
diff --git a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Value.zig b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Value.zig
index 183c55797607..adc3f0881288 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Value.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/aro/aro/Value.zig
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ const Compilation = @import("Compilation.zig");
 const Type = @import("Type.zig");
 const target_util = @import("target.zig");
 const annex_g = @import("annex_g.zig");
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 const Value = @This();
 
@@ -953,7 +954,7 @@ pub fn maxInt(ty: Type, comp: *Compilation) !Value {
     return twosCompIntLimit(.max, ty, comp);
 }
 
-pub fn print(v: Value, ty: Type, comp: *const Compilation, w: anytype) @TypeOf(w).Error!void {
+pub fn print(v: Value, ty: Type, comp: *const Compilation, w: *Writer) Writer.Error!void {
     if (ty.is(.bool)) {
         return w.writeAll(if (v.isZero(comp)) "false" else "true");
     }
@@ -977,7 +978,7 @@ pub fn print(v: Value, ty: Type, comp: *const Compilation, w: anytype) @TypeOf(w
     }
 }
 
-pub fn printString(bytes: []const u8, ty: Type, comp: *const Compilation, w: anytype) @TypeOf(w).Error!void {
+pub fn printString(bytes: []const u8, ty: Type, comp: *const Compilation, w: *Writer) Writer.Error!void {
     const size: Compilation.CharUnitSize = @enumFromInt(ty.elemType().sizeof(comp).?);
     const without_null = bytes[0 .. bytes.len - @intFromEnum(size)];
     try w.writeByte('"');
diff --git a/lib/compiler/aro_translate_c.zig b/lib/compiler/aro_translate_c.zig
index cd8bd05c7cd7..d414e8143757 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/aro_translate_c.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/aro_translate_c.zig
@@ -116,15 +116,17 @@ pub fn translate(
     var driver: aro.Driver = .{ .comp = comp };
     defer driver.deinit();
 
-    var macro_buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(gpa);
+    var macro_buf: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(gpa);
     defer macro_buf.deinit();
 
-    assert(!try driver.parseArgs(std.io.null_writer, macro_buf.writer(), args));
+    var trash: [64]u8 = undefined;
+    var discarding: std.Io.Writer.Discarding = .init(&trash);
+    assert(!try driver.parseArgs(&discarding.writer, &macro_buf.writer, args));
     assert(driver.inputs.items.len == 1);
     const source = driver.inputs.items[0];
 
     const builtin_macros = try comp.generateBuiltinMacros(.include_system_defines);
-    const user_macros = try comp.addSourceFromBuffer("<command line>", macro_buf.items);
+    const user_macros = try comp.addSourceFromBuffer("<command line>", macro_buf.written());
 
     var pp = try aro.Preprocessor.initDefault(comp);
     defer pp.deinit();
@@ -698,11 +700,10 @@ fn transEnumDecl(c: *Context, scope: *Scope, enum_decl: *const Type.Enum, field_
 }
 
 fn getTypeStr(c: *Context, ty: Type) ![]const u8 {
-    var buf: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty;
-    defer buf.deinit(c.gpa);
-    const w = buf.writer(c.gpa);
-    try ty.print(c.mapper, c.comp.langopts, w);
-    return c.arena.dupe(u8, buf.items);
+    var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(c.gpa);
+    defer allocating.deinit();
+    ty.print(c.mapper, c.comp.langopts, &allocating.writer) catch return error.OutOfMemory;
+    return c.arena.dupe(u8, allocating.written());
 }
 
 fn transType(c: *Context, scope: *Scope, raw_ty: Type, qual_handling: Type.QualHandling, source_loc: TokenIndex) TypeError!ZigNode {
@@ -1820,6 +1821,7 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     var tree = translate(gpa, &aro_comp, args) catch |err| switch (err) {
         error.ParsingFailed, error.FatalError => renderErrorsAndExit(&aro_comp),
         error.OutOfMemory => return error.OutOfMemory,
+        error.WriteFailed => return error.WriteFailed,
         error.StreamTooLong => std.process.fatal("An input file was larger than 4GiB", .{}),
     };
     defer tree.deinit(gpa);
diff --git a/lib/compiler/aro_translate_c/ast.zig b/lib/compiler/aro_translate_c/ast.zig
index b1786a5fd4de..797f36e9f60d 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/aro_translate_c/ast.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/aro_translate_c/ast.zig
@@ -832,7 +832,7 @@ const Context = struct {
 
     fn addTokenFmt(c: *Context, tag: TokenTag, comptime format: []const u8, args: anytype) Allocator.Error!TokenIndex {
         const start_index = c.buf.items.len;
-        try c.buf.writer().print(format ++ " ", args);
+        try c.buf.print(format ++ " ", args);
 
         try c.tokens.append(c.gpa, .{
             .tag = tag,
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/ani.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/ani.zig
index 770351351e6b..88064d2219e4 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/ani.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/ani.zig
@@ -16,31 +16,31 @@ const std = @import("std");
 
 const AF_ICON: u32 = 1;
 
-pub fn isAnimatedIcon(reader: anytype) bool {
+pub fn isAnimatedIcon(reader: *std.Io.Reader) bool {
     const flags = getAniheaderFlags(reader) catch return false;
     return flags & AF_ICON == AF_ICON;
 }
 
-fn getAniheaderFlags(reader: anytype) !u32 {
-    const riff_header = try reader.readBytesNoEof(4);
-    if (!std.mem.eql(u8, &riff_header, "RIFF")) return error.InvalidFormat;
+fn getAniheaderFlags(reader: *std.Io.Reader) !u32 {
+    const riff_header = try reader.takeArray(4);
+    if (!std.mem.eql(u8, riff_header, "RIFF")) return error.InvalidFormat;
 
-    _ = try reader.readInt(u32, .little); // size of RIFF chunk
+    _ = try reader.takeInt(u32, .little); // size of RIFF chunk
 
-    const form_type = try reader.readBytesNoEof(4);
-    if (!std.mem.eql(u8, &form_type, "ACON")) return error.InvalidFormat;
+    const form_type = try reader.takeArray(4);
+    if (!std.mem.eql(u8, form_type, "ACON")) return error.InvalidFormat;
 
     while (true) {
-        const chunk_id = try reader.readBytesNoEof(4);
-        const chunk_len = try reader.readInt(u32, .little);
-        if (!std.mem.eql(u8, &chunk_id, "anih")) {
+        const chunk_id = try reader.takeArray(4);
+        const chunk_len = try reader.takeInt(u32, .little);
+        if (!std.mem.eql(u8, chunk_id, "anih")) {
             // TODO: Move file cursor instead of skipBytes
-            try reader.skipBytes(chunk_len, .{});
+            try reader.discardAll(chunk_len);
             continue;
         }
 
-        const aniheader = try reader.readStruct(ANIHEADER);
-        return std.mem.nativeToLittle(u32, aniheader.flags);
+        const aniheader = try reader.takeStruct(ANIHEADER, .little);
+        return aniheader.flags;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/ast.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/ast.zig
index 20eedb652d19..07698bd65ec0 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/ast.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/ast.zig
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ pub const Tree = struct {
         return @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", self.node));
     }
 
-    pub fn dump(self: *Tree, writer: anytype) @TypeOf(writer).Error!void {
+    pub fn dump(self: *Tree, writer: *std.io.Writer) !void {
         try self.node.dump(self, writer, 0);
     }
 };
 
 pub const CodePageLookup = struct {
-    lookup: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(SupportedCodePage) = .empty,
+    lookup: std.ArrayList(SupportedCodePage) = .empty,
     allocator: Allocator,
     default_code_page: SupportedCodePage,
 
@@ -726,10 +726,10 @@ pub const Node = struct {
     pub fn dump(
         node: *const Node,
         tree: *const Tree,
-        writer: anytype,
+        writer: *std.io.Writer,
         indent: usize,
-    ) @TypeOf(writer).Error!void {
-        try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+    ) std.io.Writer.Error!void {
+        try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
         try writer.writeAll(@tagName(node.id));
         switch (node.id) {
             .root => {
@@ -768,11 +768,11 @@ pub const Node = struct {
             .grouped_expression => {
                 const grouped: *const Node.GroupedExpression = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", node));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(grouped.open_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
                 try grouped.expression.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(grouped.close_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
             },
@@ -790,13 +790,13 @@ pub const Node = struct {
                 for (accelerators.optional_statements) |statement| {
                     try statement.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(accelerators.begin_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
                 for (accelerators.accelerators) |accelerator| {
                     try accelerator.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(accelerators.end_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
             },
@@ -815,25 +815,25 @@ pub const Node = struct {
                 const dialog: *const Node.Dialog = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", node));
                 try writer.print(" {s} {s} [{d} common_resource_attributes]\n", .{ dialog.id.slice(tree.source), dialog.type.slice(tree.source), dialog.common_resource_attributes.len });
                 inline for (.{ "x", "y", "width", "height" }) |arg| {
-                    try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent + 1);
+                    try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent + 1);
                     try writer.writeAll(arg ++ ":\n");
                     try @field(dialog, arg).dump(tree, writer, indent + 2);
                 }
                 if (dialog.help_id) |help_id| {
-                    try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent + 1);
+                    try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent + 1);
                     try writer.writeAll("help_id:\n");
                     try help_id.dump(tree, writer, indent + 2);
                 }
                 for (dialog.optional_statements) |statement| {
                     try statement.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(dialog.begin_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
                 for (dialog.controls) |control| {
                     try control.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(dialog.end_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
             },
@@ -845,30 +845,30 @@ pub const Node = struct {
                 }
                 try writer.writeByte('\n');
                 if (control.class) |class| {
-                    try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent + 1);
+                    try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent + 1);
                     try writer.writeAll("class:\n");
                     try class.dump(tree, writer, indent + 2);
                 }
                 inline for (.{ "id", "x", "y", "width", "height" }) |arg| {
-                    try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent + 1);
+                    try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent + 1);
                     try writer.writeAll(arg ++ ":\n");
                     try @field(control, arg).dump(tree, writer, indent + 2);
                 }
                 inline for (.{ "style", "exstyle", "help_id" }) |arg| {
                     if (@field(control, arg)) |val_node| {
-                        try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent + 1);
+                        try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent + 1);
                         try writer.writeAll(arg ++ ":\n");
                         try val_node.dump(tree, writer, indent + 2);
                     }
                 }
                 if (control.extra_data_begin != null) {
-                    try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                    try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                     try writer.writeAll(control.extra_data_begin.?.slice(tree.source));
                     try writer.writeAll("\n");
                     for (control.extra_data) |data_node| {
                         try data_node.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                     }
-                    try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                    try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                     try writer.writeAll(control.extra_data_end.?.slice(tree.source));
                     try writer.writeAll("\n");
                 }
@@ -877,17 +877,17 @@ pub const Node = struct {
                 const toolbar: *const Node.Toolbar = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", node));
                 try writer.print(" {s} {s} [{d} common_resource_attributes]\n", .{ toolbar.id.slice(tree.source), toolbar.type.slice(tree.source), toolbar.common_resource_attributes.len });
                 inline for (.{ "button_width", "button_height" }) |arg| {
-                    try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent + 1);
+                    try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent + 1);
                     try writer.writeAll(arg ++ ":\n");
                     try @field(toolbar, arg).dump(tree, writer, indent + 2);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(toolbar.begin_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
                 for (toolbar.buttons) |button_or_sep| {
                     try button_or_sep.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(toolbar.end_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
             },
@@ -898,17 +898,17 @@ pub const Node = struct {
                     try statement.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
                 if (menu.help_id) |help_id| {
-                    try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent + 1);
+                    try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent + 1);
                     try writer.writeAll("help_id:\n");
                     try help_id.dump(tree, writer, indent + 2);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(menu.begin_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
                 for (menu.items) |item| {
                     try item.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(menu.end_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
             },
@@ -926,7 +926,7 @@ pub const Node = struct {
                 try writer.print(" {s} {s}\n", .{ menu_item.menuitem.slice(tree.source), menu_item.text.slice(tree.source) });
                 inline for (.{ "id", "type", "state" }) |arg| {
                     if (@field(menu_item, arg)) |val_node| {
-                        try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent + 1);
+                        try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent + 1);
                         try writer.writeAll(arg ++ ":\n");
                         try val_node.dump(tree, writer, indent + 2);
                     }
@@ -935,13 +935,13 @@ pub const Node = struct {
             .popup => {
                 const popup: *const Node.Popup = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", node));
                 try writer.print(" {s} {s} [{d} options]\n", .{ popup.popup.slice(tree.source), popup.text.slice(tree.source), popup.option_list.len });
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(popup.begin_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
                 for (popup.items) |item| {
                     try item.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(popup.end_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
             },
@@ -950,18 +950,18 @@ pub const Node = struct {
                 try writer.print(" {s} {s}\n", .{ popup.popup.slice(tree.source), popup.text.slice(tree.source) });
                 inline for (.{ "id", "type", "state", "help_id" }) |arg| {
                     if (@field(popup, arg)) |val_node| {
-                        try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent + 1);
+                        try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent + 1);
                         try writer.writeAll(arg ++ ":\n");
                         try val_node.dump(tree, writer, indent + 2);
                     }
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(popup.begin_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
                 for (popup.items) |item| {
                     try item.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(popup.end_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
             },
@@ -971,13 +971,13 @@ pub const Node = struct {
                 for (version_info.fixed_info) |fixed_info| {
                     try fixed_info.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(version_info.begin_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
                 for (version_info.block_statements) |block| {
                     try block.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(version_info.end_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
             },
@@ -994,13 +994,13 @@ pub const Node = struct {
                 for (block.values) |value| {
                     try value.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(block.begin_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
                 for (block.children) |child| {
                     try child.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(block.end_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
             },
@@ -1025,13 +1025,13 @@ pub const Node = struct {
                 for (string_table.optional_statements) |statement| {
                     try statement.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(string_table.begin_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
                 for (string_table.strings) |string| {
                     try string.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
                 }
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent);
                 try writer.writeAll(string_table.end_token.slice(tree.source));
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
             },
@@ -1039,7 +1039,7 @@ pub const Node = struct {
                 try writer.writeAll("\n");
                 const string: *const Node.StringTableString = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", node));
                 try string.id.dump(tree, writer, indent + 1);
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent + 1);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent + 1);
                 try writer.print("{s}\n", .{string.string.slice(tree.source)});
             },
             .language_statement => {
@@ -1051,12 +1051,12 @@ pub const Node = struct {
             .font_statement => {
                 const font: *const Node.FontStatement = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", node));
                 try writer.print(" {s} typeface: {s}\n", .{ font.identifier.slice(tree.source), font.typeface.slice(tree.source) });
-                try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent + 1);
+                try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent + 1);
                 try writer.writeAll("point_size:\n");
                 try font.point_size.dump(tree, writer, indent + 2);
                 inline for (.{ "weight", "italic", "char_set" }) |arg| {
                     if (@field(font, arg)) |arg_node| {
-                        try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent + 1);
+                        try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent + 1);
                         try writer.writeAll(arg ++ ":\n");
                         try arg_node.dump(tree, writer, indent + 2);
                     }
@@ -1071,7 +1071,7 @@ pub const Node = struct {
                 const invalid: *const Node.Invalid = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", node));
                 try writer.print(" context.len: {}\n", .{invalid.context.len});
                 for (invalid.context) |context_token| {
-                    try writer.writeByteNTimes(' ', indent + 1);
+                    try writer.splatByteAll(' ', indent + 1);
                     try writer.print("{s}:{s}", .{ @tagName(context_token.id), context_token.slice(tree.source) });
                     try writer.writeByte('\n');
                 }
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/bmp.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/bmp.zig
index c9a0c29da065..651be2e450e7 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/bmp.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/bmp.zig
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ pub const windows_format_id = std.mem.readInt(u16, "BM", native_endian);
 pub const file_header_len = 14;
 
 pub const ReadError = error{
+    ReadFailed,
     UnexpectedEOF,
     InvalidFileHeader,
     ImpossiblePixelDataOffset,
@@ -94,9 +95,12 @@ pub const BitmapInfo = struct {
     }
 };
 
-pub fn read(reader: anytype, max_size: u64) ReadError!BitmapInfo {
+pub fn read(reader: *std.Io.Reader, max_size: u64) ReadError!BitmapInfo {
     var bitmap_info: BitmapInfo = undefined;
-    const file_header = reader.readBytesNoEof(file_header_len) catch return error.UnexpectedEOF;
+    const file_header = reader.takeArray(file_header_len) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.EndOfStream => return error.UnexpectedEOF,
+        else => |e| return e,
+    };
 
     const id = std.mem.readInt(u16, file_header[0..2], native_endian);
     if (id != windows_format_id) return error.InvalidFileHeader;
@@ -104,14 +108,17 @@ pub fn read(reader: anytype, max_size: u64) ReadError!BitmapInfo {
     bitmap_info.pixel_data_offset = std.mem.readInt(u32, file_header[10..14], .little);
     if (bitmap_info.pixel_data_offset > max_size) return error.ImpossiblePixelDataOffset;
 
-    bitmap_info.dib_header_size = reader.readInt(u32, .little) catch return error.UnexpectedEOF;
+    bitmap_info.dib_header_size = reader.takeInt(u32, .little) catch return error.UnexpectedEOF;
     if (bitmap_info.pixel_data_offset < file_header_len + bitmap_info.dib_header_size) return error.ImpossiblePixelDataOffset;
     const dib_version = BitmapHeader.Version.get(bitmap_info.dib_header_size);
     switch (dib_version) {
         .@"nt3.1", .@"nt4.0", .@"nt5.0" => {
             var dib_header_buf: [@sizeOf(BITMAPINFOHEADER)]u8 align(@alignOf(BITMAPINFOHEADER)) = undefined;
             std.mem.writeInt(u32, dib_header_buf[0..4], bitmap_info.dib_header_size, .little);
-            reader.readNoEof(dib_header_buf[4..]) catch return error.UnexpectedEOF;
+            reader.readSliceAll(dib_header_buf[4..]) catch |err| switch (err) {
+                error.EndOfStream => return error.UnexpectedEOF,
+                error.ReadFailed => |e| return e,
+            };
             var dib_header: *BITMAPINFOHEADER = @ptrCast(&dib_header_buf);
             structFieldsLittleToNative(BITMAPINFOHEADER, dib_header);
 
@@ -126,7 +133,10 @@ pub fn read(reader: anytype, max_size: u64) ReadError!BitmapInfo {
         .@"win2.0" => {
             var dib_header_buf: [@sizeOf(BITMAPCOREHEADER)]u8 align(@alignOf(BITMAPCOREHEADER)) = undefined;
             std.mem.writeInt(u32, dib_header_buf[0..4], bitmap_info.dib_header_size, .little);
-            reader.readNoEof(dib_header_buf[4..]) catch return error.UnexpectedEOF;
+            reader.readSliceAll(dib_header_buf[4..]) catch |err| switch (err) {
+                error.EndOfStream => return error.UnexpectedEOF,
+                error.ReadFailed => |e| return e,
+            };
             const dib_header: *BITMAPCOREHEADER = @ptrCast(&dib_header_buf);
             structFieldsLittleToNative(BITMAPCOREHEADER, dib_header);
 
@@ -238,26 +248,26 @@ fn structFieldsLittleToNative(comptime T: type, x: *T) void {
 
 test "read" {
     var bmp_data = "BM<\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x006\x00\x00\x00(\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x10\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x06\x00\x00\x00\x12\x0b\x00\x00\x12\x0b\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xff\x7f\x00\x00\x00\x00".*;
-    var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&bmp_data);
+    var fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(&bmp_data);
 
     {
-        const bitmap = try read(fbs.reader(), bmp_data.len);
+        const bitmap = try read(&fbs, bmp_data.len);
         try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(u32, BitmapHeader.Version.@"nt3.1".len()), bitmap.dib_header_size);
     }
 
     {
-        fbs.reset();
+        fbs.seek = 0;
         bmp_data[file_header_len] = 11;
-        try std.testing.expectError(error.UnknownBitmapVersion, read(fbs.reader(), bmp_data.len));
+        try std.testing.expectError(error.UnknownBitmapVersion, read(&fbs, bmp_data.len));
 
         // restore
         bmp_data[file_header_len] = BitmapHeader.Version.@"nt3.1".len();
     }
 
     {
-        fbs.reset();
+        fbs.seek = 0;
         bmp_data[0] = 'b';
-        try std.testing.expectError(error.InvalidFileHeader, read(fbs.reader(), bmp_data.len));
+        try std.testing.expectError(error.InvalidFileHeader, read(&fbs, bmp_data.len));
 
         // restore
         bmp_data[0] = 'B';
@@ -265,13 +275,13 @@ test "read" {
 
     {
         const cutoff_len = file_header_len + BitmapHeader.Version.@"nt3.1".len() - 1;
-        var dib_cutoff_fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(bmp_data[0..cutoff_len]);
-        try std.testing.expectError(error.UnexpectedEOF, read(dib_cutoff_fbs.reader(), bmp_data.len));
+        var dib_cutoff_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(bmp_data[0..cutoff_len]);
+        try std.testing.expectError(error.UnexpectedEOF, read(&dib_cutoff_fbs, bmp_data.len));
     }
 
     {
         const cutoff_len = file_header_len - 1;
-        var bmp_cutoff_fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(bmp_data[0..cutoff_len]);
-        try std.testing.expectError(error.UnexpectedEOF, read(bmp_cutoff_fbs.reader(), bmp_data.len));
+        var bmp_cutoff_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(bmp_data[0..cutoff_len]);
+        try std.testing.expectError(error.UnexpectedEOF, read(&bmp_cutoff_fbs, bmp_data.len));
     }
 }
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/cli.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/cli.zig
index 1527c601057e..d39c126acfb1 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/cli.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/cli.zig
@@ -80,20 +80,20 @@ pub const usage_string_after_command_name =
     \\
 ;
 
-pub fn writeUsage(writer: anytype, command_name: []const u8) !void {
+pub fn writeUsage(writer: *std.Io.Writer, command_name: []const u8) !void {
     try writer.writeAll("Usage: ");
     try writer.writeAll(command_name);
     try writer.writeAll(usage_string_after_command_name);
 }
 
 pub const Diagnostics = struct {
-    errors: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(ErrorDetails) = .empty,
+    errors: std.ArrayList(ErrorDetails) = .empty,
     allocator: Allocator,
 
     pub const ErrorDetails = struct {
         arg_index: usize,
         arg_span: ArgSpan = .{},
-        msg: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty,
+        msg: std.ArrayList(u8) = .empty,
         type: Type = .err,
         print_args: bool = true,
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ pub const Options = struct {
     allocator: Allocator,
     input_source: IoSource = .{ .filename = &[_]u8{} },
     output_source: IoSource = .{ .filename = &[_]u8{} },
-    extra_include_paths: std.ArrayListUnmanaged([]const u8) = .empty,
+    extra_include_paths: std.ArrayList([]const u8) = .empty,
     ignore_include_env_var: bool = false,
     preprocess: Preprocess = .yes,
     default_language_id: ?u16 = null,
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ pub const Options = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn dumpVerbose(self: *const Options, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn dumpVerbose(self: *const Options, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         const input_source_name = switch (self.input_source) {
             .stdio => "<stdin>",
             .filename => |filename| filename,
@@ -520,8 +520,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                 // - or / on its own is an error
                 else => {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.optionAndAfterSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("invalid option: {s}", .{arg.prefixSlice()});
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "invalid option: {s}", .{arg.prefixSlice()});
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     continue :next_arg;
@@ -532,8 +531,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
         const args_remaining = args.len - arg_i;
         if (args_remaining <= 2 and arg.looksLikeFilepath()) {
             var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .note, .print_args = true, .arg_index = arg_i };
-            var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-            try msg_writer.writeAll("this argument was inferred to be a filepath, so argument parsing was terminated");
+            try err_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "this argument was inferred to be a filepath, so argument parsing was terminated");
             try diagnostics.append(err_details);
 
             break;
@@ -550,16 +548,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, ":output-format")) {
                 const value = arg.value(":output-format".len, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(":output-format".len) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(":output-format".len) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
                 };
                 output_format = std.meta.stringToEnum(Options.OutputFormat, value.slice) orelse blk: {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("invalid output format setting: {s} ", .{value.slice});
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "invalid output format setting: {s} ", .{value.slice});
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     break :blk output_format;
                 };
@@ -569,16 +565,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, ":auto-includes")) {
                 const value = arg.value(":auto-includes".len, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(":auto-includes".len) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(":auto-includes".len) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
                 };
                 options.auto_includes = std.meta.stringToEnum(Options.AutoIncludes, value.slice) orelse blk: {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("invalid auto includes setting: {s} ", .{value.slice});
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "invalid auto includes setting: {s} ", .{value.slice});
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     break :blk options.auto_includes;
                 };
@@ -587,16 +581,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, ":input-format")) {
                 const value = arg.value(":input-format".len, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(":input-format".len) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(":input-format".len) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
                 };
                 input_format = std.meta.stringToEnum(Options.InputFormat, value.slice) orelse blk: {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("invalid input format setting: {s} ", .{value.slice});
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "invalid input format setting: {s} ", .{value.slice});
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     break :blk input_format;
                 };
@@ -606,16 +598,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, ":depfile-fmt")) {
                 const value = arg.value(":depfile-fmt".len, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(":depfile-fmt".len) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(":depfile-fmt".len) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
                 };
                 options.depfile_fmt = std.meta.stringToEnum(Options.DepfileFormat, value.slice) orelse blk: {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("invalid depfile format setting: {s} ", .{value.slice});
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "invalid depfile format setting: {s} ", .{value.slice});
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     break :blk options.depfile_fmt;
                 };
@@ -624,8 +614,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, ":depfile")) {
                 const value = arg.value(":depfile".len, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(":depfile".len) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(":depfile".len) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
@@ -643,8 +632,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, ":target")) {
                 const value = arg.value(":target".len, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(":target".len) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(":target".len) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
@@ -655,8 +643,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                 const arch_str = target_it.first();
                 const arch = cvtres.supported_targets.Arch.fromStringIgnoreCase(arch_str) orelse {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("invalid or unsupported target architecture: {s}", .{arch_str});
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "invalid or unsupported target architecture: {s}", .{arch_str});
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += value.index_increment;
                     continue :next_arg;
@@ -680,13 +667,11 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                         .prefix_len = arg.prefixSlice().len,
                         .value_offset = arg.name_offset + 3,
                     } };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing value for {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(3) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing value for {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(3) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 }
                 var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .err, .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.optionAndAfterSpan() };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.print("the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(3) });
+                try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(3) });
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 arg_i += 1;
                 continue :next_arg;
@@ -695,16 +680,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, "tn")) {
                 const value = arg.value(2, arg_i, args) catch no_value: {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     // dummy zero-length slice starting where the value would have been
                     const value_start = arg.name_offset + 2;
                     break :no_value Arg.Value{ .slice = arg.full[value_start..value_start] };
                 };
                 var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .err, .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.optionAndAfterSpan() };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.print("the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
+                try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 arg_i += value.index_increment;
                 continue :next_arg;
@@ -716,16 +699,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             {
                 const value = arg.value(2, arg_i, args) catch no_value: {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     // dummy zero-length slice starting where the value would have been
                     const value_start = arg.name_offset + 2;
                     break :no_value Arg.Value{ .slice = arg.full[value_start..value_start] };
                 };
                 var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .err, .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.optionAndAfterSpan() };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.print("the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
+                try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 arg_i += value.index_increment;
                 continue :next_arg;
@@ -733,8 +714,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             // Unsupported MUI options that do not need a value
             else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, "g1")) {
                 var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .err, .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.optionSpan(2) };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.print("the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
+                try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 arg.name_offset += 2;
             }
@@ -747,15 +727,13 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                 std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, "ta"))
             {
                 var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .err, .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.optionSpan(2) };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.print("the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
+                try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 arg.name_offset += 2;
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, "fo")) {
                 const value = arg.value(2, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing output path after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing output path after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
@@ -767,8 +745,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, "sl")) {
                 const value = arg.value(2, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing language tag after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing language tag after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
@@ -776,24 +753,20 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                 const percent_str = value.slice;
                 const percent: u32 = parsePercent(percent_str) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("invalid percent format '{s}'", .{percent_str});
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "invalid percent format '{s}'", .{percent_str});
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     var note_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .note, .print_args = false, .arg_index = arg_i };
-                    var note_writer = note_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try note_writer.writeAll("string length percent must be an integer between 1 and 100 (inclusive)");
+                    try note_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "string length percent must be an integer between 1 and 100 (inclusive)");
                     try diagnostics.append(note_details);
                     arg_i += value.index_increment;
                     continue :next_arg;
                 };
                 if (percent == 0 or percent > 100) {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("percent out of range: {} (parsed from '{s}')", .{ percent, percent_str });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "percent out of range: {} (parsed from '{s}')", .{ percent, percent_str });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     var note_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .note, .print_args = false, .arg_index = arg_i };
-                    var note_writer = note_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try note_writer.writeAll("string length percent must be an integer between 1 and 100 (inclusive)");
+                    try note_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "string length percent must be an integer between 1 and 100 (inclusive)");
                     try diagnostics.append(note_details);
                     arg_i += value.index_increment;
                     continue :next_arg;
@@ -805,8 +778,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, "ln")) {
                 const value = arg.value(2, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing language tag after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing language tag after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(2) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
@@ -814,16 +786,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                 const tag = value.slice;
                 options.default_language_id = lang.tagToInt(tag) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("invalid language tag: {s}", .{tag});
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "invalid language tag: {s}", .{tag});
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += value.index_increment;
                     continue :next_arg;
                 };
                 if (options.default_language_id.? == lang.LOCALE_CUSTOM_UNSPECIFIED) {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .warning, .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("language tag '{s}' does not have an assigned ID so it will be resolved to LOCALE_CUSTOM_UNSPECIFIED (id=0x{x})", .{ tag, lang.LOCALE_CUSTOM_UNSPECIFIED });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "language tag '{s}' does not have an assigned ID so it will be resolved to LOCALE_CUSTOM_UNSPECIFIED (id=0x{x})", .{ tag, lang.LOCALE_CUSTOM_UNSPECIFIED });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 }
                 arg_i += value.index_increment;
@@ -831,8 +801,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, "l")) {
                 const value = arg.value(1, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing language ID after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing language ID after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
@@ -840,8 +809,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                 const num_str = value.slice;
                 options.default_language_id = lang.parseInt(num_str) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("invalid language ID: {s}", .{num_str});
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "invalid language ID: {s}", .{num_str});
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += value.index_increment;
                     continue :next_arg;
@@ -860,16 +828,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             {
                 const value = arg.value(1, arg_i, args) catch no_value: {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     // dummy zero-length slice starting where the value would have been
                     const value_start = arg.name_offset + 1;
                     break :no_value Arg.Value{ .slice = arg.full[value_start..value_start] };
                 };
                 var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .err, .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.optionAndAfterSpan() };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.print("the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
+                try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 arg_i += value.index_increment;
                 continue :next_arg;
@@ -882,16 +848,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             {
                 const value = arg.value(1, arg_i, args) catch no_value: {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing value after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     // dummy zero-length slice starting where the value would have been
                     const value_start = arg.name_offset + 1;
                     break :no_value Arg.Value{ .slice = arg.full[value_start..value_start] };
                 };
                 var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .err, .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.optionAndAfterSpan() };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.print("the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
+                try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 arg_i += value.index_increment;
                 continue :next_arg;
@@ -899,15 +863,13 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             // 1 char unsupported LCX/LCE options that do not need a value
             else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, "t")) {
                 var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .err, .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.optionSpan(1) };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.print("the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
+                try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "the {s}{s} option is unsupported", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 arg.name_offset += 1;
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, "c")) {
                 const value = arg.value(1, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing code page ID after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing code page ID after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
@@ -915,8 +877,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                 const num_str = value.slice;
                 const code_page_id = std.fmt.parseUnsigned(u16, num_str, 10) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("invalid code page ID: {s}", .{num_str});
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "invalid code page ID: {s}", .{num_str});
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += value.index_increment;
                     continue :next_arg;
@@ -924,16 +885,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                 options.default_code_page = code_pages.getByIdentifierEnsureSupported(code_page_id) catch |err| switch (err) {
                     error.InvalidCodePage => {
                         var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                        var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                        try msg_writer.print("invalid or unknown code page ID: {}", .{code_page_id});
+                        try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "invalid or unknown code page ID: {}", .{code_page_id});
                         try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                         arg_i += value.index_increment;
                         continue :next_arg;
                     },
                     error.UnsupportedCodePage => {
                         var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                        var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                        try msg_writer.print("unsupported code page: {s} (id={})", .{
+                        try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "unsupported code page: {s} (id={})", .{
                             @tagName(code_pages.getByIdentifier(code_page_id) catch unreachable),
                             code_page_id,
                         });
@@ -957,8 +916,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, "i")) {
                 const value = arg.value(1, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing include path after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing include path after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
@@ -986,15 +944,13 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                 // Undocumented option with unknown function
                 // TODO: More investigation to figure out what it does (if anything)
                 var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .warning, .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.optionSpan(1) };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.print("option {s}{s} has no effect (it is undocumented and its function is unknown in the Win32 RC compiler)", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
+                try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "option {s}{s} has no effect (it is undocumented and its function is unknown in the Win32 RC compiler)", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 arg.name_offset += 1;
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, "d")) {
                 const value = arg.value(1, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing symbol to define after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing symbol to define after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
@@ -1009,8 +965,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                     try options.define(symbol, symbol_value);
                 } else {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .warning, .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("symbol \"{s}\" is not a valid identifier and therefore cannot be defined", .{symbol});
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "symbol \"{s}\" is not a valid identifier and therefore cannot be defined", .{symbol});
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 }
                 arg_i += value.index_increment;
@@ -1018,8 +973,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
             } else if (std.ascii.startsWithIgnoreCase(arg_name, "u")) {
                 const value = arg.value(1, arg_i, args) catch {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.missingSpan() };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("missing symbol to undefine after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "missing symbol to undefine after {s}{s} option", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.optionWithoutPrefix(1) });
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                     arg_i += 1;
                     break :next_arg;
@@ -1029,16 +983,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                     try options.undefine(symbol);
                 } else {
                     var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .warning, .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = value.argSpan(arg) };
-                    var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                    try msg_writer.print("symbol \"{s}\" is not a valid identifier and therefore cannot be undefined", .{symbol});
+                    try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "symbol \"{s}\" is not a valid identifier and therefore cannot be undefined", .{symbol});
                     try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 }
                 arg_i += value.index_increment;
                 continue :next_arg;
             } else {
                 var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i, .arg_span = arg.optionAndAfterSpan() };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.print("invalid option: {s}{s}", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.name() });
+                try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "invalid option: {s}{s}", .{ arg.prefixSlice(), arg.name() });
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
                 arg_i += 1;
                 continue :next_arg;
@@ -1055,16 +1007,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
 
     if (positionals.len == 0) {
         var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .print_args = false, .arg_index = arg_i };
-        var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-        try msg_writer.writeAll("missing input filename");
+        try err_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "missing input filename");
         try diagnostics.append(err_details);
 
         if (args.len > 0) {
             const last_arg = args[args.len - 1];
             if (arg_i > 0 and last_arg.len > 0 and last_arg[0] == '/' and isSupportedInputExtension(std.fs.path.extension(last_arg))) {
                 var note_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .note, .print_args = true, .arg_index = arg_i - 1 };
-                var note_writer = note_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try note_writer.writeAll("if this argument was intended to be the input filename, adding -- in front of it will exclude it from option parsing");
+                try note_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "if this argument was intended to be the input filename, adding -- in front of it will exclude it from option parsing");
                 try diagnostics.append(note_details);
             }
         }
@@ -1099,16 +1049,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
     if (positionals.len > 1) {
         if (output_filename != null) {
             var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = arg_i + 1 };
-            var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-            try msg_writer.writeAll("output filename already specified");
+            try err_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "output filename already specified");
             try diagnostics.append(err_details);
             var note_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{
                 .type = .note,
                 .arg_index = output_filename_context.arg.index,
                 .arg_span = output_filename_context.arg.value.argSpan(output_filename_context.arg.arg),
             };
-            var note_writer = note_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-            try note_writer.writeAll("output filename previously specified here");
+            try note_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "output filename previously specified here");
             try diagnostics.append(note_details);
         } else {
             output_filename = positionals[1];
@@ -1173,16 +1121,15 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
     var print_output_format_source_note: bool = false;
     if (options.depfile_path != null and (options.input_format == .res or options.output_format == .rcpp)) {
         var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .warning, .arg_index = depfile_context.index, .arg_span = depfile_context.value.argSpan(depfile_context.arg) };
-        var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
         if (options.input_format == .res) {
-            try msg_writer.print("the {s}{s} option was ignored because the input format is '{s}'", .{
+            try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "the {s}{s} option was ignored because the input format is '{s}'", .{
                 depfile_context.arg.prefixSlice(),
                 depfile_context.arg.optionWithoutPrefix(depfile_context.option_len),
                 @tagName(options.input_format),
             });
             print_input_format_source_note = true;
         } else if (options.output_format == .rcpp) {
-            try msg_writer.print("the {s}{s} option was ignored because the output format is '{s}'", .{
+            try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "the {s}{s} option was ignored because the output format is '{s}'", .{
                 depfile_context.arg.prefixSlice(),
                 depfile_context.arg.optionWithoutPrefix(depfile_context.option_len),
                 @tagName(options.output_format),
@@ -1193,16 +1140,14 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
     }
     if (!isSupportedTransformation(options.input_format, options.output_format)) {
         var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = input_filename_arg_i, .print_args = false };
-        var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-        try msg_writer.print("input format '{s}' cannot be converted to output format '{s}'", .{ @tagName(options.input_format), @tagName(options.output_format) });
+        try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "input format '{s}' cannot be converted to output format '{s}'", .{ @tagName(options.input_format), @tagName(options.output_format) });
         try diagnostics.append(err_details);
         print_input_format_source_note = true;
         print_output_format_source_note = true;
     }
     if (options.preprocess == .only and options.output_format != .rcpp) {
         var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .arg_index = preprocess_only_context.index };
-        var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-        try msg_writer.print("the {s}{s} option cannot be used with output format '{s}'", .{
+        try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "the {s}{s} option cannot be used with output format '{s}'", .{
             preprocess_only_context.arg.prefixSlice(),
             preprocess_only_context.arg.optionWithoutPrefix(preprocess_only_context.option_len),
             @tagName(options.output_format),
@@ -1214,8 +1159,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
         switch (input_format_source) {
             .inferred_from_input_filename => {
                 var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .note, .arg_index = input_filename_arg_i };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.writeAll("the input format was inferred from the input filename");
+                try err_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "the input format was inferred from the input filename");
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
             },
             .input_format_arg => {
@@ -1224,8 +1168,7 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                     .arg_index = input_format_context.index,
                     .arg_span = input_format_context.value.argSpan(input_format_context.arg),
                 };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.writeAll("the input format was specified here");
+                try err_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "the input format was specified here");
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
             },
         }
@@ -1234,11 +1177,10 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
         switch (output_format_source) {
             .inferred_from_input_filename, .unable_to_infer_from_input_filename => {
                 var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .note, .arg_index = input_filename_arg_i };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
                 if (output_format_source == .inferred_from_input_filename) {
-                    try msg_writer.writeAll("the output format was inferred from the input filename");
+                    try err_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "the output format was inferred from the input filename");
                 } else {
-                    try msg_writer.writeAll("the output format was unable to be inferred from the input filename, so the default was used");
+                    try err_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "the output format was unable to be inferred from the input filename, so the default was used");
                 }
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
             },
@@ -1248,11 +1190,10 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                     .arg => |ctx| .{ .type = .note, .arg_index = ctx.index, .arg_span = ctx.value.argSpan(ctx.arg) },
                     .unspecified => unreachable,
                 };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
                 if (output_format_source == .inferred_from_output_filename) {
-                    try msg_writer.writeAll("the output format was inferred from the output filename");
+                    try err_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "the output format was inferred from the output filename");
                 } else {
-                    try msg_writer.writeAll("the output format was unable to be inferred from the output filename, so the default was used");
+                    try err_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "the output format was unable to be inferred from the output filename, so the default was used");
                 }
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
             },
@@ -1262,14 +1203,12 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
                     .arg_index = output_format_context.index,
                     .arg_span = output_format_context.value.argSpan(output_format_context.arg),
                 };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.writeAll("the output format was specified here");
+                try err_details.msg.appendSlice(allocator, "the output format was specified here");
                 try diagnostics.append(err_details);
             },
             .inferred_from_preprocess_only => {
                 var err_details = Diagnostics.ErrorDetails{ .type = .note, .arg_index = preprocess_only_context.index };
-                var msg_writer = err_details.msg.writer(allocator);
-                try msg_writer.print("the output format was inferred from the usage of the {s}{s} option", .{
+                try err_details.msg.print(allocator, "the output format was inferred from the usage of the {s}{s} option", .{
                     preprocess_only_context.arg.prefixSlice(),
                     preprocess_only_context.arg.optionWithoutPrefix(preprocess_only_context.option_len),
                 });
@@ -1291,19 +1230,19 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, args: []const []const u8, diagnostics: *Diagn
 }
 
 pub fn filepathWithExtension(allocator: Allocator, path: []const u8, ext: []const u8) ![]const u8 {
-    var buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
-    errdefer buf.deinit();
+    var buf: std.ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
+    errdefer buf.deinit(allocator);
     if (std.fs.path.dirname(path)) |dirname| {
         var end_pos = dirname.len;
         // We want to ensure that we write a path separator at the end, so if the dirname
         // doesn't end with a path sep then include the char after the dirname
         // which must be a path sep.
         if (!std.fs.path.isSep(dirname[dirname.len - 1])) end_pos += 1;
-        try buf.appendSlice(path[0..end_pos]);
+        try buf.appendSlice(allocator, path[0..end_pos]);
     }
-    try buf.appendSlice(std.fs.path.stem(path));
-    try buf.appendSlice(ext);
-    return try buf.toOwnedSlice();
+    try buf.appendSlice(allocator, std.fs.path.stem(path));
+    try buf.appendSlice(allocator, ext);
+    return try buf.toOwnedSlice(allocator);
 }
 
 pub fn isSupportedInputExtension(ext: []const u8) bool {
@@ -1537,7 +1476,7 @@ fn testParseOutput(args: []const []const u8, expected_output: []const u8) !?Opti
     var options = parse(std.testing.allocator, args, &diagnostics) catch |err| switch (err) {
         error.ParseError => {
             try diagnostics.renderToWriter(args, &output.writer, .no_color);
-            try std.testing.expectEqualStrings(expected_output, output.getWritten());
+            try std.testing.expectEqualStrings(expected_output, output.written());
             return null;
         },
         else => |e| return e,
@@ -1545,7 +1484,7 @@ fn testParseOutput(args: []const []const u8, expected_output: []const u8) !?Opti
     errdefer options.deinit();
 
     try diagnostics.renderToWriter(args, &output.writer, .no_color);
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings(expected_output, output.getWritten());
+    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings(expected_output, output.written());
     return options;
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/compile.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/compile.zig
index 60d91eeb7382..986740798d06 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/compile.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/compile.zig
@@ -35,10 +35,7 @@ pub const CompileOptions = struct {
     diagnostics: *Diagnostics,
     source_mappings: ?*SourceMappings = null,
     /// List of paths (absolute or relative to `cwd`) for every file that the resources within the .rc file depend on.
-    /// Items within the list will be allocated using the allocator of the ArrayList and must be
-    /// freed by the caller.
-    /// TODO: Maybe a dedicated struct for this purpose so that it's a bit nicer to work with.
-    dependencies_list: ?*std.array_list.Managed([]const u8) = null,
+    dependencies: ?*Dependencies = null,
     default_code_page: SupportedCodePage = .windows1252,
     /// If true, the first #pragma code_page directive only sets the input code page, but not the output code page.
     /// This check must be done before comments are removed from the file.
@@ -61,7 +58,26 @@ pub const CompileOptions = struct {
     warn_instead_of_error_on_invalid_code_page: bool = false,
 };
 
-pub fn compile(allocator: Allocator, source: []const u8, writer: anytype, options: CompileOptions) !void {
+pub const Dependencies = struct {
+    list: std.ArrayList([]const u8),
+    allocator: Allocator,
+
+    pub fn init(allocator: Allocator) Dependencies {
+        return .{
+            .list = .empty,
+            .allocator = allocator,
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn deinit(self: *Dependencies) void {
+        for (self.list.items) |item| {
+            self.allocator.free(item);
+        }
+        self.list.deinit(self.allocator);
+    }
+};
+
+pub fn compile(allocator: Allocator, source: []const u8, writer: *std.Io.Writer, options: CompileOptions) !void {
     var lexer = lex.Lexer.init(source, .{
         .default_code_page = options.default_code_page,
         .source_mappings = options.source_mappings,
@@ -74,12 +90,12 @@ pub fn compile(allocator: Allocator, source: []const u8, writer: anytype, option
     var tree = try parser.parse(allocator, options.diagnostics);
     defer tree.deinit();
 
-    var search_dirs = std.array_list.Managed(SearchDir).init(allocator);
+    var search_dirs: std.ArrayList(SearchDir) = .empty;
     defer {
         for (search_dirs.items) |*search_dir| {
             search_dir.deinit(allocator);
         }
-        search_dirs.deinit();
+        search_dirs.deinit(allocator);
     }
 
     if (options.source_mappings) |source_mappings| {
@@ -89,7 +105,7 @@ pub fn compile(allocator: Allocator, source: []const u8, writer: anytype, option
         if (std.fs.path.dirname(root_path)) |root_dir_path| {
             var root_dir = try options.cwd.openDir(root_dir_path, .{});
             errdefer root_dir.close();
-            try search_dirs.append(.{ .dir = root_dir, .path = try allocator.dupe(u8, root_dir_path) });
+            try search_dirs.append(allocator, .{ .dir = root_dir, .path = try allocator.dupe(u8, root_dir_path) });
         }
     }
     // Re-open the passed in cwd since we want to be able to close it (std.fs.cwd() shouldn't be closed)
@@ -111,14 +127,14 @@ pub fn compile(allocator: Allocator, source: []const u8, writer: anytype, option
         });
         return error.CompileError;
     };
-    try search_dirs.append(.{ .dir = cwd_dir, .path = null });
+    try search_dirs.append(allocator, .{ .dir = cwd_dir, .path = null });
     for (options.extra_include_paths) |extra_include_path| {
         var dir = openSearchPathDir(options.cwd, extra_include_path) catch {
             // TODO: maybe a warning that the search path is skipped?
             continue;
         };
         errdefer dir.close();
-        try search_dirs.append(.{ .dir = dir, .path = try allocator.dupe(u8, extra_include_path) });
+        try search_dirs.append(allocator, .{ .dir = dir, .path = try allocator.dupe(u8, extra_include_path) });
     }
     for (options.system_include_paths) |system_include_path| {
         var dir = openSearchPathDir(options.cwd, system_include_path) catch {
@@ -126,7 +142,7 @@ pub fn compile(allocator: Allocator, source: []const u8, writer: anytype, option
             continue;
         };
         errdefer dir.close();
-        try search_dirs.append(.{ .dir = dir, .path = try allocator.dupe(u8, system_include_path) });
+        try search_dirs.append(allocator, .{ .dir = dir, .path = try allocator.dupe(u8, system_include_path) });
     }
     if (!options.ignore_include_env_var) {
         const INCLUDE = std.process.getEnvVarOwned(allocator, "INCLUDE") catch "";
@@ -142,7 +158,7 @@ pub fn compile(allocator: Allocator, source: []const u8, writer: anytype, option
         while (it.next()) |search_path| {
             var dir = openSearchPathDir(options.cwd, search_path) catch continue;
             errdefer dir.close();
-            try search_dirs.append(.{ .dir = dir, .path = try allocator.dupe(u8, search_path) });
+            try search_dirs.append(allocator, .{ .dir = dir, .path = try allocator.dupe(u8, search_path) });
         }
     }
 
@@ -156,7 +172,7 @@ pub fn compile(allocator: Allocator, source: []const u8, writer: anytype, option
         .allocator = allocator,
         .cwd = options.cwd,
         .diagnostics = options.diagnostics,
-        .dependencies_list = options.dependencies_list,
+        .dependencies = options.dependencies,
         .input_code_pages = &tree.input_code_pages,
         .output_code_pages = &tree.output_code_pages,
         // This is only safe because we know search_dirs won't be modified past this point
@@ -178,7 +194,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
     cwd: std.fs.Dir,
     state: State = .{},
     diagnostics: *Diagnostics,
-    dependencies_list: ?*std.array_list.Managed([]const u8),
+    dependencies: ?*Dependencies,
     input_code_pages: *const CodePageLookup,
     output_code_pages: *const CodePageLookup,
     search_dirs: []SearchDir,
@@ -194,7 +210,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         characteristics: u32 = 0,
     };
 
-    pub fn writeRoot(self: *Compiler, root: *Node.Root, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn writeRoot(self: *Compiler, root: *Node.Root, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         try writeEmptyResource(writer);
         for (root.body) |node| {
             try self.writeNode(node, writer);
@@ -236,7 +252,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn writeNode(self: *Compiler, node: *Node, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn writeNode(self: *Compiler, node: *Node, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         switch (node.id) {
             .root => unreachable, // writeRoot should be called directly instead
             .resource_external => try self.writeResourceExternal(@alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", node)), writer),
@@ -279,32 +295,32 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
                     .literal, .number => {
                         const slice = literal_node.token.slice(self.source);
                         const code_page = self.input_code_pages.getForToken(literal_node.token);
-                        var buf = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(self.allocator, slice.len);
-                        errdefer buf.deinit();
+                        var buf = try std.ArrayList(u8).initCapacity(self.allocator, slice.len);
+                        errdefer buf.deinit(self.allocator);
 
                         var index: usize = 0;
                         while (code_page.codepointAt(index, slice)) |codepoint| : (index += codepoint.byte_len) {
                             const c = codepoint.value;
                             if (c == code_pages.Codepoint.invalid) {
-                                try buf.appendSlice("�");
+                                try buf.appendSlice(self.allocator, "�");
                             } else {
                                 // Anything that is not returned as an invalid codepoint must be encodable as UTF-8.
                                 const utf8_len = std.unicode.utf8CodepointSequenceLength(c) catch unreachable;
-                                try buf.ensureUnusedCapacity(utf8_len);
+                                try buf.ensureUnusedCapacity(self.allocator, utf8_len);
                                 _ = std.unicode.utf8Encode(c, buf.unusedCapacitySlice()) catch unreachable;
                                 buf.items.len += utf8_len;
                             }
                         }
 
-                        return buf.toOwnedSlice();
+                        return buf.toOwnedSlice(self.allocator);
                     },
                     .quoted_ascii_string, .quoted_wide_string => {
                         const slice = literal_node.token.slice(self.source);
                         const column = literal_node.token.calculateColumn(self.source, 8, null);
                         const bytes = SourceBytes{ .slice = slice, .code_page = self.input_code_pages.getForToken(literal_node.token) };
 
-                        var buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(self.allocator);
-                        errdefer buf.deinit();
+                        var buf: std.ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
+                        errdefer buf.deinit(self.allocator);
 
                         // Filenames are sort-of parsed as if they were wide strings, but the max escape width of
                         // hex/octal escapes is still determined by the L prefix. Since we want to end up with
@@ -320,19 +336,19 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
                         while (try parser.nextUnchecked()) |parsed| {
                             const c = parsed.codepoint;
                             if (c == code_pages.Codepoint.invalid) {
-                                try buf.appendSlice("�");
+                                try buf.appendSlice(self.allocator, "�");
                             } else {
                                 var codepoint_buf: [4]u8 = undefined;
                                 // If the codepoint cannot be encoded, we fall back to �
                                 if (std.unicode.utf8Encode(c, &codepoint_buf)) |len| {
-                                    try buf.appendSlice(codepoint_buf[0..len]);
+                                    try buf.appendSlice(self.allocator, codepoint_buf[0..len]);
                                 } else |_| {
-                                    try buf.appendSlice("�");
+                                    try buf.appendSlice(self.allocator, "�");
                                 }
                             }
                         }
 
-                        return buf.toOwnedSlice();
+                        return buf.toOwnedSlice(self.allocator);
                     },
                     else => unreachable, // no other token types should be in a filename literal node
                 }
@@ -386,10 +402,10 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
             const file = try utils.openFileNotDir(std.fs.cwd(), path, .{});
             errdefer file.close();
 
-            if (self.dependencies_list) |dependencies_list| {
-                const duped_path = try dependencies_list.allocator.dupe(u8, path);
-                errdefer dependencies_list.allocator.free(duped_path);
-                try dependencies_list.append(duped_path);
+            if (self.dependencies) |dependencies| {
+                const duped_path = try dependencies.allocator.dupe(u8, path);
+                errdefer dependencies.allocator.free(duped_path);
+                try dependencies.list.append(dependencies.allocator, duped_path);
             }
         }
 
@@ -398,12 +414,12 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
             if (utils.openFileNotDir(search_dir.dir, path, .{})) |file| {
                 errdefer file.close();
 
-                if (self.dependencies_list) |dependencies_list| {
-                    const searched_file_path = try std.fs.path.join(dependencies_list.allocator, &.{
+                if (self.dependencies) |dependencies| {
+                    const searched_file_path = try std.fs.path.join(dependencies.allocator, &.{
                         search_dir.path orelse "", path,
                     });
-                    errdefer dependencies_list.allocator.free(searched_file_path);
-                    try dependencies_list.append(searched_file_path);
+                    errdefer dependencies.allocator.free(searched_file_path);
+                    try dependencies.list.append(dependencies.allocator, searched_file_path);
                 }
 
                 return file;
@@ -421,8 +437,8 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         const bytes = self.sourceBytesForToken(token);
         const output_code_page = self.output_code_pages.getForToken(token);
 
-        var buf = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(self.allocator, bytes.slice.len);
-        errdefer buf.deinit();
+        var buf = try std.ArrayList(u8).initCapacity(self.allocator, bytes.slice.len);
+        errdefer buf.deinit(self.allocator);
 
         var iterative_parser = literals.IterativeStringParser.init(bytes, .{
             .start_column = token.calculateColumn(self.source, 8, null),
@@ -444,11 +460,11 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
             switch (iterative_parser.declared_string_type) {
                 .wide => {
                     if (windows1252.bestFitFromCodepoint(c)) |best_fit| {
-                        try buf.append(best_fit);
+                        try buf.append(self.allocator, best_fit);
                     } else if (c < 0x10000 or c == code_pages.Codepoint.invalid or parsed.escaped_surrogate_pair) {
-                        try buf.append('?');
+                        try buf.append(self.allocator, '?');
                     } else {
-                        try buf.appendSlice("??");
+                        try buf.appendSlice(self.allocator, "??");
                     }
                 },
                 .ascii => {
@@ -456,30 +472,30 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
                         const truncated: u8 = @truncate(c);
                         switch (output_code_page) {
                             .utf8 => switch (truncated) {
-                                0...0x7F => try buf.append(truncated),
-                                else => try buf.append('?'),
+                                0...0x7F => try buf.append(self.allocator, truncated),
+                                else => try buf.append(self.allocator, '?'),
                             },
                             .windows1252 => {
-                                try buf.append(truncated);
+                                try buf.append(self.allocator, truncated);
                             },
                         }
                     } else {
                         if (windows1252.bestFitFromCodepoint(c)) |best_fit| {
-                            try buf.append(best_fit);
+                            try buf.append(self.allocator, best_fit);
                         } else if (c < 0x10000 or c == code_pages.Codepoint.invalid) {
-                            try buf.append('?');
+                            try buf.append(self.allocator, '?');
                         } else {
-                            try buf.appendSlice("??");
+                            try buf.appendSlice(self.allocator, "??");
                         }
                     }
                 },
             }
         }
 
-        return buf.toOwnedSlice();
+        return buf.toOwnedSlice(self.allocator);
     }
 
-    pub fn writeResourceExternal(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.ResourceExternal, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn writeResourceExternal(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.ResourceExternal, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         // Init header with data size zero for now, will need to fill it in later
         var header = try self.resourceHeader(node.id, node.type, .{});
         defer header.deinit(self.allocator);
@@ -572,7 +588,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
             switch (predefined_type) {
                 .GROUP_ICON, .GROUP_CURSOR => {
                     // Check for animated icon first
-                    if (ani.isAnimatedIcon(file_reader.interface.adaptToOldInterface())) {
+                    if (ani.isAnimatedIcon(&file_reader.interface)) {
                         // Animated icons are just put into the resource unmodified,
                         // and the resource type changes to ANIICON/ANICURSOR
 
@@ -584,7 +600,12 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
                         header.type_value.ordinal = @intFromEnum(new_predefined_type);
                         header.memory_flags = MemoryFlags.defaults(new_predefined_type);
                         header.applyMemoryFlags(node.common_resource_attributes, self.source);
-                        header.data_size = @intCast(try file_reader.getSize());
+                        header.data_size = std.math.cast(u32, try file_reader.getSize()) orelse {
+                            return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
+                                .err = .resource_data_size_exceeds_max,
+                                .token = node.id,
+                            });
+                        };
 
                         try header.write(writer, self.errContext(node.id));
                         try file_reader.seekTo(0);
@@ -595,7 +616,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
                     // isAnimatedIcon moved the file cursor so reset to the start
                     try file_reader.seekTo(0);
 
-                    const icon_dir = ico.read(self.allocator, file_reader.interface.adaptToOldInterface(), try file_reader.getSize()) catch |err| switch (err) {
+                    const icon_dir = ico.read(self.allocator, &file_reader.interface, try file_reader.getSize()) catch |err| switch (err) {
                         error.OutOfMemory => |e| return e,
                         else => |e| {
                             return self.iconReadError(
@@ -861,7 +882,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
                     header.applyMemoryFlags(node.common_resource_attributes, self.source);
                     const file_size = try file_reader.getSize();
 
-                    const bitmap_info = bmp.read(file_reader.interface.adaptToOldInterface(), file_size) catch |err| {
+                    const bitmap_info = bmp.read(&file_reader.interface, file_size) catch |err| {
                         const filename_string_index = try self.diagnostics.putString(filename_utf8);
                         return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
                             .err = .bmp_read_error,
@@ -969,13 +990,19 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
                     header.data_size = @intCast(file_size);
                     try header.write(writer, self.errContext(node.id));
 
-                    var header_slurping_reader = headerSlurpingReader(148, file_reader.interface.adaptToOldInterface());
-                    var adapter = header_slurping_reader.reader().adaptToNewApi(&.{});
-                    try writeResourceData(writer, &adapter.new_interface, header.data_size);
+                    // Slurp the first 148 bytes separately so we can store them in the FontDir
+                    var font_dir_header_buf: [148]u8 = @splat(0);
+                    const populated_len: u32 = @intCast(try file_reader.interface.readSliceShort(&font_dir_header_buf));
+
+                    // Write only the populated bytes slurped from the header
+                    try writer.writeAll(font_dir_header_buf[0..populated_len]);
+                    // Then write the rest of the bytes and the padding
+                    try writeResourceDataNoPadding(writer, &file_reader.interface, header.data_size - populated_len);
+                    try writeDataPadding(writer, header.data_size);
 
                     try self.state.font_dir.add(self.arena, FontDir.Font{
                         .id = header.name_value.ordinal,
-                        .header_bytes = header_slurping_reader.slurped_header,
+                        .header_bytes = font_dir_header_buf,
                     }, node.id);
                     return;
                 },
@@ -1053,7 +1080,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
             }
         }
 
-        pub fn write(self: Data, writer: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn write(self: Data, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
             switch (self) {
                 .number => |number| switch (number.is_long) {
                     false => try writer.writeInt(WORD, number.asWord(), .little),
@@ -1225,38 +1252,30 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn writeResourceRawData(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.ResourceRawData, writer: anytype) !void {
-        var data_buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(self.allocator);
+    pub fn writeResourceRawData(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.ResourceRawData, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
+        var data_buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(self.allocator);
         defer data_buffer.deinit();
-        // The header's data length field is a u32 so limit the resource's data size so that
-        // we know we can always specify the real size.
-        var limited_writer = limitedWriter(data_buffer.writer(), std.math.maxInt(u32));
-        const data_writer = limited_writer.writer();
 
         for (node.raw_data) |expression| {
             const data = try self.evaluateDataExpression(expression);
             defer data.deinit(self.allocator);
-            data.write(data_writer) catch |err| switch (err) {
-                error.NoSpaceLeft => {
-                    return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
-                        .err = .resource_data_size_exceeds_max,
-                        .token = node.id,
-                    });
-                },
-                else => |e| return e,
-            };
+            try data.write(&data_buffer.writer);
         }
 
-        // This intCast can't fail because the limitedWriter above guarantees that
-        // we will never write more than maxInt(u32) bytes.
-        const data_len: u32 = @intCast(data_buffer.items.len);
+        // TODO: Limit data_buffer in some way to error when writing more than u32 max bytes
+        const data_len: u32 = std.math.cast(u32, data_buffer.written().len) orelse {
+            return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
+                .err = .resource_data_size_exceeds_max,
+                .token = node.id,
+            });
+        };
         try self.writeResourceHeader(writer, node.id, node.type, data_len, node.common_resource_attributes, self.state.language);
 
-        var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.items);
+        var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.written());
         try writeResourceData(writer, &data_fbs, data_len);
     }
 
-    pub fn writeResourceHeader(self: *Compiler, writer: anytype, id_token: Token, type_token: Token, data_size: u32, common_resource_attributes: []Token, language: res.Language) !void {
+    pub fn writeResourceHeader(self: *Compiler, writer: *std.Io.Writer, id_token: Token, type_token: Token, data_size: u32, common_resource_attributes: []Token, language: res.Language) !void {
         var header = try self.resourceHeader(id_token, type_token, .{
             .language = language,
             .data_size = data_size,
@@ -1272,7 +1291,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         try data_reader.streamExact(writer, data_size);
     }
 
-    pub fn writeResourceData(writer: anytype, data_reader: *std.Io.Reader, data_size: u32) !void {
+    pub fn writeResourceData(writer: *std.Io.Writer, data_reader: *std.Io.Reader, data_size: u32) !void {
         try writeResourceDataNoPadding(writer, data_reader, data_size);
         try writeDataPadding(writer, data_size);
     }
@@ -1305,28 +1324,19 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn writeAccelerators(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.Accelerators, writer: anytype) !void {
-        var data_buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(self.allocator);
+    pub fn writeAccelerators(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.Accelerators, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
+        var data_buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(self.allocator);
         defer data_buffer.deinit();
 
-        // The header's data length field is a u32 so limit the resource's data size so that
-        // we know we can always specify the real size.
-        var limited_writer = limitedWriter(data_buffer.writer(), std.math.maxInt(u32));
-        const data_writer = limited_writer.writer();
+        try self.writeAcceleratorsData(node, &data_buffer.writer);
 
-        self.writeAcceleratorsData(node, data_writer) catch |err| switch (err) {
-            error.NoSpaceLeft => {
-                return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
-                    .err = .resource_data_size_exceeds_max,
-                    .token = node.id,
-                });
-            },
-            else => |e| return e,
+        // TODO: Limit data_buffer in some way to error when writing more than u32 max bytes
+        const data_size: u32 = std.math.cast(u32, data_buffer.written().len) orelse {
+            return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
+                .err = .resource_data_size_exceeds_max,
+                .token = node.id,
+            });
         };
-
-        // This intCast can't fail because the limitedWriter above guarantees that
-        // we will never write more than maxInt(u32) bytes.
-        const data_size: u32 = @intCast(data_buffer.items.len);
         var header = try self.resourceHeader(node.id, node.type, .{
             .data_size = data_size,
         });
@@ -1337,13 +1347,13 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
 
         try header.write(writer, self.errContext(node.id));
 
-        var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.items);
+        var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.written());
         try writeResourceData(writer, &data_fbs, data_size);
     }
 
     /// Expects `data_writer` to be a LimitedWriter limited to u32, meaning all writes to
     /// the writer within this function could return error.NoSpaceLeft
-    pub fn writeAcceleratorsData(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.Accelerators, data_writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn writeAcceleratorsData(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.Accelerators, data_writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         for (node.accelerators, 0..) |accel_node, i| {
             const accelerator: *Node.Accelerator = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", accel_node));
             var modifiers = res.AcceleratorModifiers{};
@@ -1404,13 +1414,9 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         caption: ?Token = null,
     };
 
-    pub fn writeDialog(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.Dialog, writer: anytype) !void {
-        var data_buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(self.allocator);
+    pub fn writeDialog(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.Dialog, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
+        var data_buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(self.allocator);
         defer data_buffer.deinit();
-        // The header's data length field is a u32 so limit the resource's data size so that
-        // we know we can always specify the real size.
-        var limited_writer = limitedWriter(data_buffer.writer(), std.math.maxInt(u32));
-        const data_writer = limited_writer.writer();
 
         const resource = ResourceType.fromString(.{
             .slice = node.type.slice(self.source),
@@ -1671,21 +1677,18 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
             optional_statement_values.style |= res.WS.CAPTION;
         }
 
-        self.writeDialogHeaderAndStrings(
+        // NOTE: Dialog header and menu/class/title strings can never exceed u32 bytes
+        // on their own.
+        try self.writeDialogHeaderAndStrings(
             node,
-            data_writer,
+            &data_buffer.writer,
             resource,
             &optional_statement_values,
             x,
             y,
             width,
             height,
-        ) catch |err| switch (err) {
-            // Dialog header and menu/class/title strings can never exceed u32 bytes
-            // on their own, so this error is unreachable.
-            error.NoSpaceLeft => unreachable,
-            else => |e| return e,
-        };
+        );
 
         var controls_by_id = std.AutoHashMap(u32, *const Node.ControlStatement).init(self.allocator);
         // Number of controls are guaranteed by the parser to be within maxInt(u16).
@@ -1695,31 +1698,30 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         for (node.controls) |control_node| {
             const control: *Node.ControlStatement = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("base", control_node));
 
-            self.writeDialogControl(
+            try self.writeDialogControl(
                 control,
-                data_writer,
+                &data_buffer.writer,
                 resource,
                 // We know the data_buffer len is limited to u32 max.
-                @intCast(data_buffer.items.len),
+                @intCast(data_buffer.written().len),
                 &controls_by_id,
-            ) catch |err| switch (err) {
-                error.NoSpaceLeft => {
-                    try self.addErrorDetails(.{
-                        .err = .resource_data_size_exceeds_max,
-                        .token = node.id,
-                    });
-                    return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
-                        .err = .resource_data_size_exceeds_max,
-                        .type = .note,
-                        .token = control.type,
-                    });
-                },
-                else => |e| return e,
-            };
+            );
+
+            if (data_buffer.written().len > std.math.maxInt(u32)) {
+                try self.addErrorDetails(.{
+                    .err = .resource_data_size_exceeds_max,
+                    .token = node.id,
+                });
+                return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
+                    .err = .resource_data_size_exceeds_max,
+                    .type = .note,
+                    .token = control.type,
+                });
+            }
         }
 
         // We know the data_buffer len is limited to u32 max.
-        const data_size: u32 = @intCast(data_buffer.items.len);
+        const data_size: u32 = @intCast(data_buffer.written().len);
         var header = try self.resourceHeader(node.id, node.type, .{
             .data_size = data_size,
         });
@@ -1730,14 +1732,14 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
 
         try header.write(writer, self.errContext(node.id));
 
-        var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.items);
+        var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.written());
         try writeResourceData(writer, &data_fbs, data_size);
     }
 
     fn writeDialogHeaderAndStrings(
         self: *Compiler,
         node: *Node.Dialog,
-        data_writer: anytype,
+        data_writer: *std.Io.Writer,
         resource: ResourceType,
         optional_statement_values: *const DialogOptionalStatementValues,
         x: Number,
@@ -1797,7 +1799,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
     fn writeDialogControl(
         self: *Compiler,
         control: *Node.ControlStatement,
-        data_writer: anytype,
+        data_writer: *std.Io.Writer,
         resource: ResourceType,
         bytes_written_so_far: u32,
         controls_by_id: *std.AutoHashMap(u32, *const Node.ControlStatement),
@@ -1821,7 +1823,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
                 .token = control.type,
             });
         }
-        try data_writer.writeByteNTimes(0, num_padding);
+        try data_writer.splatByteAll(0, num_padding);
 
         const style = if (control.style) |style_expression|
             // Certain styles are implied by the control type
@@ -1973,40 +1975,37 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
             try NameOrOrdinal.writeEmpty(data_writer);
         }
 
-        var extra_data_buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(self.allocator);
-        defer extra_data_buf.deinit();
         // The extra data byte length must be able to fit within a u16.
-        var limited_extra_data_writer = limitedWriter(extra_data_buf.writer(), std.math.maxInt(u16));
-        const extra_data_writer = limited_extra_data_writer.writer();
+        var extra_data_buf: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(self.allocator);
+        defer extra_data_buf.deinit();
         for (control.extra_data) |data_expression| {
             const data = try self.evaluateDataExpression(data_expression);
             defer data.deinit(self.allocator);
-            data.write(extra_data_writer) catch |err| switch (err) {
-                error.NoSpaceLeft => {
-                    try self.addErrorDetails(.{
-                        .err = .control_extra_data_size_exceeds_max,
-                        .token = control.type,
-                    });
-                    return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
-                        .err = .control_extra_data_size_exceeds_max,
-                        .type = .note,
-                        .token = data_expression.getFirstToken(),
-                        .token_span_end = data_expression.getLastToken(),
-                    });
-                },
-                else => |e| return e,
-            };
+            try data.write(&extra_data_buf.writer);
+
+            if (extra_data_buf.written().len > std.math.maxInt(u16)) {
+                try self.addErrorDetails(.{
+                    .err = .control_extra_data_size_exceeds_max,
+                    .token = control.type,
+                });
+                return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
+                    .err = .control_extra_data_size_exceeds_max,
+                    .type = .note,
+                    .token = data_expression.getFirstToken(),
+                    .token_span_end = data_expression.getLastToken(),
+                });
+            }
         }
         // We know the extra_data_buf size fits within a u16.
-        const extra_data_size: u16 = @intCast(extra_data_buf.items.len);
+        const extra_data_size: u16 = @intCast(extra_data_buf.written().len);
         try data_writer.writeInt(u16, extra_data_size, .little);
-        try data_writer.writeAll(extra_data_buf.items);
+        try data_writer.writeAll(extra_data_buf.written());
     }
 
-    pub fn writeToolbar(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.Toolbar, writer: anytype) !void {
-        var data_buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(self.allocator);
+    pub fn writeToolbar(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.Toolbar, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
+        var data_buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(self.allocator);
         defer data_buffer.deinit();
-        const data_writer = data_buffer.writer();
+        const data_writer = &data_buffer.writer;
 
         const button_width = evaluateNumberExpression(node.button_width, self.source, self.input_code_pages);
         const button_height = evaluateNumberExpression(node.button_height, self.source, self.input_code_pages);
@@ -2034,7 +2033,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
             }
         }
 
-        const data_size: u32 = @intCast(data_buffer.items.len);
+        const data_size: u32 = @intCast(data_buffer.written().len);
         var header = try self.resourceHeader(node.id, node.type, .{
             .data_size = data_size,
         });
@@ -2044,7 +2043,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
 
         try header.write(writer, self.errContext(node.id));
 
-        var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.items);
+        var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.written());
         try writeResourceData(writer, &data_fbs, data_size);
     }
 
@@ -2056,7 +2055,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         node: *Node.FontStatement,
     };
 
-    pub fn writeDialogFont(self: *Compiler, resource: ResourceType, values: FontStatementValues, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn writeDialogFont(self: *Compiler, resource: ResourceType, values: FontStatementValues, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         const node = values.node;
         const point_size = evaluateNumberExpression(node.point_size, self.source, self.input_code_pages);
         try writer.writeInt(u16, point_size.asWord(), .little);
@@ -2081,13 +2080,9 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         try writer.writeAll(std.mem.sliceAsBytes(typeface[0 .. typeface.len + 1]));
     }
 
-    pub fn writeMenu(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.Menu, writer: anytype) !void {
-        var data_buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(self.allocator);
+    pub fn writeMenu(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.Menu, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
+        var data_buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(self.allocator);
         defer data_buffer.deinit();
-        // The header's data length field is a u32 so limit the resource's data size so that
-        // we know we can always specify the real size.
-        var limited_writer = limitedWriter(data_buffer.writer(), std.math.maxInt(u32));
-        const data_writer = limited_writer.writer();
 
         const type_bytes = SourceBytes{
             .slice = node.type.slice(self.source),
@@ -2096,21 +2091,15 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         const resource = ResourceType.fromString(type_bytes);
         std.debug.assert(resource == .menu or resource == .menuex);
 
-        var adapted = data_writer.adaptToNewApi(&.{});
+        try self.writeMenuData(node, &data_buffer.writer, resource);
 
-        self.writeMenuData(node, &adapted.new_interface, resource) catch |err| switch (err) {
-            error.WriteFailed => {
-                return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
-                    .err = .resource_data_size_exceeds_max,
-                    .token = node.id,
-                });
-            },
-            else => |e| return e,
+        // TODO: Limit data_buffer in some way to error when writing more than u32 max bytes
+        const data_size: u32 = std.math.cast(u32, data_buffer.written().len) orelse {
+            return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
+                .err = .resource_data_size_exceeds_max,
+                .token = node.id,
+            });
         };
-
-        // This intCast can't fail because the limitedWriter above guarantees that
-        // we will never write more than maxInt(u32) bytes.
-        const data_size: u32 = @intCast(data_buffer.items.len);
         var header = try self.resourceHeader(node.id, node.type, .{
             .data_size = data_size,
         });
@@ -2121,7 +2110,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
 
         try header.write(writer, self.errContext(node.id));
 
-        var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.items);
+        var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.written());
         try writeResourceData(writer, &data_fbs, data_size);
     }
 
@@ -2264,13 +2253,11 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn writeVersionInfo(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.VersionInfo, writer: anytype) !void {
-        var data_buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(self.allocator);
+    pub fn writeVersionInfo(self: *Compiler, node: *Node.VersionInfo, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
+        // NOTE: The node's length field (which is inclusive of the length of all of its children) is a u16
+        var data_buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(self.allocator);
         defer data_buffer.deinit();
-        // The node's length field (which is inclusive of the length of all of its children) is a u16
-        // so limit the node's data size so that we know we can always specify the real size.
-        var limited_writer = limitedWriter(data_buffer.writer(), std.math.maxInt(u16));
-        const data_writer = limited_writer.writer();
+        const data_writer = &data_buffer.writer;
 
         try data_writer.writeInt(u16, 0, .little); // placeholder size
         try data_writer.writeInt(u16, res.FixedFileInfo.byte_len, .little);
@@ -2354,29 +2341,32 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         try fixed_file_info.write(data_writer);
 
         for (node.block_statements) |statement| {
-            var adapted = data_writer.adaptToNewApi(&.{});
-            self.writeVersionNode(statement, &adapted.new_interface, &data_buffer) catch |err| switch (err) {
-                error.WriteFailed => {
-                    try self.addErrorDetails(.{
-                        .err = .version_node_size_exceeds_max,
-                        .token = node.id,
-                    });
-                    return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
-                        .err = .version_node_size_exceeds_max,
-                        .type = .note,
-                        .token = statement.getFirstToken(),
-                        .token_span_end = statement.getLastToken(),
-                    });
+            var overflow = false;
+            self.writeVersionNode(statement, data_writer) catch |err| switch (err) {
+                error.NoSpaceLeft => {
+                    overflow = true;
                 },
                 else => |e| return e,
             };
+            if (overflow or data_buffer.written().len > std.math.maxInt(u16)) {
+                try self.addErrorDetails(.{
+                    .err = .version_node_size_exceeds_max,
+                    .token = node.id,
+                });
+                return self.addErrorDetailsAndFail(.{
+                    .err = .version_node_size_exceeds_max,
+                    .type = .note,
+                    .token = statement.getFirstToken(),
+                    .token_span_end = statement.getLastToken(),
+                });
+            }
         }
 
-        // We know that data_buffer.items.len is within the limits of a u16, since we
-        // limited the writer to maxInt(u16)
-        const data_size: u16 = @intCast(data_buffer.items.len);
+        // We know that data_buffer len is within the limits of a u16, since we check in the block
+        // statements loop above which is the only place it can overflow.
+        const data_size: u16 = @intCast(data_buffer.written().len);
         // And now that we know the full size of this node (including its children), set its size
-        std.mem.writeInt(u16, data_buffer.items[0..2], data_size, .little);
+        std.mem.writeInt(u16, data_buffer.written()[0..2], data_size, .little);
 
         var header = try self.resourceHeader(node.id, node.versioninfo, .{
             .data_size = data_size,
@@ -2387,22 +2377,21 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
 
         try header.write(writer, self.errContext(node.id));
 
-        var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.items);
+        var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.written());
         try writeResourceData(writer, &data_fbs, data_size);
     }
 
-    /// Expects writer to be a LimitedWriter limited to u16, meaning all writes to
-    /// the writer within this function could return error.NoSpaceLeft, and that buf.items.len
-    /// will never be able to exceed maxInt(u16).
-    pub fn writeVersionNode(self: *Compiler, node: *Node, writer: *std.Io.Writer, buf: *std.array_list.Managed(u8)) !void {
+    /// Assumes that writer is Writer.Allocating (specifically, that buffered() gets the entire data)
+    /// TODO: This function could be nicer if writer was guaranteed to fail if it wrote more than u16 max bytes
+    pub fn writeVersionNode(self: *Compiler, node: *Node, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         // We can assume that buf.items.len will never be able to exceed the limits of a u16
-        try writeDataPadding(writer, @as(u16, @intCast(buf.items.len)));
+        try writeDataPadding(writer, std.math.cast(u16, writer.buffered().len) orelse return error.NoSpaceLeft);
 
-        const node_and_children_size_offset = buf.items.len;
+        const node_and_children_size_offset = writer.buffered().len;
         try writer.writeInt(u16, 0, .little); // placeholder for size
-        const data_size_offset = buf.items.len;
+        const data_size_offset = writer.buffered().len;
         try writer.writeInt(u16, 0, .little); // placeholder for data size
-        const data_type_offset = buf.items.len;
+        const data_type_offset = writer.buffered().len;
         // Data type is string unless the node contains values that are numbers.
         try writer.writeInt(u16, res.VersionNode.type_string, .little);
 
@@ -2432,7 +2421,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
                 // during parsing, so we can just do the correct thing here.
                 var values_size: usize = 0;
 
-                try writeDataPadding(writer, @intCast(buf.items.len));
+                try writeDataPadding(writer, std.math.cast(u16, writer.buffered().len) orelse return error.NoSpaceLeft);
 
                 for (block_or_value.values, 0..) |value_value_node_uncasted, i| {
                     const value_value_node = value_value_node_uncasted.cast(.block_value_value).?;
@@ -2471,26 +2460,26 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                var data_size_slice = buf.items[data_size_offset..];
+                var data_size_slice = writer.buffered()[data_size_offset..];
                 std.mem.writeInt(u16, data_size_slice[0..@sizeOf(u16)], @as(u16, @intCast(values_size)), .little);
 
                 if (has_number_value) {
-                    const data_type_slice = buf.items[data_type_offset..];
+                    const data_type_slice = writer.buffered()[data_type_offset..];
                     std.mem.writeInt(u16, data_type_slice[0..@sizeOf(u16)], res.VersionNode.type_binary, .little);
                 }
 
                 if (node_type == .block) {
                     const block = block_or_value;
                     for (block.children) |child| {
-                        try self.writeVersionNode(child, writer, buf);
+                        try self.writeVersionNode(child, writer);
                     }
                 }
             },
             else => unreachable,
         }
 
-        const node_and_children_size = buf.items.len - node_and_children_size_offset;
-        const node_and_children_size_slice = buf.items[node_and_children_size_offset..];
+        const node_and_children_size = writer.buffered().len - node_and_children_size_offset;
+        const node_and_children_size_slice = writer.buffered()[node_and_children_size_offset..];
         std.mem.writeInt(u16, node_and_children_size_slice[0..@sizeOf(u16)], @as(u16, @intCast(node_and_children_size)), .little);
     }
 
@@ -2683,11 +2672,11 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
             return .{ .bytes = header_size, .padding_after_name = padding_after_name };
         }
 
-        pub fn writeAssertNoOverflow(self: ResourceHeader, writer: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writeAssertNoOverflow(self: ResourceHeader, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
             return self.writeSizeInfo(writer, self.calcSize() catch unreachable);
         }
 
-        pub fn write(self: ResourceHeader, writer: anytype, err_ctx: errors.DiagnosticsContext) !void {
+        pub fn write(self: ResourceHeader, writer: *std.Io.Writer, err_ctx: errors.DiagnosticsContext) !void {
             const size_info = self.calcSize() catch {
                 try err_ctx.diagnostics.append(.{
                     .err = .resource_data_size_exceeds_max,
@@ -2825,7 +2814,7 @@ pub const Compiler = struct {
         return null;
     }
 
-    pub fn writeEmptyResource(writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn writeEmptyResource(writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         const header = ResourceHeader{
             .name_value = .{ .ordinal = 0 },
             .type_value = .{ .ordinal = 0 },
@@ -2942,87 +2931,8 @@ pub const SearchDir = struct {
     }
 };
 
-/// Slurps the first `size` bytes read into `slurped_header`
-pub fn HeaderSlurpingReader(comptime size: usize, comptime ReaderType: anytype) type {
-    return struct {
-        child_reader: ReaderType,
-        bytes_read: usize = 0,
-        slurped_header: [size]u8 = [_]u8{0x00} ** size,
-
-        pub const Error = ReaderType.Error;
-        pub const Reader = std.io.GenericReader(*@This(), Error, read);
-
-        pub fn read(self: *@This(), buf: []u8) Error!usize {
-            const amt = try self.child_reader.read(buf);
-            if (self.bytes_read < size) {
-                const bytes_to_add = @min(amt, size - self.bytes_read);
-                const end_index = self.bytes_read + bytes_to_add;
-                @memcpy(self.slurped_header[self.bytes_read..end_index], buf[0..bytes_to_add]);
-            }
-            self.bytes_read +|= amt;
-            return amt;
-        }
-
-        pub fn reader(self: *@This()) Reader {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-pub fn headerSlurpingReader(comptime size: usize, reader: anytype) HeaderSlurpingReader(size, @TypeOf(reader)) {
-    return .{ .child_reader = reader };
-}
-
-/// Sort of like std.io.LimitedReader, but a Writer.
-/// Returns an error if writing the requested number of bytes
-/// would ever exceed bytes_left, i.e. it does not always
-/// write up to the limit and instead will error if the
-/// limit would be breached if the entire slice was written.
-pub fn LimitedWriter(comptime WriterType: type) type {
-    return struct {
-        inner_writer: WriterType,
-        bytes_left: u64,
-
-        pub const Error = error{NoSpaceLeft} || WriterType.Error;
-        pub const Writer = std.io.GenericWriter(*Self, Error, write);
-
-        const Self = @This();
-
-        pub fn write(self: *Self, bytes: []const u8) Error!usize {
-            if (bytes.len > self.bytes_left) return error.NoSpaceLeft;
-            const amt = try self.inner_writer.write(bytes);
-            self.bytes_left -= amt;
-            return amt;
-        }
-
-        pub fn writer(self: *Self) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-/// Returns an initialised `LimitedWriter`
-/// `bytes_left` is a `u64` to be able to take 64 bit file offsets
-pub fn limitedWriter(inner_writer: anytype, bytes_left: u64) LimitedWriter(@TypeOf(inner_writer)) {
-    return .{ .inner_writer = inner_writer, .bytes_left = bytes_left };
-}
-
-test "limitedWriter basic usage" {
-    var buf: [4]u8 = undefined;
-    var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&buf);
-    var limited_stream = limitedWriter(fbs.writer(), 4);
-    var writer = limited_stream.writer();
-
-    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 3), try writer.write("123"));
-    try std.testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, "123", buf[0..3]);
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.NoSpaceLeft, writer.write("45"));
-    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 1), try writer.write("4"));
-    try std.testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, "1234", buf[0..4]);
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.NoSpaceLeft, writer.write("5"));
-}
-
 pub const FontDir = struct {
-    fonts: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Font) = .empty,
+    fonts: std.ArrayList(Font) = .empty,
     /// To keep track of which ids are set and where they were set from
     ids: std.AutoHashMapUnmanaged(u16, Token) = .empty,
 
@@ -3040,7 +2950,7 @@ pub const FontDir = struct {
         try self.fonts.append(allocator, font);
     }
 
-    pub fn writeResData(self: *FontDir, compiler: *Compiler, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn writeResData(self: *FontDir, compiler: *Compiler, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         if (self.fonts.items.len == 0) return;
 
         // We know the number of fonts is limited to maxInt(u16) because fonts
@@ -3164,7 +3074,7 @@ pub const StringTable = struct {
     blocks: std.AutoArrayHashMapUnmanaged(u16, Block) = .empty,
 
     pub const Block = struct {
-        strings: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Token) = .empty,
+        strings: std.ArrayList(Token) = .empty,
         set_indexes: std.bit_set.IntegerBitSet(16) = .{ .mask = 0 },
         memory_flags: MemoryFlags = MemoryFlags.defaults(res.RT.STRING),
         characteristics: u32,
@@ -3245,10 +3155,10 @@ pub const StringTable = struct {
             try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("a", trimToDoubleNUL(u8, "a\x00\x00b"));
         }
 
-        pub fn writeResData(self: *Block, compiler: *Compiler, language: res.Language, block_id: u16, writer: anytype) !void {
-            var data_buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(compiler.allocator);
+        pub fn writeResData(self: *Block, compiler: *Compiler, language: res.Language, block_id: u16, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
+            var data_buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(compiler.allocator);
             defer data_buffer.deinit();
-            const data_writer = data_buffer.writer();
+            const data_writer = &data_buffer.writer;
 
             var i: u8 = 0;
             var string_i: u8 = 0;
@@ -3307,7 +3217,7 @@ pub const StringTable = struct {
             //   16 * (131,070 + 2) = 2,097,152 which is well within the u32 max.
             //
             // Note: The string literal maximum length is enforced by the lexer.
-            const data_size: u32 = @intCast(data_buffer.items.len);
+            const data_size: u32 = @intCast(data_buffer.written().len);
 
             const header = Compiler.ResourceHeader{
                 .name_value = .{ .ordinal = block_id },
@@ -3322,7 +3232,7 @@ pub const StringTable = struct {
             // we fully control and know are numbers, so they have a fixed size.
             try header.writeAssertNoOverflow(writer);
 
-            var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.items);
+            var data_fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data_buffer.written());
             try Compiler.writeResourceData(writer, &data_fbs, data_size);
         }
     };
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/cvtres.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/cvtres.zig
index a375a1fffe2d..d0fb4c2d1c9a 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/cvtres.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/cvtres.zig
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub const Resource = struct {
 };
 
 pub const ParsedResources = struct {
-    list: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Resource) = .empty,
+    list: std.ArrayList(Resource) = .empty,
     allocator: Allocator,
 
     pub fn init(allocator: Allocator) ParsedResources {
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ pub fn parseNameOrOrdinal(allocator: Allocator, reader: *std.Io.Reader) !NameOrO
         const ordinal_value = try reader.takeInt(u16, .little);
         return .{ .ordinal = ordinal_value };
     }
-    var name_buf = try std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u16).initCapacity(allocator, 16);
+    var name_buf = try std.ArrayList(u16).initCapacity(allocator, 16);
     errdefer name_buf.deinit(allocator);
     var code_unit = first_code_unit;
     while (code_unit != 0) {
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub fn writeCoff(allocator: Allocator, writer: *std.Io.Writer, resources: []cons
     try writer.writeAll(string_table.bytes.items);
 }
 
-fn writeSymbol(writer: anytype, symbol: std.coff.Symbol) !void {
+fn writeSymbol(writer: *std.Io.Writer, symbol: std.coff.Symbol) !void {
     try writer.writeAll(&symbol.name);
     try writer.writeInt(u32, symbol.value, .little);
     try writer.writeInt(u16, @intFromEnum(symbol.section_number), .little);
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ fn writeSymbol(writer: anytype, symbol: std.coff.Symbol) !void {
     try writer.writeInt(u8, symbol.number_of_aux_symbols, .little);
 }
 
-fn writeSectionDefinition(writer: anytype, def: std.coff.SectionDefinition) !void {
+fn writeSectionDefinition(writer: *std.Io.Writer, def: std.coff.SectionDefinition) !void {
     try writer.writeInt(u32, def.length, .little);
     try writer.writeInt(u16, def.number_of_relocations, .little);
     try writer.writeInt(u16, def.number_of_linenumbers, .little);
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ pub const ResourceDirectoryEntry = extern struct {
         to_subdirectory: bool,
     },
 
-    pub fn writeCoff(self: ResourceDirectoryEntry, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn writeCoff(self: ResourceDirectoryEntry, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         try writer.writeInt(u32, @bitCast(self.entry), .little);
         try writer.writeInt(u32, @bitCast(self.offset), .little);
     }
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ const ResourceTree = struct {
     type_to_name_map: std.ArrayHashMapUnmanaged(NameOrOrdinal, NameToLanguageMap, NameOrOrdinalHashContext, true),
     rsrc_string_table: std.ArrayHashMapUnmanaged(NameOrOrdinal, void, NameOrOrdinalHashContext, true),
     deduplicated_data: std.StringArrayHashMapUnmanaged(u32),
-    data_offsets: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u32),
+    data_offsets: std.ArrayList(u32),
     rsrc02_len: u32,
     coff_options: CoffOptions,
     allocator: Allocator,
@@ -675,13 +675,13 @@ const ResourceTree = struct {
             return &.{};
         }
 
-        var level2_list: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*const NameToLanguageMap) = .empty;
+        var level2_list: std.ArrayList(*const NameToLanguageMap) = .empty;
         defer level2_list.deinit(allocator);
 
-        var level3_list: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*const LanguageToResourceMap) = .empty;
+        var level3_list: std.ArrayList(*const LanguageToResourceMap) = .empty;
         defer level3_list.deinit(allocator);
 
-        var resources_list: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*const RelocatableResource) = .empty;
+        var resources_list: std.ArrayList(*const RelocatableResource) = .empty;
         defer resources_list.deinit(allocator);
 
         var relocations = Relocations.init(allocator);
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ const ResourceTree = struct {
         return symbols;
     }
 
-    fn writeRelocation(writer: anytype, relocation: std.coff.Relocation) !void {
+    fn writeRelocation(writer: *std.Io.Writer, relocation: std.coff.Relocation) !void {
         try writer.writeInt(u32, relocation.virtual_address, .little);
         try writer.writeInt(u32, relocation.symbol_table_index, .little);
         try writer.writeInt(u16, relocation.type, .little);
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ const Relocation = struct {
 
 const Relocations = struct {
     allocator: Allocator,
-    list: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Relocation) = .empty,
+    list: std.ArrayList(Relocation) = .empty,
     cur_symbol_index: u32 = 5,
 
     pub fn init(allocator: Allocator) Relocations {
@@ -952,7 +952,7 @@ const Relocations = struct {
 /// Does not do deduplication (only because there's no chance of duplicate strings in this
 /// instance).
 const StringTable = struct {
-    bytes: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty,
+    bytes: std.ArrayList(u8) = .empty,
 
     pub fn deinit(self: *StringTable, allocator: Allocator) void {
         self.bytes.deinit(allocator);
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/errors.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/errors.zig
index 4bc443c4e792..90a15bca726f 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/errors.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/errors.zig
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ const builtin = @import("builtin");
 const native_endian = builtin.cpu.arch.endian();
 
 pub const Diagnostics = struct {
-    errors: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(ErrorDetails) = .empty,
+    errors: std.ArrayList(ErrorDetails) = .empty,
     /// Append-only, cannot handle removing strings.
     /// Expects to own all strings within the list.
-    strings: std.ArrayListUnmanaged([]const u8) = .empty,
+    strings: std.ArrayList([]const u8) = .empty,
     allocator: std.mem.Allocator,
 
     pub fn init(allocator: std.mem.Allocator) Diagnostics {
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ pub const ErrorDetails = struct {
             .{ "literal", "unquoted literal" },
         });
 
-        pub fn writeCommaSeparated(self: ExpectedTypes, writer: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writeCommaSeparated(self: ExpectedTypes, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
             const struct_info = @typeInfo(ExpectedTypes).@"struct";
             const num_real_fields = struct_info.fields.len - 1;
             const num_padding_bits = @bitSizeOf(ExpectedTypes) - num_real_fields;
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ pub const ErrorDetails = struct {
         } };
     }
 
-    pub fn render(self: ErrorDetails, writer: anytype, source: []const u8, strings: []const []const u8) !void {
+    pub fn render(self: ErrorDetails, writer: *std.Io.Writer, source: []const u8, strings: []const []const u8) !void {
         switch (self.err) {
             .unfinished_string_literal => {
                 return writer.print("unfinished string literal at '{f}', expected closing '\"'", .{self.fmtToken(source)});
@@ -987,12 +987,14 @@ pub fn renderErrorMessage(writer: *std.io.Writer, tty_config: std.io.tty.Config,
     if (corresponding_span != null and corresponding_file != null) {
         var worth_printing_lines: bool = true;
         var initial_lines_err: ?anyerror = null;
+        var file_reader_buf: [max_source_line_bytes * 2]u8 = undefined;
         var corresponding_lines: ?CorrespondingLines = CorrespondingLines.init(
             cwd,
             err_details,
             source_line_for_display.line,
             corresponding_span.?,
             corresponding_file.?,
+            &file_reader_buf,
         ) catch |err| switch (err) {
             error.NotWorthPrintingLines => blk: {
                 worth_printing_lines = false;
@@ -1078,10 +1080,17 @@ const CorrespondingLines = struct {
     at_eof: bool = false,
     span: SourceMappings.CorrespondingSpan,
     file: std.fs.File,
-    buffered_reader: std.fs.File.Reader,
+    file_reader: std.fs.File.Reader,
     code_page: SupportedCodePage,
 
-    pub fn init(cwd: std.fs.Dir, err_details: ErrorDetails, line_for_comparison: []const u8, corresponding_span: SourceMappings.CorrespondingSpan, corresponding_file: []const u8) !CorrespondingLines {
+    pub fn init(
+        cwd: std.fs.Dir,
+        err_details: ErrorDetails,
+        line_for_comparison: []const u8,
+        corresponding_span: SourceMappings.CorrespondingSpan,
+        corresponding_file: []const u8,
+        file_reader_buf: []u8,
+    ) !CorrespondingLines {
         // We don't do line comparison for this error, so don't print the note if the line
         // number is different
         if (err_details.err == .string_literal_too_long and err_details.token.line_number != corresponding_span.start_line) {
@@ -1096,18 +1105,14 @@ const CorrespondingLines = struct {
         var corresponding_lines = CorrespondingLines{
             .span = corresponding_span,
             .file = try utils.openFileNotDir(cwd, corresponding_file, .{}),
-            .buffered_reader = undefined,
             .code_page = err_details.code_page,
+            .file_reader = undefined,
         };
-        corresponding_lines.buffered_reader = corresponding_lines.file.reader(&.{});
+        corresponding_lines.file_reader = corresponding_lines.file.reader(file_reader_buf);
         errdefer corresponding_lines.deinit();
 
-        var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&corresponding_lines.line_buf);
-        const writer = fbs.writer();
-
         try corresponding_lines.writeLineFromStreamVerbatim(
-            writer,
-            corresponding_lines.buffered_reader.interface.adaptToOldInterface(),
+            &corresponding_lines.file_reader.interface,
             corresponding_span.start_line,
         );
 
@@ -1145,12 +1150,8 @@ const CorrespondingLines = struct {
         self.line_len = 0;
         self.visual_line_len = 0;
 
-        var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&self.line_buf);
-        const writer = fbs.writer();
-
         try self.writeLineFromStreamVerbatim(
-            writer,
-            self.buffered_reader.interface.adaptToOldInterface(),
+            &self.file_reader.interface,
             self.line_num,
         );
 
@@ -1164,7 +1165,7 @@ const CorrespondingLines = struct {
         return visual_line;
     }
 
-    fn writeLineFromStreamVerbatim(self: *CorrespondingLines, writer: anytype, input: anytype, line_num: usize) !void {
+    fn writeLineFromStreamVerbatim(self: *CorrespondingLines, input: *std.Io.Reader, line_num: usize) !void {
         while (try readByteOrEof(input)) |byte| {
             switch (byte) {
                 '\n', '\r' => {
@@ -1184,13 +1185,9 @@ const CorrespondingLines = struct {
                     }
                 },
                 else => {
-                    if (self.line_num == line_num) {
-                        if (writer.writeByte(byte)) {
-                            self.line_len += 1;
-                        } else |err| switch (err) {
-                            error.NoSpaceLeft => {},
-                            else => |e| return e,
-                        }
+                    if (self.line_num == line_num and self.line_len < self.line_buf.len) {
+                        self.line_buf[self.line_len] = byte;
+                        self.line_len += 1;
                     }
                 },
             }
@@ -1201,8 +1198,8 @@ const CorrespondingLines = struct {
         self.line_num += 1;
     }
 
-    fn readByteOrEof(reader: anytype) !?u8 {
-        return reader.readByte() catch |err| switch (err) {
+    fn readByteOrEof(reader: *std.Io.Reader) !?u8 {
+        return reader.takeByte() catch |err| switch (err) {
             error.EndOfStream => return null,
             else => |e| return e,
         };
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/ico.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/ico.zig
index bf8883a4c93f..dc19f1ed8c8c 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/ico.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/ico.zig
@@ -8,80 +8,66 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const builtin = @import("builtin");
 const native_endian = builtin.cpu.arch.endian();
 
-pub const ReadError = std.mem.Allocator.Error || error{ InvalidHeader, InvalidImageType, ImpossibleDataSize, UnexpectedEOF, ReadError };
-
-pub fn read(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, reader: anytype, max_size: u64) ReadError!IconDir {
-    // Some Reader implementations have an empty ReadError error set which would
-    // cause 'unreachable else' if we tried to use an else in the switch, so we
-    // need to detect this case and not try to translate to ReadError
-    const anyerror_reader_errorset = @TypeOf(reader).Error == anyerror;
-    const empty_reader_errorset = @typeInfo(@TypeOf(reader).Error).error_set == null or @typeInfo(@TypeOf(reader).Error).error_set.?.len == 0;
-    if (empty_reader_errorset and !anyerror_reader_errorset) {
-        return readAnyError(allocator, reader, max_size) catch |err| switch (err) {
-            error.EndOfStream => error.UnexpectedEOF,
-            else => |e| return e,
-        };
-    } else {
-        return readAnyError(allocator, reader, max_size) catch |err| switch (err) {
-            error.OutOfMemory,
-            error.InvalidHeader,
-            error.InvalidImageType,
-            error.ImpossibleDataSize,
-            => |e| return e,
-            error.EndOfStream => error.UnexpectedEOF,
-            // The remaining errors are dependent on the `reader`, so
-            // we just translate them all to generic ReadError
-            else => error.ReadError,
-        };
-    }
+pub const ReadError = std.mem.Allocator.Error || error{ InvalidHeader, InvalidImageType, ImpossibleDataSize, UnexpectedEOF, ReadFailed };
+
+pub fn read(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, reader: *std.Io.Reader, max_size: u64) ReadError!IconDir {
+    return readInner(allocator, reader, max_size) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.OutOfMemory,
+        error.InvalidHeader,
+        error.InvalidImageType,
+        error.ImpossibleDataSize,
+        error.ReadFailed,
+        => |e| return e,
+        error.EndOfStream => error.UnexpectedEOF,
+    };
 }
 
 // TODO: This seems like a somewhat strange pattern, could be a better way
 //       to do this. Maybe it makes more sense to handle the translation
 //       at the call site instead of having a helper function here.
-pub fn readAnyError(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, reader: anytype, max_size: u64) !IconDir {
-    const reserved = try reader.readInt(u16, .little);
+fn readInner(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, reader: *std.Io.Reader, max_size: u64) !IconDir {
+    const reserved = try reader.takeInt(u16, .little);
     if (reserved != 0) {
         return error.InvalidHeader;
     }
 
-    const image_type = reader.readEnum(ImageType, .little) catch |err| switch (err) {
-        error.InvalidValue => return error.InvalidImageType,
+    const image_type = reader.takeEnum(ImageType, .little) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.InvalidEnumTag => return error.InvalidImageType,
         else => |e| return e,
     };
 
-    const num_images = try reader.readInt(u16, .little);
+    const num_images = try reader.takeInt(u16, .little);
 
     // To avoid over-allocation in the case of a file that says it has way more
     // entries than it actually does, we use an ArrayList with a conservatively
     // limited initial capacity instead of allocating the entire slice at once.
     const initial_capacity = @min(num_images, 8);
-    var entries = try std.array_list.Managed(Entry).initCapacity(allocator, initial_capacity);
-    errdefer entries.deinit();
+    var entries = try std.ArrayList(Entry).initCapacity(allocator, initial_capacity);
+    errdefer entries.deinit(allocator);
 
     var i: usize = 0;
     while (i < num_images) : (i += 1) {
         var entry: Entry = undefined;
-        entry.width = try reader.readByte();
-        entry.height = try reader.readByte();
-        entry.num_colors = try reader.readByte();
-        entry.reserved = try reader.readByte();
+        entry.width = try reader.takeByte();
+        entry.height = try reader.takeByte();
+        entry.num_colors = try reader.takeByte();
+        entry.reserved = try reader.takeByte();
         switch (image_type) {
             .icon => {
                 entry.type_specific_data = .{ .icon = .{
-                    .color_planes = try reader.readInt(u16, .little),
-                    .bits_per_pixel = try reader.readInt(u16, .little),
+                    .color_planes = try reader.takeInt(u16, .little),
+                    .bits_per_pixel = try reader.takeInt(u16, .little),
                 } };
             },
             .cursor => {
                 entry.type_specific_data = .{ .cursor = .{
-                    .hotspot_x = try reader.readInt(u16, .little),
-                    .hotspot_y = try reader.readInt(u16, .little),
+                    .hotspot_x = try reader.takeInt(u16, .little),
+                    .hotspot_y = try reader.takeInt(u16, .little),
                 } };
             },
         }
-        entry.data_size_in_bytes = try reader.readInt(u32, .little);
-        entry.data_offset_from_start_of_file = try reader.readInt(u32, .little);
+        entry.data_size_in_bytes = try reader.takeInt(u32, .little);
+        entry.data_offset_from_start_of_file = try reader.takeInt(u32, .little);
         // Validate that the offset/data size is feasible
         if (@as(u64, entry.data_offset_from_start_of_file) + entry.data_size_in_bytes > max_size) {
             return error.ImpossibleDataSize;
@@ -101,12 +87,12 @@ pub fn readAnyError(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, reader: anytype, max_size: u64
         if (entry.data_size_in_bytes < 16) {
             return error.ImpossibleDataSize;
         }
-        try entries.append(entry);
+        try entries.append(allocator, entry);
     }
 
     return .{
         .image_type = image_type,
-        .entries = try entries.toOwnedSlice(),
+        .entries = try entries.toOwnedSlice(allocator),
         .allocator = allocator,
     };
 }
@@ -135,7 +121,7 @@ pub const IconDir = struct {
         return @intCast(IconDir.res_header_byte_len + self.entries.len * Entry.res_byte_len);
     }
 
-    pub fn writeResData(self: IconDir, writer: anytype, first_image_id: u16) !void {
+    pub fn writeResData(self: IconDir, writer: *std.Io.Writer, first_image_id: u16) !void {
         try writer.writeInt(u16, 0, .little);
         try writer.writeInt(u16, @intFromEnum(self.image_type), .little);
         // We know that entries.len must fit into a u16
@@ -173,7 +159,7 @@ pub const Entry = struct {
 
     pub const res_byte_len = 14;
 
-    pub fn writeResData(self: Entry, writer: anytype, id: u16) !void {
+    pub fn writeResData(self: Entry, writer: *std.Io.Writer, id: u16) !void {
         switch (self.type_specific_data) {
             .icon => |icon_data| {
                 try writer.writeInt(u8, @as(u8, @truncate(self.width)), .little);
@@ -198,8 +184,8 @@ pub const Entry = struct {
 
 test "icon" {
     const data = "\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01\x00\x10\x10\x00\x00\x01\x00\x10\x00\x10\x00\x00\x00\x16\x00\x00\x00" ++ [_]u8{0} ** 16;
-    var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(data);
-    const icon = try read(std.testing.allocator, fbs.reader(), data.len);
+    var fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data);
+    const icon = try read(std.testing.allocator, &fbs, data.len);
     defer icon.deinit();
 
     try std.testing.expectEqual(ImageType.icon, icon.image_type);
@@ -211,26 +197,26 @@ test "icon too many images" {
     // it's not possible to hit EOF when looking for more RESDIR structures, since they are
     // themselves 16 bytes long, so we'll always hit ImpossibleDataSize instead.
     const data = "\x00\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x10\x10\x00\x00\x01\x00\x10\x00\x10\x00\x00\x00\x16\x00\x00\x00" ++ [_]u8{0} ** 16;
-    var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(data);
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.ImpossibleDataSize, read(std.testing.allocator, fbs.reader(), data.len));
+    var fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data);
+    try std.testing.expectError(error.ImpossibleDataSize, read(std.testing.allocator, &fbs, data.len));
 }
 
 test "icon data size past EOF" {
     const data = "\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01\x00\x10\x10\x00\x00\x01\x00\x10\x00\x10\x01\x00\x00\x16\x00\x00\x00" ++ [_]u8{0} ** 16;
-    var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(data);
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.ImpossibleDataSize, read(std.testing.allocator, fbs.reader(), data.len));
+    var fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data);
+    try std.testing.expectError(error.ImpossibleDataSize, read(std.testing.allocator, &fbs, data.len));
 }
 
 test "icon data offset past EOF" {
     const data = "\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01\x00\x10\x10\x00\x00\x01\x00\x10\x00\x10\x00\x00\x00\x17\x00\x00\x00" ++ [_]u8{0} ** 16;
-    var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(data);
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.ImpossibleDataSize, read(std.testing.allocator, fbs.reader(), data.len));
+    var fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data);
+    try std.testing.expectError(error.ImpossibleDataSize, read(std.testing.allocator, &fbs, data.len));
 }
 
 test "icon data size too small" {
     const data = "\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01\x00\x10\x10\x00\x00\x01\x00\x10\x00\x0F\x00\x00\x00\x16\x00\x00\x00";
-    var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(data);
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.ImpossibleDataSize, read(std.testing.allocator, fbs.reader(), data.len));
+    var fbs: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data);
+    try std.testing.expectError(error.ImpossibleDataSize, read(std.testing.allocator, &fbs, data.len));
 }
 
 pub const ImageFormat = enum(u2) {
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/lang.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/lang.zig
index 769733ceba2d..c3ddc32fb2d1 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/lang.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/lang.zig
@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ test tagToId {
 }
 
 test "exhaustive tagToId" {
+    @setEvalBranchQuota(2000);
     inline for (@typeInfo(LanguageId).@"enum".fields) |field| {
         const id = tagToId(field.name) catch |err| {
             std.debug.print("tag: {s}\n", .{field.name});
@@ -131,8 +132,8 @@ test "exhaustive tagToId" {
     }
     var buf: [32]u8 = undefined;
     inline for (valid_alternate_sorts) |parsed_sort| {
-        var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&buf);
-        const writer = fbs.writer();
+        var fbs: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(&buf);
+        const writer = &fbs;
         writer.writeAll(parsed_sort.language_code) catch unreachable;
         writer.writeAll("-") catch unreachable;
         writer.writeAll(parsed_sort.country_code.?) catch unreachable;
@@ -146,12 +147,12 @@ test "exhaustive tagToId" {
             break :field name_buf;
         };
         const expected = @field(LanguageId, &expected_field_name);
-        const id = tagToId(fbs.getWritten()) catch |err| {
-            std.debug.print("tag: {s}\n", .{fbs.getWritten()});
+        const id = tagToId(fbs.buffered()) catch |err| {
+            std.debug.print("tag: {s}\n", .{fbs.buffered()});
             return err;
         };
         try std.testing.expectEqual(expected, id orelse {
-            std.debug.print("tag: {s}, expected: {}, got null\n", .{ fbs.getWritten(), expected });
+            std.debug.print("tag: {s}, expected: {}, got null\n", .{ fbs.buffered(), expected });
             return error.TestExpectedEqual;
         });
     }
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/literals.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/literals.zig
index bdf4f882fb42..c994d5fd89aa 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/literals.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/literals.zig
@@ -469,8 +469,8 @@ pub fn parseQuotedString(
     const T = if (literal_type == .ascii) u8 else u16;
     std.debug.assert(bytes.slice.len >= 2); // must at least have 2 double quote chars
 
-    var buf = try std.array_list.Managed(T).initCapacity(allocator, bytes.slice.len);
-    errdefer buf.deinit();
+    var buf = try std.ArrayList(T).initCapacity(allocator, bytes.slice.len);
+    errdefer buf.deinit(allocator);
 
     var iterative_parser = IterativeStringParser.init(bytes, options);
 
@@ -480,13 +480,13 @@ pub fn parseQuotedString(
             .ascii => switch (options.output_code_page) {
                 .windows1252 => {
                     if (parsed.from_escaped_integer) {
-                        try buf.append(@truncate(c));
+                        try buf.append(allocator, @truncate(c));
                     } else if (windows1252.bestFitFromCodepoint(c)) |best_fit| {
-                        try buf.append(best_fit);
+                        try buf.append(allocator, best_fit);
                     } else if (c < 0x10000 or c == code_pages.Codepoint.invalid) {
-                        try buf.append('?');
+                        try buf.append(allocator, '?');
                     } else {
-                        try buf.appendSlice("??");
+                        try buf.appendSlice(allocator, "??");
                     }
                 },
                 .utf8 => {
@@ -500,35 +500,35 @@ pub fn parseQuotedString(
                     }
                     var utf8_buf: [4]u8 = undefined;
                     const utf8_len = std.unicode.utf8Encode(codepoint_to_encode, &utf8_buf) catch unreachable;
-                    try buf.appendSlice(utf8_buf[0..utf8_len]);
+                    try buf.appendSlice(allocator, utf8_buf[0..utf8_len]);
                 },
             },
             .wide => {
                 // Parsing any string type as a wide string is handled separately, see parseQuotedStringAsWideString
                 std.debug.assert(iterative_parser.declared_string_type == .wide);
                 if (parsed.from_escaped_integer) {
-                    try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, @truncate(c)));
+                    try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, @truncate(c)));
                 } else if (c == code_pages.Codepoint.invalid) {
-                    try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, '�'));
+                    try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, '�'));
                 } else if (c < 0x10000) {
                     const short: u16 = @intCast(c);
-                    try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, short));
+                    try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, short));
                 } else {
                     if (!parsed.escaped_surrogate_pair) {
                         const high = @as(u16, @intCast((c - 0x10000) >> 10)) + 0xD800;
-                        try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, high));
+                        try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, high));
                     }
                     const low = @as(u16, @intCast(c & 0x3FF)) + 0xDC00;
-                    try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, low));
+                    try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, low));
                 }
             },
         }
     }
 
     if (literal_type == .wide) {
-        return buf.toOwnedSliceSentinel(0);
+        return buf.toOwnedSliceSentinel(allocator, 0);
     } else {
-        return buf.toOwnedSlice();
+        return buf.toOwnedSlice(allocator);
     }
 }
 
@@ -564,8 +564,8 @@ pub fn parseQuotedStringAsWideString(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, bytes: Source
     // Note: We're only handling the case of parsing an ASCII string into a wide string from here on out.
     // TODO: The logic below is similar to that in AcceleratorKeyCodepointTranslator, might be worth merging the two
 
-    var buf = try std.array_list.Managed(u16).initCapacity(allocator, bytes.slice.len);
-    errdefer buf.deinit();
+    var buf = try std.ArrayList(u16).initCapacity(allocator, bytes.slice.len);
+    errdefer buf.deinit(allocator);
 
     var iterative_parser = IterativeStringParser.init(bytes, options);
 
@@ -578,23 +578,23 @@ pub fn parseQuotedStringAsWideString(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, bytes: Source
                 .windows1252 => windows1252.toCodepoint(byte_to_interpret),
                 .utf8 => if (byte_to_interpret > 0x7F) '�' else byte_to_interpret,
             };
-            try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, code_unit_to_encode));
+            try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, code_unit_to_encode));
         } else if (c == code_pages.Codepoint.invalid) {
-            try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, '�'));
+            try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, '�'));
         } else if (c < 0x10000) {
             const short: u16 = @intCast(c);
-            try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, short));
+            try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, short));
         } else {
             if (!parsed.escaped_surrogate_pair) {
                 const high = @as(u16, @intCast((c - 0x10000) >> 10)) + 0xD800;
-                try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, high));
+                try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, high));
             }
             const low = @as(u16, @intCast(c & 0x3FF)) + 0xDC00;
-            try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, low));
+            try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, low));
         }
     }
 
-    return buf.toOwnedSliceSentinel(0);
+    return buf.toOwnedSliceSentinel(allocator, 0);
 }
 
 test "parse quoted ascii string" {
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/main.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/main.zig
index 6e7315e771e5..0ab384176741 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/main.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/main.zig
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ const builtin = @import("builtin");
 const removeComments = @import("comments.zig").removeComments;
 const parseAndRemoveLineCommands = @import("source_mapping.zig").parseAndRemoveLineCommands;
 const compile = @import("compile.zig").compile;
+const Dependencies = @import("compile.zig").Dependencies;
 const Diagnostics = @import("errors.zig").Diagnostics;
 const cli = @import("cli.zig");
 const preprocess = @import("preprocess.zig");
@@ -13,8 +14,6 @@ const hasDisjointCodePage = @import("disjoint_code_page.zig").hasDisjointCodePag
 const fmtResourceType = @import("res.zig").NameOrOrdinal.fmtResourceType;
 const aro = @import("aro");
 
-var stdout_buffer: [1024]u8 = undefined;
-
 pub fn main() !void {
     var gpa: std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}) = .init;
     defer std.debug.assert(gpa.deinit() == .ok);
@@ -43,11 +42,13 @@ pub fn main() !void {
         cli_args = args[3..];
     }
 
-    var stdout_writer2 = std.fs.File.stdout().writer(&stdout_buffer);
+    var stdout_buffer: [1024]u8 = undefined;
+    var stdout_writer = std.fs.File.stdout().writer(&stdout_buffer);
+    const stdout = &stdout_writer.interface;
     var error_handler: ErrorHandler = switch (zig_integration) {
         true => .{
             .server = .{
-                .out = &stdout_writer2.interface,
+                .out = stdout,
                 .in = undefined, // won't be receiving messages
             },
         },
@@ -83,28 +84,23 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     defer options.deinit();
 
     if (options.print_help_and_exit) {
-        const stdout = std.fs.File.stdout();
-        try cli.writeUsage(stdout.deprecatedWriter(), "zig rc");
+        try cli.writeUsage(stdout, "zig rc");
+        try stdout.flush();
         return;
     }
 
     // Don't allow verbose when integrating with Zig via stdout
     options.verbose = false;
 
-    const stdout_writer = std.fs.File.stdout().deprecatedWriter();
     if (options.verbose) {
-        try options.dumpVerbose(stdout_writer);
-        try stdout_writer.writeByte('\n');
+        try options.dumpVerbose(stdout);
+        try stdout.writeByte('\n');
+        try stdout.flush();
     }
 
-    var dependencies_list = std.array_list.Managed([]const u8).init(allocator);
-    defer {
-        for (dependencies_list.items) |item| {
-            allocator.free(item);
-        }
-        dependencies_list.deinit();
-    }
-    const maybe_dependencies_list: ?*std.array_list.Managed([]const u8) = if (options.depfile_path != null) &dependencies_list else null;
+    var dependencies = Dependencies.init(allocator);
+    defer dependencies.deinit();
+    const maybe_dependencies: ?*Dependencies = if (options.depfile_path != null) &dependencies else null;
 
     var include_paths = LazyIncludePaths{
         .arena = arena,
@@ -115,7 +111,7 @@ pub fn main() !void {
 
     const full_input = full_input: {
         if (options.input_format == .rc and options.preprocess != .no) {
-            var preprocessed_buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
+            var preprocessed_buf: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(allocator);
             errdefer preprocessed_buf.deinit();
 
             // We're going to throw away everything except the final preprocessed output anyway,
@@ -127,26 +123,27 @@ pub fn main() !void {
             var comp = aro.Compilation.init(aro_arena, std.fs.cwd());
             defer comp.deinit();
 
-            var argv = std.array_list.Managed([]const u8).init(comp.gpa);
-            defer argv.deinit();
+            var argv: std.ArrayList([]const u8) = .empty;
+            defer argv.deinit(aro_arena);
 
-            try argv.append("arocc"); // dummy command name
+            try argv.append(aro_arena, "arocc"); // dummy command name
             const resolved_include_paths = try include_paths.get(&error_handler);
             try preprocess.appendAroArgs(aro_arena, &argv, options, resolved_include_paths);
-            try argv.append(switch (options.input_source) {
+            try argv.append(aro_arena, switch (options.input_source) {
                 .stdio => "-",
                 .filename => |filename| filename,
             });
 
             if (options.verbose) {
-                try stdout_writer.writeAll("Preprocessor: arocc (built-in)\n");
+                try stdout.writeAll("Preprocessor: arocc (built-in)\n");
                 for (argv.items[0 .. argv.items.len - 1]) |arg| {
-                    try stdout_writer.print("{s} ", .{arg});
+                    try stdout.print("{s} ", .{arg});
                 }
-                try stdout_writer.print("{s}\n\n", .{argv.items[argv.items.len - 1]});
+                try stdout.print("{s}\n\n", .{argv.items[argv.items.len - 1]});
+                try stdout.flush();
             }
 
-            preprocess.preprocess(&comp, preprocessed_buf.writer(), argv.items, maybe_dependencies_list) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            preprocess.preprocess(&comp, &preprocessed_buf.writer, argv.items, maybe_dependencies) catch |err| switch (err) {
                 error.GeneratedSourceError => {
                     try error_handler.emitAroDiagnostics(allocator, "failed during preprocessor setup (this is always a bug):", &comp);
                     std.process.exit(1);
@@ -249,14 +246,15 @@ pub fn main() !void {
                 defer diagnostics.deinit();
 
                 var output_buffer: [4096]u8 = undefined;
-                var res_stream_writer = res_stream.source.writer(allocator).adaptToNewApi(&output_buffer);
-                const output_buffered_stream = &res_stream_writer.new_interface;
+                var res_stream_writer = res_stream.source.writer(allocator, &output_buffer);
+                defer res_stream_writer.deinit(&res_stream.source);
+                const output_buffered_stream = res_stream_writer.interface();
 
                 compile(allocator, final_input, output_buffered_stream, .{
                     .cwd = std.fs.cwd(),
                     .diagnostics = &diagnostics,
                     .source_mappings = &mapping_results.mappings,
-                    .dependencies_list = maybe_dependencies_list,
+                    .dependencies = maybe_dependencies,
                     .ignore_include_env_var = options.ignore_include_env_var,
                     .extra_include_paths = options.extra_include_paths.items,
                     .system_include_paths = try include_paths.get(&error_handler),
@@ -303,7 +301,7 @@ pub fn main() !void {
                             };
 
                             try write_stream.beginArray();
-                            for (dependencies_list.items) |dep_path| {
+                            for (dependencies.list.items) |dep_path| {
                                 try write_stream.write(dep_path);
                             }
                             try write_stream.endArray();
@@ -342,10 +340,10 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     defer coff_stream.deinit(allocator);
 
     var coff_output_buffer: [4096]u8 = undefined;
-    var coff_output_buffered_stream = coff_stream.source.writer(allocator).adaptToNewApi(&coff_output_buffer);
+    var coff_output_buffered_stream = coff_stream.source.writer(allocator, &coff_output_buffer);
 
     var cvtres_diagnostics: cvtres.Diagnostics = .{ .none = {} };
-    cvtres.writeCoff(allocator, &coff_output_buffered_stream.new_interface, resources.list.items, options.coff_options, &cvtres_diagnostics) catch |err| {
+    cvtres.writeCoff(allocator, coff_output_buffered_stream.interface(), resources.list.items, options.coff_options, &cvtres_diagnostics) catch |err| {
         switch (err) {
             error.DuplicateResource => {
                 const duplicate_resource = resources.list.items[cvtres_diagnostics.duplicate_resource];
@@ -382,7 +380,7 @@ pub fn main() !void {
         std.process.exit(1);
     };
 
-    try coff_output_buffered_stream.new_interface.flush();
+    try coff_output_buffered_stream.interface().flush();
 }
 
 const IoStream = struct {
@@ -425,7 +423,7 @@ const IoStream = struct {
     pub const Source = union(enum) {
         file: std.fs.File,
         stdio: std.fs.File,
-        memory: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+        memory: std.ArrayList(u8),
         /// The source has been closed and any usage of the Source in this state is illegal (except deinit).
         closed: void,
 
@@ -472,26 +470,34 @@ const IoStream = struct {
             };
         }
 
-        pub const WriterContext = struct {
-            self: *Source,
-            allocator: std.mem.Allocator,
-        };
-        pub const WriteError = std.mem.Allocator.Error || std.fs.File.WriteError;
-        pub const Writer = std.io.GenericWriter(WriterContext, WriteError, write);
-
-        pub fn write(ctx: WriterContext, bytes: []const u8) WriteError!usize {
-            switch (ctx.self.*) {
-                inline .file, .stdio => |file| return file.write(bytes),
-                .memory => |*list| {
-                    try list.appendSlice(ctx.allocator, bytes);
-                    return bytes.len;
-                },
-                .closed => unreachable,
+        pub const Writer = union(enum) {
+            file: std.fs.File.Writer,
+            allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating,
+
+            pub const Error = std.mem.Allocator.Error || std.fs.File.WriteError;
+
+            pub fn interface(this: *@This()) *std.Io.Writer {
+                return switch (this.*) {
+                    .file => |*fw| &fw.interface,
+                    .allocating => |*a| &a.writer,
+                };
             }
-        }
 
-        pub fn writer(self: *Source, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = .{ .self = self, .allocator = allocator } };
+            pub fn deinit(this: *@This(), source: *Source) void {
+                switch (this.*) {
+                    .file => {},
+                    .allocating => |*a| source.memory = a.toArrayList(),
+                }
+                this.* = undefined;
+            }
+        };
+
+        pub fn writer(source: *Source, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, buffer: []u8) Writer {
+            return switch (source.*) {
+                .file, .stdio => |file| .{ .file = file.writer(buffer) },
+                .memory => |*list| .{ .allocating = .fromArrayList(allocator, list) },
+                .closed => unreachable,
+            };
         }
     };
 };
@@ -721,7 +727,7 @@ fn cliDiagnosticsToErrorBundle(
     });
 
     var cur_err: ?ErrorBundle.ErrorMessage = null;
-    var cur_notes: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(ErrorBundle.ErrorMessage) = .empty;
+    var cur_notes: std.ArrayList(ErrorBundle.ErrorMessage) = .empty;
     defer cur_notes.deinit(gpa);
     for (diagnostics.errors.items) |err_details| {
         switch (err_details.type) {
@@ -763,10 +769,10 @@ fn diagnosticsToErrorBundle(
     try bundle.init(gpa);
     errdefer bundle.deinit();
 
-    var msg_buf: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty;
-    defer msg_buf.deinit(gpa);
+    var msg_buf: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(gpa);
+    defer msg_buf.deinit();
     var cur_err: ?ErrorBundle.ErrorMessage = null;
-    var cur_notes: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(ErrorBundle.ErrorMessage) = .empty;
+    var cur_notes: std.ArrayList(ErrorBundle.ErrorMessage) = .empty;
     defer cur_notes.deinit(gpa);
     for (diagnostics.errors.items) |err_details| {
         switch (err_details.type) {
@@ -789,7 +795,7 @@ fn diagnosticsToErrorBundle(
         const column = err_details.token.calculateColumn(source, 1, source_line_start) + 1;
 
         msg_buf.clearRetainingCapacity();
-        try err_details.render(msg_buf.writer(gpa), source, diagnostics.strings.items);
+        try err_details.render(&msg_buf.writer, source, diagnostics.strings.items);
 
         const src_loc = src_loc: {
             var src_loc: ErrorBundle.SourceLocation = .{
@@ -817,7 +823,7 @@ fn diagnosticsToErrorBundle(
                     try flushErrorMessageIntoBundle(&bundle, err, cur_notes.items);
                 }
                 cur_err = .{
-                    .msg = try bundle.addString(msg_buf.items),
+                    .msg = try bundle.addString(msg_buf.written()),
                     .src_loc = src_loc,
                 };
                 cur_notes.clearRetainingCapacity();
@@ -825,7 +831,7 @@ fn diagnosticsToErrorBundle(
             .note => {
                 cur_err.?.notes_len += 1;
                 try cur_notes.append(gpa, .{
-                    .msg = try bundle.addString(msg_buf.items),
+                    .msg = try bundle.addString(msg_buf.written()),
                     .src_loc = src_loc,
                 });
             },
@@ -876,7 +882,7 @@ fn aroDiagnosticsToErrorBundle(
     var msg_writer = MsgWriter.init(gpa);
     defer msg_writer.deinit();
     var cur_err: ?ErrorBundle.ErrorMessage = null;
-    var cur_notes: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(ErrorBundle.ErrorMessage) = .empty;
+    var cur_notes: std.ArrayList(ErrorBundle.ErrorMessage) = .empty;
     defer cur_notes.deinit(gpa);
     for (comp.diagnostics.list.items) |msg| {
         switch (msg.kind) {
@@ -971,11 +977,11 @@ const MsgWriter = struct {
     }
 
     pub fn print(m: *MsgWriter, comptime fmt: []const u8, args: anytype) void {
-        m.buf.writer().print(fmt, args) catch {};
+        m.buf.print(fmt, args) catch {};
     }
 
     pub fn write(m: *MsgWriter, msg: []const u8) void {
-        m.buf.writer().writeAll(msg) catch {};
+        m.buf.appendSlice(msg) catch {};
     }
 
     pub fn setColor(m: *MsgWriter, color: std.io.tty.Color) void {
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/parse.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/parse.zig
index 285b5da843d0..cc3bc4ae3ca0 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/parse.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/parse.zig
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
     }
 
     fn parseRoot(self: *Self) Error!*Node {
-        var statements = std.array_list.Managed(*Node).init(self.state.allocator);
-        defer statements.deinit();
+        var statements: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
+        defer statements.deinit(self.state.allocator);
 
         try self.parseStatements(&statements);
         try self.check(.eof);
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
         return &node.base;
     }
 
-    fn parseStatements(self: *Self, statements: *std.array_list.Managed(*Node)) Error!void {
+    fn parseStatements(self: *Self, statements: *std.ArrayList(*Node)) Error!void {
         while (true) {
             try self.nextToken(.whitespace_delimiter_only);
             if (self.state.token.id == .eof) break;
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
             // (usually it will end up with bogus things like 'file
             // not found: {')
             const statement = try self.parseStatement();
-            try statements.append(statement);
+            try statements.append(self.state.allocator, statement);
         }
     }
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
     /// current token is unchanged.
     /// The returned slice is allocated by the parser's arena
     fn parseCommonResourceAttributes(self: *Self) ![]Token {
-        var common_resource_attributes: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Token) = .empty;
+        var common_resource_attributes: std.ArrayList(Token) = .empty;
         while (true) {
             const maybe_common_resource_attribute = try self.lookaheadToken(.normal);
             if (maybe_common_resource_attribute.id == .literal and rc.CommonResourceAttributes.map.has(maybe_common_resource_attribute.slice(self.lexer.buffer))) {
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
     /// current token is unchanged.
     /// The returned slice is allocated by the parser's arena
     fn parseOptionalStatements(self: *Self, resource: ResourceType) ![]*Node {
-        var optional_statements: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*Node) = .empty;
+        var optional_statements: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
 
         const num_statement_types = @typeInfo(rc.OptionalStatements).@"enum".fields.len;
         var statement_type_has_duplicates = [_]bool{false} ** num_statement_types;
@@ -355,8 +355,8 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                 const begin_token = self.state.token;
                 try self.check(.begin);
 
-                var strings = std.array_list.Managed(*Node).init(self.state.allocator);
-                defer strings.deinit();
+                var strings: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
+                defer strings.deinit(self.state.allocator);
                 while (true) {
                     const maybe_end_token = try self.lookaheadToken(.normal);
                     switch (maybe_end_token.id) {
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                         .maybe_comma = comma_token,
                         .string = self.state.token,
                     };
-                    try strings.append(&string_node.base);
+                    try strings.append(self.state.allocator, &string_node.base);
                 }
 
                 if (strings.items.len == 0) {
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                 const begin_token = self.state.token;
                 try self.check(.begin);
 
-                var accelerators: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*Node) = .empty;
+                var accelerators: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
 
                 while (true) {
                     const lookahead = try self.lookaheadToken(.normal);
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
 
                     const idvalue = try self.parseExpression(.{ .allowed_types = .{ .number = true } });
 
-                    var type_and_options: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Token) = .empty;
+                    var type_and_options: std.ArrayList(Token) = .empty;
                     while (true) {
                         if (!(try self.parseOptionalToken(.comma))) break;
 
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                 const begin_token = self.state.token;
                 try self.check(.begin);
 
-                var controls: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*Node) = .empty;
+                var controls: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
                 defer controls.deinit(self.state.allocator);
                 while (try self.parseControlStatement(resource)) |control_node| {
                     // The number of controls must fit in a u16 in order for it to
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                 const begin_token = self.state.token;
                 try self.check(.begin);
 
-                var buttons: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*Node) = .empty;
+                var buttons: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
                 defer buttons.deinit(self.state.allocator);
                 while (try self.parseToolbarButtonStatement()) |button_node| {
                     // The number of buttons must fit in a u16 in order for it to
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                 const begin_token = self.state.token;
                 try self.check(.begin);
 
-                var items: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*Node) = .empty;
+                var items: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
                 defer items.deinit(self.state.allocator);
                 while (try self.parseMenuItemStatement(resource, id_token, 1)) |item_node| {
                     try items.append(self.state.allocator, item_node);
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                 // common resource attributes must all be contiguous and come before optional-statements
                 const common_resource_attributes = try self.parseCommonResourceAttributes();
 
-                var fixed_info: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*Node) = .empty;
+                var fixed_info: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
                 while (try self.parseVersionStatement()) |version_statement| {
                     try fixed_info.append(self.state.arena, version_statement);
                 }
@@ -744,7 +744,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                 const begin_token = self.state.token;
                 try self.check(.begin);
 
-                var block_statements: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*Node) = .empty;
+                var block_statements: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
                 while (try self.parseVersionBlockOrValue(id_token, 1)) |block_node| {
                     try block_statements.append(self.state.arena, block_node);
                 }
@@ -852,8 +852,8 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
     /// Expects the current token to be a begin token.
     /// After return, the current token will be the end token.
     fn parseRawDataBlock(self: *Self) Error![]*Node {
-        var raw_data = std.array_list.Managed(*Node).init(self.state.allocator);
-        defer raw_data.deinit();
+        var raw_data: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
+        defer raw_data.deinit(self.state.allocator);
         while (true) {
             const maybe_end_token = try self.lookaheadToken(.normal);
             switch (maybe_end_token.id) {
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                 else => {},
             }
             const expression = try self.parseExpression(.{ .allowed_types = .{ .number = true, .string = true } });
-            try raw_data.append(expression);
+            try raw_data.append(self.state.allocator, expression);
 
             if (expression.isNumberExpression()) {
                 const maybe_close_paren = try self.lookaheadToken(.normal);
@@ -1125,7 +1125,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
 
                         _ = try self.parseOptionalToken(.comma);
 
-                        var options: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Token) = .empty;
+                        var options: std.ArrayList(Token) = .empty;
                         while (true) {
                             const option_token = try self.lookaheadToken(.normal);
                             if (!rc.MenuItem.Option.map.has(option_token.slice(self.lexer.buffer))) {
@@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                     }
                     try self.skipAnyCommas();
 
-                    var options: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Token) = .empty;
+                    var options: std.ArrayList(Token) = .empty;
                     while (true) {
                         const option_token = try self.lookaheadToken(.normal);
                         if (!rc.MenuItem.Option.map.has(option_token.slice(self.lexer.buffer))) {
@@ -1175,7 +1175,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                     const begin_token = self.state.token;
                     try self.check(.begin);
 
-                    var items: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*Node) = .empty;
+                    var items: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
                     while (try self.parseMenuItemStatement(resource, top_level_menu_id_token, nesting_level + 1)) |item_node| {
                         try items.append(self.state.arena, item_node);
                     }
@@ -1245,7 +1245,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                 const begin_token = self.state.token;
                 try self.check(.begin);
 
-                var items: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*Node) = .empty;
+                var items: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
                 while (try self.parseMenuItemStatement(resource, top_level_menu_id_token, nesting_level + 1)) |item_node| {
                     try items.append(self.state.arena, item_node);
                 }
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
         switch (statement_type) {
             .file_version, .product_version => {
                 var parts_buffer: [4]*Node = undefined;
-                var parts = std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*Node).initBuffer(&parts_buffer);
+                var parts = std.ArrayList(*Node).initBuffer(&parts_buffer);
 
                 while (true) {
                     const value = try self.parseExpression(.{ .allowed_types = .{ .number = true } });
@@ -1402,7 +1402,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                 const begin_token = self.state.token;
                 try self.check(.begin);
 
-                var children: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*Node) = .empty;
+                var children: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
                 while (try self.parseVersionBlockOrValue(top_level_version_id_token, nesting_level + 1)) |value_node| {
                     try children.append(self.state.arena, value_node);
                 }
@@ -1435,7 +1435,7 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
     }
 
     fn parseBlockValuesList(self: *Self, had_comma_before_first_value: bool) Error![]*Node {
-        var values: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(*Node) = .empty;
+        var values: std.ArrayList(*Node) = .empty;
         var seen_number: bool = false;
         var first_string_value: ?*Node = null;
         while (true) {
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/preprocess.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/preprocess.zig
index ff6de00461a0..d14812a05d5d 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/preprocess.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/preprocess.zig
@@ -2,28 +2,32 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const builtin = @import("builtin");
 const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
 const cli = @import("cli.zig");
+const Dependencies = @import("compile.zig").Dependencies;
 const aro = @import("aro");
 
 const PreprocessError = error{ ArgError, GeneratedSourceError, PreprocessError, StreamTooLong, OutOfMemory };
 
 pub fn preprocess(
     comp: *aro.Compilation,
-    writer: anytype,
+    writer: *std.Io.Writer,
     /// Expects argv[0] to be the command name
     argv: []const []const u8,
-    maybe_dependencies_list: ?*std.array_list.Managed([]const u8),
+    maybe_dependencies: ?*Dependencies,
 ) PreprocessError!void {
     try comp.addDefaultPragmaHandlers();
 
     var driver: aro.Driver = .{ .comp = comp, .aro_name = "arocc" };
     defer driver.deinit();
 
-    var macro_buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(comp.gpa);
+    var macro_buf: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(comp.gpa);
     defer macro_buf.deinit();
 
-    _ = driver.parseArgs(std.io.null_writer, macro_buf.writer(), argv) catch |err| switch (err) {
+    var trash: [64]u8 = undefined;
+    var discarding: std.Io.Writer.Discarding = .init(&trash);
+    _ = driver.parseArgs(&discarding.writer, &macro_buf.writer, argv) catch |err| switch (err) {
         error.FatalError => return error.ArgError,
         error.OutOfMemory => |e| return e,
+        error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
     };
 
     if (hasAnyErrors(comp)) return error.ArgError;
@@ -33,7 +37,7 @@ pub fn preprocess(
         error.FatalError => return error.GeneratedSourceError,
         else => |e| return e,
     };
-    const user_macros = comp.addSourceFromBuffer("<command line>", macro_buf.items) catch |err| switch (err) {
+    const user_macros = comp.addSourceFromBuffer("<command line>", macro_buf.written()) catch |err| switch (err) {
         error.FatalError => return error.GeneratedSourceError,
         else => |e| return e,
     };
@@ -59,15 +63,17 @@ pub fn preprocess(
 
     if (hasAnyErrors(comp)) return error.PreprocessError;
 
-    try pp.prettyPrintTokens(writer, .result_only);
+    pp.prettyPrintTokens(writer, .result_only) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+    };
 
-    if (maybe_dependencies_list) |dependencies_list| {
+    if (maybe_dependencies) |dependencies| {
         for (comp.sources.values()) |comp_source| {
             if (comp_source.id == builtin_macros.id or comp_source.id == user_macros.id) continue;
             if (comp_source.id == .unused or comp_source.id == .generated) continue;
-            const duped_path = try dependencies_list.allocator.dupe(u8, comp_source.path);
-            errdefer dependencies_list.allocator.free(duped_path);
-            try dependencies_list.append(duped_path);
+            const duped_path = try dependencies.allocator.dupe(u8, comp_source.path);
+            errdefer dependencies.allocator.free(duped_path);
+            try dependencies.list.append(dependencies.allocator, duped_path);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -87,8 +93,8 @@ fn hasAnyErrors(comp: *aro.Compilation) bool {
 
 /// `arena` is used for temporary -D argument strings and the INCLUDE environment variable.
 /// The arena should be kept alive at least as long as `argv`.
-pub fn appendAroArgs(arena: Allocator, argv: *std.array_list.Managed([]const u8), options: cli.Options, system_include_paths: []const []const u8) !void {
-    try argv.appendSlice(&.{
+pub fn appendAroArgs(arena: Allocator, argv: *std.ArrayList([]const u8), options: cli.Options, system_include_paths: []const []const u8) !void {
+    try argv.appendSlice(arena, &.{
         "-E",
         "--comments",
         "-fuse-line-directives",
@@ -99,13 +105,13 @@ pub fn appendAroArgs(arena: Allocator, argv: *std.array_list.Managed([]const u8)
         "-D_WIN32", // undocumented, but defined by default
     });
     for (options.extra_include_paths.items) |extra_include_path| {
-        try argv.append("-I");
-        try argv.append(extra_include_path);
+        try argv.append(arena, "-I");
+        try argv.append(arena, extra_include_path);
     }
 
     for (system_include_paths) |include_path| {
-        try argv.append("-isystem");
-        try argv.append(include_path);
+        try argv.append(arena, "-isystem");
+        try argv.append(arena, include_path);
     }
 
     if (!options.ignore_include_env_var) {
@@ -119,8 +125,8 @@ pub fn appendAroArgs(arena: Allocator, argv: *std.array_list.Managed([]const u8)
         };
         var it = std.mem.tokenizeScalar(u8, INCLUDE, delimiter);
         while (it.next()) |include_path| {
-            try argv.append("-isystem");
-            try argv.append(include_path);
+            try argv.append(arena, "-isystem");
+            try argv.append(arena, include_path);
         }
     }
 
@@ -128,13 +134,13 @@ pub fn appendAroArgs(arena: Allocator, argv: *std.array_list.Managed([]const u8)
     while (symbol_it.next()) |entry| {
         switch (entry.value_ptr.*) {
             .define => |value| {
-                try argv.append("-D");
+                try argv.append(arena, "-D");
                 const define_arg = try std.fmt.allocPrint(arena, "{s}={s}", .{ entry.key_ptr.*, value });
-                try argv.append(define_arg);
+                try argv.append(arena, define_arg);
             },
             .undefine => {
-                try argv.append("-U");
-                try argv.append(entry.key_ptr.*);
+                try argv.append(arena, "-U");
+                try argv.append(arena, entry.key_ptr.*);
             },
         }
     }
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/res.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/res.zig
index ba5b2034511d..9d8347afff30 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/res.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/res.zig
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ pub const NameOrOrdinal = union(enum) {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn write(self: NameOrOrdinal, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(self: NameOrOrdinal, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         switch (self) {
             .name => |name| {
                 try writer.writeAll(std.mem.sliceAsBytes(name[0 .. name.len + 1]));
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ pub const NameOrOrdinal = union(enum) {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn writeEmpty(writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn writeEmpty(writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         try writer.writeInt(u16, 0, .little);
     }
 
@@ -283,8 +283,8 @@ pub const NameOrOrdinal = union(enum) {
 
     pub fn nameFromString(allocator: Allocator, bytes: SourceBytes) !NameOrOrdinal {
         // Names have a limit of 256 UTF-16 code units + null terminator
-        var buf = try std.array_list.Managed(u16).initCapacity(allocator, @min(257, bytes.slice.len));
-        errdefer buf.deinit();
+        var buf = try std.ArrayList(u16).initCapacity(allocator, @min(257, bytes.slice.len));
+        errdefer buf.deinit(allocator);
 
         var i: usize = 0;
         while (bytes.code_page.codepointAt(i, bytes.slice)) |codepoint| : (i += codepoint.byte_len) {
@@ -292,27 +292,27 @@ pub const NameOrOrdinal = union(enum) {
 
             const c = codepoint.value;
             if (c == Codepoint.invalid) {
-                try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, '�'));
+                try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, '�'));
             } else if (c < 0x7F) {
                 // ASCII chars in names are always converted to uppercase
-                try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, std.ascii.toUpper(@intCast(c))));
+                try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, std.ascii.toUpper(@intCast(c))));
             } else if (c < 0x10000) {
                 const short: u16 = @intCast(c);
-                try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, short));
+                try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, short));
             } else {
                 const high = @as(u16, @intCast((c - 0x10000) >> 10)) + 0xD800;
-                try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, high));
+                try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, high));
 
                 // Note: This can cut-off in the middle of a UTF-16 surrogate pair,
                 //       i.e. it can make the string end with an unpaired high surrogate
                 if (buf.items.len == 256) break;
 
                 const low = @as(u16, @intCast(c & 0x3FF)) + 0xDC00;
-                try buf.append(std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, low));
+                try buf.append(allocator, std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, low));
             }
         }
 
-        return NameOrOrdinal{ .name = try buf.toOwnedSliceSentinel(0) };
+        return NameOrOrdinal{ .name = try buf.toOwnedSliceSentinel(allocator, 0) };
     }
 
     /// Returns `null` if the bytes do not form a valid number.
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ pub const FixedFileInfo = struct {
         }
     };
 
-    pub fn write(self: FixedFileInfo, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(self: FixedFileInfo, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         try writer.writeInt(u32, signature, .little);
         try writer.writeInt(u32, version, .little);
         try writer.writeInt(u32, self.file_version.mostSignificantCombinedParts(), .little);
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/source_mapping.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/source_mapping.zig
index 4caaf38c84c1..928a7205c63b 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/source_mapping.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/source_mapping.zig
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub const ParseLineCommandsResult = struct {
 
 const CurrentMapping = struct {
     line_num: usize = 1,
-    filename: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty,
+    filename: std.ArrayList(u8) = .empty,
     pending: bool = true,
     ignore_contents: bool = false,
 };
@@ -574,8 +574,8 @@ fn parseFilename(allocator: Allocator, str: []const u8) error{ OutOfMemory, Inva
         escape_u,
     };
 
-    var filename = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(allocator, str.len);
-    errdefer filename.deinit();
+    var filename = try std.ArrayList(u8).initCapacity(allocator, str.len);
+    errdefer filename.deinit(allocator);
     var state: State = .string;
     var index: usize = 0;
     var escape_len: usize = undefined;
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ fn parseFilename(allocator: Allocator, str: []const u8) error{ OutOfMemory, Inva
         }
     }
 
-    return filename.toOwnedSlice();
+    return filename.toOwnedSlice(allocator);
 }
 
 fn testParseFilename(expected: []const u8, input: []const u8) !void {
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ test "SourceMappings collapse" {
 
 /// Same thing as StringTable in Zig's src/Wasm.zig
 pub const StringTable = struct {
-    data: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty,
+    data: std.ArrayList(u8) = .empty,
     map: std.HashMapUnmanaged(u32, void, std.hash_map.StringIndexContext, std.hash_map.default_max_load_percentage) = .empty,
 
     pub fn deinit(self: *StringTable, allocator: Allocator) void {
diff --git a/lib/compiler/resinator/windows1252.zig b/lib/compiler/resinator/windows1252.zig
index e88687bac0ed..d6a38a4890dc 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/resinator/windows1252.zig
+++ b/lib/compiler/resinator/windows1252.zig
@@ -1,36 +1,5 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 
-pub fn windows1252ToUtf8Stream(writer: anytype, reader: anytype) !usize {
-    var bytes_written: usize = 0;
-    var utf8_buf: [3]u8 = undefined;
-    while (true) {
-        const c = reader.readByte() catch |err| switch (err) {
-            error.EndOfStream => return bytes_written,
-            else => |e| return e,
-        };
-        const codepoint = toCodepoint(c);
-        if (codepoint <= 0x7F) {
-            try writer.writeByte(c);
-            bytes_written += 1;
-        } else {
-            const utf8_len = std.unicode.utf8Encode(codepoint, &utf8_buf) catch unreachable;
-            try writer.writeAll(utf8_buf[0..utf8_len]);
-            bytes_written += utf8_len;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Returns the number of code units written to the writer
-pub fn windows1252ToUtf16AllocZ(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, win1252_str: []const u8) ![:0]u16 {
-    // Guaranteed to need exactly the same number of code units as Windows-1252 bytes
-    var utf16_slice = try allocator.allocSentinel(u16, win1252_str.len, 0);
-    errdefer allocator.free(utf16_slice);
-    for (win1252_str, 0..) |c, i| {
-        utf16_slice[i] = toCodepoint(c);
-    }
-    return utf16_slice;
-}
-
 /// https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WindowsBestFit/bestfit1252.txt
 pub fn toCodepoint(c: u8) u16 {
     return switch (c) {
@@ -572,17 +541,3 @@ pub fn bestFitFromCodepoint(codepoint: u21) ?u8 {
         else => null,
     };
 }
-
-test "windows-1252 to utf8" {
-    var buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(std.testing.allocator);
-    defer buf.deinit();
-
-    const input_windows1252 = "\x81pqrstuvwxyz{|}~\x80\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x8a\x8b\x8c\x8e\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96\x97\x98\x99\x9a\x9b\x9c\x9e\x9f\xa1\xa2\xa3\xa4\xa5\xa6\xa7\xa8\xa9\xaa\xab\xac\xae\xaf\xb0\xb1\xb2\xb3\xb4\xb5\xb6\xb7\xb8\xb9\xba\xbb\xbc\xbd\xbe\xbf\xc0\xc1\xc2\xc3\xc4\xc5\xc6\xc7\xc8\xc9\xca\xcb\xcc\xcd\xce\xcf\xd0\xd1\xd2\xd3\xd4\xd5\xd6\xd7\xd8\xd9\xda\xdb\xdc\xdd\xde\xdf\xe0\xe1\xe2\xe3\xe4\xe5\xe6\xe7\xe8\xe9\xea\xeb\xec\xed\xee\xef\xf0\xf1\xf2\xf3\xf4\xf5\xf6\xf7\xf8\xf9\xfa\xfb\xfc\xfd\xfe\xff";
-    const expected_utf8 = "\xc2\x81pqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ";
-
-    var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(input_windows1252);
-    const bytes_written = try windows1252ToUtf8Stream(buf.writer(), fbs.reader());
-
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings(expected_utf8, buf.items);
-    try std.testing.expectEqual(expected_utf8.len, bytes_written);
-}
diff --git a/lib/docs/wasm/Decl.zig b/lib/docs/wasm/Decl.zig
index ba1a7b455ad5..79a55294d25a 100644
--- a/lib/docs/wasm/Decl.zig
+++ b/lib/docs/wasm/Decl.zig
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ const gpa = std.heap.wasm_allocator;
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
 const log = std.log;
 const Oom = error{OutOfMemory};
+const ArrayList = std.ArrayList;
 
 ast_node: Ast.Node.Index,
 file: Walk.File.Index,
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ pub fn lookup(decl: *const Decl, name: []const u8) ?Decl.Index {
 }
 
 /// Appends the fully qualified name to `out`.
-pub fn fqn(decl: *const Decl, out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Oom!void {
+pub fn fqn(decl: *const Decl, out: *ArrayList(u8)) Oom!void {
     try decl.append_path(out);
     if (decl.parent != .none) {
         try append_parent_ns(out, decl.parent);
@@ -199,12 +200,12 @@ pub fn fqn(decl: *const Decl, out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Oom!void {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn reset_with_path(decl: *const Decl, list: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Oom!void {
+pub fn reset_with_path(decl: *const Decl, list: *ArrayList(u8)) Oom!void {
     list.clearRetainingCapacity();
     try append_path(decl, list);
 }
 
-pub fn append_path(decl: *const Decl, list: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Oom!void {
+pub fn append_path(decl: *const Decl, list: *ArrayList(u8)) Oom!void {
     const start = list.items.len;
     // Prefer the module name alias.
     for (Walk.modules.keys(), Walk.modules.values()) |pkg_name, pkg_file| {
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ pub fn append_path(decl: *const Decl, list: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Oom!voi
     }
 }
 
-pub fn append_parent_ns(list: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), parent: Decl.Index) Oom!void {
+pub fn append_parent_ns(list: *ArrayList(u8), parent: Decl.Index) Oom!void {
     assert(parent != .none);
     const decl = parent.get();
     if (decl.parent != .none) {
diff --git a/lib/docs/wasm/html_render.zig b/lib/docs/wasm/html_render.zig
index 68b10a01e41c..13d2ec05c51f 100644
--- a/lib/docs/wasm/html_render.zig
+++ b/lib/docs/wasm/html_render.zig
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const Ast = std.zig.Ast;
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
+const ArrayList = std.ArrayList;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 const Walk = @import("Walk");
 const Decl = Walk.Decl;
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ pub const Annotation = struct {
 
 pub fn fileSourceHtml(
     file_index: Walk.File.Index,
-    out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    out: *ArrayList(u8),
     root_node: Ast.Node.Index,
     options: RenderSourceOptions,
 ) !void {
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ pub fn fileSourceHtml(
     const file = file_index.get();
 
     const g = struct {
-        var field_access_buffer: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty;
+        var field_access_buffer: ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
     };
 
     const start_token = ast.firstToken(root_node);
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ pub fn fileSourceHtml(
             if (next_annotate_index >= options.source_location_annotations.len) break;
             const next_annotation = options.source_location_annotations[next_annotate_index];
             if (cursor <= next_annotation.file_byte_offset) break;
-            try out.writer(gpa).print("<span id=\"{s}{d}\"></span>", .{
+            try out.print(gpa, "<span id=\"{s}{d}\"></span>", .{
                 options.annotation_prefix, next_annotation.dom_id,
             });
             next_annotate_index += 1;
@@ -318,7 +320,7 @@ pub fn fileSourceHtml(
     }
 }
 
-fn appendUnindented(out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), s: []const u8, indent: usize) !void {
+fn appendUnindented(out: *ArrayList(u8), s: []const u8, indent: usize) !void {
     var it = std.mem.splitScalar(u8, s, '\n');
     var is_first_line = true;
     while (it.next()) |line| {
@@ -332,7 +334,7 @@ fn appendUnindented(out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), s: []const u8, indent: usi
     }
 }
 
-pub fn appendEscaped(out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), s: []const u8) !void {
+pub fn appendEscaped(out: *ArrayList(u8), s: []const u8) !void {
     for (s) |c| {
         try out.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 6);
         switch (c) {
@@ -347,7 +349,7 @@ pub fn appendEscaped(out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), s: []const u8) !void {
 
 fn walkFieldAccesses(
     file_index: Walk.File.Index,
-    out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    out: *ArrayList(u8),
     node: Ast.Node.Index,
 ) Oom!void {
     const ast = file_index.get_ast();
@@ -371,7 +373,7 @@ fn walkFieldAccesses(
 
 fn resolveIdentLink(
     file_index: Walk.File.Index,
-    out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    out: *ArrayList(u8),
     ident_token: Ast.TokenIndex,
 ) Oom!void {
     const decl_index = file_index.get().lookup_token(ident_token);
@@ -391,7 +393,7 @@ fn unindent(s: []const u8, indent: usize) []const u8 {
     return s[indent_idx..];
 }
 
-pub fn resolveDeclLink(decl_index: Decl.Index, out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Oom!void {
+pub fn resolveDeclLink(decl_index: Decl.Index, out: *ArrayList(u8)) Oom!void {
     const decl = decl_index.get();
     switch (decl.categorize()) {
         .alias => |alias_decl| try alias_decl.get().fqn(out),
diff --git a/lib/docs/wasm/main.zig b/lib/docs/wasm/main.zig
index d3043cd9178b..adf3f6b884a9 100644
--- a/lib/docs/wasm/main.zig
+++ b/lib/docs/wasm/main.zig
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ const Ast = std.zig.Ast;
 const Walk = @import("Walk");
 const markdown = @import("markdown.zig");
 const Decl = Walk.Decl;
+const ArrayList = std.ArrayList;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 const fileSourceHtml = @import("html_render.zig").fileSourceHtml;
 const appendEscaped = @import("html_render.zig").appendEscaped;
@@ -66,8 +68,8 @@ export fn unpack(tar_ptr: [*]u8, tar_len: usize) void {
     };
 }
 
-var query_string: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty;
-var query_results: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Decl.Index) = .empty;
+var query_string: ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
+var query_results: ArrayList(Decl.Index) = .empty;
 
 /// Resizes the query string to be the correct length; returns the pointer to
 /// the query string.
@@ -99,11 +101,11 @@ fn query_exec_fallible(query: []const u8, ignore_case: bool) !void {
         segments: u16,
     };
     const g = struct {
-        var full_path_search_text: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty;
-        var full_path_search_text_lower: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty;
-        var doc_search_text: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty;
+        var full_path_search_text: ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
+        var full_path_search_text_lower: ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
+        var doc_search_text: ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
         /// Each element matches a corresponding query_results element.
-        var scores: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Score) = .empty;
+        var scores: ArrayList(Score) = .empty;
     };
 
     // First element stores the size of the list.
@@ -234,7 +236,7 @@ const ErrorIdentifier = packed struct(u64) {
         return ast.tokenTag(token_index - 1) == .doc_comment;
     }
 
-    fn html(ei: ErrorIdentifier, base_decl: Decl.Index, out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Oom!void {
+    fn html(ei: ErrorIdentifier, base_decl: Decl.Index, out: *ArrayList(u8)) Oom!void {
         const decl_index = ei.decl_index;
         const ast = decl_index.get().file.get_ast();
         const name = ast.tokenSlice(ei.token_index);
@@ -260,7 +262,7 @@ const ErrorIdentifier = packed struct(u64) {
     }
 };
 
-var string_result: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty;
+var string_result: ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
 var error_set_result: std.StringArrayHashMapUnmanaged(ErrorIdentifier) = .empty;
 
 export fn decl_error_set(decl_index: Decl.Index) Slice(ErrorIdentifier) {
@@ -411,7 +413,7 @@ fn decl_fields_fallible(decl_index: Decl.Index) ![]Ast.Node.Index {
 
 fn ast_decl_fields_fallible(ast: *Ast, ast_index: Ast.Node.Index) ![]Ast.Node.Index {
     const g = struct {
-        var result: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Ast.Node.Index) = .empty;
+        var result: ArrayList(Ast.Node.Index) = .empty;
     };
     g.result.clearRetainingCapacity();
     var buf: [2]Ast.Node.Index = undefined;
@@ -429,7 +431,7 @@ fn ast_decl_fields_fallible(ast: *Ast, ast_index: Ast.Node.Index) ![]Ast.Node.In
 
 fn decl_params_fallible(decl_index: Decl.Index) ![]Ast.Node.Index {
     const g = struct {
-        var result: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Ast.Node.Index) = .empty;
+        var result: ArrayList(Ast.Node.Index) = .empty;
     };
     g.result.clearRetainingCapacity();
     const decl = decl_index.get();
@@ -460,7 +462,7 @@ export fn decl_param_html(decl_index: Decl.Index, param_node: Ast.Node.Index) St
 }
 
 fn decl_field_html_fallible(
-    out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    out: *ArrayList(u8),
     decl_index: Decl.Index,
     field_node: Ast.Node.Index,
 ) !void {
@@ -480,7 +482,7 @@ fn decl_field_html_fallible(
 }
 
 fn decl_param_html_fallible(
-    out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    out: *ArrayList(u8),
     decl_index: Decl.Index,
     param_node: Ast.Node.Index,
 ) !void {
@@ -649,7 +651,7 @@ export fn decl_docs_html(decl_index: Decl.Index, short: bool) String {
 }
 
 fn collect_docs(
-    list: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    list: *ArrayList(u8),
     ast: *const Ast,
     first_doc_comment: Ast.TokenIndex,
 ) Oom!void {
@@ -667,7 +669,7 @@ fn collect_docs(
 }
 
 fn render_docs(
-    out: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    out: *ArrayList(u8),
     decl_index: Decl.Index,
     first_doc_comment: Ast.TokenIndex,
     short: bool,
@@ -691,11 +693,10 @@ fn render_docs(
     defer parsed_doc.deinit(gpa);
 
     const g = struct {
-        var link_buffer: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty;
+        var link_buffer: ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
     };
 
-    const Writer = std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8).Writer;
-    const Renderer = markdown.Renderer(Writer, Decl.Index);
+    const Renderer = markdown.Renderer(Decl.Index);
     const renderer: Renderer = .{
         .context = decl_index,
         .renderFn = struct {
@@ -703,8 +704,8 @@ fn render_docs(
                 r: Renderer,
                 doc: markdown.Document,
                 node: markdown.Document.Node.Index,
-                writer: Writer,
-            ) !void {
+                writer: *Writer,
+            ) Writer.Error!void {
                 const data = doc.nodes.items(.data)[@intFromEnum(node)];
                 switch (doc.nodes.items(.tag)[@intFromEnum(node)]) {
                     .code_span => {
@@ -712,7 +713,7 @@ fn render_docs(
                         const content = doc.string(data.text.content);
                         if (resolve_decl_path(r.context, content)) |resolved_decl_index| {
                             g.link_buffer.clearRetainingCapacity();
-                            try resolveDeclLink(resolved_decl_index, &g.link_buffer);
+                            resolveDeclLink(resolved_decl_index, &g.link_buffer) catch return error.WriteFailed;
 
                             try writer.writeAll("<a href=\"#");
                             _ = missing_feature_url_escape;
@@ -730,7 +731,12 @@ fn render_docs(
             }
         }.render,
     };
-    try renderer.render(parsed_doc, out.writer(gpa));
+
+    var allocating = Writer.Allocating.fromArrayList(gpa, out);
+    defer out.* = allocating.toArrayList();
+    renderer.render(parsed_doc, &allocating.writer) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+    };
 }
 
 fn resolve_decl_path(decl_index: Decl.Index, path: []const u8) ?Decl.Index {
@@ -827,7 +833,7 @@ export fn find_module_root(pkg: Walk.ModuleIndex) Decl.Index {
 }
 
 /// Set by `set_input_string`.
-var input_string: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty;
+var input_string: ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
 
 export fn set_input_string(len: usize) [*]u8 {
     input_string.resize(gpa, len) catch @panic("OOM");
@@ -849,7 +855,7 @@ export fn find_decl() Decl.Index {
     if (result != .none) return result;
 
     const g = struct {
-        var match_fqn: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty;
+        var match_fqn: ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
     };
     for (Walk.decls.items, 0..) |*decl, decl_index| {
         g.match_fqn.clearRetainingCapacity();
@@ -905,7 +911,7 @@ export fn type_fn_members(parent: Decl.Index, include_private: bool) Slice(Decl.
 
 export fn namespace_members(parent: Decl.Index, include_private: bool) Slice(Decl.Index) {
     const g = struct {
-        var members: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Decl.Index) = .empty;
+        var members: ArrayList(Decl.Index) = .empty;
     };
 
     g.members.clearRetainingCapacity();
diff --git a/lib/docs/wasm/markdown/renderer.zig b/lib/docs/wasm/markdown/renderer.zig
index cba857d20461..13e3795b9a1a 100644
--- a/lib/docs/wasm/markdown/renderer.zig
+++ b/lib/docs/wasm/markdown/renderer.zig
@@ -2,25 +2,26 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const Document = @import("Document.zig");
 const Node = Document.Node;
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 /// A Markdown document renderer.
 ///
 /// Each concrete `Renderer` type has a `renderDefault` function, with the
 /// intention that custom `renderFn` implementations can call `renderDefault`
 /// for node types for which they require no special rendering.
-pub fn Renderer(comptime Writer: type, comptime Context: type) type {
+pub fn Renderer(comptime Context: type) type {
     return struct {
         renderFn: *const fn (
             r: Self,
             doc: Document,
             node: Node.Index,
-            writer: Writer,
+            writer: *Writer,
         ) Writer.Error!void = renderDefault,
         context: Context,
 
         const Self = @This();
 
-        pub fn render(r: Self, doc: Document, writer: Writer) Writer.Error!void {
+        pub fn render(r: Self, doc: Document, writer: *Writer) Writer.Error!void {
             try r.renderFn(r, doc, .root, writer);
         }
 
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime Writer: type, comptime Context: type) type {
             r: Self,
             doc: Document,
             node: Node.Index,
-            writer: Writer,
+            writer: *Writer,
         ) Writer.Error!void {
             const data = doc.nodes.items(.data)[@intFromEnum(node)];
             switch (doc.nodes.items(.tag)[@intFromEnum(node)]) {
@@ -188,8 +189,8 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime Writer: type, comptime Context: type) type {
 pub fn renderInlineNodeText(
     doc: Document,
     node: Node.Index,
-    writer: anytype,
-) @TypeOf(writer).Error!void {
+    writer: *Writer,
+) Writer.Error!void {
     const data = doc.nodes.items(.data)[@intFromEnum(node)];
     switch (doc.nodes.items(.tag)[@intFromEnum(node)]) {
         .root,
@@ -234,14 +235,12 @@ pub fn fmtHtml(bytes: []const u8) std.fmt.Formatter([]const u8, formatHtml) {
     return .{ .data = bytes };
 }
 
-fn formatHtml(bytes: []const u8, writer: *std.io.Writer) std.io.Writer.Error!void {
-    for (bytes) |b| {
-        switch (b) {
-            '<' => try writer.writeAll("&lt;"),
-            '>' => try writer.writeAll("&gt;"),
-            '&' => try writer.writeAll("&amp;"),
-            '"' => try writer.writeAll("&quot;"),
-            else => try writer.writeByte(b),
-        }
-    }
+fn formatHtml(bytes: []const u8, w: *Writer) Writer.Error!void {
+    for (bytes) |b| switch (b) {
+        '<' => try w.writeAll("&lt;"),
+        '>' => try w.writeAll("&gt;"),
+        '&' => try w.writeAll("&amp;"),
+        '"' => try w.writeAll("&quot;"),
+        else => try w.writeByte(b),
+    };
 }
diff --git a/lib/std/Build/Step/CheckObject.zig b/lib/std/Build/Step/CheckObject.zig
index 6bbe3307a0f6..1e321de50a1e 100644
--- a/lib/std/Build/Step/CheckObject.zig
+++ b/lib/std/Build/Step/CheckObject.zig
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ const Check = struct {
     fn dumpSection(allocator: Allocator, name: [:0]const u8) Check {
         var check = Check.create(allocator, .dump_section);
         const off: u32 = @intCast(check.data.items.len);
-        check.data.writer().print("{s}\x00", .{name}) catch @panic("OOM");
+        check.data.print("{s}\x00", .{name}) catch @panic("OOM");
         check.payload = .{ .dump_section = off };
         return check;
     }
@@ -1320,7 +1320,8 @@ const MachODumper = struct {
                 }
                 bindings.deinit();
             }
-            try ctx.parseBindInfo(data, &bindings);
+            var data_reader: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(data);
+            try ctx.parseBindInfo(&data_reader, &bindings);
             mem.sort(Binding, bindings.items, {}, Binding.lessThan);
             for (bindings.items) |binding| {
                 try writer.print("0x{x} [addend: {d}]", .{ binding.address, binding.addend });
@@ -1335,11 +1336,7 @@ const MachODumper = struct {
             }
         }
 
-        fn parseBindInfo(ctx: ObjectContext, data: []const u8, bindings: *std.array_list.Managed(Binding)) !void {
-            var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(data);
-            var creader = std.io.countingReader(stream.reader());
-            const reader = creader.reader();
-
+        fn parseBindInfo(ctx: ObjectContext, reader: *std.Io.Reader, bindings: *std.array_list.Managed(Binding)) !void {
             var seg_id: ?u8 = null;
             var tag: Binding.Tag = .self;
             var ordinal: u16 = 0;
@@ -1350,7 +1347,7 @@ const MachODumper = struct {
             defer name_buf.deinit();
 
             while (true) {
-                const byte = reader.readByte() catch break;
+                const byte = reader.takeByte() catch break;
                 const opc = byte & macho.BIND_OPCODE_MASK;
                 const imm = byte & macho.BIND_IMMEDIATE_MASK;
                 switch (opc) {
@@ -1371,18 +1368,17 @@ const MachODumper = struct {
                     },
                     macho.BIND_OPCODE_SET_SEGMENT_AND_OFFSET_ULEB => {
                         seg_id = imm;
-                        offset = try std.leb.readUleb128(u64, reader);
+                        offset = try reader.takeLeb128(u64);
                     },
                     macho.BIND_OPCODE_SET_SYMBOL_TRAILING_FLAGS_IMM => {
                         name_buf.clearRetainingCapacity();
-                        try reader.readUntilDelimiterArrayList(&name_buf, 0, std.math.maxInt(u32));
-                        try name_buf.append(0);
+                        try name_buf.appendSlice(try reader.takeDelimiterInclusive(0));
                     },
                     macho.BIND_OPCODE_SET_ADDEND_SLEB => {
-                        addend = try std.leb.readIleb128(i64, reader);
+                        addend = try reader.takeLeb128(i64);
                     },
                     macho.BIND_OPCODE_ADD_ADDR_ULEB => {
-                        const x = try std.leb.readUleb128(u64, reader);
+                        const x = try reader.takeLeb128(u64);
                         offset = @intCast(@as(i64, @intCast(offset)) + @as(i64, @bitCast(x)));
                     },
                     macho.BIND_OPCODE_DO_BIND,
@@ -1397,14 +1393,14 @@ const MachODumper = struct {
                         switch (opc) {
                             macho.BIND_OPCODE_DO_BIND => {},
                             macho.BIND_OPCODE_DO_BIND_ADD_ADDR_ULEB => {
-                                add_addr = try std.leb.readUleb128(u64, reader);
+                                add_addr = try reader.takeLeb128(u64);
                             },
                             macho.BIND_OPCODE_DO_BIND_ADD_ADDR_IMM_SCALED => {
                                 add_addr = imm * @sizeOf(u64);
                             },
                             macho.BIND_OPCODE_DO_BIND_ULEB_TIMES_SKIPPING_ULEB => {
-                                count = try std.leb.readUleb128(u64, reader);
-                                skip = try std.leb.readUleb128(u64, reader);
+                                count = try reader.takeLeb128(u64);
+                                skip = try reader.takeLeb128(u64);
                             },
                             else => unreachable,
                         }
@@ -1621,8 +1617,9 @@ const MachODumper = struct {
         var ctx = ObjectContext{ .gpa = gpa, .data = bytes, .header = hdr };
         try ctx.parse();
 
-        var output = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(gpa);
-        const writer = output.writer();
+        var output: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(gpa);
+        defer output.deinit();
+        const writer = &output.writer;
 
         switch (check.kind) {
             .headers => {
@@ -1787,8 +1784,9 @@ const ElfDumper = struct {
             try ctx.objects.append(gpa, .{ .name = name, .off = stream.pos, .len = size });
         }
 
-        var output = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(gpa);
-        const writer = output.writer();
+        var output: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(gpa);
+        defer output.deinit();
+        const writer = &output.writer;
 
         switch (check.kind) {
             .archive_symtab => if (ctx.symtab.items.len > 0) {
@@ -1944,8 +1942,9 @@ const ElfDumper = struct {
             else => {},
         };
 
-        var output = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(gpa);
-        const writer = output.writer();
+        var output: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(gpa);
+        defer output.deinit();
+        const writer = &output.writer;
 
         switch (check.kind) {
             .headers => {
@@ -2398,10 +2397,10 @@ const WasmDumper = struct {
             return error.UnsupportedWasmVersion;
         }
 
-        var output = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(gpa);
+        var output: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(gpa);
         defer output.deinit();
-        parseAndDumpInner(step, check, bytes, &fbs, &output) catch |err| switch (err) {
-            error.EndOfStream => try output.appendSlice("\n<UnexpectedEndOfStream>"),
+        parseAndDumpInner(step, check, bytes, &fbs, &output.writer) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            error.EndOfStream => try output.writer.writeAll("\n<UnexpectedEndOfStream>"),
             else => |e| return e,
         };
         return output.toOwnedSlice();
@@ -2412,10 +2411,9 @@ const WasmDumper = struct {
         check: Check,
         bytes: []const u8,
         fbs: *std.io.FixedBufferStream([]const u8),
-        output: *std.array_list.Managed(u8),
+        writer: *std.Io.Writer,
     ) !void {
         const reader = fbs.reader();
-        const writer = output.writer();
 
         switch (check.kind) {
             .headers => {
diff --git a/lib/std/Io.zig b/lib/std/Io.zig
index 7cce6397bdd5..9c91e1159dc4 100644
--- a/lib/std/Io.zig
+++ b/lib/std/Io.zig
@@ -144,61 +144,6 @@ pub fn GenericReader(
             return @errorCast(self.any().readAllAlloc(allocator, max_size));
         }
 
-        pub inline fn readUntilDelimiterArrayList(
-            self: Self,
-            array_list: *std.array_list.Managed(u8),
-            delimiter: u8,
-            max_size: usize,
-        ) (NoEofError || Allocator.Error || error{StreamTooLong})!void {
-            return @errorCast(self.any().readUntilDelimiterArrayList(
-                array_list,
-                delimiter,
-                max_size,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        pub inline fn readUntilDelimiterAlloc(
-            self: Self,
-            allocator: Allocator,
-            delimiter: u8,
-            max_size: usize,
-        ) (NoEofError || Allocator.Error || error{StreamTooLong})![]u8 {
-            return @errorCast(self.any().readUntilDelimiterAlloc(
-                allocator,
-                delimiter,
-                max_size,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        pub inline fn readUntilDelimiter(
-            self: Self,
-            buf: []u8,
-            delimiter: u8,
-        ) (NoEofError || error{StreamTooLong})![]u8 {
-            return @errorCast(self.any().readUntilDelimiter(buf, delimiter));
-        }
-
-        pub inline fn readUntilDelimiterOrEofAlloc(
-            self: Self,
-            allocator: Allocator,
-            delimiter: u8,
-            max_size: usize,
-        ) (Error || Allocator.Error || error{StreamTooLong})!?[]u8 {
-            return @errorCast(self.any().readUntilDelimiterOrEofAlloc(
-                allocator,
-                delimiter,
-                max_size,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        pub inline fn readUntilDelimiterOrEof(
-            self: Self,
-            buf: []u8,
-            delimiter: u8,
-        ) (Error || error{StreamTooLong})!?[]u8 {
-            return @errorCast(self.any().readUntilDelimiterOrEof(buf, delimiter));
-        }
-
         pub inline fn streamUntilDelimiter(
             self: Self,
             writer: anytype,
@@ -326,103 +271,8 @@ pub fn GenericReader(
     };
 }
 
-/// Deprecated in favor of `Writer`.
-pub fn GenericWriter(
-    comptime Context: type,
-    comptime WriteError: type,
-    comptime writeFn: fn (context: Context, bytes: []const u8) WriteError!usize,
-) type {
-    return struct {
-        context: Context,
-
-        const Self = @This();
-        pub const Error = WriteError;
-
-        pub inline fn write(self: Self, bytes: []const u8) Error!usize {
-            return writeFn(self.context, bytes);
-        }
-
-        pub inline fn writeAll(self: Self, bytes: []const u8) Error!void {
-            return @errorCast(self.any().writeAll(bytes));
-        }
-
-        pub inline fn print(self: Self, comptime format: []const u8, args: anytype) Error!void {
-            return @errorCast(self.any().print(format, args));
-        }
-
-        pub inline fn writeByte(self: Self, byte: u8) Error!void {
-            return @errorCast(self.any().writeByte(byte));
-        }
-
-        pub inline fn writeByteNTimes(self: Self, byte: u8, n: usize) Error!void {
-            return @errorCast(self.any().writeByteNTimes(byte, n));
-        }
-
-        pub inline fn writeBytesNTimes(self: Self, bytes: []const u8, n: usize) Error!void {
-            return @errorCast(self.any().writeBytesNTimes(bytes, n));
-        }
-
-        pub inline fn writeInt(self: Self, comptime T: type, value: T, endian: std.builtin.Endian) Error!void {
-            return @errorCast(self.any().writeInt(T, value, endian));
-        }
-
-        pub inline fn writeStruct(self: Self, value: anytype) Error!void {
-            return @errorCast(self.any().writeStruct(value));
-        }
-
-        pub inline fn writeStructEndian(self: Self, value: anytype, endian: std.builtin.Endian) Error!void {
-            return @errorCast(self.any().writeStructEndian(value, endian));
-        }
-
-        pub inline fn any(self: *const Self) AnyWriter {
-            return .{
-                .context = @ptrCast(&self.context),
-                .writeFn = typeErasedWriteFn,
-            };
-        }
-
-        fn typeErasedWriteFn(context: *const anyopaque, bytes: []const u8) anyerror!usize {
-            const ptr: *const Context = @ptrCast(@alignCast(context));
-            return writeFn(ptr.*, bytes);
-        }
-
-        /// Helper for bridging to the new `Writer` API while upgrading.
-        pub fn adaptToNewApi(self: *const Self, buffer: []u8) Adapter {
-            return .{
-                .derp_writer = self.*,
-                .new_interface = .{
-                    .buffer = buffer,
-                    .vtable = &.{ .drain = Adapter.drain },
-                },
-            };
-        }
-
-        pub const Adapter = struct {
-            derp_writer: Self,
-            new_interface: Writer,
-            err: ?Error = null,
-
-            fn drain(w: *std.io.Writer, data: []const []const u8, splat: usize) std.io.Writer.Error!usize {
-                _ = splat;
-                const a: *@This() = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("new_interface", w));
-                const buffered = w.buffered();
-                if (buffered.len != 0) return w.consume(a.derp_writer.write(buffered) catch |err| {
-                    a.err = err;
-                    return error.WriteFailed;
-                });
-                return a.derp_writer.write(data[0]) catch |err| {
-                    a.err = err;
-                    return error.WriteFailed;
-                };
-            }
-        };
-    };
-}
-
 /// Deprecated in favor of `Reader`.
 pub const AnyReader = @import("Io/DeprecatedReader.zig");
-/// Deprecated in favor of `Writer`.
-pub const AnyWriter = @import("Io/DeprecatedWriter.zig");
 /// Deprecated in favor of `Reader`.
 pub const FixedBufferStream = @import("Io/fixed_buffer_stream.zig").FixedBufferStream;
 /// Deprecated in favor of `Reader`.
@@ -434,19 +284,6 @@ pub const countingReader = @import("Io/counting_reader.zig").countingReader;
 
 pub const tty = @import("Io/tty.zig");
 
-/// Deprecated in favor of `Writer.Discarding`.
-pub const null_writer: NullWriter = .{ .context = {} };
-/// Deprecated in favor of `Writer.Discarding`.
-pub const NullWriter = GenericWriter(void, error{}, dummyWrite);
-fn dummyWrite(context: void, data: []const u8) error{}!usize {
-    _ = context;
-    return data.len;
-}
-
-test null_writer {
-    null_writer.writeAll("yay" ** 10) catch |err| switch (err) {};
-}
-
 pub fn poll(
     gpa: Allocator,
     comptime StreamEnum: type,
diff --git a/lib/std/Io/DeprecatedReader.zig b/lib/std/Io/DeprecatedReader.zig
index 4dfbdd19ee3c..0505c6be667b 100644
--- a/lib/std/Io/DeprecatedReader.zig
+++ b/lib/std/Io/DeprecatedReader.zig
@@ -93,100 +93,6 @@ pub fn readAllAlloc(self: Self, allocator: mem.Allocator, max_size: usize) anyer
     return try array_list.toOwnedSlice();
 }
 
-/// Deprecated: use `streamUntilDelimiter` with ArrayList's writer instead.
-/// Replaces the `std.array_list.Managed` contents by reading from the stream until `delimiter` is found.
-/// Does not include the delimiter in the result.
-/// If the `std.array_list.Managed` length would exceed `max_size`, `error.StreamTooLong` is returned and the
-/// `std.array_list.Managed` is populated with `max_size` bytes from the stream.
-pub fn readUntilDelimiterArrayList(
-    self: Self,
-    array_list: *std.array_list.Managed(u8),
-    delimiter: u8,
-    max_size: usize,
-) anyerror!void {
-    array_list.shrinkRetainingCapacity(0);
-    try self.streamUntilDelimiter(array_list.writer(), delimiter, max_size);
-}
-
-/// Deprecated: use `streamUntilDelimiter` with ArrayList's writer instead.
-/// Allocates enough memory to read until `delimiter`. If the allocated
-/// memory would be greater than `max_size`, returns `error.StreamTooLong`.
-/// Caller owns returned memory.
-/// If this function returns an error, the contents from the stream read so far are lost.
-pub fn readUntilDelimiterAlloc(
-    self: Self,
-    allocator: mem.Allocator,
-    delimiter: u8,
-    max_size: usize,
-) anyerror![]u8 {
-    var array_list = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
-    defer array_list.deinit();
-    try self.streamUntilDelimiter(array_list.writer(), delimiter, max_size);
-    return try array_list.toOwnedSlice();
-}
-
-/// Deprecated: use `streamUntilDelimiter` with FixedBufferStream's writer instead.
-/// Reads from the stream until specified byte is found. If the buffer is not
-/// large enough to hold the entire contents, `error.StreamTooLong` is returned.
-/// If end-of-stream is found, `error.EndOfStream` is returned.
-/// Returns a slice of the stream data, with ptr equal to `buf.ptr`. The
-/// delimiter byte is written to the output buffer but is not included
-/// in the returned slice.
-pub fn readUntilDelimiter(self: Self, buf: []u8, delimiter: u8) anyerror![]u8 {
-    var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(buf);
-    try self.streamUntilDelimiter(fbs.writer(), delimiter, fbs.buffer.len);
-    const output = fbs.getWritten();
-    buf[output.len] = delimiter; // emulating old behaviour
-    return output;
-}
-
-/// Deprecated: use `streamUntilDelimiter` with ArrayList's (or any other's) writer instead.
-/// Allocates enough memory to read until `delimiter` or end-of-stream.
-/// If the allocated memory would be greater than `max_size`, returns
-/// `error.StreamTooLong`. If end-of-stream is found, returns the rest
-/// of the stream. If this function is called again after that, returns
-/// null.
-/// Caller owns returned memory.
-/// If this function returns an error, the contents from the stream read so far are lost.
-pub fn readUntilDelimiterOrEofAlloc(
-    self: Self,
-    allocator: mem.Allocator,
-    delimiter: u8,
-    max_size: usize,
-) anyerror!?[]u8 {
-    var array_list = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
-    defer array_list.deinit();
-    self.streamUntilDelimiter(array_list.writer(), delimiter, max_size) catch |err| switch (err) {
-        error.EndOfStream => if (array_list.items.len == 0) {
-            return null;
-        },
-        else => |e| return e,
-    };
-    return try array_list.toOwnedSlice();
-}
-
-/// Deprecated: use `streamUntilDelimiter` with FixedBufferStream's writer instead.
-/// Reads from the stream until specified byte is found. If the buffer is not
-/// large enough to hold the entire contents, `error.StreamTooLong` is returned.
-/// If end-of-stream is found, returns the rest of the stream. If this
-/// function is called again after that, returns null.
-/// Returns a slice of the stream data, with ptr equal to `buf.ptr`. The
-/// delimiter byte is written to the output buffer but is not included
-/// in the returned slice.
-pub fn readUntilDelimiterOrEof(self: Self, buf: []u8, delimiter: u8) anyerror!?[]u8 {
-    var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(buf);
-    self.streamUntilDelimiter(fbs.writer(), delimiter, fbs.buffer.len) catch |err| switch (err) {
-        error.EndOfStream => if (fbs.getWritten().len == 0) {
-            return null;
-        },
-
-        else => |e| return e,
-    };
-    const output = fbs.getWritten();
-    buf[output.len] = delimiter; // emulating old behaviour
-    return output;
-}
-
 /// Appends to the `writer` contents by reading from the stream until `delimiter` is found.
 /// Does not write the delimiter itself.
 /// If `optional_max_size` is not null and amount of written bytes exceeds `optional_max_size`,
@@ -384,7 +290,3 @@ const mem = std.mem;
 const testing = std.testing;
 const native_endian = @import("builtin").target.cpu.arch.endian();
 const Alignment = std.mem.Alignment;
-
-test {
-    _ = @import("Reader/test.zig");
-}
diff --git a/lib/std/Io/DeprecatedWriter.zig b/lib/std/Io/DeprecatedWriter.zig
deleted file mode 100644
index 68b21bde5b8f..000000000000
--- a/lib/std/Io/DeprecatedWriter.zig
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-const std = @import("../std.zig");
-const assert = std.debug.assert;
-const mem = std.mem;
-const native_endian = @import("builtin").target.cpu.arch.endian();
-
-context: *const anyopaque,
-writeFn: *const fn (context: *const anyopaque, bytes: []const u8) anyerror!usize,
-
-const Self = @This();
-pub const Error = anyerror;
-
-pub fn write(self: Self, bytes: []const u8) anyerror!usize {
-    return self.writeFn(self.context, bytes);
-}
-
-pub fn writeAll(self: Self, bytes: []const u8) anyerror!void {
-    var index: usize = 0;
-    while (index != bytes.len) {
-        index += try self.write(bytes[index..]);
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn print(self: Self, comptime format: []const u8, args: anytype) anyerror!void {
-    return std.fmt.format(self, format, args);
-}
-
-pub fn writeByte(self: Self, byte: u8) anyerror!void {
-    const array = [1]u8{byte};
-    return self.writeAll(&array);
-}
-
-pub fn writeByteNTimes(self: Self, byte: u8, n: usize) anyerror!void {
-    var bytes: [256]u8 = undefined;
-    @memset(bytes[0..], byte);
-
-    var remaining: usize = n;
-    while (remaining > 0) {
-        const to_write = @min(remaining, bytes.len);
-        try self.writeAll(bytes[0..to_write]);
-        remaining -= to_write;
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn writeBytesNTimes(self: Self, bytes: []const u8, n: usize) anyerror!void {
-    var i: usize = 0;
-    while (i < n) : (i += 1) {
-        try self.writeAll(bytes);
-    }
-}
-
-pub inline fn writeInt(self: Self, comptime T: type, value: T, endian: std.builtin.Endian) anyerror!void {
-    var bytes: [@divExact(@typeInfo(T).int.bits, 8)]u8 = undefined;
-    mem.writeInt(std.math.ByteAlignedInt(@TypeOf(value)), &bytes, value, endian);
-    return self.writeAll(&bytes);
-}
-
-pub fn writeStruct(self: Self, value: anytype) anyerror!void {
-    // Only extern and packed structs have defined in-memory layout.
-    comptime assert(@typeInfo(@TypeOf(value)).@"struct".layout != .auto);
-    return self.writeAll(mem.asBytes(&value));
-}
-
-pub fn writeStructEndian(self: Self, value: anytype, endian: std.builtin.Endian) anyerror!void {
-    // TODO: make sure this value is not a reference type
-    if (native_endian == endian) {
-        return self.writeStruct(value);
-    } else {
-        var copy = value;
-        mem.byteSwapAllFields(@TypeOf(value), &copy);
-        return self.writeStruct(copy);
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn writeFile(self: Self, file: std.fs.File) anyerror!void {
-    // TODO: figure out how to adjust std lib abstractions so that this ends up
-    // doing sendfile or maybe even copy_file_range under the right conditions.
-    var buf: [4000]u8 = undefined;
-    while (true) {
-        const n = try file.readAll(&buf);
-        try self.writeAll(buf[0..n]);
-        if (n < buf.len) return;
-    }
-}
-
-/// Helper for bridging to the new `Writer` API while upgrading.
-pub fn adaptToNewApi(self: *const Self, buffer: []u8) Adapter {
-    return .{
-        .derp_writer = self.*,
-        .new_interface = .{
-            .buffer = buffer,
-            .vtable = &.{ .drain = Adapter.drain },
-        },
-    };
-}
-
-pub const Adapter = struct {
-    derp_writer: Self,
-    new_interface: std.io.Writer,
-    err: ?Error = null,
-
-    fn drain(w: *std.io.Writer, data: []const []const u8, splat: usize) std.io.Writer.Error!usize {
-        _ = splat;
-        const a: *@This() = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("new_interface", w));
-        const buffered = w.buffered();
-        if (buffered.len != 0) return w.consume(a.derp_writer.write(buffered) catch |err| {
-            a.err = err;
-            return error.WriteFailed;
-        });
-        return a.derp_writer.write(data[0]) catch |err| {
-            a.err = err;
-            return error.WriteFailed;
-        };
-    }
-};
diff --git a/lib/std/Io/Reader.zig b/lib/std/Io/Reader.zig
index f6cb22cb4b96..4cad73e8ceb8 100644
--- a/lib/std/Io/Reader.zig
+++ b/lib/std/Io/Reader.zig
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ pub const failing: Reader = .{
 
 /// This is generally safe to `@constCast` because it has an empty buffer, so
 /// there is not really a way to accidentally attempt mutation of these fields.
-const ending_state: Reader = .fixed(&.{});
-pub const ending: *Reader = @constCast(&ending_state);
+pub const ending_instance: Reader = .fixed(&.{});
+pub const ending: *Reader = @constCast(&ending_instance);
 
 pub fn limited(r: *Reader, limit: Limit, buffer: []u8) Limited {
     return .init(r, limit, buffer);
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ pub fn peekDelimiterInclusive(r: *Reader, delimiter: u8) DelimiterError![]u8 {
 }
 
 /// Returns a slice of the next bytes of buffered data from the stream until
-/// `delimiter` is found, advancing the seek position.
+/// `delimiter` is found, advancing the seek position up to the delimiter.
 ///
 /// Returned slice excludes the delimiter. End-of-stream is treated equivalent
 /// to a delimiter, unless it would result in a length 0 return value, in which
@@ -814,6 +814,37 @@ pub fn takeDelimiterExclusive(r: *Reader, delimiter: u8) DelimiterError![]u8 {
     return result[0 .. result.len - 1];
 }
 
+/// Returns a slice of the next bytes of buffered data from the stream until
+/// `delimiter` is found, advancing the seek position past the delimiter.
+///
+/// Returned slice excludes the delimiter. End-of-stream is treated equivalent
+/// to a delimiter, unless it would result in a length 0 return value, in which
+/// case `null` is returned instead.
+///
+/// If the delimiter is not found within a number of bytes matching the
+/// capacity of this `Reader`, `error.StreamTooLong` is returned. In
+/// such case, the stream state is unmodified as if this function was never
+/// called.
+///
+/// Invalidates previously returned values from `peek`.
+///
+/// See also:
+/// * `takeDelimiterInclusive`
+/// * `takeDelimiterExclusive`
+pub fn takeDelimiter(r: *Reader, delimiter: u8) error{ ReadFailed, StreamTooLong }!?[]u8 {
+    const result = r.peekDelimiterInclusive(delimiter) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.EndOfStream => {
+            const remaining = r.buffer[r.seek..r.end];
+            if (remaining.len == 0) return null;
+            r.toss(remaining.len);
+            return remaining;
+        },
+        else => |e| return e,
+    };
+    r.toss(result.len + 1);
+    return result[0 .. result.len - 1];
+}
+
 /// Returns a slice of the next bytes of buffered data from the stream until
 /// `delimiter` is found, without advancing the seek position.
 ///
@@ -846,6 +877,8 @@ pub fn peekDelimiterExclusive(r: *Reader, delimiter: u8) DelimiterError![]u8 {
 /// Appends to `w` contents by reading from the stream until `delimiter` is
 /// found. Does not write the delimiter itself.
 ///
+/// Does not discard the delimiter from the `Reader`.
+///
 /// Returns number of bytes streamed, which may be zero, or error.EndOfStream
 /// if the delimiter was not found.
 ///
@@ -899,6 +932,8 @@ pub const StreamDelimiterLimitError = error{
 /// Appends to `w` contents by reading from the stream until `delimiter` is found.
 /// Does not write the delimiter itself.
 ///
+/// Does not discard the delimiter from the `Reader`.
+///
 /// Returns number of bytes streamed, which may be zero. End of stream can be
 /// detected by checking if the next byte in the stream is the delimiter.
 ///
@@ -1128,7 +1163,11 @@ pub inline fn takeStruct(r: *Reader, comptime T: type, endian: std.builtin.Endia
         .@"struct" => |info| switch (info.layout) {
             .auto => @compileError("ill-defined memory layout"),
             .@"extern" => {
-                var res = (try r.takeStructPointer(T)).*;
+                // This code works around https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/25067
+                // by avoiding a call to `peekStructPointer`.
+                const struct_bytes = try r.takeArray(@sizeOf(T));
+                var res: T = undefined;
+                @memcpy(@as([]u8, @ptrCast(&res)), struct_bytes);
                 if (native_endian != endian) std.mem.byteSwapAllFields(T, &res);
                 return res;
             },
@@ -1153,7 +1192,11 @@ pub inline fn peekStruct(r: *Reader, comptime T: type, endian: std.builtin.Endia
         .@"struct" => |info| switch (info.layout) {
             .auto => @compileError("ill-defined memory layout"),
             .@"extern" => {
-                var res = (try r.peekStructPointer(T)).*;
+                // This code works around https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/25067
+                // by avoiding a call to `peekStructPointer`.
+                const struct_bytes = try r.peekArray(@sizeOf(T));
+                var res: T = undefined;
+                @memcpy(@as([]u8, @ptrCast(&res)), struct_bytes);
                 if (native_endian != endian) std.mem.byteSwapAllFields(T, &res);
                 return res;
             },
diff --git a/lib/std/Io/Reader/test.zig b/lib/std/Io/Reader/test.zig
deleted file mode 100644
index 90f9539ae8a7..000000000000
--- a/lib/std/Io/Reader/test.zig
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,351 +0,0 @@
-const builtin = @import("builtin");
-const std = @import("../../std.zig");
-const testing = std.testing;
-
-test "Reader" {
-    var buf = "a\x02".*;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&buf);
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try testing.expect((try reader.readByte()) == 'a');
-    try testing.expect((try reader.readEnum(enum(u8) {
-        a = 0,
-        b = 99,
-        c = 2,
-        d = 3,
-    }, builtin.cpu.arch.endian())) == .c);
-    try testing.expectError(error.EndOfStream, reader.readByte());
-}
-
-test "isBytes" {
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("foobar");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try testing.expectEqual(true, try reader.isBytes("foo"));
-    try testing.expectEqual(false, try reader.isBytes("qux"));
-}
-
-test "skipBytes" {
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("foobar");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try reader.skipBytes(3, .{});
-    try testing.expect(try reader.isBytes("bar"));
-    try reader.skipBytes(0, .{});
-    try testing.expectError(error.EndOfStream, reader.skipBytes(1, .{}));
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterArrayList returns ArrayLists with bytes read until the delimiter, then EndOfStream" {
-    const a = std.testing.allocator;
-    var list = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(a);
-    defer list.deinit();
-
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("0000\n1234\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-
-    try reader.readUntilDelimiterArrayList(&list, '\n', 5);
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("0000", list.items);
-    try reader.readUntilDelimiterArrayList(&list, '\n', 5);
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("1234", list.items);
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.EndOfStream, reader.readUntilDelimiterArrayList(&list, '\n', 5));
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterArrayList returns an empty ArrayList" {
-    const a = std.testing.allocator;
-    var list = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(a);
-    defer list.deinit();
-
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-
-    try reader.readUntilDelimiterArrayList(&list, '\n', 5);
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("", list.items);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterArrayList returns StreamTooLong, then an ArrayList with bytes read until the delimiter" {
-    const a = std.testing.allocator;
-    var list = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(a);
-    defer list.deinit();
-
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("1234567\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.StreamTooLong, reader.readUntilDelimiterArrayList(&list, '\n', 5));
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("12345", list.items);
-    try reader.readUntilDelimiterArrayList(&list, '\n', 5);
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("67", list.items);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterArrayList returns EndOfStream" {
-    const a = std.testing.allocator;
-    var list = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(a);
-    defer list.deinit();
-
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("1234");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.EndOfStream, reader.readUntilDelimiterArrayList(&list, '\n', 5));
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("1234", list.items);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterAlloc returns ArrayLists with bytes read until the delimiter, then EndOfStream" {
-    const a = std.testing.allocator;
-
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("0000\n1234\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-
-    {
-        const result = try reader.readUntilDelimiterAlloc(a, '\n', 5);
-        defer a.free(result);
-        try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("0000", result);
-    }
-
-    {
-        const result = try reader.readUntilDelimiterAlloc(a, '\n', 5);
-        defer a.free(result);
-        try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("1234", result);
-    }
-
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.EndOfStream, reader.readUntilDelimiterAlloc(a, '\n', 5));
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterAlloc returns an empty ArrayList" {
-    const a = std.testing.allocator;
-
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-
-    {
-        const result = try reader.readUntilDelimiterAlloc(a, '\n', 5);
-        defer a.free(result);
-        try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("", result);
-    }
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterAlloc returns StreamTooLong, then an ArrayList with bytes read until the delimiter" {
-    const a = std.testing.allocator;
-
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("1234567\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.StreamTooLong, reader.readUntilDelimiterAlloc(a, '\n', 5));
-
-    const result = try reader.readUntilDelimiterAlloc(a, '\n', 5);
-    defer a.free(result);
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("67", result);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterAlloc returns EndOfStream" {
-    const a = std.testing.allocator;
-
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("1234");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.EndOfStream, reader.readUntilDelimiterAlloc(a, '\n', 5));
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiter returns bytes read until the delimiter" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("0000\n1234\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("0000", try reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("1234", try reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiter returns an empty string" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("", try reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiter returns StreamTooLong, then an empty string" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("12345\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.StreamTooLong, reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("", try reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiter returns StreamTooLong, then bytes read until the delimiter" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("1234567\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.StreamTooLong, reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("67", try reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiter returns EndOfStream" {
-    {
-        var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-        var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("");
-        const reader = fis.reader();
-        try std.testing.expectError(error.EndOfStream, reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-    }
-    {
-        var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-        var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("1234");
-        const reader = fis.reader();
-        try std.testing.expectError(error.EndOfStream, reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-    }
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiter returns bytes read until delimiter, then EndOfStream" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("1234\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("1234", try reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.EndOfStream, reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiter returns StreamTooLong, then EndOfStream" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("12345");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.StreamTooLong, reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.EndOfStream, reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiter writes all bytes read to the output buffer" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("0000\n12345");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    _ = try reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n');
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("0000\n", &buf);
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.StreamTooLong, reader.readUntilDelimiter(&buf, '\n'));
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("12345", &buf);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterOrEofAlloc returns ArrayLists with bytes read until the delimiter, then EndOfStream" {
-    const a = std.testing.allocator;
-
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("0000\n1234\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-
-    {
-        const result = (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEofAlloc(a, '\n', 5)).?;
-        defer a.free(result);
-        try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("0000", result);
-    }
-
-    {
-        const result = (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEofAlloc(a, '\n', 5)).?;
-        defer a.free(result);
-        try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("1234", result);
-    }
-
-    try std.testing.expect((try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEofAlloc(a, '\n', 5)) == null);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterOrEofAlloc returns an empty ArrayList" {
-    const a = std.testing.allocator;
-
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-
-    {
-        const result = (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEofAlloc(a, '\n', 5)).?;
-        defer a.free(result);
-        try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("", result);
-    }
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterOrEofAlloc returns StreamTooLong, then an ArrayList with bytes read until the delimiter" {
-    const a = std.testing.allocator;
-
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("1234567\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.StreamTooLong, reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEofAlloc(a, '\n', 5));
-
-    const result = (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEofAlloc(a, '\n', 5)).?;
-    defer a.free(result);
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("67", result);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterOrEof returns bytes read until the delimiter" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("0000\n1234\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("0000", (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n')).?);
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("1234", (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n')).?);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterOrEof returns an empty string" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("", (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n')).?);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterOrEof returns StreamTooLong, then an empty string" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("12345\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.StreamTooLong, reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n'));
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("", (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n')).?);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterOrEof returns StreamTooLong, then bytes read until the delimiter" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("1234567\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.StreamTooLong, reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n'));
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("67", (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n')).?);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterOrEof returns null" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expect((try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n')) == null);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterOrEof returns bytes read until delimiter, then null" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("1234\n");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("1234", (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n')).?);
-    try std.testing.expect((try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n')) == null);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterOrEof returns bytes read until end-of-stream" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("1234");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("1234", (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n')).?);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterOrEof returns StreamTooLong, then bytes read until end-of-stream" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("1234567");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.StreamTooLong, reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n'));
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("67", (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n')).?);
-}
-
-test "readUntilDelimiterOrEof writes all bytes read to the output buffer" {
-    var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
-    var fis = std.io.fixedBufferStream("0000\n12345");
-    const reader = fis.reader();
-    _ = try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n');
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("0000\n", &buf);
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.StreamTooLong, reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(&buf, '\n'));
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("12345", &buf);
-}
-
-test "streamUntilDelimiter writes all bytes without delimiter to the output" {
-    const input_string = "some_string_with_delimiter!";
-    var input_fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(input_string);
-    const reader = input_fbs.reader();
-
-    var output: [input_string.len]u8 = undefined;
-    var output_fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&output);
-    const writer = output_fbs.writer();
-
-    try reader.streamUntilDelimiter(writer, '!', input_fbs.buffer.len);
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("some_string_with_delimiter", output_fbs.getWritten());
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.EndOfStream, reader.streamUntilDelimiter(writer, '!', input_fbs.buffer.len));
-
-    input_fbs.reset();
-    output_fbs.reset();
-
-    try std.testing.expectError(error.StreamTooLong, reader.streamUntilDelimiter(writer, '!', 5));
-}
diff --git a/lib/std/Io/Writer.zig b/lib/std/Io/Writer.zig
index 707ed9cb9492..384faff62ee5 100644
--- a/lib/std/Io/Writer.zig
+++ b/lib/std/Io/Writer.zig
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ const Limit = std.Io.Limit;
 const File = std.fs.File;
 const testing = std.testing;
 const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
+const ArrayList = std.ArrayList;
 
 vtable: *const VTable,
 /// If this has length zero, the writer is unbuffered, and `flush` is a no-op.
@@ -2374,6 +2375,29 @@ pub fn unreachableRebase(w: *Writer, preserve: usize, capacity: usize) Error!voi
     unreachable;
 }
 
+pub fn fromArrayList(array_list: *ArrayList(u8)) Writer {
+    defer array_list.* = .empty;
+    return .{
+        .vtable = &.{
+            .drain = fixedDrain,
+            .flush = noopFlush,
+            .rebase = failingRebase,
+        },
+        .buffer = array_list.allocatedSlice(),
+        .end = array_list.items.len,
+    };
+}
+
+pub fn toArrayList(w: *Writer) ArrayList(u8) {
+    const result: ArrayList(u8) = .{
+        .items = w.buffer[0..w.end],
+        .capacity = w.buffer.len,
+    };
+    w.buffer = &.{};
+    w.end = 0;
+    return result;
+}
+
 /// Provides a `Writer` implementation based on calling `Hasher.update`, sending
 /// all data also to an underlying `Writer`.
 ///
@@ -2546,7 +2570,7 @@ pub const Allocating = struct {
     }
 
     /// Replaces `array_list` with empty, taking ownership of the memory.
-    pub fn fromArrayList(allocator: Allocator, array_list: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Allocating {
+    pub fn fromArrayList(allocator: Allocator, array_list: *ArrayList(u8)) Allocating {
         defer array_list.* = .empty;
         return .{
             .allocator = allocator,
@@ -2572,9 +2596,9 @@ pub const Allocating = struct {
 
     /// Returns an array list that takes ownership of the allocated memory.
     /// Resets the `Allocating` to an empty state.
-    pub fn toArrayList(a: *Allocating) std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) {
+    pub fn toArrayList(a: *Allocating) ArrayList(u8) {
         const w = &a.writer;
-        const result: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .{
+        const result: ArrayList(u8) = .{
             .items = w.buffer[0..w.end],
             .capacity = w.buffer.len,
         };
@@ -2603,7 +2627,7 @@ pub const Allocating = struct {
 
     pub fn toOwnedSliceSentinel(a: *Allocating, comptime sentinel: u8) error{OutOfMemory}![:sentinel]u8 {
         const gpa = a.allocator;
-        var list = toArrayList(a);
+        var list = @This().toArrayList(a);
         defer a.setArrayList(list);
         return list.toOwnedSliceSentinel(gpa, sentinel);
     }
@@ -2670,7 +2694,7 @@ pub const Allocating = struct {
         list.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, minimum_len) catch return error.WriteFailed;
     }
 
-    fn setArrayList(a: *Allocating, list: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) void {
+    fn setArrayList(a: *Allocating, list: ArrayList(u8)) void {
         a.writer.buffer = list.allocatedSlice();
         a.writer.end = list.items.len;
     }
diff --git a/lib/std/Io/fixed_buffer_stream.zig b/lib/std/Io/fixed_buffer_stream.zig
index c284b9baf4dd..a960f21ce636 100644
--- a/lib/std/Io/fixed_buffer_stream.zig
+++ b/lib/std/Io/fixed_buffer_stream.zig
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ pub fn FixedBufferStream(comptime Buffer: type) type {
         pub const GetSeekPosError = error{};
 
         pub const Reader = io.GenericReader(*Self, ReadError, read);
-        pub const Writer = io.GenericWriter(*Self, WriteError, write);
 
         const Self = @This();
 
@@ -25,10 +24,6 @@ pub fn FixedBufferStream(comptime Buffer: type) type {
             return .{ .context = self };
         }
 
-        pub fn writer(self: *Self) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
-
         pub fn read(self: *Self, dest: []u8) ReadError!usize {
             const size = @min(dest.len, self.buffer.len - self.pos);
             const end = self.pos + size;
@@ -39,23 +34,6 @@ pub fn FixedBufferStream(comptime Buffer: type) type {
             return size;
         }
 
-        /// If the returned number of bytes written is less than requested, the
-        /// buffer is full. Returns `error.NoSpaceLeft` when no bytes would be written.
-        /// Note: `error.NoSpaceLeft` matches the corresponding error from
-        /// `std.fs.File.WriteError`.
-        pub fn write(self: *Self, bytes: []const u8) WriteError!usize {
-            if (bytes.len == 0) return 0;
-            if (self.pos >= self.buffer.len) return error.NoSpaceLeft;
-
-            const n = @min(self.buffer.len - self.pos, bytes.len);
-            @memcpy(self.buffer[self.pos..][0..n], bytes[0..n]);
-            self.pos += n;
-
-            if (n == 0) return error.NoSpaceLeft;
-
-            return n;
-        }
-
         pub fn seekTo(self: *Self, pos: u64) SeekError!void {
             self.pos = @min(std.math.lossyCast(usize, pos), self.buffer.len);
         }
@@ -84,10 +62,6 @@ pub fn FixedBufferStream(comptime Buffer: type) type {
             return self.pos;
         }
 
-        pub fn getWritten(self: Self) Buffer {
-            return self.buffer[0..self.pos];
-        }
-
         pub fn reset(self: *Self) void {
             self.pos = 0;
         }
@@ -117,49 +91,6 @@ fn Slice(comptime T: type) type {
     }
 }
 
-test "output" {
-    var buf: [255]u8 = undefined;
-    var fbs = fixedBufferStream(&buf);
-    const stream = fbs.writer();
-
-    try stream.print("{s}{s}!", .{ "Hello", "World" });
-    try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, "HelloWorld!", fbs.getWritten());
-}
-
-test "output at comptime" {
-    comptime {
-        var buf: [255]u8 = undefined;
-        var fbs = fixedBufferStream(&buf);
-        const stream = fbs.writer();
-
-        try stream.print("{s}{s}!", .{ "Hello", "World" });
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, "HelloWorld!", fbs.getWritten());
-    }
-}
-
-test "output 2" {
-    var buffer: [10]u8 = undefined;
-    var fbs = fixedBufferStream(&buffer);
-
-    try fbs.writer().writeAll("Hello");
-    try testing.expect(mem.eql(u8, fbs.getWritten(), "Hello"));
-
-    try fbs.writer().writeAll("world");
-    try testing.expect(mem.eql(u8, fbs.getWritten(), "Helloworld"));
-
-    try testing.expectError(error.NoSpaceLeft, fbs.writer().writeAll("!"));
-    try testing.expect(mem.eql(u8, fbs.getWritten(), "Helloworld"));
-
-    fbs.reset();
-    try testing.expect(fbs.getWritten().len == 0);
-
-    try testing.expectError(error.NoSpaceLeft, fbs.writer().writeAll("Hello world!"));
-    try testing.expect(mem.eql(u8, fbs.getWritten(), "Hello worl"));
-
-    try fbs.seekTo((try fbs.getEndPos()) + 1);
-    try testing.expectError(error.NoSpaceLeft, fbs.writer().writeAll("H"));
-}
-
 test "input" {
     const bytes = [_]u8{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 };
     var fbs = fixedBufferStream(&bytes);
diff --git a/lib/std/Thread.zig b/lib/std/Thread.zig
index e6d1c79d01ff..5cf6b173fbd6 100644
--- a/lib/std/Thread.zig
+++ b/lib/std/Thread.zig
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ pub fn setName(self: Thread, name: []const u8) SetNameError!void {
             const file = try std.fs.cwd().openFile(path, .{ .mode = .write_only });
             defer file.close();
 
-            try file.deprecatedWriter().writeAll(name);
+            try file.writeAll(name);
             return;
         },
         .windows => {
diff --git a/lib/std/array_list.zig b/lib/std/array_list.zig
index 486deffafdd2..a0b7614d200b 100644
--- a/lib/std/array_list.zig
+++ b/lib/std/array_list.zig
@@ -336,39 +336,6 @@ pub fn AlignedManaged(comptime T: type, comptime alignment: ?mem.Alignment) type
             try unmanaged.print(gpa, fmt, args);
         }
 
-        pub const Writer = if (T != u8) void else std.io.GenericWriter(*Self, Allocator.Error, appendWrite);
-
-        /// Initializes a Writer which will append to the list.
-        pub fn writer(self: *Self) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
-
-        /// Same as `append` except it returns the number of bytes written, which is always the same
-        /// as `m.len`. The purpose of this function existing is to match `std.io.GenericWriter` API.
-        /// Invalidates element pointers if additional memory is needed.
-        fn appendWrite(self: *Self, m: []const u8) Allocator.Error!usize {
-            try self.appendSlice(m);
-            return m.len;
-        }
-
-        pub const FixedWriter = std.io.GenericWriter(*Self, Allocator.Error, appendWriteFixed);
-
-        /// Initializes a Writer which will append to the list but will return
-        /// `error.OutOfMemory` rather than increasing capacity.
-        pub fn fixedWriter(self: *Self) FixedWriter {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
-
-        /// The purpose of this function existing is to match `std.io.GenericWriter` API.
-        fn appendWriteFixed(self: *Self, m: []const u8) error{OutOfMemory}!usize {
-            const available_capacity = self.capacity - self.items.len;
-            if (m.len > available_capacity)
-                return error.OutOfMemory;
-
-            self.appendSliceAssumeCapacity(m);
-            return m.len;
-        }
-
         /// Append a value to the list `n` times.
         /// Allocates more memory as necessary.
         /// Invalidates element pointers if additional memory is needed.
@@ -1083,48 +1050,6 @@ pub fn Aligned(comptime T: type, comptime alignment: ?mem.Alignment) type {
             self.items.len += w.end;
         }
 
-        /// Deprecated in favor of `print` or `std.io.Writer.Allocating`.
-        pub const WriterContext = struct {
-            self: *Self,
-            allocator: Allocator,
-        };
-
-        /// Deprecated in favor of `print` or `std.io.Writer.Allocating`.
-        pub const Writer = if (T != u8)
-            @compileError("The Writer interface is only defined for ArrayList(u8) " ++
-                "but the given type is ArrayList(" ++ @typeName(T) ++ ")")
-        else
-            std.io.GenericWriter(WriterContext, Allocator.Error, appendWrite);
-
-        /// Deprecated in favor of `print` or `std.io.Writer.Allocating`.
-        pub fn writer(self: *Self, gpa: Allocator) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = .{ .self = self, .allocator = gpa } };
-        }
-
-        /// Deprecated in favor of `print` or `std.io.Writer.Allocating`.
-        fn appendWrite(context: WriterContext, m: []const u8) Allocator.Error!usize {
-            try context.self.appendSlice(context.allocator, m);
-            return m.len;
-        }
-
-        /// Deprecated in favor of `print` or `std.io.Writer.Allocating`.
-        pub const FixedWriter = std.io.GenericWriter(*Self, Allocator.Error, appendWriteFixed);
-
-        /// Deprecated in favor of `print` or `std.io.Writer.Allocating`.
-        pub fn fixedWriter(self: *Self) FixedWriter {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
-
-        /// Deprecated in favor of `print` or `std.io.Writer.Allocating`.
-        fn appendWriteFixed(self: *Self, m: []const u8) error{OutOfMemory}!usize {
-            const available_capacity = self.capacity - self.items.len;
-            if (m.len > available_capacity)
-                return error.OutOfMemory;
-
-            self.appendSliceAssumeCapacity(m);
-            return m.len;
-        }
-
         /// Append a value to the list `n` times.
         /// Allocates more memory as necessary.
         /// Invalidates element pointers if additional memory is needed.
@@ -2116,60 +2041,6 @@ test "Managed(T) of struct T" {
     }
 }
 
-test "Managed(u8) implements writer" {
-    const a = testing.allocator;
-
-    {
-        var buffer = Managed(u8).init(a);
-        defer buffer.deinit();
-
-        const x: i32 = 42;
-        const y: i32 = 1234;
-        try buffer.writer().print("x: {}\ny: {}\n", .{ x, y });
-
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, "x: 42\ny: 1234\n", buffer.items);
-    }
-    {
-        var list = AlignedManaged(u8, .@"2").init(a);
-        defer list.deinit();
-
-        const writer = list.writer();
-        try writer.writeAll("a");
-        try writer.writeAll("bc");
-        try writer.writeAll("d");
-        try writer.writeAll("efg");
-
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, list.items, "abcdefg");
-    }
-}
-
-test "ArrayList(u8) implements writer" {
-    const a = testing.allocator;
-
-    {
-        var buffer: ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
-        defer buffer.deinit(a);
-
-        const x: i32 = 42;
-        const y: i32 = 1234;
-        try buffer.writer(a).print("x: {}\ny: {}\n", .{ x, y });
-
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, "x: 42\ny: 1234\n", buffer.items);
-    }
-    {
-        var list: Aligned(u8, .@"2") = .empty;
-        defer list.deinit(a);
-
-        const writer = list.writer(a);
-        try writer.writeAll("a");
-        try writer.writeAll("bc");
-        try writer.writeAll("d");
-        try writer.writeAll("efg");
-
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, list.items, "abcdefg");
-    }
-}
-
 test "shrink still sets length when resizing is disabled" {
     var failing_allocator = testing.FailingAllocator.init(testing.allocator, .{ .resize_fail_index = 0 });
     const a = failing_allocator.allocator();
diff --git a/lib/std/base64.zig b/lib/std/base64.zig
index 15e48b5c517f..8c08fd6786df 100644
--- a/lib/std/base64.zig
+++ b/lib/std/base64.zig
@@ -108,8 +108,7 @@ pub const Base64Encoder = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    // dest must be compatible with std.io.GenericWriter's writeAll interface
-    pub fn encodeWriter(encoder: *const Base64Encoder, dest: anytype, source: []const u8) !void {
+    pub fn encodeWriter(encoder: *const Base64Encoder, dest: *std.Io.Writer, source: []const u8) !void {
         var chunker = window(u8, source, 3, 3);
         while (chunker.next()) |chunk| {
             var temp: [5]u8 = undefined;
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/aegis.zig b/lib/std/crypto/aegis.zig
index 1065c4fc2122..5c81b9640c68 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/aegis.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/aegis.zig
@@ -801,18 +801,6 @@ fn AegisMac(comptime T: type) type {
             ctx.update(msg);
             ctx.final(out);
         }
-
-        pub const Error = error{};
-        pub const Writer = std.io.GenericWriter(*Mac, Error, write);
-
-        fn write(self: *Mac, bytes: []const u8) Error!usize {
-            self.update(bytes);
-            return bytes.len;
-        }
-
-        pub fn writer(self: *Mac) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
     };
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/blake2.zig b/lib/std/crypto/blake2.zig
index cd40978cf389..28754b4caef5 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/blake2.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/blake2.zig
@@ -185,18 +185,6 @@ pub fn Blake2s(comptime out_bits: usize) type {
                 r.* ^= v[i] ^ v[i + 8];
             }
         }
-
-        pub const Error = error{};
-        pub const Writer = std.io.GenericWriter(*Self, Error, write);
-
-        fn write(self: *Self, bytes: []const u8) Error!usize {
-            self.update(bytes);
-            return bytes.len;
-        }
-
-        pub fn writer(self: *Self) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
     };
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/blake3.zig b/lib/std/crypto/blake3.zig
index bc771524e8ea..a840a30632b2 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/blake3.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/blake3.zig
@@ -474,18 +474,6 @@ pub const Blake3 = struct {
         }
         output.rootOutputBytes(out_slice);
     }
-
-    pub const Error = error{};
-    pub const Writer = std.io.GenericWriter(*Blake3, Error, write);
-
-    fn write(self: *Blake3, bytes: []const u8) Error!usize {
-        self.update(bytes);
-        return bytes.len;
-    }
-
-    pub fn writer(self: *Blake3) Writer {
-        return .{ .context = self };
-    }
 };
 
 // Use named type declarations to workaround crash with anonymous structs (issue #4373).
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/codecs/asn1/der/ArrayListReverse.zig b/lib/std/crypto/codecs/asn1/der/ArrayListReverse.zig
index b6c0ab20d42b..b761a93345d0 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/codecs/asn1/der/ArrayListReverse.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/codecs/asn1/der/ArrayListReverse.zig
@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 //! Laid out in memory like:
 //! capacity  |--------------------------|
 //! data                   |-------------|
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
+const assert = std.debug.assert;
+const testing = std.testing;
+
 data: []u8,
 capacity: usize,
 allocator: Allocator,
@@ -45,12 +51,6 @@ pub fn prependSlice(self: *ArrayListReverse, data: []const u8) Error!void {
     self.data.ptr = begin;
 }
 
-pub const Writer = std.io.GenericWriter(*ArrayListReverse, Error, prependSliceSize);
-/// Warning: This writer writes backwards. `fn print` will NOT work as expected.
-pub fn writer(self: *ArrayListReverse) Writer {
-    return .{ .context = self };
-}
-
 fn prependSliceSize(self: *ArrayListReverse, data: []const u8) Error!usize {
     try self.prependSlice(data);
     return data.len;
@@ -77,11 +77,6 @@ pub fn toOwnedSlice(self: *ArrayListReverse) Error![]u8 {
     return new_memory;
 }
 
-const std = @import("std");
-const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
-const assert = std.debug.assert;
-const testing = std.testing;
-
 test ArrayListReverse {
     var b = ArrayListReverse.init(testing.allocator);
     defer b.deinit();
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/ml_kem.zig b/lib/std/crypto/ml_kem.zig
index ce3edf9eb5bb..c7ad23d3e250 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/ml_kem.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/ml_kem.zig
@@ -1721,53 +1721,55 @@ test "Test happy flow" {
 
 // Code to test NIST Known Answer Tests (KAT), see PQCgenKAT.c.
 
-const sha2 = crypto.hash.sha2;
-
-test "NIST KAT test" {
-    inline for (.{
-        .{ d00.Kyber512, "e9c2bd37133fcb40772f81559f14b1f58dccd1c816701be9ba6214d43baf4547" },
-        .{ d00.Kyber1024, "89248f2f33f7f4f7051729111f3049c409a933ec904aedadf035f30fa5646cd5" },
-        .{ d00.Kyber768, "a1e122cad3c24bc51622e4c242d8b8acbcd3f618fee4220400605ca8f9ea02c2" },
-    }) |modeHash| {
-        const mode = modeHash[0];
-        var seed: [48]u8 = undefined;
-        for (&seed, 0..) |*s, i| {
-            s.* = @as(u8, @intCast(i));
-        }
-        var f = sha2.Sha256.init(.{});
-        const fw = f.writer();
-        var g = NistDRBG.init(seed);
-        try std.fmt.format(fw, "# {s}\n\n", .{mode.name});
-        for (0..100) |i| {
-            g.fill(&seed);
-            try std.fmt.format(fw, "count = {}\n", .{i});
-            try std.fmt.format(fw, "seed = {X}\n", .{&seed});
-            var g2 = NistDRBG.init(seed);
-
-            // This is not equivalent to g2.fill(kseed[:]). As the reference
-            // implementation calls randombytes twice generating the keypair,
-            // we have to do that as well.
-            var kseed: [64]u8 = undefined;
-            var eseed: [32]u8 = undefined;
-            g2.fill(kseed[0..32]);
-            g2.fill(kseed[32..64]);
-            g2.fill(&eseed);
-            const kp = try mode.KeyPair.generateDeterministic(kseed);
-            const e = kp.public_key.encaps(eseed);
-            const ss2 = try kp.secret_key.decaps(&e.ciphertext);
-            try testing.expectEqual(ss2, e.shared_secret);
-            try std.fmt.format(fw, "pk = {X}\n", .{&kp.public_key.toBytes()});
-            try std.fmt.format(fw, "sk = {X}\n", .{&kp.secret_key.toBytes()});
-            try std.fmt.format(fw, "ct = {X}\n", .{&e.ciphertext});
-            try std.fmt.format(fw, "ss = {X}\n\n", .{&e.shared_secret});
-        }
+test "NIST KAT test d00.Kyber512" {
+    try testNistKat(d00.Kyber512, "e9c2bd37133fcb40772f81559f14b1f58dccd1c816701be9ba6214d43baf4547");
+}
 
-        var out: [32]u8 = undefined;
-        f.final(&out);
-        var outHex: [64]u8 = undefined;
-        _ = try std.fmt.bufPrint(&outHex, "{x}", .{&out});
-        try testing.expectEqual(outHex, modeHash[1].*);
+test "NIST KAT test d00.Kyber1024" {
+    try testNistKat(d00.Kyber1024, "89248f2f33f7f4f7051729111f3049c409a933ec904aedadf035f30fa5646cd5");
+}
+
+test "NIST KAT test d00.Kyber768" {
+    try testNistKat(d00.Kyber768, "a1e122cad3c24bc51622e4c242d8b8acbcd3f618fee4220400605ca8f9ea02c2");
+}
+
+fn testNistKat(mode: type, hash: []const u8) !void {
+    var seed: [48]u8 = undefined;
+    for (&seed, 0..) |*s, i| {
+        s.* = @as(u8, @intCast(i));
     }
+    var fw: std.Io.Writer.Hashing(crypto.hash.sha2.Sha256) = .init(&.{});
+    var g = NistDRBG.init(seed);
+    try fw.writer.print("# {s}\n\n", .{mode.name});
+    for (0..100) |i| {
+        g.fill(&seed);
+        try fw.writer.print("count = {}\n", .{i});
+        try fw.writer.print("seed = {X}\n", .{&seed});
+        var g2 = NistDRBG.init(seed);
+
+        // This is not equivalent to g2.fill(kseed[:]). As the reference
+        // implementation calls randombytes twice generating the keypair,
+        // we have to do that as well.
+        var kseed: [64]u8 = undefined;
+        var eseed: [32]u8 = undefined;
+        g2.fill(kseed[0..32]);
+        g2.fill(kseed[32..64]);
+        g2.fill(&eseed);
+        const kp = try mode.KeyPair.generateDeterministic(kseed);
+        const e = kp.public_key.encaps(eseed);
+        const ss2 = try kp.secret_key.decaps(&e.ciphertext);
+        try testing.expectEqual(ss2, e.shared_secret);
+        try fw.writer.print("pk = {X}\n", .{&kp.public_key.toBytes()});
+        try fw.writer.print("sk = {X}\n", .{&kp.secret_key.toBytes()});
+        try fw.writer.print("ct = {X}\n", .{&e.ciphertext});
+        try fw.writer.print("ss = {X}\n\n", .{&e.shared_secret});
+    }
+
+    var out: [32]u8 = undefined;
+    fw.hasher.final(&out);
+    var outHex: [64]u8 = undefined;
+    _ = try std.fmt.bufPrint(&outHex, "{x}", .{&out});
+    try testing.expectEqualStrings(&outHex, hash);
 }
 
 const NistDRBG = struct {
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/scrypt.zig b/lib/std/crypto/scrypt.zig
index f12306a1dcf6..122da1bb45e2 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/scrypt.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/scrypt.zig
@@ -304,31 +304,34 @@ const crypt_format = struct {
 
     /// Serialize parameters into a string in modular crypt format.
     pub fn serialize(params: anytype, str: []u8) EncodingError![]const u8 {
-        var buf = io.fixedBufferStream(str);
-        try serializeTo(params, buf.writer());
-        return buf.getWritten();
+        var w: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(str);
+        serializeTo(params, &w) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            error.WriteFailed => return error.NoSpaceLeft,
+            else => |e| return e,
+        };
+        return w.buffered();
     }
 
     /// Compute the number of bytes required to serialize `params`
     pub fn calcSize(params: anytype) usize {
         var trash: [128]u8 = undefined;
         var d: std.Io.Writer.Discarding = .init(&trash);
-        serializeTo(params, &d) catch unreachable;
+        serializeTo(params, &d.writer) catch unreachable;
         return @intCast(d.fullCount());
     }
 
-    fn serializeTo(params: anytype, out: anytype) !void {
+    fn serializeTo(params: anytype, w: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         var header: [14]u8 = undefined;
         header[0..3].* = prefix.*;
         Codec.intEncode(header[3..4], params.ln);
         Codec.intEncode(header[4..9], params.r);
         Codec.intEncode(header[9..14], params.p);
-        try out.writeAll(&header);
-        try out.writeAll(params.salt);
-        try out.writeAll("$");
+        try w.writeAll(&header);
+        try w.writeAll(params.salt);
+        try w.writeAll("$");
         var buf: [@TypeOf(params.hash).max_encoded_length]u8 = undefined;
         const hash_str = try params.hash.toB64(&buf);
-        try out.writeAll(hash_str);
+        try w.writeAll(hash_str);
     }
 
     /// Custom codec that maps 6 bits into 8 like regular Base64, but uses its own alphabet,
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/sha2.zig b/lib/std/crypto/sha2.zig
index 1abc2b0edc20..d32f15f57b3b 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/sha2.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/sha2.zig
@@ -373,18 +373,6 @@ fn Sha2x32(comptime iv: Iv32, digest_bits: comptime_int) type {
 
             for (&d.s, v) |*dv, vv| dv.* +%= vv;
         }
-
-        pub const Error = error{};
-        pub const Writer = std.io.GenericWriter(*Self, Error, write);
-
-        fn write(self: *Self, bytes: []const u8) Error!usize {
-            self.update(bytes);
-            return bytes.len;
-        }
-
-        pub fn writer(self: *Self) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
     };
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/sha3.zig b/lib/std/crypto/sha3.zig
index 78c3ff552723..84cd0c2b0e8c 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/sha3.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/sha3.zig
@@ -80,18 +80,6 @@ pub fn Keccak(comptime f: u11, comptime output_bits: u11, comptime default_delim
             self.st.pad();
             self.st.squeeze(out[0..]);
         }
-
-        pub const Error = error{};
-        pub const Writer = std.io.GenericWriter(*Self, Error, write);
-
-        fn write(self: *Self, bytes: []const u8) Error!usize {
-            self.update(bytes);
-            return bytes.len;
-        }
-
-        pub fn writer(self: *Self) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
     };
 }
 
@@ -191,18 +179,6 @@ fn ShakeLike(comptime security_level: u11, comptime default_delim: u8, comptime
         pub fn fillBlock(self: *Self) void {
             self.st.fillBlock();
         }
-
-        pub const Error = error{};
-        pub const Writer = std.io.GenericWriter(*Self, Error, write);
-
-        fn write(self: *Self, bytes: []const u8) Error!usize {
-            self.update(bytes);
-            return bytes.len;
-        }
-
-        pub fn writer(self: *Self) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
     };
 }
 
@@ -284,18 +260,6 @@ fn CShakeLike(comptime security_level: u11, comptime default_delim: u8, comptime
         pub fn fillBlock(self: *Self) void {
             self.shaker.fillBlock();
         }
-
-        pub const Error = error{};
-        pub const Writer = std.io.GenericWriter(*Self, Error, write);
-
-        fn write(self: *Self, bytes: []const u8) Error!usize {
-            self.update(bytes);
-            return bytes.len;
-        }
-
-        pub fn writer(self: *Self) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
     };
 }
 
@@ -390,18 +354,6 @@ fn KMacLike(comptime security_level: u11, comptime default_delim: u8, comptime r
             ctx.update(msg);
             ctx.final(out);
         }
-
-        pub const Error = error{};
-        pub const Writer = std.io.GenericWriter(*Self, Error, write);
-
-        fn write(self: *Self, bytes: []const u8) Error!usize {
-            self.update(bytes);
-            return bytes.len;
-        }
-
-        pub fn writer(self: *Self) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
     };
 }
 
@@ -482,18 +434,6 @@ fn TupleHashLike(comptime security_level: u11, comptime default_delim: u8, compt
             }
             self.cshaker.squeeze(out);
         }
-
-        pub const Error = error{};
-        pub const Writer = std.io.GenericWriter(*Self, Error, write);
-
-        fn write(self: *Self, bytes: []const u8) Error!usize {
-            self.update(bytes);
-            return bytes.len;
-        }
-
-        pub fn writer(self: *Self) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
     };
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/std/crypto/siphash.zig b/lib/std/crypto/siphash.zig
index 4334a6912d46..cf595327c568 100644
--- a/lib/std/crypto/siphash.zig
+++ b/lib/std/crypto/siphash.zig
@@ -238,18 +238,6 @@ fn SipHash(comptime T: type, comptime c_rounds: usize, comptime d_rounds: usize)
         pub fn toInt(msg: []const u8, key: *const [key_length]u8) T {
             return State.hash(msg, key);
         }
-
-        pub const Error = error{};
-        pub const Writer = std.io.GenericWriter(*Self, Error, write);
-
-        fn write(self: *Self, bytes: []const u8) Error!usize {
-            self.update(bytes);
-            return bytes.len;
-        }
-
-        pub fn writer(self: *Self) Writer {
-            return .{ .context = self };
-        }
     };
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/std/debug/Dwarf/expression.zig b/lib/std/debug/Dwarf/expression.zig
index c123cdb30b8c..1c849489ad37 100644
--- a/lib/std/debug/Dwarf/expression.zig
+++ b/lib/std/debug/Dwarf/expression.zig
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ const OP = std.dwarf.OP;
 const abi = std.debug.Dwarf.abi;
 const mem = std.mem;
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
+const testing = std.testing;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 /// Expressions can be evaluated in different contexts, each requiring its own set of inputs.
 /// Callers should specify all the fields relevant to their context. If a field is required
@@ -782,7 +784,7 @@ pub fn Builder(comptime options: Options) type {
 
     return struct {
         /// Zero-operand instructions
-        pub fn writeOpcode(writer: anytype, comptime opcode: u8) !void {
+        pub fn writeOpcode(writer: *Writer, comptime opcode: u8) !void {
             if (options.call_frame_context and !comptime isOpcodeValidInCFA(opcode)) return error.InvalidCFAOpcode;
             switch (opcode) {
                 OP.dup,
@@ -823,14 +825,14 @@ pub fn Builder(comptime options: Options) type {
         }
 
         // 2.5.1.1: Literal Encodings
-        pub fn writeLiteral(writer: anytype, literal: u8) !void {
+        pub fn writeLiteral(writer: *Writer, literal: u8) !void {
             switch (literal) {
                 0...31 => |n| try writer.writeByte(n + OP.lit0),
                 else => return error.InvalidLiteral,
             }
         }
 
-        pub fn writeConst(writer: anytype, comptime T: type, value: T) !void {
+        pub fn writeConst(writer: *Writer, comptime T: type, value: T) !void {
             if (@typeInfo(T) != .int) @compileError("Constants must be integers");
 
             switch (T) {
@@ -852,7 +854,7 @@ pub fn Builder(comptime options: Options) type {
                 else => switch (@typeInfo(T).int.signedness) {
                     .unsigned => {
                         try writer.writeByte(OP.constu);
-                        try leb.writeUleb128(writer, value);
+                        try writer.writeUleb128(value);
                     },
                     .signed => {
                         try writer.writeByte(OP.consts);
@@ -862,105 +864,105 @@ pub fn Builder(comptime options: Options) type {
             }
         }
 
-        pub fn writeConstx(writer: anytype, debug_addr_offset: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writeConstx(writer: *Writer, debug_addr_offset: anytype) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.constx);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, debug_addr_offset);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(debug_addr_offset);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeConstType(writer: anytype, die_offset: anytype, value_bytes: []const u8) !void {
+        pub fn writeConstType(writer: *Writer, die_offset: anytype, value_bytes: []const u8) !void {
             if (options.call_frame_context) return error.InvalidCFAOpcode;
             if (value_bytes.len > 0xff) return error.InvalidTypeLength;
             try writer.writeByte(OP.const_type);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, die_offset);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(die_offset);
             try writer.writeByte(@intCast(value_bytes.len));
             try writer.writeAll(value_bytes);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeAddr(writer: anytype, value: addr_type) !void {
+        pub fn writeAddr(writer: *Writer, value: addr_type) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.addr);
             try writer.writeInt(addr_type, value, options.endian);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeAddrx(writer: anytype, debug_addr_offset: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writeAddrx(writer: *Writer, debug_addr_offset: anytype) !void {
             if (options.call_frame_context) return error.InvalidCFAOpcode;
             try writer.writeByte(OP.addrx);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, debug_addr_offset);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(debug_addr_offset);
         }
 
         // 2.5.1.2: Register Values
-        pub fn writeFbreg(writer: anytype, offset: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writeFbreg(writer: *Writer, offset: anytype) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.fbreg);
             try leb.writeIleb128(writer, offset);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeBreg(writer: anytype, register: u8, offset: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writeBreg(writer: *Writer, register: u8, offset: anytype) !void {
             if (register > 31) return error.InvalidRegister;
             try writer.writeByte(OP.breg0 + register);
             try leb.writeIleb128(writer, offset);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeBregx(writer: anytype, register: anytype, offset: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writeBregx(writer: *Writer, register: anytype, offset: anytype) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.bregx);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, register);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(register);
             try leb.writeIleb128(writer, offset);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeRegvalType(writer: anytype, register: anytype, offset: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writeRegvalType(writer: *Writer, register: anytype, offset: anytype) !void {
             if (options.call_frame_context) return error.InvalidCFAOpcode;
             try writer.writeByte(OP.regval_type);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, register);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, offset);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(register);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(offset);
         }
 
         // 2.5.1.3: Stack Operations
-        pub fn writePick(writer: anytype, index: u8) !void {
+        pub fn writePick(writer: *Writer, index: u8) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.pick);
             try writer.writeByte(index);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeDerefSize(writer: anytype, size: u8) !void {
+        pub fn writeDerefSize(writer: *Writer, size: u8) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.deref_size);
             try writer.writeByte(size);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeXDerefSize(writer: anytype, size: u8) !void {
+        pub fn writeXDerefSize(writer: *Writer, size: u8) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.xderef_size);
             try writer.writeByte(size);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeDerefType(writer: anytype, size: u8, die_offset: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writeDerefType(writer: *Writer, size: u8, die_offset: anytype) !void {
             if (options.call_frame_context) return error.InvalidCFAOpcode;
             try writer.writeByte(OP.deref_type);
             try writer.writeByte(size);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, die_offset);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(die_offset);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeXDerefType(writer: anytype, size: u8, die_offset: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writeXDerefType(writer: *Writer, size: u8, die_offset: anytype) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.xderef_type);
             try writer.writeByte(size);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, die_offset);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(die_offset);
         }
 
         // 2.5.1.4: Arithmetic and Logical Operations
 
-        pub fn writePlusUconst(writer: anytype, uint_value: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writePlusUconst(writer: *Writer, uint_value: anytype) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.plus_uconst);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, uint_value);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(uint_value);
         }
 
         // 2.5.1.5: Control Flow Operations
 
-        pub fn writeSkip(writer: anytype, offset: i16) !void {
+        pub fn writeSkip(writer: *Writer, offset: i16) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.skip);
             try writer.writeInt(i16, offset, options.endian);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeBra(writer: anytype, offset: i16) !void {
+        pub fn writeBra(writer: *Writer, offset: i16) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.bra);
             try writer.writeInt(i16, offset, options.endian);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeCall(writer: anytype, comptime T: type, offset: T) !void {
+        pub fn writeCall(writer: *Writer, comptime T: type, offset: T) !void {
             if (options.call_frame_context) return error.InvalidCFAOpcode;
             switch (T) {
                 u16 => try writer.writeByte(OP.call2),
@@ -971,45 +973,45 @@ pub fn Builder(comptime options: Options) type {
             try writer.writeInt(T, offset, options.endian);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeCallRef(writer: anytype, comptime is_64: bool, value: if (is_64) u64 else u32) !void {
+        pub fn writeCallRef(writer: *Writer, comptime is_64: bool, value: if (is_64) u64 else u32) !void {
             if (options.call_frame_context) return error.InvalidCFAOpcode;
             try writer.writeByte(OP.call_ref);
             try writer.writeInt(if (is_64) u64 else u32, value, options.endian);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeConvert(writer: anytype, die_offset: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writeConvert(writer: *Writer, die_offset: anytype) !void {
             if (options.call_frame_context) return error.InvalidCFAOpcode;
             try writer.writeByte(OP.convert);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, die_offset);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(die_offset);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeReinterpret(writer: anytype, die_offset: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writeReinterpret(writer: *Writer, die_offset: anytype) !void {
             if (options.call_frame_context) return error.InvalidCFAOpcode;
             try writer.writeByte(OP.reinterpret);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, die_offset);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(die_offset);
         }
 
         // 2.5.1.7: Special Operations
 
-        pub fn writeEntryValue(writer: anytype, expression: []const u8) !void {
+        pub fn writeEntryValue(writer: *Writer, expression: []const u8) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.entry_value);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, expression.len);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(expression.len);
             try writer.writeAll(expression);
         }
 
         // 2.6: Location Descriptions
-        pub fn writeReg(writer: anytype, register: u8) !void {
+        pub fn writeReg(writer: *Writer, register: u8) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.reg0 + register);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeRegx(writer: anytype, register: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn writeRegx(writer: *Writer, register: anytype) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.regx);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, register);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(register);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeImplicitValue(writer: anytype, value_bytes: []const u8) !void {
+        pub fn writeImplicitValue(writer: *Writer, value_bytes: []const u8) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(OP.implicit_value);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, value_bytes.len);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(value_bytes.len);
             try writer.writeAll(value_bytes);
         }
     };
@@ -1042,8 +1044,7 @@ fn isOpcodeRegisterLocation(opcode: u8) bool {
     };
 }
 
-const testing = std.testing;
-test "DWARF expressions" {
+test "basics" {
     const allocator = std.testing.allocator;
 
     const options = Options{};
@@ -1052,10 +1053,10 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
 
     const b = Builder(options);
 
-    var program = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
+    var program: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(allocator);
     defer program.deinit();
 
-    const writer = program.writer();
+    const writer = &program.writer;
 
     // Literals
     {
@@ -1064,7 +1065,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
             try b.writeLiteral(writer, @intCast(i));
         }
 
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, 0);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, 0);
 
         for (0..32) |i| {
             const expected = 31 - i;
@@ -1108,16 +1109,16 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         var mock_compile_unit: std.debug.Dwarf.CompileUnit = undefined;
         mock_compile_unit.addr_base = 1;
 
-        var mock_debug_addr = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
+        var mock_debug_addr: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(allocator);
         defer mock_debug_addr.deinit();
 
-        try mock_debug_addr.writer().writeInt(u16, 0, native_endian);
-        try mock_debug_addr.writer().writeInt(usize, input[11], native_endian);
-        try mock_debug_addr.writer().writeInt(usize, input[12], native_endian);
+        try mock_debug_addr.writer.writeInt(u16, 0, native_endian);
+        try mock_debug_addr.writer.writeInt(usize, input[11], native_endian);
+        try mock_debug_addr.writer.writeInt(usize, input[12], native_endian);
 
-        const context = Context{
+        const context: Context = .{
             .compile_unit = &mock_compile_unit,
-            .debug_addr = mock_debug_addr.items,
+            .debug_addr = mock_debug_addr.written(),
         };
 
         try b.writeConstx(writer, @as(usize, 1));
@@ -1127,7 +1128,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         const type_bytes: []const u8 = &.{ 1, 2, 3, 4 };
         try b.writeConstType(writer, die_offset, type_bytes);
 
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, 0);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, 0);
 
         const const_type = stack_machine.stack.pop().?.const_type;
         try testing.expectEqual(die_offset, const_type.type_offset);
@@ -1185,7 +1186,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
             try b.writeBregx(writer, abi.ipRegNum(native_arch).?, @as(usize, 300));
             try b.writeRegvalType(writer, @as(u8, 0), @as(usize, 400));
 
-            _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, 0);
+            _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, 0);
 
             const regval_type = stack_machine.stack.pop().?.regval_type;
             try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 400), regval_type.type_offset);
@@ -1214,7 +1215,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeConst(writer, u8, 1);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.dup);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 1), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 1), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
@@ -1222,7 +1223,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeConst(writer, u8, 1);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.drop);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expect(stack_machine.stack.pop() == null);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1231,7 +1232,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, u8, 5);
         try b.writeConst(writer, u8, 6);
         try b.writePick(writer, 2);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 4), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1240,7 +1241,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, u8, 5);
         try b.writeConst(writer, u8, 6);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.over);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 5), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1248,7 +1249,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, u8, 5);
         try b.writeConst(writer, u8, 6);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.swap);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 5), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 6), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
@@ -1258,7 +1259,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, u8, 5);
         try b.writeConst(writer, u8, 6);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.rot);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 5), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 4), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 6), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
@@ -1269,7 +1270,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeAddr(writer, @intFromPtr(&deref_target));
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.deref);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(deref_target, stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1277,14 +1278,14 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeLiteral(writer, 0);
         try b.writeAddr(writer, @intFromPtr(&deref_target));
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.xderef);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(deref_target, stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeAddr(writer, @intFromPtr(&deref_target));
         try b.writeDerefSize(writer, 1);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, @as(*const u8, @ptrCast(&deref_target)).*), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1292,7 +1293,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeLiteral(writer, 0);
         try b.writeAddr(writer, @intFromPtr(&deref_target));
         try b.writeXDerefSize(writer, 1);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, @as(*const u8, @ptrCast(&deref_target)).*), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         const type_offset: usize = @truncate(0xaabbaabb_aabbaabb);
@@ -1301,7 +1302,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeAddr(writer, @intFromPtr(&deref_target));
         try b.writeDerefType(writer, 1, type_offset);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         const deref_type = stack_machine.stack.pop().?.regval_type;
         try testing.expectEqual(type_offset, deref_type.type_offset);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 1), deref_type.type_size);
@@ -1312,7 +1313,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeLiteral(writer, 0);
         try b.writeAddr(writer, @intFromPtr(&deref_target));
         try b.writeXDerefType(writer, 1, type_offset);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         const xderef_type = stack_machine.stack.pop().?.regval_type;
         try testing.expectEqual(type_offset, xderef_type.type_offset);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 1), xderef_type.type_size);
@@ -1323,7 +1324,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         stack_machine.reset();
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.push_object_address);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, @intFromPtr(context.object_address.?)), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         // TODO: Test OP.form_tls_address
@@ -1333,7 +1334,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         stack_machine.reset();
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.call_frame_cfa);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(context.cfa.?, stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
     }
 
@@ -1345,7 +1346,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeConst(writer, i16, -4096);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.abs);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 4096), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1353,7 +1354,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 0xff0f);
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 0xf0ff);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.@"and");
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 0xf00f), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1361,7 +1362,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, i16, -404);
         try b.writeConst(writer, i16, 100);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.div);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(isize, -404 / 100), @as(isize, @bitCast(stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic)));
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1369,7 +1370,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 200);
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 50);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.minus);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 150), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1377,7 +1378,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 123);
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 100);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.mod);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 23), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1385,7 +1386,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 0xff);
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 0xee);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.mul);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 0xed12), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1394,7 +1395,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.neg);
         try b.writeConst(writer, i16, -6);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.neg);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 6), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(isize, -5), @as(isize, @bitCast(stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic)));
 
@@ -1402,7 +1403,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 0xff0f);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.not);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(~@as(usize, 0xff0f), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1410,7 +1411,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 0xff0f);
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 0xf0ff);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.@"or");
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 0xffff), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1418,14 +1419,14 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, i16, 402);
         try b.writeConst(writer, i16, 100);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.plus);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 502), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 4096);
         try b.writePlusUconst(writer, @as(usize, 8192));
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 4096 + 8192), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1433,7 +1434,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 0xfff);
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 1);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.shl);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 0xfff << 1), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1441,7 +1442,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 0xfff);
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 1);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.shr);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 0xfff >> 1), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1449,7 +1450,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 0xfff);
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 1);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.shr);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, @bitCast(@as(isize, 0xfff) >> 1)), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1457,7 +1458,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 0xf0ff);
         try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 0xff0f);
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.xor);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 0x0ff0), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
     }
 
@@ -1486,7 +1487,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
             try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 1);
             try b.writeConst(writer, u16, 0);
             try b.writeOpcode(writer, e[0]);
-            _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+            _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
             try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, e[3]), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
             try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, e[2]), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
             try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, e[1]), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
@@ -1497,7 +1498,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeLiteral(writer, 2);
         try b.writeSkip(writer, 1);
         try b.writeLiteral(writer, 3);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 2), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         stack_machine.reset();
@@ -1509,7 +1510,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         try b.writeBra(writer, 1);
         try b.writeLiteral(writer, 4);
         try b.writeLiteral(writer, 5);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 5), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
         try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 4), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
         try testing.expect(stack_machine.stack.pop() == null);
@@ -1535,7 +1536,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeConstType(writer, @as(usize, 0), &value_bytes);
         try b.writeConvert(writer, @as(usize, 0));
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(value, stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         // Reinterpret to generic type
@@ -1543,7 +1544,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeConstType(writer, @as(usize, 0), &value_bytes);
         try b.writeReinterpret(writer, @as(usize, 0));
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expectEqual(value, stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
 
         // Reinterpret to new type
@@ -1553,7 +1554,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeConstType(writer, @as(usize, 0), &value_bytes);
         try b.writeReinterpret(writer, die_offset);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         const const_type = stack_machine.stack.pop().?.const_type;
         try testing.expectEqual(die_offset, const_type.type_offset);
 
@@ -1561,7 +1562,7 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeLiteral(writer, 0);
         try b.writeReinterpret(writer, die_offset);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         const regval_type = stack_machine.stack.pop().?.regval_type;
         try testing.expectEqual(die_offset, regval_type.type_offset);
     }
@@ -1573,20 +1574,20 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         stack_machine.reset();
         program.clearRetainingCapacity();
         try b.writeOpcode(writer, OP.nop);
-        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+        _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
         try testing.expect(stack_machine.stack.pop() == null);
 
         // Sub-expression
         {
-            var sub_program = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
+            var sub_program: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(allocator);
             defer sub_program.deinit();
-            const sub_writer = sub_program.writer();
+            const sub_writer = &sub_program.writer;
             try b.writeLiteral(sub_writer, 3);
 
             stack_machine.reset();
             program.clearRetainingCapacity();
-            try b.writeEntryValue(writer, sub_program.items);
-            _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+            try b.writeEntryValue(writer, sub_program.written());
+            _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
             try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 3), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
         }
 
@@ -1605,15 +1606,15 @@ test "DWARF expressions" {
         if (abi.regBytes(&thread_context, 0, reg_context)) |reg_bytes| {
             mem.writeInt(usize, reg_bytes[0..@sizeOf(usize)], 0xee, native_endian);
 
-            var sub_program = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
+            var sub_program: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(allocator);
             defer sub_program.deinit();
-            const sub_writer = sub_program.writer();
+            const sub_writer = &sub_program.writer;
             try b.writeReg(sub_writer, 0);
 
             stack_machine.reset();
             program.clearRetainingCapacity();
-            try b.writeEntryValue(writer, sub_program.items);
-            _ = try stack_machine.run(program.items, allocator, context, null);
+            try b.writeEntryValue(writer, sub_program.written());
+            _ = try stack_machine.run(program.written(), allocator, context, null);
             try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 0xee), stack_machine.stack.pop().?.generic);
         } else |err| {
             switch (err) {
diff --git a/lib/std/debug/Pdb.zig b/lib/std/debug/Pdb.zig
index 4e46ab7bf6d3..008aad6ab674 100644
--- a/lib/std/debug/Pdb.zig
+++ b/lib/std/debug/Pdb.zig
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ const std = @import("../std.zig");
 const File = std.fs.File;
 const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
 const pdb = std.pdb;
+const assert = std.debug.assert;
 
 const Pdb = @This();
 
-in_file: File,
+file_reader: *File.Reader,
 msf: Msf,
 allocator: Allocator,
 string_table: ?*MsfStream,
@@ -35,39 +36,38 @@ pub const Module = struct {
     }
 };
 
-pub fn init(allocator: Allocator, path: []const u8) !Pdb {
-    const file = try std.fs.cwd().openFile(path, .{});
-    errdefer file.close();
-
+pub fn init(gpa: Allocator, file_reader: *File.Reader) !Pdb {
     return .{
-        .in_file = file,
-        .allocator = allocator,
+        .file_reader = file_reader,
+        .allocator = gpa,
         .string_table = null,
         .dbi = null,
-        .msf = try Msf.init(allocator, file),
-        .modules = &[_]Module{},
-        .sect_contribs = &[_]pdb.SectionContribEntry{},
+        .msf = try Msf.init(gpa, file_reader),
+        .modules = &.{},
+        .sect_contribs = &.{},
         .guid = undefined,
         .age = undefined,
     };
 }
 
 pub fn deinit(self: *Pdb) void {
-    self.in_file.close();
-    self.msf.deinit(self.allocator);
+    const gpa = self.allocator;
+    self.msf.deinit(gpa);
     for (self.modules) |*module| {
-        module.deinit(self.allocator);
+        module.deinit(gpa);
     }
-    self.allocator.free(self.modules);
-    self.allocator.free(self.sect_contribs);
+    gpa.free(self.modules);
+    gpa.free(self.sect_contribs);
 }
 
 pub fn parseDbiStream(self: *Pdb) !void {
     var stream = self.getStream(pdb.StreamType.dbi) orelse
         return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
-    const reader = stream.reader();
 
-    const header = try reader.readStruct(std.pdb.DbiStreamHeader);
+    const gpa = self.allocator;
+    const reader = &stream.interface;
+
+    const header = try reader.takeStruct(std.pdb.DbiStreamHeader, .little);
     if (header.version_header != 19990903) // V70, only value observed by LLVM team
         return error.UnknownPDBVersion;
     // if (header.Age != age)
@@ -76,22 +76,28 @@ pub fn parseDbiStream(self: *Pdb) !void {
     const mod_info_size = header.mod_info_size;
     const section_contrib_size = header.section_contribution_size;
 
-    var modules = std.array_list.Managed(Module).init(self.allocator);
+    var modules = std.array_list.Managed(Module).init(gpa);
     errdefer modules.deinit();
 
     // Module Info Substream
     var mod_info_offset: usize = 0;
     while (mod_info_offset != mod_info_size) {
-        const mod_info = try reader.readStruct(pdb.ModInfo);
+        const mod_info = try reader.takeStruct(pdb.ModInfo, .little);
         var this_record_len: usize = @sizeOf(pdb.ModInfo);
 
-        const module_name = try reader.readUntilDelimiterAlloc(self.allocator, 0, 1024);
-        errdefer self.allocator.free(module_name);
-        this_record_len += module_name.len + 1;
+        var module_name: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(gpa);
+        defer module_name.deinit();
+        this_record_len += try reader.streamDelimiterLimit(&module_name.writer, 0, .limited(1024));
+        assert(reader.buffered()[0] == 0); // TODO change streamDelimiterLimit API
+        reader.toss(1);
+        this_record_len += 1;
 
-        const obj_file_name = try reader.readUntilDelimiterAlloc(self.allocator, 0, 1024);
-        errdefer self.allocator.free(obj_file_name);
-        this_record_len += obj_file_name.len + 1;
+        var obj_file_name: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(gpa);
+        defer obj_file_name.deinit();
+        this_record_len += try reader.streamDelimiterLimit(&obj_file_name.writer, 0, .limited(1024));
+        assert(reader.buffered()[0] == 0); // TODO change streamDelimiterLimit API
+        reader.toss(1);
+        this_record_len += 1;
 
         if (this_record_len % 4 != 0) {
             const round_to_next_4 = (this_record_len | 0x3) + 1;
@@ -100,10 +106,10 @@ pub fn parseDbiStream(self: *Pdb) !void {
             this_record_len += march_forward_bytes;
         }
 
-        try modules.append(Module{
+        try modules.append(.{
             .mod_info = mod_info,
-            .module_name = module_name,
-            .obj_file_name = obj_file_name,
+            .module_name = try module_name.toOwnedSlice(),
+            .obj_file_name = try obj_file_name.toOwnedSlice(),
 
             .populated = false,
             .symbols = undefined,
@@ -117,21 +123,21 @@ pub fn parseDbiStream(self: *Pdb) !void {
     }
 
     // Section Contribution Substream
-    var sect_contribs = std.array_list.Managed(pdb.SectionContribEntry).init(self.allocator);
+    var sect_contribs = std.array_list.Managed(pdb.SectionContribEntry).init(gpa);
     errdefer sect_contribs.deinit();
 
     var sect_cont_offset: usize = 0;
     if (section_contrib_size != 0) {
-        const version = reader.readEnum(std.pdb.SectionContrSubstreamVersion, .little) catch |err| switch (err) {
-            error.InvalidValue => return error.InvalidDebugInfo,
-            else => |e| return e,
+        const version = reader.takeEnum(std.pdb.SectionContrSubstreamVersion, .little) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            error.InvalidEnumTag, error.EndOfStream => return error.InvalidDebugInfo,
+            error.ReadFailed => return error.ReadFailed,
         };
         _ = version;
         sect_cont_offset += @sizeOf(u32);
     }
     while (sect_cont_offset != section_contrib_size) {
         const entry = try sect_contribs.addOne();
-        entry.* = try reader.readStruct(pdb.SectionContribEntry);
+        entry.* = try reader.takeStruct(pdb.SectionContribEntry, .little);
         sect_cont_offset += @sizeOf(pdb.SectionContribEntry);
 
         if (sect_cont_offset > section_contrib_size)
@@ -143,29 +149,28 @@ pub fn parseDbiStream(self: *Pdb) !void {
 }
 
 pub fn parseInfoStream(self: *Pdb) !void {
-    var stream = self.getStream(pdb.StreamType.pdb) orelse
-        return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
-    const reader = stream.reader();
+    var stream = self.getStream(pdb.StreamType.pdb) orelse return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
+    const reader = &stream.interface;
 
     // Parse the InfoStreamHeader.
-    const version = try reader.readInt(u32, .little);
-    const signature = try reader.readInt(u32, .little);
+    const version = try reader.takeInt(u32, .little);
+    const signature = try reader.takeInt(u32, .little);
     _ = signature;
-    const age = try reader.readInt(u32, .little);
-    const guid = try reader.readBytesNoEof(16);
+    const age = try reader.takeInt(u32, .little);
+    const guid = try reader.takeArray(16);
 
     if (version != 20000404) // VC70, only value observed by LLVM team
         return error.UnknownPDBVersion;
 
-    self.guid = guid;
+    self.guid = guid.*;
     self.age = age;
 
+    const gpa = self.allocator;
+
     // Find the string table.
     const string_table_index = str_tab_index: {
-        const name_bytes_len = try reader.readInt(u32, .little);
-        const name_bytes = try self.allocator.alloc(u8, name_bytes_len);
-        defer self.allocator.free(name_bytes);
-        try reader.readNoEof(name_bytes);
+        const name_bytes_len = try reader.takeInt(u32, .little);
+        const name_bytes = try reader.readAlloc(gpa, name_bytes_len);
 
         const HashTableHeader = extern struct {
             size: u32,
@@ -175,23 +180,23 @@ pub fn parseInfoStream(self: *Pdb) !void {
                 return cap * 2 / 3 + 1;
             }
         };
-        const hash_tbl_hdr = try reader.readStruct(HashTableHeader);
+        const hash_tbl_hdr = try reader.takeStruct(HashTableHeader, .little);
         if (hash_tbl_hdr.capacity == 0)
             return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
 
         if (hash_tbl_hdr.size > HashTableHeader.maxLoad(hash_tbl_hdr.capacity))
             return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
 
-        const present = try readSparseBitVector(&reader, self.allocator);
-        defer self.allocator.free(present);
+        const present = try readSparseBitVector(reader, gpa);
+        defer gpa.free(present);
         if (present.len != hash_tbl_hdr.size)
             return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
-        const deleted = try readSparseBitVector(&reader, self.allocator);
-        defer self.allocator.free(deleted);
+        const deleted = try readSparseBitVector(reader, gpa);
+        defer gpa.free(deleted);
 
         for (present) |_| {
-            const name_offset = try reader.readInt(u32, .little);
-            const name_index = try reader.readInt(u32, .little);
+            const name_offset = try reader.takeInt(u32, .little);
+            const name_index = try reader.takeInt(u32, .little);
             if (name_offset > name_bytes.len)
                 return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
             const name = std.mem.sliceTo(name_bytes[name_offset..], 0);
@@ -233,6 +238,7 @@ pub fn getSymbolName(self: *Pdb, module: *Module, address: u64) ?[]const u8 {
 pub fn getLineNumberInfo(self: *Pdb, module: *Module, address: u64) !std.debug.SourceLocation {
     std.debug.assert(module.populated);
     const subsect_info = module.subsect_info;
+    const gpa = self.allocator;
 
     var sect_offset: usize = 0;
     var skip_len: usize = undefined;
@@ -287,7 +293,16 @@ pub fn getLineNumberInfo(self: *Pdb, module: *Module, address: u64) !std.debug.S
                             const chksum_hdr: *align(1) pdb.FileChecksumEntryHeader = @ptrCast(&module.subsect_info[subsect_index]);
                             const strtab_offset = @sizeOf(pdb.StringTableHeader) + chksum_hdr.file_name_offset;
                             try self.string_table.?.seekTo(strtab_offset);
-                            const source_file_name = try self.string_table.?.reader().readUntilDelimiterAlloc(self.allocator, 0, 1024);
+                            const source_file_name = s: {
+                                const string_reader = &self.string_table.?.interface;
+                                var source_file_name: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(gpa);
+                                defer source_file_name.deinit();
+                                _ = try string_reader.streamDelimiterLimit(&source_file_name.writer, 0, .limited(1024));
+                                assert(string_reader.buffered()[0] == 0); // TODO change streamDelimiterLimit API
+                                string_reader.toss(1);
+                                break :s try source_file_name.toOwnedSlice();
+                            };
+                            errdefer gpa.free(source_file_name);
 
                             const line_entry_idx = line_i - 1;
 
@@ -341,19 +356,16 @@ pub fn getModule(self: *Pdb, index: usize) !?*Module {
 
     const stream = self.getStreamById(mod.mod_info.module_sym_stream) orelse
         return error.MissingDebugInfo;
-    const reader = stream.reader();
+    const reader = &stream.interface;
 
-    const signature = try reader.readInt(u32, .little);
+    const signature = try reader.takeInt(u32, .little);
     if (signature != 4)
         return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
 
-    mod.symbols = try self.allocator.alloc(u8, mod.mod_info.sym_byte_size - 4);
-    errdefer self.allocator.free(mod.symbols);
-    try reader.readNoEof(mod.symbols);
+    const gpa = self.allocator;
 
-    mod.subsect_info = try self.allocator.alloc(u8, mod.mod_info.c13_byte_size);
-    errdefer self.allocator.free(mod.subsect_info);
-    try reader.readNoEof(mod.subsect_info);
+    mod.symbols = try reader.readAlloc(gpa, mod.mod_info.sym_byte_size - 4);
+    mod.subsect_info = try reader.readAlloc(gpa, mod.mod_info.c13_byte_size);
 
     var sect_offset: usize = 0;
     var skip_len: usize = undefined;
@@ -379,8 +391,7 @@ pub fn getModule(self: *Pdb, index: usize) !?*Module {
 }
 
 pub fn getStreamById(self: *Pdb, id: u32) ?*MsfStream {
-    if (id >= self.msf.streams.len)
-        return null;
+    if (id >= self.msf.streams.len) return null;
     return &self.msf.streams[id];
 }
 
@@ -394,17 +405,14 @@ const Msf = struct {
     directory: MsfStream,
     streams: []MsfStream,
 
-    fn init(allocator: Allocator, file: File) !Msf {
-        const in = file.deprecatedReader();
-
-        const superblock = try in.readStruct(pdb.SuperBlock);
+    fn init(gpa: Allocator, file_reader: *File.Reader) !Msf {
+        const superblock = try file_reader.interface.takeStruct(pdb.SuperBlock, .little);
 
-        // Sanity checks
         if (!std.mem.eql(u8, &superblock.file_magic, pdb.SuperBlock.expect_magic))
             return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
         if (superblock.free_block_map_block != 1 and superblock.free_block_map_block != 2)
             return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
-        const file_len = try file.getEndPos();
+        const file_len = try file_reader.getSize();
         if (superblock.num_blocks * superblock.block_size != file_len)
             return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
         switch (superblock.block_size) {
@@ -417,163 +425,182 @@ const Msf = struct {
         if (dir_block_count > superblock.block_size / @sizeOf(u32))
             return error.UnhandledBigDirectoryStream; // cf. BlockMapAddr comment.
 
-        try file.seekTo(superblock.block_size * superblock.block_map_addr);
-        const dir_blocks = try allocator.alloc(u32, dir_block_count);
+        try file_reader.seekTo(superblock.block_size * superblock.block_map_addr);
+        const dir_blocks = try gpa.alloc(u32, dir_block_count);
         for (dir_blocks) |*b| {
-            b.* = try in.readInt(u32, .little);
+            b.* = try file_reader.interface.takeInt(u32, .little);
         }
-        var directory = MsfStream.init(
-            superblock.block_size,
-            file,
-            dir_blocks,
-        );
+        var directory_buffer: [64]u8 = undefined;
+        var directory = MsfStream.init(superblock.block_size, file_reader, dir_blocks, &directory_buffer);
 
-        const begin = directory.pos;
-        const stream_count = try directory.reader().readInt(u32, .little);
-        const stream_sizes = try allocator.alloc(u32, stream_count);
-        defer allocator.free(stream_sizes);
+        const begin = directory.logicalPos();
+        const stream_count = try directory.interface.takeInt(u32, .little);
+        const stream_sizes = try gpa.alloc(u32, stream_count);
+        defer gpa.free(stream_sizes);
 
         // Microsoft's implementation uses @as(u32, -1) for inexistent streams.
         // These streams are not used, but still participate in the file
         // and must be taken into account when resolving stream indices.
-        const Nil = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+        const nil_size = 0xFFFFFFFF;
         for (stream_sizes) |*s| {
-            const size = try directory.reader().readInt(u32, .little);
-            s.* = if (size == Nil) 0 else blockCountFromSize(size, superblock.block_size);
+            const size = try directory.interface.takeInt(u32, .little);
+            s.* = if (size == nil_size) 0 else blockCountFromSize(size, superblock.block_size);
         }
 
-        const streams = try allocator.alloc(MsfStream, stream_count);
+        const streams = try gpa.alloc(MsfStream, stream_count);
+        errdefer gpa.free(streams);
+
         for (streams, 0..) |*stream, i| {
             const size = stream_sizes[i];
             if (size == 0) {
-                stream.* = MsfStream{
-                    .blocks = &[_]u32{},
-                };
+                stream.* = .empty;
             } else {
-                var blocks = try allocator.alloc(u32, size);
-                var j: u32 = 0;
-                while (j < size) : (j += 1) {
-                    const block_id = try directory.reader().readInt(u32, .little);
+                const blocks = try gpa.alloc(u32, size);
+                errdefer gpa.free(blocks);
+                for (blocks) |*block| {
+                    const block_id = try directory.interface.takeInt(u32, .little);
                     const n = (block_id % superblock.block_size);
                     // 0 is for pdb.SuperBlock, 1 and 2 for FPMs.
                     if (block_id == 0 or n == 1 or n == 2 or block_id * superblock.block_size > file_len)
                         return error.InvalidBlockIndex;
-                    blocks[j] = block_id;
+                    block.* = block_id;
                 }
-
-                stream.* = MsfStream.init(
-                    superblock.block_size,
-                    file,
-                    blocks,
-                );
+                const buffer = try gpa.alloc(u8, 64);
+                errdefer gpa.free(buffer);
+                stream.* = .init(superblock.block_size, file_reader, blocks, buffer);
             }
         }
 
-        const end = directory.pos;
+        const end = directory.logicalPos();
         if (end - begin != superblock.num_directory_bytes)
             return error.InvalidStreamDirectory;
 
-        return Msf{
+        return .{
             .directory = directory,
             .streams = streams,
         };
     }
 
-    fn deinit(self: *Msf, allocator: Allocator) void {
-        allocator.free(self.directory.blocks);
+    fn deinit(self: *Msf, gpa: Allocator) void {
+        gpa.free(self.directory.blocks);
         for (self.streams) |*stream| {
-            allocator.free(stream.blocks);
+            gpa.free(stream.interface.buffer);
+            gpa.free(stream.blocks);
         }
-        allocator.free(self.streams);
+        gpa.free(self.streams);
     }
 };
 
 const MsfStream = struct {
-    in_file: File = undefined,
-    pos: u64 = undefined,
-    blocks: []u32 = undefined,
-    block_size: u32 = undefined,
-
-    pub const Error = @typeInfo(@typeInfo(@TypeOf(read)).@"fn".return_type.?).error_union.error_set;
+    file_reader: *File.Reader,
+    next_read_pos: u64,
+    blocks: []u32,
+    block_size: u32,
+    interface: std.Io.Reader,
+    err: ?Error,
+
+    const Error = File.Reader.SeekError;
+
+    const empty: MsfStream = .{
+        .file_reader = undefined,
+        .next_read_pos = 0,
+        .blocks = &.{},
+        .block_size = undefined,
+        .interface = .ending_instance,
+        .err = null,
+    };
 
-    fn init(block_size: u32, file: File, blocks: []u32) MsfStream {
-        const stream = MsfStream{
-            .in_file = file,
-            .pos = 0,
+    fn init(block_size: u32, file_reader: *File.Reader, blocks: []u32, buffer: []u8) MsfStream {
+        return .{
+            .file_reader = file_reader,
+            .next_read_pos = 0,
             .blocks = blocks,
             .block_size = block_size,
+            .interface = .{
+                .vtable = &.{ .stream = stream },
+                .buffer = buffer,
+                .seek = 0,
+                .end = 0,
+            },
+            .err = null,
         };
-
-        return stream;
     }
 
-    fn read(self: *MsfStream, buffer: []u8) !usize {
-        var block_id = @as(usize, @intCast(self.pos / self.block_size));
-        if (block_id >= self.blocks.len) return 0; // End of Stream
-        var block = self.blocks[block_id];
-        var offset = self.pos % self.block_size;
+    fn stream(r: *std.Io.Reader, w: *std.Io.Writer, limit: std.Io.Limit) std.Io.Reader.StreamError!usize {
+        const ms: *MsfStream = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("interface", r));
 
-        try self.in_file.seekTo(block * self.block_size + offset);
-        const in = self.in_file.deprecatedReader();
+        var block_id: usize = @intCast(ms.next_read_pos / ms.block_size);
+        if (block_id >= ms.blocks.len) return error.EndOfStream;
+        var block = ms.blocks[block_id];
+        var offset = ms.next_read_pos % ms.block_size;
 
-        var size: usize = 0;
-        var rem_buffer = buffer;
-        while (size < buffer.len) {
-            const size_to_read = @min(self.block_size - offset, rem_buffer.len);
-            size += try in.read(rem_buffer[0..size_to_read]);
-            rem_buffer = buffer[size..];
-            offset += size_to_read;
+        ms.file_reader.seekTo(block * ms.block_size + offset) catch |err| {
+            ms.err = err;
+            return error.ReadFailed;
+        };
+
+        var remaining = @intFromEnum(limit);
+        while (remaining != 0) {
+            const stream_len: usize = @min(remaining, ms.block_size - offset);
+            const n = try ms.file_reader.interface.stream(w, .limited(stream_len));
+            remaining -= n;
+            offset += n;
 
             // If we're at the end of a block, go to the next one.
-            if (offset == self.block_size) {
+            if (offset == ms.block_size) {
                 offset = 0;
                 block_id += 1;
-                if (block_id >= self.blocks.len) break; // End of Stream
-                block = self.blocks[block_id];
-                try self.in_file.seekTo(block * self.block_size);
+                if (block_id >= ms.blocks.len) break; // End of Stream
+                block = ms.blocks[block_id];
+                ms.file_reader.seekTo(block * ms.block_size) catch |err| {
+                    ms.err = err;
+                    return error.ReadFailed;
+                };
             }
         }
 
-        self.pos += buffer.len;
-        return buffer.len;
+        const total = @intFromEnum(limit) - remaining;
+        ms.next_read_pos += total;
+        return total;
     }
 
-    pub fn seekBy(self: *MsfStream, len: i64) !void {
-        self.pos = @as(u64, @intCast(@as(i64, @intCast(self.pos)) + len));
-        if (self.pos >= self.blocks.len * self.block_size)
-            return error.EOF;
+    pub fn logicalPos(ms: *const MsfStream) u64 {
+        return ms.next_read_pos - ms.interface.bufferedLen();
     }
 
-    pub fn seekTo(self: *MsfStream, len: u64) !void {
-        self.pos = len;
-        if (self.pos >= self.blocks.len * self.block_size)
-            return error.EOF;
+    pub fn seekBy(ms: *MsfStream, len: i64) !void {
+        ms.next_read_pos = @as(u64, @intCast(@as(i64, @intCast(ms.logicalPos())) + len));
+        if (ms.next_read_pos >= ms.blocks.len * ms.block_size) return error.EOF;
+        ms.interface.tossBuffered();
     }
 
-    fn getSize(self: *const MsfStream) u64 {
-        return self.blocks.len * self.block_size;
+    pub fn seekTo(ms: *MsfStream, len: u64) !void {
+        ms.next_read_pos = len;
+        if (ms.next_read_pos >= ms.blocks.len * ms.block_size) return error.EOF;
+        ms.interface.tossBuffered();
     }
 
-    fn getFilePos(self: MsfStream) u64 {
-        const block_id = self.pos / self.block_size;
-        const block = self.blocks[block_id];
-        const offset = self.pos % self.block_size;
-
-        return block * self.block_size + offset;
+    fn getSize(ms: *const MsfStream) u64 {
+        return ms.blocks.len * ms.block_size;
     }
 
-    pub fn reader(self: *MsfStream) std.io.GenericReader(*MsfStream, Error, read) {
-        return .{ .context = self };
+    fn getFilePos(ms: *const MsfStream) u64 {
+        const pos = ms.logicalPos();
+        const block_id = pos / ms.block_size;
+        const block = ms.blocks[block_id];
+        const offset = pos % ms.block_size;
+
+        return block * ms.block_size + offset;
     }
 };
 
-fn readSparseBitVector(stream: anytype, allocator: Allocator) ![]u32 {
-    const num_words = try stream.readInt(u32, .little);
+fn readSparseBitVector(reader: *std.Io.Reader, allocator: Allocator) ![]u32 {
+    const num_words = try reader.takeInt(u32, .little);
     var list = std.array_list.Managed(u32).init(allocator);
     errdefer list.deinit();
     var word_i: u32 = 0;
     while (word_i != num_words) : (word_i += 1) {
-        const word = try stream.readInt(u32, .little);
+        const word = try reader.takeInt(u32, .little);
         var bit_i: u5 = 0;
         while (true) : (bit_i += 1) {
             if (word & (@as(u32, 1) << bit_i) != 0) {
diff --git a/lib/std/debug/SelfInfo.zig b/lib/std/debug/SelfInfo.zig
index 693643c59822..0a7a0f9a8049 100644
--- a/lib/std/debug/SelfInfo.zig
+++ b/lib/std/debug/SelfInfo.zig
@@ -713,22 +713,26 @@ pub const Module = switch (native_os) {
     },
     .uefi, .windows => struct {
         base_address: usize,
-        pdb: ?Pdb = null,
-        dwarf: ?Dwarf = null,
+        pdb: ?Pdb,
+        dwarf: ?Dwarf,
         coff_image_base: u64,
 
         /// Only used if pdb is non-null
         coff_section_headers: []coff.SectionHeader,
 
-        pub fn deinit(self: *@This(), allocator: Allocator) void {
+        pub fn deinit(self: *@This(), gpa: Allocator) void {
             if (self.dwarf) |*dwarf| {
-                dwarf.deinit(allocator);
+                dwarf.deinit(gpa);
             }
 
             if (self.pdb) |*p| {
+                gpa.free(p.file_reader.interface.buffer);
+                gpa.destroy(p.file_reader);
                 p.deinit();
-                allocator.free(self.coff_section_headers);
+                gpa.free(self.coff_section_headers);
             }
+
+            self.* = undefined;
         }
 
         fn getSymbolFromPdb(self: *@This(), relocated_address: usize) !?std.debug.Symbol {
@@ -970,23 +974,25 @@ fn readMachODebugInfo(allocator: Allocator, macho_file: File) !Module {
     };
 }
 
-fn readCoffDebugInfo(allocator: Allocator, coff_obj: *coff.Coff) !Module {
+fn readCoffDebugInfo(gpa: Allocator, coff_obj: *coff.Coff) !Module {
     nosuspend {
         var di: Module = .{
             .base_address = undefined,
             .coff_image_base = coff_obj.getImageBase(),
             .coff_section_headers = undefined,
+            .pdb = null,
+            .dwarf = null,
         };
 
         if (coff_obj.getSectionByName(".debug_info")) |_| {
             // This coff file has embedded DWARF debug info
             var sections: Dwarf.SectionArray = Dwarf.null_section_array;
-            errdefer for (sections) |section| if (section) |s| if (s.owned) allocator.free(s.data);
+            errdefer for (sections) |section| if (section) |s| if (s.owned) gpa.free(s.data);
 
             inline for (@typeInfo(Dwarf.Section.Id).@"enum".fields, 0..) |section, i| {
                 sections[i] = if (coff_obj.getSectionByName("." ++ section.name)) |section_header| blk: {
                     break :blk .{
-                        .data = try coff_obj.getSectionDataAlloc(section_header, allocator),
+                        .data = try coff_obj.getSectionDataAlloc(section_header, gpa),
                         .virtual_address = section_header.virtual_address,
                         .owned = true,
                     };
@@ -999,7 +1005,7 @@ fn readCoffDebugInfo(allocator: Allocator, coff_obj: *coff.Coff) !Module {
                 .is_macho = false,
             };
 
-            try Dwarf.open(&dwarf, allocator);
+            try Dwarf.open(&dwarf, gpa);
             di.dwarf = dwarf;
         }
 
@@ -1008,20 +1014,31 @@ fn readCoffDebugInfo(allocator: Allocator, coff_obj: *coff.Coff) !Module {
             if (fs.path.isAbsolute(raw_path)) {
                 break :blk raw_path;
             } else {
-                const self_dir = try fs.selfExeDirPathAlloc(allocator);
-                defer allocator.free(self_dir);
-                break :blk try fs.path.join(allocator, &.{ self_dir, raw_path });
+                const self_dir = try fs.selfExeDirPathAlloc(gpa);
+                defer gpa.free(self_dir);
+                break :blk try fs.path.join(gpa, &.{ self_dir, raw_path });
             }
         };
-        defer if (path.ptr != raw_path.ptr) allocator.free(path);
+        defer if (path.ptr != raw_path.ptr) gpa.free(path);
 
-        di.pdb = Pdb.init(allocator, path) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        const pdb_file = std.fs.cwd().openFile(path, .{}) catch |err| switch (err) {
             error.FileNotFound, error.IsDir => {
                 if (di.dwarf == null) return error.MissingDebugInfo;
                 return di;
             },
-            else => return err,
+            else => |e| return e,
         };
+        errdefer pdb_file.close();
+
+        const pdb_file_reader_buffer = try gpa.alloc(u8, 4096);
+        errdefer gpa.free(pdb_file_reader_buffer);
+
+        const pdb_file_reader = try gpa.create(File.Reader);
+        errdefer gpa.destroy(pdb_file_reader);
+
+        pdb_file_reader.* = pdb_file.reader(pdb_file_reader_buffer);
+
+        di.pdb = try Pdb.init(gpa, pdb_file_reader);
         try di.pdb.?.parseInfoStream();
         try di.pdb.?.parseDbiStream();
 
@@ -1029,8 +1046,8 @@ fn readCoffDebugInfo(allocator: Allocator, coff_obj: *coff.Coff) !Module {
             return error.InvalidDebugInfo;
 
         // Only used by the pdb path
-        di.coff_section_headers = try coff_obj.getSectionHeadersAlloc(allocator);
-        errdefer allocator.free(di.coff_section_headers);
+        di.coff_section_headers = try coff_obj.getSectionHeadersAlloc(gpa);
+        errdefer gpa.free(di.coff_section_headers);
 
         return di;
     }
diff --git a/lib/std/fs/File.zig b/lib/std/fs/File.zig
index 8da2112f8bb7..99825a87d12c 100644
--- a/lib/std/fs/File.zig
+++ b/lib/std/fs/File.zig
@@ -1097,14 +1097,6 @@ pub fn deprecatedReader(file: File) DeprecatedReader {
     return .{ .context = file };
 }
 
-/// Deprecated in favor of `Writer`.
-pub const DeprecatedWriter = io.GenericWriter(File, WriteError, write);
-
-/// Deprecated in favor of `Writer`.
-pub fn deprecatedWriter(file: File) DeprecatedWriter {
-    return .{ .context = file };
-}
-
 /// Memoizes key information about a file handle such as:
 /// * The size from calling stat, or the error that occurred therein.
 /// * The current seek position.
diff --git a/lib/std/json.zig b/lib/std/json.zig
index 52388f38ea08..e730cff89bfd 100644
--- a/lib/std/json.zig
+++ b/lib/std/json.zig
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //! The high-level `parseFromSlice` and `parseFromTokenSource` deserialize a JSON document into a Zig type.
 //! Parse into a dynamically-typed `Value` to load any JSON value for runtime inspection.
 //!
-//! The low-level `writeStream` emits syntax-conformant JSON tokens to a `std.io.GenericWriter`.
+//! The low-level `writeStream` emits syntax-conformant JSON tokens to a `std.Io.Writer`.
 //! The high-level `stringify` serializes a Zig or `Value` type into JSON.
 
 const builtin = @import("builtin");
diff --git a/lib/std/leb128.zig b/lib/std/leb128.zig
index 0de97011fdbd..d3dd231e3d1b 100644
--- a/lib/std/leb128.zig
+++ b/lib/std/leb128.zig
@@ -33,28 +33,6 @@ pub fn readUleb128(comptime T: type, reader: anytype) !T {
     return @as(T, @truncate(value));
 }
 
-/// Write a single unsigned integer as unsigned LEB128 to the given writer.
-pub fn writeUleb128(writer: anytype, arg: anytype) !void {
-    const Arg = @TypeOf(arg);
-    const Int = switch (Arg) {
-        comptime_int => std.math.IntFittingRange(arg, arg),
-        else => Arg,
-    };
-    const Value = if (@typeInfo(Int).int.bits < 8) u8 else Int;
-    var value: Value = arg;
-
-    while (true) {
-        const byte: u8 = @truncate(value & 0x7f);
-        value >>= 7;
-        if (value == 0) {
-            try writer.writeByte(byte);
-            break;
-        } else {
-            try writer.writeByte(byte | 0x80);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Read a single signed LEB128 value from the given reader as type T,
 /// or error.Overflow if the value cannot fit.
 pub fn readIleb128(comptime T: type, reader: anytype) !T {
@@ -374,84 +352,3 @@ test "deserialize unsigned LEB128" {
     // Decode sequence of ULEB128 values
     try test_read_uleb128_seq(u64, 4, "\x81\x01\x3f\x80\x7f\x80\x80\x80\x00");
 }
-
-fn test_write_leb128(value: anytype) !void {
-    const T = @TypeOf(value);
-    const signedness = @typeInfo(T).int.signedness;
-    const t_signed = signedness == .signed;
-
-    const writeStream = if (t_signed) writeIleb128 else writeUleb128;
-    const readStream = if (t_signed) readIleb128 else readUleb128;
-
-    // decode to a larger bit size too, to ensure sign extension
-    // is working as expected
-    const larger_type_bits = ((@typeInfo(T).int.bits + 8) / 8) * 8;
-    const B = std.meta.Int(signedness, larger_type_bits);
-
-    const bytes_needed = bn: {
-        if (@typeInfo(T).int.bits <= 7) break :bn @as(u16, 1);
-
-        const unused_bits = if (value < 0) @clz(~value) else @clz(value);
-        const used_bits: u16 = (@typeInfo(T).int.bits - unused_bits) + @intFromBool(t_signed);
-        if (used_bits <= 7) break :bn @as(u16, 1);
-        break :bn ((used_bits + 6) / 7);
-    };
-
-    const max_groups = if (@typeInfo(T).int.bits == 0) 1 else (@typeInfo(T).int.bits + 6) / 7;
-
-    var buf: [max_groups]u8 = undefined;
-    var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&buf);
-
-    // stream write
-    try writeStream(fbs.writer(), value);
-    const w1_pos = fbs.pos;
-    try testing.expect(w1_pos == bytes_needed);
-
-    // stream read
-    fbs.pos = 0;
-    const sr = try readStream(T, fbs.reader());
-    try testing.expect(fbs.pos == w1_pos);
-    try testing.expect(sr == value);
-
-    // bigger type stream read
-    fbs.pos = 0;
-    const bsr = try readStream(B, fbs.reader());
-    try testing.expect(fbs.pos == w1_pos);
-    try testing.expect(bsr == value);
-}
-
-test "serialize unsigned LEB128" {
-    if (builtin.cpu.arch == .x86 and builtin.abi == .musl and builtin.link_mode == .dynamic) return error.SkipZigTest;
-
-    const max_bits = 18;
-
-    comptime var t = 0;
-    inline while (t <= max_bits) : (t += 1) {
-        const T = std.meta.Int(.unsigned, t);
-        const min = std.math.minInt(T);
-        const max = std.math.maxInt(T);
-        var i = @as(std.meta.Int(.unsigned, @typeInfo(T).int.bits + 1), min);
-
-        while (i <= max) : (i += 1) try test_write_leb128(@as(T, @intCast(i)));
-    }
-}
-
-test "serialize signed LEB128" {
-    if (builtin.cpu.arch == .x86 and builtin.abi == .musl and builtin.link_mode == .dynamic) return error.SkipZigTest;
-
-    // explicitly test i0 because starting `t` at 0
-    // will break the while loop
-    try test_write_leb128(@as(i0, 0));
-
-    const max_bits = 18;
-
-    comptime var t = 1;
-    inline while (t <= max_bits) : (t += 1) {
-        const T = std.meta.Int(.signed, t);
-        const min = std.math.minInt(T);
-        const max = std.math.maxInt(T);
-        var i = @as(std.meta.Int(.signed, @typeInfo(T).int.bits + 1), min);
-
-        while (i <= max) : (i += 1) try test_write_leb128(@as(T, @intCast(i)));
-    }
-}
diff --git a/lib/std/macho.zig b/lib/std/macho.zig
index 75aa91e5361d..a1d23d8b18a9 100644
--- a/lib/std/macho.zig
+++ b/lib/std/macho.zig
@@ -1883,10 +1883,8 @@ pub const GenericBlob = extern struct {
 pub const data_in_code_entry = extern struct {
     /// From mach_header to start of data range.
     offset: u32,
-
     /// Number of bytes in data range.
     length: u16,
-
     /// A DICE_KIND value.
     kind: u16,
 };
diff --git a/lib/std/posix/test.zig b/lib/std/posix/test.zig
index 55a53518d974..6c18999d4bb7 100644
--- a/lib/std/posix/test.zig
+++ b/lib/std/posix/test.zig
@@ -683,11 +683,11 @@ test "mmap" {
         const file = try tmp.dir.createFile(test_out_file, .{});
         defer file.close();
 
-        const stream = file.deprecatedWriter();
+        var stream = file.writer(&.{});
 
         var i: u32 = 0;
         while (i < alloc_size / @sizeOf(u32)) : (i += 1) {
-            try stream.writeInt(u32, i, .little);
+            try stream.interface.writeInt(u32, i, .little);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/lib/std/tz.zig b/lib/std/tz.zig
index bff010143954..32b23ddaefa1 100644
--- a/lib/std/tz.zig
+++ b/lib/std/tz.zig
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
-const std = @import("std.zig");
+//! The Time Zone Information Format (TZif)
+//! https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8536
+
 const builtin = @import("builtin");
 
+const std = @import("std.zig");
+const Reader = std.Io.Reader;
+const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
+
 pub const Transition = struct {
     ts: i64,
     timetype: *Timetype,
@@ -34,7 +40,7 @@ pub const Leapsecond = struct {
 };
 
 pub const Tz = struct {
-    allocator: std.mem.Allocator,
+    allocator: Allocator,
     transitions: []const Transition,
     timetypes: []const Timetype,
     leapseconds: []const Leapsecond,
@@ -54,34 +60,30 @@ pub const Tz = struct {
         },
     };
 
-    pub fn parse(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, reader: anytype) !Tz {
-        var legacy_header = try reader.readStruct(Header);
+    pub fn parse(allocator: Allocator, reader: *Reader) !Tz {
+        const legacy_header = try reader.takeStruct(Header, .big);
         if (!std.mem.eql(u8, &legacy_header.magic, "TZif")) return error.BadHeader;
-        if (legacy_header.version != 0 and legacy_header.version != '2' and legacy_header.version != '3') return error.BadVersion;
-
-        if (builtin.target.cpu.arch.endian() != std.builtin.Endian.big) {
-            std.mem.byteSwapAllFields(@TypeOf(legacy_header.counts), &legacy_header.counts);
-        }
+        if (legacy_header.version != 0 and legacy_header.version != '2' and legacy_header.version != '3')
+            return error.BadVersion;
 
-        if (legacy_header.version == 0) {
+        if (legacy_header.version == 0)
             return parseBlock(allocator, reader, legacy_header, true);
-        } else {
-            // If the format is modern, just skip over the legacy data
-            const skipv = legacy_header.counts.timecnt * 5 + legacy_header.counts.typecnt * 6 + legacy_header.counts.charcnt + legacy_header.counts.leapcnt * 8 + legacy_header.counts.isstdcnt + legacy_header.counts.isutcnt;
-            try reader.skipBytes(skipv, .{});
-
-            var header = try reader.readStruct(Header);
-            if (!std.mem.eql(u8, &header.magic, "TZif")) return error.BadHeader;
-            if (header.version != '2' and header.version != '3') return error.BadVersion;
-            if (builtin.target.cpu.arch.endian() != std.builtin.Endian.big) {
-                std.mem.byteSwapAllFields(@TypeOf(header.counts), &header.counts);
-            }
 
-            return parseBlock(allocator, reader, header, false);
-        }
+        // If the format is modern, just skip over the legacy data
+        const skip_n = legacy_header.counts.timecnt * 5 +
+            legacy_header.counts.typecnt * 6 +
+            legacy_header.counts.charcnt + legacy_header.counts.leapcnt * 8 +
+            legacy_header.counts.isstdcnt + legacy_header.counts.isutcnt;
+        try reader.discardAll(skip_n);
+
+        var header = try reader.takeStruct(Header, .big);
+        if (!std.mem.eql(u8, &header.magic, "TZif")) return error.BadHeader;
+        if (header.version != '2' and header.version != '3') return error.BadVersion;
+
+        return parseBlock(allocator, reader, header, false);
     }
 
-    fn parseBlock(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, reader: anytype, header: Header, legacy: bool) !Tz {
+    fn parseBlock(allocator: Allocator, reader: *Reader, header: Header, legacy: bool) !Tz {
         if (header.counts.isstdcnt != 0 and header.counts.isstdcnt != header.counts.typecnt) return error.Malformed; // rfc8536: isstdcnt [...] MUST either be zero or equal to "typecnt"
         if (header.counts.isutcnt != 0 and header.counts.isutcnt != header.counts.typecnt) return error.Malformed; // rfc8536: isutcnt [...] MUST either be zero or equal to "typecnt"
         if (header.counts.typecnt == 0) return error.Malformed; // rfc8536: typecnt [...] MUST NOT be zero
@@ -98,12 +100,12 @@ pub const Tz = struct {
         // Parse transition types
         var i: usize = 0;
         while (i < header.counts.timecnt) : (i += 1) {
-            transitions[i].ts = if (legacy) try reader.readInt(i32, .big) else try reader.readInt(i64, .big);
+            transitions[i].ts = if (legacy) try reader.takeInt(i32, .big) else try reader.takeInt(i64, .big);
         }
 
         i = 0;
         while (i < header.counts.timecnt) : (i += 1) {
-            const tt = try reader.readByte();
+            const tt = try reader.takeByte();
             if (tt >= timetypes.len) return error.Malformed; // rfc8536: Each type index MUST be in the range [0, "typecnt" - 1]
             transitions[i].timetype = &timetypes[tt];
         }
@@ -111,11 +113,11 @@ pub const Tz = struct {
         // Parse time types
         i = 0;
         while (i < header.counts.typecnt) : (i += 1) {
-            const offset = try reader.readInt(i32, .big);
+            const offset = try reader.takeInt(i32, .big);
             if (offset < -2147483648) return error.Malformed; // rfc8536: utoff [...] MUST NOT be -2**31
-            const dst = try reader.readByte();
+            const dst = try reader.takeByte();
             if (dst != 0 and dst != 1) return error.Malformed; // rfc8536: (is)dst [...] The value MUST be 0 or 1.
-            const idx = try reader.readByte();
+            const idx = try reader.takeByte();
             if (idx > header.counts.charcnt - 1) return error.Malformed; // rfc8536: (desig)idx [...] Each index MUST be in the range [0, "charcnt" - 1]
             timetypes[i] = .{
                 .offset = offset,
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ pub const Tz = struct {
         }
 
         var designators_data: [256 + 6]u8 = undefined;
-        try reader.readNoEof(designators_data[0..header.counts.charcnt]);
+        try reader.readSliceAll(designators_data[0..header.counts.charcnt]);
         const designators = designators_data[0..header.counts.charcnt];
         if (designators[designators.len - 1] != 0) return error.Malformed; // rfc8536: charcnt [...] includes the trailing NUL (0x00) octet
 
@@ -144,12 +146,12 @@ pub const Tz = struct {
         // Parse leap seconds
         i = 0;
         while (i < header.counts.leapcnt) : (i += 1) {
-            const occur: i64 = if (legacy) try reader.readInt(i32, .big) else try reader.readInt(i64, .big);
+            const occur: i64 = if (legacy) try reader.takeInt(i32, .big) else try reader.takeInt(i64, .big);
             if (occur < 0) return error.Malformed; // rfc8536: occur [...] MUST be nonnegative
             if (i > 0 and leapseconds[i - 1].occurrence + 2419199 > occur) return error.Malformed; // rfc8536: occur [...] each later value MUST be at least 2419199 greater than the previous value
             if (occur > std.math.maxInt(i48)) return error.Malformed; // Unreasonably far into the future
 
-            const corr = try reader.readInt(i32, .big);
+            const corr = try reader.takeInt(i32, .big);
             if (i == 0 and corr != -1 and corr != 1) return error.Malformed; // rfc8536: The correction value in the first leap-second record, if present, MUST be either one (1) or minus one (-1)
             if (i > 0 and leapseconds[i - 1].correction != corr + 1 and leapseconds[i - 1].correction != corr - 1) return error.Malformed; // rfc8536: The correction values in adjacent leap-second records MUST differ by exactly one (1)
             if (corr > std.math.maxInt(i16)) return error.Malformed; // Unreasonably large correction
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@ pub const Tz = struct {
         // Parse standard/wall indicators
         i = 0;
         while (i < header.counts.isstdcnt) : (i += 1) {
-            const stdtime = try reader.readByte();
+            const stdtime = try reader.takeByte();
             if (stdtime == 1) {
                 timetypes[i].flags |= 0x02;
             }
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@ pub const Tz = struct {
         // Parse UT/local indicators
         i = 0;
         while (i < header.counts.isutcnt) : (i += 1) {
-            const ut = try reader.readByte();
+            const ut = try reader.takeByte();
             if (ut == 1) {
                 timetypes[i].flags |= 0x04;
                 if (!timetypes[i].standardTimeIndicator()) return error.Malformed; // rfc8536: standard/wall value MUST be one (1) if the UT/local value is one (1)
@@ -182,9 +184,8 @@ pub const Tz = struct {
         // Footer
         var footer: ?[]u8 = null;
         if (!legacy) {
-            if ((try reader.readByte()) != '\n') return error.Malformed; // An rfc8536 footer must start with a newline
-            var footerdata_buf: [128]u8 = undefined;
-            const footer_mem = reader.readUntilDelimiter(&footerdata_buf, '\n') catch |err| switch (err) {
+            if ((try reader.takeByte()) != '\n') return error.Malformed; // An rfc8536 footer must start with a newline
+            const footer_mem = reader.takeSentinel('\n') catch |err| switch (err) {
                 error.StreamTooLong => return error.OverlargeFooter, // Read more than 128 bytes, much larger than any reasonable POSIX TZ string
                 else => return err,
             };
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@ pub const Tz = struct {
         }
         errdefer if (footer) |ft| allocator.free(ft);
 
-        return Tz{
+        return .{
             .allocator = allocator,
             .transitions = transitions,
             .timetypes = timetypes,
@@ -215,9 +216,9 @@ pub const Tz = struct {
 
 test "slim" {
     const data = @embedFile("tz/asia_tokyo.tzif");
-    var in_stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(data);
+    var in_stream: Reader = .fixed(data);
 
-    var tz = try std.Tz.parse(std.testing.allocator, in_stream.reader());
+    var tz = try std.Tz.parse(std.testing.allocator, &in_stream);
     defer tz.deinit();
 
     try std.testing.expectEqual(tz.transitions.len, 9);
@@ -228,9 +229,9 @@ test "slim" {
 
 test "fat" {
     const data = @embedFile("tz/antarctica_davis.tzif");
-    var in_stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(data);
+    var in_stream: Reader = .fixed(data);
 
-    var tz = try std.Tz.parse(std.testing.allocator, in_stream.reader());
+    var tz = try std.Tz.parse(std.testing.allocator, &in_stream);
     defer tz.deinit();
 
     try std.testing.expectEqual(tz.transitions.len, 8);
@@ -241,9 +242,9 @@ test "fat" {
 test "legacy" {
     // Taken from Slackware 8.0, from 2001
     const data = @embedFile("tz/europe_vatican.tzif");
-    var in_stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(data);
+    var in_stream: Reader = .fixed(data);
 
-    var tz = try std.Tz.parse(std.testing.allocator, in_stream.reader());
+    var tz = try std.Tz.parse(std.testing.allocator, &in_stream);
     defer tz.deinit();
 
     try std.testing.expectEqual(tz.transitions.len, 170);
diff --git a/src/Compilation.zig b/src/Compilation.zig
index 4d5e7d9eef83..6c917b79c46e 100644
--- a/src/Compilation.zig
+++ b/src/Compilation.zig
@@ -5893,15 +5893,16 @@ fn buildGlibcCrtFile(comp: *Compilation, crt_file: glibc.CrtFile, prog_node: std
 
 fn buildGlibcSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) void {
     defer comp.link_task_queue.finishPrelinkItem(comp);
-    if (glibc.buildSharedObjects(comp, prog_node)) |_| {
-        // The job should no longer be queued up since it succeeded.
-        comp.queued_jobs.glibc_shared_objects = false;
-    } else |err| switch (err) {
-        error.AlreadyReported => return,
-        else => comp.lockAndSetMiscFailure(.glibc_shared_objects, "unable to build glibc shared objects: {s}", .{
-            @errorName(err),
-        }),
-    }
+    glibc.buildSharedObjects(comp, prog_node) catch unreachable;
+    //if (glibc.buildSharedObjects(comp, prog_node)) |_| {
+    //    // The job should no longer be queued up since it succeeded.
+    //    comp.queued_jobs.glibc_shared_objects = false;
+    //} else |err| switch (err) {
+    //    error.AlreadyReported => return,
+    //    else => comp.lockAndSetMiscFailure(.glibc_shared_objects, "unable to build glibc shared objects: {s}", .{
+    //        @errorName(err),
+    //    }),
+    //}
 }
 
 fn buildFreeBSDCrtFile(comp: *Compilation, crt_file: freebsd.CrtFile, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) void {
diff --git a/src/IncrementalDebugServer.zig b/src/IncrementalDebugServer.zig
index e5fcb714241f..358b1a4327ad 100644
--- a/src/IncrementalDebugServer.zig
+++ b/src/IncrementalDebugServer.zig
@@ -76,7 +76,9 @@ fn runThread(ids: *IncrementalDebugServer) void {
                 ids.mutex.lock();
             }
             defer ids.mutex.unlock();
-            handleCommand(ids.zcu, &text_out, cmd, arg) catch @panic("IncrementalDebugServer: out of memory");
+            var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(gpa, &text_out);
+            defer text_out = allocating.toArrayList();
+            handleCommand(ids.zcu, &allocating.writer, cmd, arg) catch @panic("IncrementalDebugServer: out of memory");
         }
         text_out.append(gpa, '\n') catch @panic("IncrementalDebugServer: out of memory");
         conn.stream.writeAll(text_out.items) catch @panic("IncrementalDebugServer: failed to write");
@@ -119,10 +121,8 @@ const help_str: []const u8 =
     \\
 ;
 
-fn handleCommand(zcu: *Zcu, output: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), cmd_str: []const u8, arg_str: []const u8) Allocator.Error!void {
+fn handleCommand(zcu: *Zcu, w: *std.Io.Writer, cmd_str: []const u8, arg_str: []const u8) error{ WriteFailed, OutOfMemory }!void {
     const ip = &zcu.intern_pool;
-    const gpa = zcu.gpa;
-    const w = output.writer(gpa);
     if (std.mem.eql(u8, cmd_str, "help")) {
         try w.writeAll(help_str);
     } else if (std.mem.eql(u8, cmd_str, "summary")) {
diff --git a/src/Package/Fetch.zig b/src/Package/Fetch.zig
index 5972b0bf96a0..499d908c66a4 100644
--- a/src/Package/Fetch.zig
+++ b/src/Package/Fetch.zig
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ pub const JobQueue = struct {
 
             const hash_slice = hash.toSlice();
 
-            try buf.writer().print(
+            try buf.print(
                 \\    pub const {f} = struct {{
                 \\
             , .{std.zig.fmtId(hash_slice)});
@@ -226,13 +226,13 @@ pub const JobQueue = struct {
                 }
             }
 
-            try buf.writer().print(
+            try buf.print(
                 \\        pub const build_root = "{f}";
                 \\
             , .{std.fmt.alt(fetch.package_root, .formatEscapeString)});
 
             if (fetch.has_build_zig) {
-                try buf.writer().print(
+                try buf.print(
                     \\        pub const build_zig = @import("{f}");
                     \\
                 , .{std.zig.fmtString(hash_slice)});
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ pub const JobQueue = struct {
                 );
                 for (manifest.dependencies.keys(), manifest.dependencies.values()) |name, dep| {
                     const h = depDigest(fetch.package_root, jq.global_cache, dep) orelse continue;
-                    try buf.writer().print(
+                    try buf.print(
                         "            .{{ \"{f}\", \"{f}\" }},\n",
                         .{ std.zig.fmtString(name), std.zig.fmtString(h.toSlice()) },
                     );
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ pub const JobQueue = struct {
 
         for (root_manifest.dependencies.keys(), root_manifest.dependencies.values()) |name, dep| {
             const h = depDigest(root_fetch.package_root, jq.global_cache, dep) orelse continue;
-            try buf.writer().print(
+            try buf.print(
                 "    .{{ \"{f}\", \"{f}\" }},\n",
                 .{ std.zig.fmtString(name), std.zig.fmtString(h.toSlice()) },
             );
diff --git a/src/arch/riscv64/Emit.zig b/src/arch/riscv64/Emit.zig
index fd8afa677be9..2e72aff94107 100644
--- a/src/arch/riscv64/Emit.zig
+++ b/src/arch/riscv64/Emit.zig
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub fn emitMir(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
         var lowered_relocs = lowered.relocs;
         for (lowered.insts, 0..) |lowered_inst, lowered_index| {
             const start_offset: u32 = @intCast(emit.code.items.len);
-            try lowered_inst.encode(emit.code.writer(gpa));
+            std.mem.writeInt(u32, try emit.code.addManyAsArray(gpa, 4), lowered_inst.toU32(), .little);
 
             while (lowered_relocs.len > 0 and
                 lowered_relocs[0].lowered_inst_index == lowered_index) : ({
diff --git a/src/arch/riscv64/encoding.zig b/src/arch/riscv64/encoding.zig
index 3ff497a1eaa8..109e1d08f8ce 100644
--- a/src/arch/riscv64/encoding.zig
+++ b/src/arch/riscv64/encoding.zig
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ pub const Instruction = union(Lir.Format) {
         };
     }
 
-    pub fn encode(inst: Instruction, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn encode(inst: Instruction, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         try writer.writeInt(u32, inst.toU32(), .little);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/arch/wasm/Emit.zig b/src/arch/wasm/Emit.zig
index d97aebe5534a..272d5519a6ff 100644
--- a/src/arch/wasm/Emit.zig
+++ b/src/arch/wasm/Emit.zig
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ const Emit = @This();
 const std = @import("std");
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
 const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
-const leb = std.leb;
+const ArrayList = std.ArrayList;
 
 const Wasm = link.File.Wasm;
 const Mir = @import("Mir.zig");
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ const codegen = @import("../../codegen.zig");
 mir: Mir,
 wasm: *Wasm,
 /// The binary representation that will be emitted by this module.
-code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+code: *ArrayList(u8),
 
 pub const Error = error{
     OutOfMemory,
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
             if (is_obj) {
                 @panic("TODO");
             } else {
-                leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), 1 + @intFromEnum(indirect_func_idx)) catch unreachable;
+                writeUleb128(code, 1 + @intFromEnum(indirect_func_idx));
             }
             inst += 1;
             continue :loop tags[inst];
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
             code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i32_const));
             // MIR is lowered during flush, so there is indeed only one thread at this time.
             const errors_len = 1 + comp.zcu.?.intern_pool.global_error_set.getNamesFromMainThread().len;
-            leb.writeIleb128(code.fixedWriter(), errors_len) catch unreachable;
+            writeSleb128(code, errors_len);
 
             inst += 1;
             continue :loop tags[inst];
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
                 continue :loop tags[inst];
             } else {
                 const addr: u32 = wasm.errorNameTableAddr();
-                leb.writeIleb128(code.fixedWriter(), addr) catch unreachable;
+                writeSleb128(code, addr);
 
                 inst += 1;
                 continue :loop tags[inst];
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
         .br_if, .br, .memory_grow, .memory_size => {
             try code.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 11);
             code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(tags[inst]));
-            leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), datas[inst].label) catch unreachable;
+            writeUleb128(code, datas[inst].label);
 
             inst += 1;
             continue :loop tags[inst];
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
         .local_get, .local_set, .local_tee => {
             try code.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 11);
             code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(tags[inst]));
-            leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), datas[inst].local) catch unreachable;
+            writeUleb128(code, datas[inst].local);
 
             inst += 1;
             continue :loop tags[inst];
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
             try code.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 11 + 10 * labels.len);
             code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.br_table));
             // -1 because default label is not part of length/depth.
-            leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), extra.data.length - 1) catch unreachable;
-            for (labels) |label| leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), label) catch unreachable;
+            writeUleb128(code, extra.data.length - 1);
+            for (labels) |label| writeUleb128(code, label);
 
             inst += 1;
             continue :loop tags[inst];
@@ -199,9 +199,9 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
                 code.appendNTimesAssumeCapacity(0, 5);
             } else {
                 const index: Wasm.Flush.FuncTypeIndex = .fromTypeIndex(func_ty_index, &wasm.flush_buffer);
-                leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @intFromEnum(index)) catch unreachable;
+                writeUleb128(code, @intFromEnum(index));
             }
-            leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @as(u32, 0)) catch unreachable; // table index
+            writeUleb128(code, @as(u32, 0)); // table index
 
             inst += 1;
             continue :loop tags[inst];
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
                 code.appendNTimesAssumeCapacity(0, 5);
             } else {
                 const sp_global: Wasm.GlobalIndex = .stack_pointer;
-                std.leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @intFromEnum(sp_global)) catch unreachable;
+                writeUleb128(code, @intFromEnum(sp_global));
             }
 
             inst += 1;
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
         .i32_const => {
             try code.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 6);
             code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i32_const));
-            leb.writeIleb128(code.fixedWriter(), datas[inst].imm32) catch unreachable;
+            writeSleb128(code, datas[inst].imm32);
 
             inst += 1;
             continue :loop tags[inst];
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
             try code.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 11);
             code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i64_const));
             const int64: i64 = @bitCast(mir.extraData(Mir.Imm64, datas[inst].payload).data.toInt());
-            leb.writeIleb128(code.fixedWriter(), int64) catch unreachable;
+            writeSleb128(code, int64);
 
             inst += 1;
             continue :loop tags[inst];
@@ -476,33 +476,33 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
             const extra_index = datas[inst].payload;
             const opcode = mir.extra[extra_index];
             code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.misc_prefix));
-            leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), opcode) catch unreachable;
+            writeUleb128(code, opcode);
             switch (@as(std.wasm.MiscOpcode, @enumFromInt(opcode))) {
                 // bulk-memory opcodes
                 .data_drop => {
                     const segment = mir.extra[extra_index + 1];
-                    leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), segment) catch unreachable;
+                    writeUleb128(code, segment);
 
                     inst += 1;
                     continue :loop tags[inst];
                 },
                 .memory_init => {
                     const segment = mir.extra[extra_index + 1];
-                    leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), segment) catch unreachable;
-                    leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @as(u32, 0)) catch unreachable; // memory index
+                    writeUleb128(code, segment);
+                    writeUleb128(code, @as(u32, 0)); // memory index
 
                     inst += 1;
                     continue :loop tags[inst];
                 },
                 .memory_fill => {
-                    leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @as(u32, 0)) catch unreachable; // memory index
+                    writeUleb128(code, @as(u32, 0)); // memory index
 
                     inst += 1;
                     continue :loop tags[inst];
                 },
                 .memory_copy => {
-                    leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @as(u32, 0)) catch unreachable; // dst memory index
-                    leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @as(u32, 0)) catch unreachable; // src memory index
+                    writeUleb128(code, @as(u32, 0)); // dst memory index
+                    writeUleb128(code, @as(u32, 0)); // src memory index
 
                     inst += 1;
                     continue :loop tags[inst];
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
             const extra_index = datas[inst].payload;
             const opcode = mir.extra[extra_index];
             code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.simd_prefix));
-            leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), opcode) catch unreachable;
+            writeUleb128(code, opcode);
             switch (@as(std.wasm.SimdOpcode, @enumFromInt(opcode))) {
                 .v128_store,
                 .v128_load,
@@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
             const extra_index = datas[inst].payload;
             const opcode = mir.extra[extra_index];
             code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.atomics_prefix));
-            leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), opcode) catch unreachable;
+            writeUleb128(code, opcode);
             switch (@as(std.wasm.AtomicsOpcode, @enumFromInt(opcode))) {
                 .i32_atomic_load,
                 .i64_atomic_load,
@@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
                     // Hard-codes memory index 0 since multi-memory proposal is
                     // not yet accepted nor implemented.
                     const memory_index: u32 = 0;
-                    leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), memory_index) catch unreachable;
+                    writeUleb128(code, memory_index);
                     inst += 1;
                     continue :loop tags[inst];
                 },
@@ -915,15 +915,15 @@ pub fn lowerToCode(emit: *Emit) Error!void {
 }
 
 /// Asserts 20 unused capacity.
-fn encodeMemArg(code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), mem_arg: Mir.MemArg) void {
+fn encodeMemArg(code: *ArrayList(u8), mem_arg: Mir.MemArg) void {
     assert(code.unusedCapacitySlice().len >= 20);
     // Wasm encodes alignment as power of 2, rather than natural alignment.
     const encoded_alignment = @ctz(mem_arg.alignment);
-    leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), encoded_alignment) catch unreachable;
-    leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), mem_arg.offset) catch unreachable;
+    writeUleb128(code, encoded_alignment);
+    writeUleb128(code, mem_arg.offset);
 }
 
-fn uavRefObj(wasm: *Wasm, code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), value: InternPool.Index, offset: i32, is_wasm32: bool) !void {
+fn uavRefObj(wasm: *Wasm, code: *ArrayList(u8), value: InternPool.Index, offset: i32, is_wasm32: bool) !void {
     const comp = wasm.base.comp;
     const gpa = comp.gpa;
     const opcode: std.wasm.Opcode = if (is_wasm32) .i32_const else .i64_const;
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ fn uavRefObj(wasm: *Wasm, code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), value: InternPool.I
     code.appendNTimesAssumeCapacity(0, if (is_wasm32) 5 else 10);
 }
 
-fn uavRefExe(wasm: *Wasm, code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), value: InternPool.Index, offset: i32, is_wasm32: bool) !void {
+fn uavRefExe(wasm: *Wasm, code: *ArrayList(u8), value: InternPool.Index, offset: i32, is_wasm32: bool) !void {
     const comp = wasm.base.comp;
     const gpa = comp.gpa;
     const opcode: std.wasm.Opcode = if (is_wasm32) .i32_const else .i64_const;
@@ -949,10 +949,10 @@ fn uavRefExe(wasm: *Wasm, code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), value: InternPool.I
     code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(opcode));
 
     const addr = wasm.uavAddr(value);
-    leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @as(u32, @intCast(@as(i64, addr) + offset))) catch unreachable;
+    writeUleb128(code, @as(u32, @intCast(@as(i64, addr) + offset)));
 }
 
-fn navRefOff(wasm: *Wasm, code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), data: Mir.NavRefOff, is_wasm32: bool) !void {
+fn navRefOff(wasm: *Wasm, code: *ArrayList(u8), data: Mir.NavRefOff, is_wasm32: bool) !void {
     const comp = wasm.base.comp;
     const zcu = comp.zcu.?;
     const ip = &zcu.intern_pool;
@@ -975,10 +975,22 @@ fn navRefOff(wasm: *Wasm, code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), data: Mir.NavRefOff
         code.appendNTimesAssumeCapacity(0, if (is_wasm32) 5 else 10);
     } else {
         const addr = wasm.navAddr(data.nav_index);
-        leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @as(u32, @intCast(@as(i64, addr) + data.offset))) catch unreachable;
+        writeUleb128(code, @as(u32, @intCast(@as(i64, addr) + data.offset)));
     }
 }
 
-fn appendOutputFunctionIndex(code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), i: Wasm.OutputFunctionIndex) void {
-    leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @intFromEnum(i)) catch unreachable;
+fn appendOutputFunctionIndex(code: *ArrayList(u8), i: Wasm.OutputFunctionIndex) void {
+    writeUleb128(code, @intFromEnum(i));
+}
+
+fn writeUleb128(code: *ArrayList(u8), arg: anytype) void {
+    var w: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(code.unusedCapacitySlice());
+    w.writeUleb128(arg) catch unreachable;
+    code.items.len += w.end;
+}
+
+fn writeSleb128(code: *ArrayList(u8), arg: anytype) void {
+    var w: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(code.unusedCapacitySlice());
+    w.writeSleb128(arg) catch unreachable;
+    code.items.len += w.end;
 }
diff --git a/src/arch/wasm/Mir.zig b/src/arch/wasm/Mir.zig
index 98b263951f23..af6e0eb40b59 100644
--- a/src/arch/wasm/Mir.zig
+++ b/src/arch/wasm/Mir.zig
@@ -675,10 +675,13 @@ pub fn lower(mir: *const Mir, wasm: *Wasm, code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) st
     // Write the locals in the prologue of the function body.
     try code.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 5 + mir.locals.len * 6 + 38);
 
-    std.leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @as(u32, @intCast(mir.locals.len))) catch unreachable;
+    var w: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(code.unusedCapacitySlice());
+
+    w.writeLeb128(@as(u32, @intCast(mir.locals.len))) catch unreachable;
+
     for (mir.locals) |local| {
-        std.leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @as(u32, 1)) catch unreachable;
-        code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(local));
+        w.writeLeb128(@as(u32, 1)) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeByte(@intFromEnum(local)) catch unreachable;
     }
 
     // Stack management section of function prologue.
@@ -686,33 +689,35 @@ pub fn lower(mir: *const Mir, wasm: *Wasm, code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) st
     if (stack_alignment.toByteUnits()) |align_bytes| {
         const sp_global: Wasm.GlobalIndex = .stack_pointer;
         // load stack pointer
-        code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.global_get));
-        std.leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @intFromEnum(sp_global)) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.global_get)) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeUleb128(@intFromEnum(sp_global)) catch unreachable;
         // store stack pointer so we can restore it when we return from the function
-        code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.local_tee));
-        leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), mir.prologue.sp_local) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.local_tee)) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeUleb128(mir.prologue.sp_local) catch unreachable;
         // get the total stack size
         const aligned_stack: i32 = @intCast(stack_alignment.forward(mir.prologue.stack_size));
-        code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i32_const));
-        leb.writeIleb128(code.fixedWriter(), aligned_stack) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i32_const)) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeSleb128(aligned_stack) catch unreachable;
         // subtract it from the current stack pointer
-        code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i32_sub));
+        w.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i32_sub)) catch unreachable;
         // Get negative stack alignment
         const neg_stack_align = @as(i32, @intCast(align_bytes)) * -1;
-        code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i32_const));
-        leb.writeIleb128(code.fixedWriter(), neg_stack_align) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i32_const)) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeSleb128(neg_stack_align) catch unreachable;
         // Bitwise-and the value to get the new stack pointer to ensure the
         // pointers are aligned with the abi alignment.
-        code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i32_and));
+        w.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i32_and)) catch unreachable;
         // The bottom will be used to calculate all stack pointer offsets.
-        code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.local_tee));
-        leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), mir.prologue.bottom_stack_local) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.local_tee)) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeUleb128(mir.prologue.bottom_stack_local) catch unreachable;
         // Store the current stack pointer value into the global stack pointer so other function calls will
         // start from this value instead and not overwrite the current stack.
-        code.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.global_set));
-        std.leb.writeUleb128(code.fixedWriter(), @intFromEnum(sp_global)) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.global_set)) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeUleb128(@intFromEnum(sp_global)) catch unreachable;
     }
 
+    code.items.len += w.end;
+
     var emit: Emit = .{
         .mir = mir.*,
         .wasm = wasm,
diff --git a/src/codegen.zig b/src/codegen.zig
index 91ce034966e9..56e6e7c99fb3 100644
--- a/src/codegen.zig
+++ b/src/codegen.zig
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ const link = @import("link.zig");
 const log = std.log.scoped(.codegen);
 const mem = std.mem;
 const math = std.math;
+const ArrayList = std.ArrayList;
 const target_util = @import("target.zig");
 const trace = @import("tracy.zig").trace;
 
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ pub fn emitFunction(
     src_loc: Zcu.LazySrcLoc,
     func_index: InternPool.Index,
     any_mir: *const AnyMir,
-    code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    code: *ArrayList(u8),
     debug_output: link.File.DebugInfoOutput,
 ) CodeGenError!void {
     const zcu = pt.zcu;
@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@ pub fn generateLazyFunction(
     pt: Zcu.PerThread,
     src_loc: Zcu.LazySrcLoc,
     lazy_sym: link.File.LazySymbol,
-    code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    code: *ArrayList(u8),
     debug_output: link.File.DebugInfoOutput,
 ) CodeGenError!void {
     const zcu = pt.zcu;
@@ -236,7 +237,7 @@ pub fn generateLazySymbol(
     lazy_sym: link.File.LazySymbol,
     // TODO don't use an "out" parameter like this; put it in the result instead
     alignment: *Alignment,
-    code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    code: *ArrayList(u8),
     debug_output: link.File.DebugInfoOutput,
     reloc_parent: link.File.RelocInfo.Parent,
 ) CodeGenError!void {
@@ -311,7 +312,7 @@ pub fn generateSymbol(
     pt: Zcu.PerThread,
     src_loc: Zcu.LazySrcLoc,
     val: Value,
-    code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    code: *ArrayList(u8),
     reloc_parent: link.File.RelocInfo.Parent,
 ) GenerateSymbolError!void {
     const tracy = trace(@src());
@@ -379,7 +380,7 @@ pub fn generateSymbol(
         },
         .err => |err| {
             const int = try pt.getErrorValue(err.name);
-            try code.writer(gpa).writeInt(u16, @intCast(int), endian);
+            mem.writeInt(u16, try code.addManyAsArray(gpa, 2), @intCast(int), endian);
         },
         .error_union => |error_union| {
             const payload_ty = ty.errorUnionPayload(zcu);
@@ -389,7 +390,7 @@ pub fn generateSymbol(
             };
 
             if (!payload_ty.hasRuntimeBitsIgnoreComptime(zcu)) {
-                try code.writer(gpa).writeInt(u16, err_val, endian);
+                mem.writeInt(u16, try code.addManyAsArray(gpa, 2), err_val, endian);
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -399,7 +400,7 @@ pub fn generateSymbol(
 
             // error value first when its type is larger than the error union's payload
             if (error_align.order(payload_align) == .gt) {
-                try code.writer(gpa).writeInt(u16, err_val, endian);
+                mem.writeInt(u16, try code.addManyAsArray(gpa, 2), err_val, endian);
             }
 
             // emit payload part of the error union
@@ -421,7 +422,7 @@ pub fn generateSymbol(
             // Payload size is larger than error set, so emit our error set last
             if (error_align.compare(.lte, payload_align)) {
                 const begin = code.items.len;
-                try code.writer(gpa).writeInt(u16, err_val, endian);
+                mem.writeInt(u16, try code.addManyAsArray(gpa, 2), err_val, endian);
                 const unpadded_end = code.items.len - begin;
                 const padded_end = abi_align.forward(unpadded_end);
                 const padding = math.cast(usize, padded_end - unpadded_end) orelse return error.Overflow;
@@ -476,7 +477,7 @@ pub fn generateSymbol(
                     }));
                     try generateSymbol(bin_file, pt, src_loc, value, code, reloc_parent);
                 }
-                try code.writer(gpa).writeByte(@intFromBool(payload_val != null));
+                try code.append(gpa, @intFromBool(payload_val != null));
                 try code.appendNTimes(gpa, 0, padding);
             }
         },
@@ -721,7 +722,7 @@ fn lowerPtr(
     pt: Zcu.PerThread,
     src_loc: Zcu.LazySrcLoc,
     ptr_val: InternPool.Index,
-    code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    code: *ArrayList(u8),
     reloc_parent: link.File.RelocInfo.Parent,
     prev_offset: u64,
 ) GenerateSymbolError!void {
@@ -774,7 +775,7 @@ fn lowerUavRef(
     pt: Zcu.PerThread,
     src_loc: Zcu.LazySrcLoc,
     uav: InternPool.Key.Ptr.BaseAddr.Uav,
-    code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    code: *ArrayList(u8),
     reloc_parent: link.File.RelocInfo.Parent,
     offset: u64,
 ) GenerateSymbolError!void {
@@ -834,7 +835,7 @@ fn lowerNavRef(
     lf: *link.File,
     pt: Zcu.PerThread,
     nav_index: InternPool.Nav.Index,
-    code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    code: *ArrayList(u8),
     reloc_parent: link.File.RelocInfo.Parent,
     offset: u64,
 ) GenerateSymbolError!void {
diff --git a/src/libs/freebsd.zig b/src/libs/freebsd.zig
index 48d17bd5f655..2315964a50b5 100644
--- a/src/libs/freebsd.zig
+++ b/src/libs/freebsd.zig
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
     {
         var map_contents = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(arena);
         for (metadata.all_versions[0 .. target_ver_index + 1]) |ver| {
-            try map_contents.writer().print("FBSD_{d}.{d} {{ }};\n", .{ ver.major, ver.minor });
+            try map_contents.print("FBSD_{d}.{d} {{ }};\n", .{ ver.major, ver.minor });
         }
         try o_directory.handle.writeFile(.{ .sub_path = all_map_basename, .data = map_contents.items });
         map_contents.deinit();
@@ -524,20 +524,17 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
     for (libs, 0..) |lib, lib_i| {
         stubs_asm.shrinkRetainingCapacity(0);
 
-        const stubs_writer = stubs_asm.writer();
-
-        try stubs_writer.writeAll(".text\n");
+        try stubs_asm.appendSlice(".text\n");
 
         var sym_i: usize = 0;
-        var sym_name_buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(arena);
+        var sym_name_buf: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(arena);
         var opt_symbol_name: ?[]const u8 = null;
         var versions = try std.DynamicBitSetUnmanaged.initEmpty(arena, metadata.all_versions.len);
         var weak_linkages = try std.DynamicBitSetUnmanaged.initEmpty(arena, metadata.all_versions.len);
 
-        var inc_fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(metadata.inclusions);
-        var inc_reader = inc_fbs.reader();
+        var inc_reader: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(metadata.inclusions);
 
-        const fn_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.readInt(u16, .little);
+        const fn_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.takeInt(u16, .little);
 
         // Pick the default symbol version:
         // - If there are no versions, don't emit it
@@ -550,19 +547,21 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
         while (sym_i < fn_inclusions_len) : (sym_i += 1) {
             const sym_name = opt_symbol_name orelse n: {
                 sym_name_buf.clearRetainingCapacity();
-                try inc_reader.streamUntilDelimiter(sym_name_buf.writer(), 0, null);
+                _ = try inc_reader.streamDelimiter(&sym_name_buf.writer, 0);
+                assert(inc_reader.buffered()[0] == 0); // TODO change streamDelimiter API
+                inc_reader.toss(1);
 
-                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.items;
+                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.written();
                 versions.unsetAll();
                 weak_linkages.unsetAll();
                 chosen_def_ver_index = 255;
                 chosen_unversioned_ver_index = 255;
 
-                break :n sym_name_buf.items;
+                break :n sym_name_buf.written();
             };
             {
-                const targets = try std.leb.readUleb128(u64, inc_reader);
-                var lib_index = try inc_reader.readByte();
+                const targets = try inc_reader.takeLeb128(u64);
+                var lib_index = try inc_reader.takeByte();
 
                 const is_unversioned = (lib_index & (1 << 5)) != 0;
                 const is_weak = (lib_index & (1 << 6)) != 0;
@@ -576,7 +575,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                     ((targets & (@as(u64, 1) << @as(u6, @intCast(target_targ_index)))) != 0);
 
                 while (true) {
-                    const byte = try inc_reader.readByte();
+                    const byte = try inc_reader.takeByte();
                     const last = (byte & 0b1000_0000) != 0;
                     const ver_i = @as(u7, @truncate(byte));
                     if (ok_lib_and_target and ver_i <= target_ver_index) {
@@ -608,7 +607,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                 // .globl _Exit
                 // .type _Exit, %function
                 // _Exit: .long 0
-                try stubs_writer.print(
+                try stubs_asm.print(
                     \\.balign {d}
                     \\.{s} {s}
                     \\.type {s}, %function
@@ -640,7 +639,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                         .{ sym_name, ver.major, ver.minor },
                     );
 
-                    try stubs_writer.print(
+                    try stubs_asm.print(
                         \\.balign {d}
                         \\.{s} {s}
                         \\.type {s}, %function
@@ -665,14 +664,14 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
             }
         }
 
-        try stubs_writer.writeAll(".data\n");
+        try stubs_asm.appendSlice(".data\n");
 
         // FreeBSD's `libc.so.7` contains strong references to `__progname` and `environ` which are
         // defined in the statically-linked startup code. Those references cause the linker to put
         // the symbols in the dynamic symbol table. We need to create dummy references to them here
         // to get the same effect.
         if (std.mem.eql(u8, lib.name, "c")) {
-            try stubs_writer.print(
+            try stubs_asm.print(
                 \\.balign {d}
                 \\.globl __progname
                 \\.globl environ
@@ -686,7 +685,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
             });
         }
 
-        const obj_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.readInt(u16, .little);
+        const obj_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.takeInt(u16, .little);
 
         var sizes = try arena.alloc(u16, metadata.all_versions.len);
 
@@ -696,21 +695,23 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
         while (sym_i < obj_inclusions_len) : (sym_i += 1) {
             const sym_name = opt_symbol_name orelse n: {
                 sym_name_buf.clearRetainingCapacity();
-                try inc_reader.streamUntilDelimiter(sym_name_buf.writer(), 0, null);
+                _ = try inc_reader.streamDelimiter(&sym_name_buf.writer, 0);
+                assert(inc_reader.buffered()[0] == 0); // TODO change streamDelimiter API
+                inc_reader.toss(1);
 
-                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.items;
+                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.written();
                 versions.unsetAll();
                 weak_linkages.unsetAll();
                 chosen_def_ver_index = 255;
                 chosen_unversioned_ver_index = 255;
 
-                break :n sym_name_buf.items;
+                break :n sym_name_buf.written();
             };
 
             {
-                const targets = try std.leb.readUleb128(u64, inc_reader);
-                const size = try std.leb.readUleb128(u16, inc_reader);
-                var lib_index = try inc_reader.readByte();
+                const targets = try inc_reader.takeLeb128(u64);
+                const size = try inc_reader.takeLeb128(u16);
+                var lib_index = try inc_reader.takeByte();
 
                 const is_unversioned = (lib_index & (1 << 5)) != 0;
                 const is_weak = (lib_index & (1 << 6)) != 0;
@@ -724,7 +725,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                     ((targets & (@as(u64, 1) << @as(u6, @intCast(target_targ_index)))) != 0);
 
                 while (true) {
-                    const byte = try inc_reader.readByte();
+                    const byte = try inc_reader.takeByte();
                     const last = (byte & 0b1000_0000) != 0;
                     const ver_i = @as(u7, @truncate(byte));
                     if (ok_lib_and_target and ver_i <= target_ver_index) {
@@ -758,7 +759,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                 // .type malloc_conf, %object
                 // .size malloc_conf, 4
                 // malloc_conf: .fill 4, 1, 0
-                try stubs_writer.print(
+                try stubs_asm.print(
                     \\.balign {d}
                     \\.{s} {s}
                     \\.type {s}, %object
@@ -794,7 +795,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                         .{ sym_name, ver.major, ver.minor },
                     );
 
-                    try stubs_asm.writer().print(
+                    try stubs_asm.print(
                         \\.balign {d}
                         \\.{s} {s}
                         \\.type {s}, %object
@@ -822,9 +823,9 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
             }
         }
 
-        try stubs_writer.writeAll(".tdata\n");
+        try stubs_asm.appendSlice(".tdata\n");
 
-        const tls_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.readInt(u16, .little);
+        const tls_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.takeInt(u16, .little);
 
         sym_i = 0;
         opt_symbol_name = null;
@@ -832,21 +833,23 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
         while (sym_i < tls_inclusions_len) : (sym_i += 1) {
             const sym_name = opt_symbol_name orelse n: {
                 sym_name_buf.clearRetainingCapacity();
-                try inc_reader.streamUntilDelimiter(sym_name_buf.writer(), 0, null);
+                _ = try inc_reader.streamDelimiter(&sym_name_buf.writer, 0);
+                assert(inc_reader.buffered()[0] == 0); // TODO change streamDelimiter API
+                inc_reader.toss(1);
 
-                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.items;
+                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.written();
                 versions.unsetAll();
                 weak_linkages.unsetAll();
                 chosen_def_ver_index = 255;
                 chosen_unversioned_ver_index = 255;
 
-                break :n sym_name_buf.items;
+                break :n sym_name_buf.written();
             };
 
             {
-                const targets = try std.leb.readUleb128(u64, inc_reader);
-                const size = try std.leb.readUleb128(u16, inc_reader);
-                var lib_index = try inc_reader.readByte();
+                const targets = try inc_reader.takeLeb128(u64);
+                const size = try inc_reader.takeLeb128(u16);
+                var lib_index = try inc_reader.takeByte();
 
                 const is_unversioned = (lib_index & (1 << 5)) != 0;
                 const is_weak = (lib_index & (1 << 6)) != 0;
@@ -860,7 +863,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                     ((targets & (@as(u64, 1) << @as(u6, @intCast(target_targ_index)))) != 0);
 
                 while (true) {
-                    const byte = try inc_reader.readByte();
+                    const byte = try inc_reader.takeByte();
                     const last = (byte & 0b1000_0000) != 0;
                     const ver_i = @as(u7, @truncate(byte));
                     if (ok_lib_and_target and ver_i <= target_ver_index) {
@@ -894,7 +897,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                 // .type _ThreadRuneLocale, %object
                 // .size _ThreadRuneLocale, 4
                 // _ThreadRuneLocale: .fill 4, 1, 0
-                try stubs_writer.print(
+                try stubs_asm.print(
                     \\.balign {d}
                     \\.{s} {s}
                     \\.type {s}, %tls_object
@@ -930,7 +933,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                         .{ sym_name, ver.major, ver.minor },
                     );
 
-                    try stubs_writer.print(
+                    try stubs_asm.print(
                         \\.balign {d}
                         \\.{s} {s}
                         \\.type {s}, %tls_object
diff --git a/src/libs/glibc.zig b/src/libs/glibc.zig
index b228ad60ad54..4d3ee15bec22 100644
--- a/src/libs/glibc.zig
+++ b/src/libs/glibc.zig
@@ -752,9 +752,9 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
         var map_contents = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(arena);
         for (metadata.all_versions[0 .. target_ver_index + 1]) |ver| {
             if (ver.patch == 0) {
-                try map_contents.writer().print("GLIBC_{d}.{d} {{ }};\n", .{ ver.major, ver.minor });
+                try map_contents.print("GLIBC_{d}.{d} {{ }};\n", .{ ver.major, ver.minor });
             } else {
-                try map_contents.writer().print("GLIBC_{d}.{d}.{d} {{ }};\n", .{ ver.major, ver.minor, ver.patch });
+                try map_contents.print("GLIBC_{d}.{d}.{d} {{ }};\n", .{ ver.major, ver.minor, ver.patch });
             }
         }
         try o_directory.handle.writeFile(.{ .sub_path = all_map_basename, .data = map_contents.items });
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
         try stubs_asm.appendSlice(".text\n");
 
         var sym_i: usize = 0;
-        var sym_name_buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(arena);
+        var sym_name_buf: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(arena);
         var opt_symbol_name: ?[]const u8 = null;
         var versions_buffer: [32]u8 = undefined;
         var versions_len: usize = undefined;
@@ -794,24 +794,25 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
         // twice, which causes a "duplicate symbol" assembler error.
         var versions_written = std.AutoArrayHashMap(Version, void).init(arena);
 
-        var inc_fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(metadata.inclusions);
-        var inc_reader = inc_fbs.reader();
+        var inc_reader: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(metadata.inclusions);
 
-        const fn_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.readInt(u16, .little);
+        const fn_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.takeInt(u16, .little);
 
         while (sym_i < fn_inclusions_len) : (sym_i += 1) {
             const sym_name = opt_symbol_name orelse n: {
                 sym_name_buf.clearRetainingCapacity();
-                try inc_reader.streamUntilDelimiter(sym_name_buf.writer(), 0, null);
+                _ = try inc_reader.streamDelimiter(&sym_name_buf.writer, 0);
+                assert(inc_reader.buffered()[0] == 0); // TODO change streamDelimiter API
+                inc_reader.toss(1);
 
-                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.items;
+                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.written();
                 versions_buffer = undefined;
                 versions_len = 0;
 
-                break :n sym_name_buf.items;
+                break :n sym_name_buf.written();
             };
-            const targets = try std.leb.readUleb128(u64, inc_reader);
-            var lib_index = try inc_reader.readByte();
+            const targets = try inc_reader.takeLeb128(u64);
+            var lib_index = try inc_reader.takeByte();
 
             const is_terminal = (lib_index & (1 << 7)) != 0;
             if (is_terminal) {
@@ -825,7 +826,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                 ((targets & (@as(u64, 1) << @as(u6, @intCast(target_targ_index)))) != 0);
 
             while (true) {
-                const byte = try inc_reader.readByte();
+                const byte = try inc_reader.takeByte();
                 const last = (byte & 0b1000_0000) != 0;
                 const ver_i = @as(u7, @truncate(byte));
                 if (ok_lib_and_target and ver_i <= target_ver_index) {
@@ -880,7 +881,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                             "{s}_{d}_{d}",
                             .{ sym_name, ver.major, ver.minor },
                         );
-                        try stubs_asm.writer().print(
+                        try stubs_asm.print(
                             \\.balign {d}
                             \\.globl {s}
                             \\.type {s}, %function
@@ -905,7 +906,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                             "{s}_{d}_{d}_{d}",
                             .{ sym_name, ver.major, ver.minor, ver.patch },
                         );
-                        try stubs_asm.writer().print(
+                        try stubs_asm.print(
                             \\.balign {d}
                             \\.globl {s}
                             \\.type {s}, %function
@@ -950,7 +951,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
         // versions where the symbol didn't exist. We only care about modern glibc versions, so use
         // a strong reference.
         if (std.mem.eql(u8, lib.name, "c")) {
-            try stubs_asm.writer().print(
+            try stubs_asm.print(
                 \\.balign {d}
                 \\.globl _IO_stdin_used
                 \\{s} _IO_stdin_used
@@ -963,7 +964,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
 
         try stubs_asm.appendSlice(".data\n");
 
-        const obj_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.readInt(u16, .little);
+        const obj_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.takeInt(u16, .little);
 
         var sizes = try arena.alloc(u16, metadata.all_versions.len);
 
@@ -974,17 +975,19 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
         while (sym_i < obj_inclusions_len) : (sym_i += 1) {
             const sym_name = opt_symbol_name orelse n: {
                 sym_name_buf.clearRetainingCapacity();
-                try inc_reader.streamUntilDelimiter(sym_name_buf.writer(), 0, null);
+                _ = try inc_reader.streamDelimiter(&sym_name_buf.writer, 0);
+                assert(inc_reader.buffered()[0] == 0); // TODO change streamDelimiter API
+                inc_reader.toss(1);
 
-                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.items;
+                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.written();
                 versions_buffer = undefined;
                 versions_len = 0;
 
-                break :n sym_name_buf.items;
+                break :n sym_name_buf.written();
             };
-            const targets = try std.leb.readUleb128(u64, inc_reader);
-            const size = try std.leb.readUleb128(u16, inc_reader);
-            var lib_index = try inc_reader.readByte();
+            const targets = try inc_reader.takeLeb128(u64);
+            const size = try inc_reader.takeLeb128(u16);
+            var lib_index = try inc_reader.takeByte();
 
             const is_terminal = (lib_index & (1 << 7)) != 0;
             if (is_terminal) {
@@ -998,7 +1001,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                 ((targets & (@as(u64, 1) << @as(u6, @intCast(target_targ_index)))) != 0);
 
             while (true) {
-                const byte = try inc_reader.readByte();
+                const byte = try inc_reader.takeByte();
                 const last = (byte & 0b1000_0000) != 0;
                 const ver_i = @as(u7, @truncate(byte));
                 if (ok_lib_and_target and ver_i <= target_ver_index) {
@@ -1055,7 +1058,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                             "{s}_{d}_{d}",
                             .{ sym_name, ver.major, ver.minor },
                         );
-                        try stubs_asm.writer().print(
+                        try stubs_asm.print(
                             \\.balign {d}
                             \\.globl {s}
                             \\.type {s}, %object
@@ -1083,7 +1086,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                             "{s}_{d}_{d}_{d}",
                             .{ sym_name, ver.major, ver.minor, ver.patch },
                         );
-                        try stubs_asm.writer().print(
+                        try stubs_asm.print(
                             \\.balign {d}
                             \\.globl {s}
                             \\.type {s}, %object
diff --git a/src/libs/mingw.zig b/src/libs/mingw.zig
index bf234191a91a..3f4db34baa5d 100644
--- a/src/libs/mingw.zig
+++ b/src/libs/mingw.zig
@@ -304,9 +304,8 @@ pub fn buildImportLib(comp: *Compilation, lib_name: []const u8) !void {
     const include_dir = try comp.dirs.zig_lib.join(arena, &.{ "libc", "mingw", "def-include" });
 
     if (comp.verbose_cc) print: {
-        std.debug.lockStdErr();
-        defer std.debug.unlockStdErr();
-        const stderr = std.fs.File.stderr().deprecatedWriter();
+        var stderr = std.debug.lockStderrWriter(&.{});
+        defer std.debug.unlockStderrWriter();
         nosuspend stderr.print("def file: {s}\n", .{def_file_path}) catch break :print;
         nosuspend stderr.print("include dir: {s}\n", .{include_dir}) catch break :print;
         nosuspend stderr.print("output path: {s}\n", .{def_final_path}) catch break :print;
@@ -335,7 +334,10 @@ pub fn buildImportLib(comp: *Compilation, lib_name: []const u8) !void {
         // new scope to ensure definition file is written before passing the path to WriteImportLibrary
         const def_final_file = try o_dir.createFile(final_def_basename, .{ .truncate = true });
         defer def_final_file.close();
-        try pp.prettyPrintTokens(def_final_file.deprecatedWriter(), .result_only);
+        var buffer: [1024]u8 = undefined;
+        var def_final_file_writer = def_final_file.writer(&buffer);
+        try pp.prettyPrintTokens(&def_final_file_writer.interface, .result_only);
+        try def_final_file_writer.interface.flush();
     }
 
     const lib_final_path = try std.fs.path.join(gpa, &.{ "o", &digest, final_lib_basename });
@@ -410,9 +412,9 @@ fn findDef(
         // Try the archtecture-specific path first.
         const fmt_path = "libc" ++ s ++ "mingw" ++ s ++ "{s}" ++ s ++ "{s}.def";
         if (zig_lib_directory.path) |p| {
-            try override_path.writer().print("{s}" ++ s ++ fmt_path, .{ p, lib_path, lib_name });
+            try override_path.print("{s}" ++ s ++ fmt_path, .{ p, lib_path, lib_name });
         } else {
-            try override_path.writer().print(fmt_path, .{ lib_path, lib_name });
+            try override_path.print(fmt_path, .{ lib_path, lib_name });
         }
         if (std.fs.cwd().access(override_path.items, .{})) |_| {
             return override_path.toOwnedSlice();
@@ -427,9 +429,9 @@ fn findDef(
         override_path.shrinkRetainingCapacity(0);
         const fmt_path = "libc" ++ s ++ "mingw" ++ s ++ "lib-common" ++ s ++ "{s}.def";
         if (zig_lib_directory.path) |p| {
-            try override_path.writer().print("{s}" ++ s ++ fmt_path, .{ p, lib_name });
+            try override_path.print("{s}" ++ s ++ fmt_path, .{ p, lib_name });
         } else {
-            try override_path.writer().print(fmt_path, .{lib_name});
+            try override_path.print(fmt_path, .{lib_name});
         }
         if (std.fs.cwd().access(override_path.items, .{})) |_| {
             return override_path.toOwnedSlice();
@@ -444,9 +446,9 @@ fn findDef(
         override_path.shrinkRetainingCapacity(0);
         const fmt_path = "libc" ++ s ++ "mingw" ++ s ++ "lib-common" ++ s ++ "{s}.def.in";
         if (zig_lib_directory.path) |p| {
-            try override_path.writer().print("{s}" ++ s ++ fmt_path, .{ p, lib_name });
+            try override_path.print("{s}" ++ s ++ fmt_path, .{ p, lib_name });
         } else {
-            try override_path.writer().print(fmt_path, .{lib_name});
+            try override_path.print(fmt_path, .{lib_name});
         }
         if (std.fs.cwd().access(override_path.items, .{})) |_| {
             return override_path.toOwnedSlice();
diff --git a/src/libs/musl.zig b/src/libs/musl.zig
index 9c10e71e1e8a..ba9693a6c3a3 100644
--- a/src/libs/musl.zig
+++ b/src/libs/musl.zig
@@ -140,21 +140,21 @@ pub fn buildCrtFile(comp: *Compilation, in_crt_file: CrtFile, prog_node: std.Pro
                 if (!is_arch_specific) {
                     // Look for an arch specific override.
                     override_path.shrinkRetainingCapacity(0);
-                    try override_path.writer().print("{s}" ++ s ++ "{s}" ++ s ++ "{s}.s", .{
+                    try override_path.print("{s}" ++ s ++ "{s}" ++ s ++ "{s}.s", .{
                         dirname, arch_name, noextbasename,
                     });
                     if (source_table.contains(override_path.items))
                         continue;
 
                     override_path.shrinkRetainingCapacity(0);
-                    try override_path.writer().print("{s}" ++ s ++ "{s}" ++ s ++ "{s}.S", .{
+                    try override_path.print("{s}" ++ s ++ "{s}" ++ s ++ "{s}.S", .{
                         dirname, arch_name, noextbasename,
                     });
                     if (source_table.contains(override_path.items))
                         continue;
 
                     override_path.shrinkRetainingCapacity(0);
-                    try override_path.writer().print("{s}" ++ s ++ "{s}" ++ s ++ "{s}.c", .{
+                    try override_path.print("{s}" ++ s ++ "{s}" ++ s ++ "{s}.c", .{
                         dirname, arch_name, noextbasename,
                     });
                     if (source_table.contains(override_path.items))
diff --git a/src/libs/netbsd.zig b/src/libs/netbsd.zig
index 04aa4ccfeb4b..e47bdce3af7d 100644
--- a/src/libs/netbsd.zig
+++ b/src/libs/netbsd.zig
@@ -460,18 +460,15 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
     for (libs, 0..) |lib, lib_i| {
         stubs_asm.shrinkRetainingCapacity(0);
 
-        const stubs_writer = stubs_asm.writer();
-
-        try stubs_writer.writeAll(".text\n");
+        try stubs_asm.appendSlice(".text\n");
 
         var sym_i: usize = 0;
-        var sym_name_buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(arena);
+        var sym_name_buf: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(arena);
         var opt_symbol_name: ?[]const u8 = null;
 
-        var inc_fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(metadata.inclusions);
-        var inc_reader = inc_fbs.reader();
+        var inc_reader: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(metadata.inclusions);
 
-        const fn_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.readInt(u16, .little);
+        const fn_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.takeInt(u16, .little);
 
         var chosen_ver_index: usize = 255;
         var chosen_is_weak: bool = undefined;
@@ -479,17 +476,19 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
         while (sym_i < fn_inclusions_len) : (sym_i += 1) {
             const sym_name = opt_symbol_name orelse n: {
                 sym_name_buf.clearRetainingCapacity();
-                try inc_reader.streamUntilDelimiter(sym_name_buf.writer(), 0, null);
+                _ = try inc_reader.streamDelimiter(&sym_name_buf.writer, 0);
+                assert(inc_reader.buffered()[0] == 0); // TODO change streamDelimiter API
+                inc_reader.toss(1);
 
-                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.items;
+                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.written();
                 chosen_ver_index = 255;
 
-                break :n sym_name_buf.items;
+                break :n sym_name_buf.written();
             };
 
             {
-                const targets = try std.leb.readUleb128(u64, inc_reader);
-                var lib_index = try inc_reader.readByte();
+                const targets = try inc_reader.takeLeb128(u64);
+                var lib_index = try inc_reader.takeByte();
 
                 const is_weak = (lib_index & (1 << 6)) != 0;
                 const is_terminal = (lib_index & (1 << 7)) != 0;
@@ -502,7 +501,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                     ((targets & (@as(u64, 1) << @as(u6, @intCast(target_targ_index)))) != 0);
 
                 while (true) {
-                    const byte = try inc_reader.readByte();
+                    const byte = try inc_reader.takeByte();
                     const last = (byte & 0b1000_0000) != 0;
                     const ver_i = @as(u7, @truncate(byte));
                     if (ok_lib_and_target and ver_i <= target_ver_index and
@@ -525,7 +524,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                 // .globl _Exit
                 // .type _Exit, %function
                 // _Exit: .long 0
-                try stubs_writer.print(
+                try stubs_asm.print(
                     \\.balign {d}
                     \\.{s} {s}
                     \\.type {s}, %function
@@ -542,9 +541,9 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
             }
         }
 
-        try stubs_writer.writeAll(".data\n");
+        try stubs_asm.appendSlice(".data\n");
 
-        const obj_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.readInt(u16, .little);
+        const obj_inclusions_len = try inc_reader.takeInt(u16, .little);
 
         sym_i = 0;
         opt_symbol_name = null;
@@ -554,18 +553,20 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
         while (sym_i < obj_inclusions_len) : (sym_i += 1) {
             const sym_name = opt_symbol_name orelse n: {
                 sym_name_buf.clearRetainingCapacity();
-                try inc_reader.streamUntilDelimiter(sym_name_buf.writer(), 0, null);
+                _ = try inc_reader.streamDelimiter(&sym_name_buf.writer, 0);
+                assert(inc_reader.buffered()[0] == 0); // TODO change streamDelimiter API
+                inc_reader.toss(1);
 
-                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.items;
+                opt_symbol_name = sym_name_buf.written();
                 chosen_ver_index = 255;
 
-                break :n sym_name_buf.items;
+                break :n sym_name_buf.written();
             };
 
             {
-                const targets = try std.leb.readUleb128(u64, inc_reader);
-                const size = try std.leb.readUleb128(u16, inc_reader);
-                var lib_index = try inc_reader.readByte();
+                const targets = try inc_reader.takeLeb128(u64);
+                const size = try inc_reader.takeLeb128(u16);
+                var lib_index = try inc_reader.takeByte();
 
                 const is_weak = (lib_index & (1 << 6)) != 0;
                 const is_terminal = (lib_index & (1 << 7)) != 0;
@@ -578,7 +579,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                     ((targets & (@as(u64, 1) << @as(u6, @intCast(target_targ_index)))) != 0);
 
                 while (true) {
-                    const byte = try inc_reader.readByte();
+                    const byte = try inc_reader.takeByte();
                     const last = (byte & 0b1000_0000) != 0;
                     const ver_i = @as(u7, @truncate(byte));
                     if (ok_lib_and_target and ver_i <= target_ver_index and
@@ -603,7 +604,7 @@ pub fn buildSharedObjects(comp: *Compilation, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) anye
                 // .type malloc_conf, %object
                 // .size malloc_conf, 4
                 // malloc_conf: .fill 4, 1, 0
-                try stubs_writer.print(
+                try stubs_asm.print(
                     \\.balign {d}
                     \\.{s} {s}
                     \\.type {s}, %object
diff --git a/src/link.zig b/src/link.zig
index 09f4d38606bc..27cd6620e359 100644
--- a/src/link.zig
+++ b/src/link.zig
@@ -1976,7 +1976,7 @@ fn resolveLibInput(
             .root_dir = lib_directory,
             .sub_path = try std.fmt.allocPrint(arena, "lib{s}.tbd", .{lib_name}),
         };
-        try checked_paths.writer(gpa).print("\n  {f}", .{test_path});
+        try checked_paths.print(gpa, "\n  {f}", .{test_path});
         var file = test_path.root_dir.handle.openFile(test_path.sub_path, .{}) catch |err| switch (err) {
             error.FileNotFound => break :tbd,
             else => |e| fatal("unable to search for tbd library '{f}': {s}", .{ test_path, @errorName(e) }),
@@ -1995,7 +1995,7 @@ fn resolveLibInput(
                 },
             }),
         };
-        try checked_paths.writer(gpa).print("\n  {f}", .{test_path});
+        try checked_paths.print(gpa, "\n  {f}", .{test_path});
         switch (try resolvePathInputLib(gpa, arena, unresolved_inputs, resolved_inputs, ld_script_bytes, target, .{
             .path = test_path,
             .query = name_query.query,
@@ -2012,7 +2012,7 @@ fn resolveLibInput(
             .root_dir = lib_directory,
             .sub_path = try std.fmt.allocPrint(arena, "lib{s}.so", .{lib_name}),
         };
-        try checked_paths.writer(gpa).print("\n  {f}", .{test_path});
+        try checked_paths.print(gpa, "\n  {f}", .{test_path});
         var file = test_path.root_dir.handle.openFile(test_path.sub_path, .{}) catch |err| switch (err) {
             error.FileNotFound => break :so,
             else => |e| fatal("unable to search for so library '{f}': {s}", .{
@@ -2030,7 +2030,7 @@ fn resolveLibInput(
             .root_dir = lib_directory,
             .sub_path = try std.fmt.allocPrint(arena, "lib{s}.a", .{lib_name}),
         };
-        try checked_paths.writer(gpa).print("\n  {f}", .{test_path});
+        try checked_paths.print(gpa, "\n  {f}", .{test_path});
         var file = test_path.root_dir.handle.openFile(test_path.sub_path, .{}) catch |err| switch (err) {
             error.FileNotFound => break :mingw,
             else => |e| fatal("unable to search for static library '{f}': {s}", .{ test_path, @errorName(e) }),
diff --git a/src/link/Coff.zig b/src/link/Coff.zig
index 62430f6c08e6..41c968534adb 100644
--- a/src/link/Coff.zig
+++ b/src/link/Coff.zig
@@ -2179,13 +2179,13 @@ fn writeDataDirectoriesHeaders(coff: *Coff) !void {
 fn writeHeader(coff: *Coff) !void {
     const target = &coff.base.comp.root_mod.resolved_target.result;
     const gpa = coff.base.comp.gpa;
-    var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(gpa);
+    var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(gpa);
     defer buffer.deinit();
-    const writer = buffer.writer();
+    const writer = &buffer.writer;
 
     try buffer.ensureTotalCapacity(coff.getSizeOfHeaders());
     writer.writeAll(&msdos_stub) catch unreachable;
-    mem.writeInt(u32, buffer.items[0x3c..][0..4], msdos_stub.len, .little);
+    mem.writeInt(u32, buffer.writer.buffer[0x3c..][0..4], msdos_stub.len, .little);
 
     writer.writeAll("PE\x00\x00") catch unreachable;
     var flags = coff_util.CoffHeaderFlags{
@@ -2313,7 +2313,7 @@ fn writeHeader(coff: *Coff) !void {
         },
     }
 
-    try coff.pwriteAll(buffer.items, 0);
+    try coff.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), 0);
 }
 
 pub fn padToIdeal(actual_size: anytype) @TypeOf(actual_size) {
diff --git a/src/link/Elf.zig b/src/link/Elf.zig
index 0ebbb9f27e2a..9cf2b0e074ef 100644
--- a/src/link/Elf.zig
+++ b/src/link/Elf.zig
@@ -811,10 +811,6 @@ fn flushInner(self: *Elf, arena: Allocator, tid: Zcu.PerThread.Id) !void {
 
     if (self.base.gc_sections) {
         try gc.gcAtoms(self);
-
-        if (self.base.print_gc_sections) {
-            try gc.dumpPrunedAtoms(self);
-        }
     }
 
     self.checkDuplicates() catch |err| switch (err) {
@@ -3005,7 +3001,7 @@ fn writeAtoms(self: *Elf) !void {
         undefs.deinit();
     }
 
-    var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(gpa);
+    var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(gpa);
     defer buffer.deinit();
 
     const slice = self.sections.slice();
@@ -3032,9 +3028,9 @@ fn writeAtoms(self: *Elf) !void {
             try buffer.ensureUnusedCapacity(thunk_size);
             const shdr = slice.items(.shdr)[th.output_section_index];
             const offset = @as(u64, @intCast(th.value)) + shdr.sh_offset;
-            try th.write(self, buffer.writer());
-            assert(buffer.items.len == thunk_size);
-            try self.pwriteAll(buffer.items, offset);
+            try th.write(self, &buffer.writer);
+            assert(buffer.written().len == thunk_size);
+            try self.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), offset);
             buffer.clearRetainingCapacity();
         }
     }
@@ -3166,26 +3162,26 @@ fn writeSyntheticSections(self: *Elf) !void {
 
     if (self.section_indexes.verneed) |shndx| {
         const shdr = slice.items(.shdr)[shndx];
-        var buffer = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(gpa, self.verneed.size());
+        var buffer = try std.Io.Writer.Allocating.initCapacity(gpa, self.verneed.size());
         defer buffer.deinit();
-        try self.verneed.write(buffer.writer());
-        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.items, shdr.sh_offset);
+        try self.verneed.write(&buffer.writer);
+        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), shdr.sh_offset);
     }
 
     if (self.section_indexes.dynamic) |shndx| {
         const shdr = slice.items(.shdr)[shndx];
-        var buffer = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(gpa, self.dynamic.size(self));
+        var buffer = try std.Io.Writer.Allocating.initCapacity(gpa, self.dynamic.size(self));
         defer buffer.deinit();
-        try self.dynamic.write(self, buffer.writer());
-        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.items, shdr.sh_offset);
+        try self.dynamic.write(self, &buffer.writer);
+        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), shdr.sh_offset);
     }
 
     if (self.section_indexes.dynsymtab) |shndx| {
         const shdr = slice.items(.shdr)[shndx];
-        var buffer = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(gpa, self.dynsym.size());
+        var buffer = try std.Io.Writer.Allocating.initCapacity(gpa, self.dynsym.size());
         defer buffer.deinit();
-        try self.dynsym.write(self, buffer.writer());
-        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.items, shdr.sh_offset);
+        try self.dynsym.write(self, &buffer.writer);
+        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), shdr.sh_offset);
     }
 
     if (self.section_indexes.dynstrtab) |shndx| {
@@ -3201,28 +3197,28 @@ fn writeSyntheticSections(self: *Elf) !void {
         };
         const shdr = slice.items(.shdr)[shndx];
         const sh_size = try self.cast(usize, shdr.sh_size);
-        var buffer = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(gpa, @intCast(sh_size - existing_size));
+        var buffer = try std.Io.Writer.Allocating.initCapacity(gpa, @intCast(sh_size - existing_size));
         defer buffer.deinit();
-        try eh_frame.writeEhFrame(self, buffer.writer());
-        assert(buffer.items.len == sh_size - existing_size);
-        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.items, shdr.sh_offset + existing_size);
+        try eh_frame.writeEhFrame(self, &buffer.writer);
+        assert(buffer.written().len == sh_size - existing_size);
+        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), shdr.sh_offset + existing_size);
     }
 
     if (self.section_indexes.eh_frame_hdr) |shndx| {
         const shdr = slice.items(.shdr)[shndx];
         const sh_size = try self.cast(usize, shdr.sh_size);
-        var buffer = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(gpa, sh_size);
+        var buffer = try std.Io.Writer.Allocating.initCapacity(gpa, sh_size);
         defer buffer.deinit();
-        try eh_frame.writeEhFrameHdr(self, buffer.writer());
-        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.items, shdr.sh_offset);
+        try eh_frame.writeEhFrameHdr(self, &buffer.writer);
+        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), shdr.sh_offset);
     }
 
     if (self.section_indexes.got) |index| {
         const shdr = slice.items(.shdr)[index];
-        var buffer = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(gpa, self.got.size(self));
+        var buffer = try std.Io.Writer.Allocating.initCapacity(gpa, self.got.size(self));
         defer buffer.deinit();
-        try self.got.write(self, buffer.writer());
-        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.items, shdr.sh_offset);
+        try self.got.write(self, &buffer.writer);
+        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), shdr.sh_offset);
     }
 
     if (self.section_indexes.rela_dyn) |shndx| {
@@ -3235,26 +3231,26 @@ fn writeSyntheticSections(self: *Elf) !void {
 
     if (self.section_indexes.plt) |shndx| {
         const shdr = slice.items(.shdr)[shndx];
-        var buffer = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(gpa, self.plt.size(self));
+        var buffer = try std.Io.Writer.Allocating.initCapacity(gpa, self.plt.size(self));
         defer buffer.deinit();
-        try self.plt.write(self, buffer.writer());
-        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.items, shdr.sh_offset);
+        try self.plt.write(self, &buffer.writer);
+        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), shdr.sh_offset);
     }
 
     if (self.section_indexes.got_plt) |shndx| {
         const shdr = slice.items(.shdr)[shndx];
-        var buffer = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(gpa, self.got_plt.size(self));
+        var buffer = try std.Io.Writer.Allocating.initCapacity(gpa, self.got_plt.size(self));
         defer buffer.deinit();
-        try self.got_plt.write(self, buffer.writer());
-        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.items, shdr.sh_offset);
+        try self.got_plt.write(self, &buffer.writer);
+        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), shdr.sh_offset);
     }
 
     if (self.section_indexes.plt_got) |shndx| {
         const shdr = slice.items(.shdr)[shndx];
-        var buffer = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(gpa, self.plt_got.size(self));
+        var buffer = try std.Io.Writer.Allocating.initCapacity(gpa, self.plt_got.size(self));
         defer buffer.deinit();
-        try self.plt_got.write(self, buffer.writer());
-        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.items, shdr.sh_offset);
+        try self.plt_got.write(self, &buffer.writer);
+        try self.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), shdr.sh_offset);
     }
 
     if (self.section_indexes.rela_plt) |shndx| {
@@ -3757,7 +3753,7 @@ pub fn insertShString(self: *Elf, name: [:0]const u8) error{OutOfMemory}!u32 {
     const gpa = self.base.comp.gpa;
     const off = @as(u32, @intCast(self.shstrtab.items.len));
     try self.shstrtab.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, name.len + 1);
-    self.shstrtab.writer(gpa).print("{s}\x00", .{name}) catch unreachable;
+    self.shstrtab.print(gpa, "{s}\x00", .{name}) catch unreachable;
     return off;
 }
 
@@ -3770,7 +3766,7 @@ pub fn insertDynString(self: *Elf, name: []const u8) error{OutOfMemory}!u32 {
     const gpa = self.base.comp.gpa;
     const off = @as(u32, @intCast(self.dynstrtab.items.len));
     try self.dynstrtab.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, name.len + 1);
-    self.dynstrtab.writer(gpa).print("{s}\x00", .{name}) catch unreachable;
+    self.dynstrtab.print(gpa, "{s}\x00", .{name}) catch unreachable;
     return off;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/link/Elf/Archive.zig b/src/link/Elf/Archive.zig
index 2243dc478109..b0f7ca2971fb 100644
--- a/src/link/Elf/Archive.zig
+++ b/src/link/Elf/Archive.zig
@@ -123,8 +123,7 @@ pub fn setArHdr(opts: struct {
     @memcpy(&hdr.ar_fmag, elf.ARFMAG);
 
     {
-        var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&hdr.ar_name);
-        const writer = stream.writer();
+        var writer: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(&hdr.ar_name);
         switch (opts.name) {
             .symtab => writer.print("{s}", .{elf.SYM64NAME}) catch unreachable,
             .strtab => writer.print("//", .{}) catch unreachable,
@@ -133,8 +132,8 @@ pub fn setArHdr(opts: struct {
         }
     }
     {
-        var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&hdr.ar_size);
-        stream.writer().print("{d}", .{opts.size}) catch unreachable;
+        var writer: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(&hdr.ar_size);
+        writer.print("{d}", .{opts.size}) catch unreachable;
     }
 
     return hdr;
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@ pub const ArStrtab = struct {
 
     pub fn insert(ar: *ArStrtab, allocator: Allocator, name: []const u8) error{OutOfMemory}!u32 {
         const off = @as(u32, @intCast(ar.buffer.items.len));
-        try ar.buffer.writer(allocator).print("{s}/{c}", .{ name, strtab_delimiter });
+        try ar.buffer.print(allocator, "{s}/{c}", .{ name, strtab_delimiter });
         return off;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/link/Elf/Atom.zig b/src/link/Elf/Atom.zig
index 28899838b176..6bfaddea97ba 100644
--- a/src/link/Elf/Atom.zig
+++ b/src/link/Elf/Atom.zig
@@ -621,7 +621,6 @@ pub fn resolveRelocsAlloc(self: Atom, elf_file: *Elf, code: []u8) RelocError!voi
 
     const cpu_arch = elf_file.getTarget().cpu.arch;
     const file_ptr = self.file(elf_file).?;
-    var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(code);
 
     const rels = self.relocs(elf_file);
     var it = RelocsIterator{ .relocs = rels };
@@ -661,20 +660,16 @@ pub fn resolveRelocsAlloc(self: Atom, elf_file: *Elf, code: []u8) RelocError!voi
             target.name(elf_file),
         });
 
-        try stream.seekTo(r_offset);
-
         const args = ResolveArgs{ P, A, S, GOT, G, TP, DTP };
 
         switch (cpu_arch) {
-            .x86_64 => x86_64.resolveRelocAlloc(self, elf_file, rel, target, args, &it, code, &stream) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            .x86_64 => x86_64.resolveRelocAlloc(self, elf_file, rel, target, args, &it, code) catch |err| switch (err) {
                 error.RelocFailure,
                 error.RelaxFailure,
-                error.InvalidInstruction,
-                error.CannotEncode,
                 => has_reloc_errors = true,
                 else => |e| return e,
             },
-            .aarch64, .aarch64_be => aarch64.resolveRelocAlloc(self, elf_file, rel, target, args, &it, code, &stream) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            .aarch64, .aarch64_be => aarch64.resolveRelocAlloc(self, elf_file, rel, target, args, &it, code) catch |err| switch (err) {
                 error.RelocFailure,
                 error.RelaxFailure,
                 error.UnexpectedRemainder,
@@ -682,7 +677,7 @@ pub fn resolveRelocsAlloc(self: Atom, elf_file: *Elf, code: []u8) RelocError!voi
                 => has_reloc_errors = true,
                 else => |e| return e,
             },
-            .riscv64, .riscv64be => riscv.resolveRelocAlloc(self, elf_file, rel, target, args, &it, code, &stream) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            .riscv64, .riscv64be => riscv.resolveRelocAlloc(self, elf_file, rel, target, args, &it, code) catch |err| switch (err) {
                 error.RelocFailure,
                 error.RelaxFailure,
                 => has_reloc_errors = true,
@@ -701,7 +696,8 @@ fn resolveDynAbsReloc(
     rel: elf.Elf64_Rela,
     action: RelocAction,
     elf_file: *Elf,
-    writer: anytype,
+    code: []u8,
+    r_offset: usize,
 ) !void {
     const comp = elf_file.base.comp;
     const gpa = comp.gpa;
@@ -726,7 +722,7 @@ fn resolveDynAbsReloc(
         .copyrel,
         .cplt,
         .none,
-        => try writer.writeInt(i64, S + A, .little),
+        => mem.writeInt(i64, code[r_offset..][0..8], S + A, .little),
 
         .dyn_copyrel => {
             if (is_writeable or elf_file.z_nocopyreloc) {
@@ -737,9 +733,9 @@ fn resolveDynAbsReloc(
                     .addend = A,
                     .target = target,
                 });
-                try applyDynamicReloc(A, elf_file, writer);
+                applyDynamicReloc(A, code, r_offset);
             } else {
-                try writer.writeInt(i64, S + A, .little);
+                mem.writeInt(i64, code[r_offset..][0..8], S + A, .little);
             }
         },
 
@@ -752,9 +748,9 @@ fn resolveDynAbsReloc(
                     .addend = A,
                     .target = target,
                 });
-                try applyDynamicReloc(A, elf_file, writer);
+                applyDynamicReloc(A, code, r_offset);
             } else {
-                try writer.writeInt(i64, S + A, .little);
+                mem.writeInt(i64, code[r_offset..][0..8], S + A, .little);
             }
         },
 
@@ -766,7 +762,7 @@ fn resolveDynAbsReloc(
                 .addend = A,
                 .target = target,
             });
-            try applyDynamicReloc(A, elf_file, writer);
+            applyDynamicReloc(A, code, r_offset);
         },
 
         .baserel => {
@@ -776,7 +772,7 @@ fn resolveDynAbsReloc(
                 .addend = S + A,
                 .target = target,
             });
-            try applyDynamicReloc(S + A, elf_file, writer);
+            applyDynamicReloc(S + A, code, r_offset);
         },
 
         .ifunc => {
@@ -787,16 +783,13 @@ fn resolveDynAbsReloc(
                 .addend = S_ + A,
                 .target = target,
             });
-            try applyDynamicReloc(S_ + A, elf_file, writer);
+            applyDynamicReloc(S_ + A, code, r_offset);
         },
     }
 }
 
-fn applyDynamicReloc(value: i64, elf_file: *Elf, writer: anytype) !void {
-    _ = elf_file;
-    // if (elf_file.options.apply_dynamic_relocs) {
-    try writer.writeInt(i64, value, .little);
-    // }
+fn applyDynamicReloc(value: i64, code: []u8, r_offset: usize) void {
+    mem.writeInt(i64, code[r_offset..][0..8], value, .little);
 }
 
 pub fn resolveRelocsNonAlloc(self: Atom, elf_file: *Elf, code: []u8, undefs: anytype) !void {
@@ -804,7 +797,6 @@ pub fn resolveRelocsNonAlloc(self: Atom, elf_file: *Elf, code: []u8, undefs: any
 
     const cpu_arch = elf_file.getTarget().cpu.arch;
     const file_ptr = self.file(elf_file).?;
-    var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(code);
 
     const rels = self.relocs(elf_file);
     var has_reloc_errors = false;
@@ -863,18 +855,16 @@ pub fn resolveRelocsNonAlloc(self: Atom, elf_file: *Elf, code: []u8, undefs: any
             target.name(elf_file),
         });
 
-        try stream.seekTo(r_offset);
-
         switch (cpu_arch) {
-            .x86_64 => x86_64.resolveRelocNonAlloc(self, elf_file, rel, target, args, &it, code, &stream) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            .x86_64 => x86_64.resolveRelocNonAlloc(self, elf_file, rel, target, args, code[r_offset..]) catch |err| switch (err) {
                 error.RelocFailure => has_reloc_errors = true,
                 else => |e| return e,
             },
-            .aarch64, .aarch64_be => aarch64.resolveRelocNonAlloc(self, elf_file, rel, target, args, &it, code, &stream) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            .aarch64, .aarch64_be => aarch64.resolveRelocNonAlloc(self, elf_file, rel, target, args, code[r_offset..]) catch |err| switch (err) {
                 error.RelocFailure => has_reloc_errors = true,
                 else => |e| return e,
             },
-            .riscv64, .riscv64be => riscv.resolveRelocNonAlloc(self, elf_file, rel, target, args, &it, code, &stream) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            .riscv64, .riscv64be => riscv.resolveRelocNonAlloc(self, elf_file, rel, target, args, code[r_offset..]) catch |err| switch (err) {
                 error.RelocFailure => has_reloc_errors = true,
                 else => |e| return e,
             },
@@ -915,7 +905,7 @@ const Format = struct {
     atom: Atom,
     elf_file: *Elf,
 
-    fn default(f: Format, w: *std.io.Writer) std.io.Writer.Error!void {
+    fn default(f: Format, w: *Writer) Writer.Error!void {
         const atom = f.atom;
         const elf_file = f.elf_file;
         try w.print("atom({d}) : {s} : @{x} : shdr({d}) : align({x}) : size({x}) : prev({f}) : next({f})", .{
@@ -1068,16 +1058,13 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
         args: ResolveArgs,
         it: *RelocsIterator,
         code: []u8,
-        stream: anytype,
-    ) (error{ InvalidInstruction, CannotEncode } || RelocError)!void {
+    ) !void {
         dev.check(.x86_64_backend);
         const t = &elf_file.base.comp.root_mod.resolved_target.result;
         const diags = &elf_file.base.comp.link_diags;
         const r_type: elf.R_X86_64 = @enumFromInt(rel.r_type());
         const r_offset = std.math.cast(usize, rel.r_offset) orelse return error.Overflow;
 
-        const cwriter = stream.writer();
-
         const P, const A, const S, const GOT, const G, const TP, const DTP = args;
 
         switch (r_type) {
@@ -1089,58 +1076,60 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
                     rel,
                     dynAbsRelocAction(target, elf_file),
                     elf_file,
-                    cwriter,
+                    code,
+                    r_offset,
                 );
             },
 
-            .PLT32 => try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S + A - P)), .little),
-            .PC32 => try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S + A - P)), .little),
+            .PLT32 => mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(S + A - P)), .little),
+            .PC32 => mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(S + A - P)), .little),
 
-            .GOTPCREL => try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(G + GOT + A - P)), .little),
-            .GOTPC32 => try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(GOT + A - P)), .little),
-            .GOTPC64 => try cwriter.writeInt(i64, GOT + A - P, .little),
+            .GOTPCREL => mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(G + GOT + A - P)), .little),
+            .GOTPC32 => mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(GOT + A - P)), .little),
+            .GOTPC64 => mem.writeInt(i64, code[r_offset..][0..8], GOT + A - P, .little),
 
             .GOTPCRELX => {
                 if (!target.flags.import and !target.isIFunc(elf_file) and !target.isAbs(elf_file)) blk: {
                     x86_64.relaxGotpcrelx(code[r_offset - 2 ..], t) catch break :blk;
-                    try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S + A - P)), .little);
+                    mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(S + A - P)), .little);
                     return;
                 }
-                try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(G + GOT + A - P)), .little);
+                mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(G + GOT + A - P)), .little);
             },
 
             .REX_GOTPCRELX => {
                 if (!target.flags.import and !target.isIFunc(elf_file) and !target.isAbs(elf_file)) blk: {
                     x86_64.relaxRexGotpcrelx(code[r_offset - 3 ..], t) catch break :blk;
-                    try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S + A - P)), .little);
+                    mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(S + A - P)), .little);
                     return;
                 }
-                try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(G + GOT + A - P)), .little);
+                mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(G + GOT + A - P)), .little);
             },
 
-            .@"32" => try cwriter.writeInt(u32, @as(u32, @truncate(@as(u64, @intCast(S + A)))), .little),
-            .@"32S" => try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @truncate(S + A)), .little),
+            .@"32" => mem.writeInt(u32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(u32, @truncate(@as(u64, @intCast(S + A)))), .little),
+            .@"32S" => mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @truncate(S + A)), .little),
 
-            .TPOFF32 => try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @truncate(S + A - TP)), .little),
-            .TPOFF64 => try cwriter.writeInt(i64, S + A - TP, .little),
+            .TPOFF32 => mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @truncate(S + A - TP)), .little),
+            .TPOFF64 => mem.writeInt(i64, code[r_offset..][0..8], S + A - TP, .little),
 
-            .DTPOFF32 => try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @truncate(S + A - DTP)), .little),
-            .DTPOFF64 => try cwriter.writeInt(i64, S + A - DTP, .little),
+            .DTPOFF32 => mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @truncate(S + A - DTP)), .little),
+            .DTPOFF64 => mem.writeInt(i64, code[r_offset..][0..8], S + A - DTP, .little),
 
             .TLSGD => {
                 if (target.flags.has_tlsgd) {
                     const S_ = target.tlsGdAddress(elf_file);
-                    try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S_ + A - P)), .little);
+                    mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(S_ + A - P)), .little);
                 } else if (target.flags.has_gottp) {
                     const S_ = target.gotTpAddress(elf_file);
-                    try x86_64.relaxTlsGdToIe(atom, &.{ rel, it.next().? }, @intCast(S_ - P), elf_file, stream);
+                    try x86_64.relaxTlsGdToIe(atom, &.{ rel, it.next().? }, @intCast(S_ - P), elf_file, code, r_offset);
                 } else {
                     try x86_64.relaxTlsGdToLe(
                         atom,
                         &.{ rel, it.next().? },
                         @as(i32, @intCast(S - TP)),
                         elf_file,
-                        stream,
+                        code,
+                        r_offset,
                     );
                 }
             },
@@ -1149,14 +1138,15 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
                 if (elf_file.got.tlsld_index) |entry_index| {
                     const tlsld_entry = elf_file.got.entries.items[entry_index];
                     const S_ = tlsld_entry.address(elf_file);
-                    try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S_ + A - P)), .little);
+                    mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(S_ + A - P)), .little);
                 } else {
                     try x86_64.relaxTlsLdToLe(
                         atom,
                         &.{ rel, it.next().? },
                         @as(i32, @intCast(TP - elf_file.tlsAddress())),
                         elf_file,
-                        stream,
+                        code,
+                        r_offset,
                     );
                 }
             },
@@ -1164,7 +1154,7 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
             .GOTPC32_TLSDESC => {
                 if (target.flags.has_tlsdesc) {
                     const S_ = target.tlsDescAddress(elf_file);
-                    try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S_ + A - P)), .little);
+                    mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(S_ + A - P)), .little);
                 } else {
                     x86_64.relaxGotPcTlsDesc(code[r_offset - 3 ..], t) catch {
                         var err = try diags.addErrorWithNotes(1);
@@ -1176,26 +1166,26 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
                         });
                         return error.RelaxFailure;
                     };
-                    try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S - TP)), .little);
+                    mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(S - TP)), .little);
                 }
             },
 
             .TLSDESC_CALL => if (!target.flags.has_tlsdesc) {
                 // call -> nop
-                try cwriter.writeAll(&.{ 0x66, 0x90 });
+                code[r_offset..][0..2].* = .{ 0x66, 0x90 };
             },
 
             .GOTTPOFF => {
                 if (target.flags.has_gottp) {
                     const S_ = target.gotTpAddress(elf_file);
-                    try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S_ + A - P)), .little);
+                    mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(S_ + A - P)), .little);
                 } else {
                     x86_64.relaxGotTpOff(code[r_offset - 3 ..], t);
-                    try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S - TP)), .little);
+                    mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(S - TP)), .little);
                 }
             },
 
-            .GOT32 => try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(G + A)), .little),
+            .GOT32 => mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(G + A)), .little),
 
             else => try atom.reportUnhandledRelocError(rel, elf_file),
         }
@@ -1207,45 +1197,42 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
         rel: elf.Elf64_Rela,
         target: *const Symbol,
         args: ResolveArgs,
-        it: *RelocsIterator,
         code: []u8,
-        stream: anytype,
     ) !void {
         dev.check(.x86_64_backend);
-        _ = code;
-        _ = it;
         const r_type: elf.R_X86_64 = @enumFromInt(rel.r_type());
-        const cwriter = stream.writer();
 
         _, const A, const S, const GOT, _, _, const DTP = args;
 
+        var writer: Writer = .fixed(code);
+
         switch (r_type) {
             .NONE => unreachable,
-            .@"8" => try cwriter.writeInt(u8, @as(u8, @bitCast(@as(i8, @intCast(S + A)))), .little),
-            .@"16" => try cwriter.writeInt(u16, @as(u16, @bitCast(@as(i16, @intCast(S + A)))), .little),
-            .@"32" => try cwriter.writeInt(u32, @as(u32, @bitCast(@as(i32, @intCast(S + A)))), .little),
-            .@"32S" => try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S + A)), .little),
+            .@"8" => try writer.writeInt(u8, @as(u8, @bitCast(@as(i8, @intCast(S + A)))), .little),
+            .@"16" => try writer.writeInt(u16, @as(u16, @bitCast(@as(i16, @intCast(S + A)))), .little),
+            .@"32" => try writer.writeInt(u32, @as(u32, @bitCast(@as(i32, @intCast(S + A)))), .little),
+            .@"32S" => try writer.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S + A)), .little),
             .@"64" => if (atom.debugTombstoneValue(target.*, elf_file)) |value|
-                try cwriter.writeInt(u64, value, .little)
+                try writer.writeInt(u64, value, .little)
             else
-                try cwriter.writeInt(i64, S + A, .little),
+                try writer.writeInt(i64, S + A, .little),
             .DTPOFF32 => if (atom.debugTombstoneValue(target.*, elf_file)) |value|
-                try cwriter.writeInt(u64, value, .little)
+                try writer.writeInt(u64, value, .little)
             else
-                try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S + A - DTP)), .little),
+                try writer.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S + A - DTP)), .little),
             .DTPOFF64 => if (atom.debugTombstoneValue(target.*, elf_file)) |value|
-                try cwriter.writeInt(u64, value, .little)
+                try writer.writeInt(u64, value, .little)
             else
-                try cwriter.writeInt(i64, S + A - DTP, .little),
-            .GOTOFF64 => try cwriter.writeInt(i64, S + A - GOT, .little),
-            .GOTPC64 => try cwriter.writeInt(i64, GOT + A, .little),
+                try writer.writeInt(i64, S + A - DTP, .little),
+            .GOTOFF64 => try writer.writeInt(i64, S + A - GOT, .little),
+            .GOTPC64 => try writer.writeInt(i64, GOT + A, .little),
             .SIZE32 => {
                 const size = @as(i64, @intCast(target.elfSym(elf_file).st_size));
-                try cwriter.writeInt(u32, @bitCast(@as(i32, @intCast(size + A))), .little);
+                try writer.writeInt(u32, @bitCast(@as(i32, @intCast(size + A))), .little);
             },
             .SIZE64 => {
                 const size = @as(i64, @intCast(target.elfSym(elf_file).st_size));
-                try cwriter.writeInt(i64, @intCast(size + A), .little);
+                try writer.writeInt(i64, @intCast(size + A), .little);
             },
             else => try atom.reportUnhandledRelocError(rel, elf_file),
         }
@@ -1288,12 +1275,12 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
         rels: []const elf.Elf64_Rela,
         value: i32,
         elf_file: *Elf,
-        stream: anytype,
+        code: []u8,
+        r_offset: usize,
     ) !void {
         dev.check(.x86_64_backend);
         assert(rels.len == 2);
         const diags = &elf_file.base.comp.link_diags;
-        const writer = stream.writer();
         const rel: elf.R_X86_64 = @enumFromInt(rels[1].r_type());
         switch (rel) {
             .PC32,
@@ -1304,8 +1291,7 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
                     0x48, 0x03, 0x05, 0, 0, 0, 0, // add foo@gottpoff(%rip), %rax
                 };
                 std.mem.writeInt(i32, insts[12..][0..4], value - 12, .little);
-                try stream.seekBy(-4);
-                try writer.writeAll(&insts);
+                @memcpy(code[r_offset - 4 ..][0..insts.len], &insts);
             },
 
             else => {
@@ -1329,12 +1315,12 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
         rels: []const elf.Elf64_Rela,
         value: i32,
         elf_file: *Elf,
-        stream: anytype,
+        code: []u8,
+        r_offset: usize,
     ) !void {
         dev.check(.x86_64_backend);
         assert(rels.len == 2);
         const diags = &elf_file.base.comp.link_diags;
-        const writer = stream.writer();
         const rel: elf.R_X86_64 = @enumFromInt(rels[1].r_type());
         switch (rel) {
             .PC32,
@@ -1346,8 +1332,7 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
                     0x48, 0x2d, 0, 0, 0, 0, // sub $tls_size, %rax
                 };
                 std.mem.writeInt(i32, insts[8..][0..4], value, .little);
-                try stream.seekBy(-3);
-                try writer.writeAll(&insts);
+                @memcpy(code[r_offset - 3 ..][0..insts.len], &insts);
             },
 
             .GOTPCREL,
@@ -1360,8 +1345,7 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
                     0x90, // nop
                 };
                 std.mem.writeInt(i32, insts[8..][0..4], value, .little);
-                try stream.seekBy(-3);
-                try writer.writeAll(&insts);
+                @memcpy(code[r_offset - 3 ..][0..insts.len], &insts);
             },
 
             else => {
@@ -1390,7 +1374,7 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
                     // TODO: hack to force imm32s in the assembler
                     .{ .imm = .s(-129) },
                 }, t) catch return false;
-                var trash: std.io.Writer.Discarding = .init(&.{});
+                var trash: Writer.Discarding = .init(&.{});
                 inst.encode(&trash.writer, .{}) catch return false;
                 return true;
             },
@@ -1437,12 +1421,12 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
         rels: []const elf.Elf64_Rela,
         value: i32,
         elf_file: *Elf,
-        stream: anytype,
+        code: []u8,
+        r_offset: usize,
     ) !void {
         dev.check(.x86_64_backend);
         assert(rels.len == 2);
         const diags = &elf_file.base.comp.link_diags;
-        const writer = stream.writer();
         const rel: elf.R_X86_64 = @enumFromInt(rels[1].r_type());
         switch (rel) {
             .PC32,
@@ -1455,8 +1439,7 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
                     0x48, 0x81, 0xc0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // add $tp_offset, %rax
                 };
                 std.mem.writeInt(i32, insts[12..][0..4], value, .little);
-                try stream.seekBy(-4);
-                try writer.writeAll(&insts);
+                @memcpy(code[r_offset - 4 ..][0..insts.len], &insts);
                 relocs_log.debug("    relaxing {f} and {f}", .{
                     relocation.fmtRelocType(rels[0].r_type(), .x86_64),
                     relocation.fmtRelocType(rels[1].r_type(), .x86_64),
@@ -1486,8 +1469,8 @@ const x86_64 = struct {
     }
 
     fn encode(insts: []const Instruction, code: []u8) !void {
-        var stream: std.io.Writer = .fixed(code);
-        for (insts) |inst| try inst.encode(&stream, .{});
+        var writer: Writer = .fixed(code);
+        for (insts) |inst| try inst.encode(&writer, .{});
     }
 
     const bits = @import("../../arch/x86_64/bits.zig");
@@ -1592,14 +1575,12 @@ const aarch64 = struct {
         args: ResolveArgs,
         it: *RelocsIterator,
         code_buffer: []u8,
-        stream: anytype,
     ) (error{ UnexpectedRemainder, DivisionByZero } || RelocError)!void {
         _ = it;
 
         const diags = &elf_file.base.comp.link_diags;
         const r_type: elf.R_AARCH64 = @enumFromInt(rel.r_type());
         const r_offset = std.math.cast(usize, rel.r_offset) orelse return error.Overflow;
-        const cwriter = stream.writer();
         const code = code_buffer[r_offset..][0..4];
         const file_ptr = atom.file(elf_file).?;
 
@@ -1614,7 +1595,8 @@ const aarch64 = struct {
                     rel,
                     dynAbsRelocAction(target, elf_file),
                     elf_file,
-                    cwriter,
+                    code_buffer,
+                    r_offset,
                 );
             },
 
@@ -1782,25 +1764,20 @@ const aarch64 = struct {
         rel: elf.Elf64_Rela,
         target: *const Symbol,
         args: ResolveArgs,
-        it: *RelocsIterator,
         code: []u8,
-        stream: anytype,
     ) !void {
-        _ = it;
-        _ = code;
-
         const r_type: elf.R_AARCH64 = @enumFromInt(rel.r_type());
-        const cwriter = stream.writer();
 
         _, const A, const S, _, _, _, _ = args;
 
+        var writer: Writer = .fixed(code);
         switch (r_type) {
             .NONE => unreachable,
-            .ABS32 => try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S + A)), .little),
+            .ABS32 => try writer.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S + A)), .little),
             .ABS64 => if (atom.debugTombstoneValue(target.*, elf_file)) |value|
-                try cwriter.writeInt(u64, value, .little)
+                try writer.writeInt(u64, value, .little)
             else
-                try cwriter.writeInt(i64, S + A, .little),
+                try writer.writeInt(i64, S + A, .little),
             else => try atom.reportUnhandledRelocError(rel, elf_file),
         }
     }
@@ -1861,12 +1838,10 @@ const riscv = struct {
         args: ResolveArgs,
         it: *RelocsIterator,
         code: []u8,
-        stream: anytype,
     ) !void {
         const diags = &elf_file.base.comp.link_diags;
         const r_type: elf.R_RISCV = @enumFromInt(rel.r_type());
         const r_offset = std.math.cast(usize, rel.r_offset) orelse return error.Overflow;
-        const cwriter = stream.writer();
 
         const P, const A, const S, const GOT, const G, const TP, const DTP = args;
         _ = TP;
@@ -1875,7 +1850,7 @@ const riscv = struct {
         switch (r_type) {
             .NONE => unreachable,
 
-            .@"32" => try cwriter.writeInt(u32, @as(u32, @truncate(@as(u64, @intCast(S + A)))), .little),
+            .@"32" => mem.writeInt(u32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(u32, @truncate(@as(u64, @intCast(S + A)))), .little),
 
             .@"64" => {
                 try atom.resolveDynAbsReloc(
@@ -1883,7 +1858,8 @@ const riscv = struct {
                     rel,
                     dynAbsRelocAction(target, elf_file),
                     elf_file,
-                    cwriter,
+                    code,
+                    r_offset,
                 );
             },
 
@@ -1997,15 +1973,9 @@ const riscv = struct {
         rel: elf.Elf64_Rela,
         target: *const Symbol,
         args: ResolveArgs,
-        it: *RelocsIterator,
         code: []u8,
-        stream: anytype,
     ) !void {
-        _ = it;
-
         const r_type: elf.R_RISCV = @enumFromInt(rel.r_type());
-        const r_offset = std.math.cast(usize, rel.r_offset) orelse return error.Overflow;
-        const cwriter = stream.writer();
 
         _, const A, const S, const GOT, _, _, const DTP = args;
         _ = GOT;
@@ -2014,30 +1984,29 @@ const riscv = struct {
         switch (r_type) {
             .NONE => unreachable,
 
-            .@"32" => try cwriter.writeInt(i32, @as(i32, @intCast(S + A)), .little),
+            .@"32" => mem.writeInt(i32, code[0..4], @intCast(S + A), .little),
             .@"64" => if (atom.debugTombstoneValue(target.*, elf_file)) |value|
-                try cwriter.writeInt(u64, value, .little)
+                mem.writeInt(u64, code[0..8], value, .little)
             else
-                try cwriter.writeInt(i64, S + A, .little),
-
-            .ADD8 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i8, .add, code[r_offset..][0..1], S + A),
-            .SUB8 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i8, .sub, code[r_offset..][0..1], S + A),
-            .ADD16 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i16, .add, code[r_offset..][0..2], S + A),
-            .SUB16 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i16, .sub, code[r_offset..][0..2], S + A),
-            .ADD32 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i32, .add, code[r_offset..][0..4], S + A),
-            .SUB32 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i32, .sub, code[r_offset..][0..4], S + A),
-            .ADD64 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i64, .add, code[r_offset..][0..8], S + A),
-            .SUB64 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i64, .sub, code[r_offset..][0..8], S + A),
-
-            .SET8 => mem.writeInt(i8, code[r_offset..][0..1], @as(i8, @truncate(S + A)), .little),
-            .SET16 => mem.writeInt(i16, code[r_offset..][0..2], @as(i16, @truncate(S + A)), .little),
-            .SET32 => mem.writeInt(i32, code[r_offset..][0..4], @as(i32, @truncate(S + A)), .little),
-
-            .SET6 => riscv_util.writeSetSub6(.set, code[r_offset..][0..1], S + A),
-            .SUB6 => riscv_util.writeSetSub6(.sub, code[r_offset..][0..1], S + A),
-
-            .SET_ULEB128 => try riscv_util.writeSetSubUleb(.set, stream, S + A),
-            .SUB_ULEB128 => try riscv_util.writeSetSubUleb(.sub, stream, S - A),
+                mem.writeInt(i64, code[0..8], S + A, .little),
+            .ADD8 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i8, .add, code[0..1], S + A),
+            .SUB8 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i8, .sub, code[0..1], S + A),
+            .ADD16 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i16, .add, code[0..2], S + A),
+            .SUB16 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i16, .sub, code[0..2], S + A),
+            .ADD32 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i32, .add, code[0..4], S + A),
+            .SUB32 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i32, .sub, code[0..4], S + A),
+            .ADD64 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i64, .add, code[0..8], S + A),
+            .SUB64 => riscv_util.writeAddend(i64, .sub, code[0..8], S + A),
+
+            .SET8 => mem.writeInt(i8, code[0..1], @as(i8, @truncate(S + A)), .little),
+            .SET16 => mem.writeInt(i16, code[0..2], @as(i16, @truncate(S + A)), .little),
+            .SET32 => mem.writeInt(i32, code[0..4], @as(i32, @truncate(S + A)), .little),
+
+            .SET6 => riscv_util.writeSetSub6(.set, code[0..1], S + A),
+            .SUB6 => riscv_util.writeSetSub6(.sub, code[0..1], S + A),
+
+            .SET_ULEB128 => riscv_util.writeSetUleb(code, S + A),
+            .SUB_ULEB128 => riscv_util.writeSubUleb(code, S - A),
 
             else => try atom.reportUnhandledRelocError(rel, elf_file),
         }
@@ -2108,14 +2077,16 @@ pub const Extra = struct {
 const std = @import("std");
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
 const elf = std.elf;
-const eh_frame = @import("eh_frame.zig");
 const log = std.log.scoped(.link);
 const math = std.math;
 const mem = std.mem;
 const relocs_log = std.log.scoped(.link_relocs);
+const Allocator = mem.Allocator;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
+
+const eh_frame = @import("eh_frame.zig");
 const relocation = @import("relocation.zig");
 
-const Allocator = mem.Allocator;
 const Atom = @This();
 const Elf = @import("../Elf.zig");
 const Fde = eh_frame.Fde;
diff --git a/src/link/Elf/AtomList.zig b/src/link/Elf/AtomList.zig
index 0caa69ca9074..900a6e32c7c5 100644
--- a/src/link/Elf/AtomList.zig
+++ b/src/link/Elf/AtomList.zig
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ pub fn allocate(list: *AtomList, elf_file: *Elf) !void {
     list.dirty = false;
 }
 
-pub fn write(list: AtomList, buffer: *std.array_list.Managed(u8), undefs: anytype, elf_file: *Elf) !void {
+pub fn write(list: AtomList, buffer: *std.Io.Writer.Allocating, undefs: anytype, elf_file: *Elf) !void {
     const gpa = elf_file.base.comp.gpa;
     const osec = elf_file.sections.items(.shdr)[list.output_section_index];
     assert(osec.sh_type != elf.SHT_NOBITS);
@@ -98,8 +98,7 @@ pub fn write(list: AtomList, buffer: *std.array_list.Managed(u8), undefs: anytyp
     log.debug("writing atoms in section '{s}'", .{elf_file.getShString(osec.sh_name)});
 
     const list_size = math.cast(usize, list.size) orelse return error.Overflow;
-    try buffer.ensureUnusedCapacity(list_size);
-    buffer.appendNTimesAssumeCapacity(0, list_size);
+    try buffer.writer.splatByteAll(0, list_size);
 
     for (list.atoms.keys()) |ref| {
         const atom_ptr = elf_file.atom(ref).?;
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ pub fn write(list: AtomList, buffer: *std.array_list.Managed(u8), undefs: anytyp
         const object = atom_ptr.file(elf_file).?.object;
         const code = try object.codeDecompressAlloc(elf_file, ref.index);
         defer gpa.free(code);
-        const out_code = buffer.items[off..][0..size];
+        const out_code = buffer.written()[off..][0..size];
         @memcpy(out_code, code);
 
         if (osec.sh_flags & elf.SHF_ALLOC == 0)
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ pub fn write(list: AtomList, buffer: *std.array_list.Managed(u8), undefs: anytyp
             try atom_ptr.resolveRelocsAlloc(elf_file, out_code);
     }
 
-    try elf_file.base.file.?.pwriteAll(buffer.items, list.offset(elf_file));
+    try elf_file.base.file.?.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), list.offset(elf_file));
     buffer.clearRetainingCapacity();
 }
 
diff --git a/src/link/Elf/Object.zig b/src/link/Elf/Object.zig
index 921b5eb73379..88e484fcd584 100644
--- a/src/link/Elf/Object.zig
+++ b/src/link/Elf/Object.zig
@@ -952,7 +952,7 @@ pub fn convertCommonSymbols(self: *Object, elf_file: *Elf) !void {
         const is_tls = sym.type(elf_file) == elf.STT_TLS;
         const name = if (is_tls) ".tls_common" else ".common";
         const name_offset = @as(u32, @intCast(self.strtab.items.len));
-        try self.strtab.writer(gpa).print("{s}\x00", .{name});
+        try self.strtab.print(gpa, "{s}\x00", .{name});
 
         var sh_flags: u32 = elf.SHF_ALLOC | elf.SHF_WRITE;
         if (is_tls) sh_flags |= elf.SHF_TLS;
diff --git a/src/link/Elf/gc.zig b/src/link/Elf/gc.zig
index 92d80580b837..8778a0846cfc 100644
--- a/src/link/Elf/gc.zig
+++ b/src/link/Elf/gc.zig
@@ -162,22 +162,6 @@ fn prune(elf_file: *Elf) void {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn dumpPrunedAtoms(elf_file: *Elf) !void {
-    const stderr = std.fs.File.stderr().deprecatedWriter();
-    for (elf_file.objects.items) |index| {
-        const file = elf_file.file(index).?;
-        for (file.atoms()) |atom_index| {
-            const atom = file.atom(atom_index) orelse continue;
-            if (!atom.alive)
-                // TODO should we simply print to stderr?
-                try stderr.print("link: removing unused section '{s}' in file '{f}'\n", .{
-                    atom.name(elf_file),
-                    atom.file(elf_file).?.fmtPath(),
-                });
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 const Level = struct {
     value: usize = 0,
 
diff --git a/src/link/Elf/relocatable.zig b/src/link/Elf/relocatable.zig
index 58f18bd08bf8..4dd6e0370de0 100644
--- a/src/link/Elf/relocatable.zig
+++ b/src/link/Elf/relocatable.zig
@@ -100,32 +100,33 @@ pub fn flushStaticLib(elf_file: *Elf, comp: *Compilation) !void {
         state_log.debug("ar_strtab\n{f}\n", .{ar_strtab});
     }
 
-    var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(gpa);
-    defer buffer.deinit();
-    try buffer.ensureTotalCapacityPrecise(total_size);
+    const buffer = try gpa.alloc(u8, total_size);
+    defer gpa.free(buffer);
+
+    var writer: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(buffer);
 
     // Write magic
-    try buffer.writer().writeAll(elf.ARMAG);
+    try writer.writeAll(elf.ARMAG);
 
     // Write symtab
-    try ar_symtab.write(.p64, elf_file, buffer.writer());
+    try ar_symtab.write(.p64, elf_file, &writer);
 
     // Write strtab
     if (ar_strtab.size() > 0) {
-        if (!mem.isAligned(buffer.items.len, 2)) try buffer.writer().writeByte(0);
-        try ar_strtab.write(buffer.writer());
+        if (!mem.isAligned(writer.end, 2)) try writer.writeByte(0);
+        try ar_strtab.write(&writer);
     }
 
     // Write object files
     for (files.items) |index| {
-        if (!mem.isAligned(buffer.items.len, 2)) try buffer.writer().writeByte(0);
-        try elf_file.file(index).?.writeAr(elf_file, buffer.writer());
+        if (!mem.isAligned(writer.end, 2)) try writer.writeByte(0);
+        try elf_file.file(index).?.writeAr(elf_file, &writer);
     }
 
-    assert(buffer.items.len == total_size);
+    assert(writer.buffered().len == total_size);
 
     try elf_file.base.file.?.setEndPos(total_size);
-    try elf_file.base.file.?.pwriteAll(buffer.items, 0);
+    try elf_file.base.file.?.pwriteAll(writer.buffered(), 0);
 
     if (diags.hasErrors()) return error.LinkFailure;
 }
@@ -407,15 +408,16 @@ fn writeSyntheticSections(elf_file: *Elf) !void {
         };
         const shdr = slice.items(.shdr)[shndx];
         const sh_size = math.cast(usize, shdr.sh_size) orelse return error.Overflow;
-        var buffer = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(gpa, @intCast(sh_size - existing_size));
-        defer buffer.deinit();
-        try eh_frame.writeEhFrameRelocatable(elf_file, buffer.writer());
+        const buffer = try gpa.alloc(u8, @intCast(sh_size - existing_size));
+        defer gpa.free(buffer);
+        var writer: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(buffer);
+        try eh_frame.writeEhFrameRelocatable(elf_file, &writer);
         log.debug("writing .eh_frame from 0x{x} to 0x{x}", .{
             shdr.sh_offset + existing_size,
             shdr.sh_offset + sh_size,
         });
-        assert(buffer.items.len == sh_size - existing_size);
-        try elf_file.base.file.?.pwriteAll(buffer.items, shdr.sh_offset + existing_size);
+        assert(writer.buffered().len == sh_size - existing_size);
+        try elf_file.base.file.?.pwriteAll(writer.buffered(), shdr.sh_offset + existing_size);
     }
     if (elf_file.section_indexes.eh_frame_rela) |shndx| {
         const shdr = slice.items(.shdr)[shndx];
@@ -446,15 +448,16 @@ fn writeGroups(elf_file: *Elf) !void {
     for (elf_file.group_sections.items) |cgs| {
         const shdr = elf_file.sections.items(.shdr)[cgs.shndx];
         const sh_size = math.cast(usize, shdr.sh_size) orelse return error.Overflow;
-        var buffer = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(gpa, sh_size);
-        defer buffer.deinit();
-        try cgs.write(elf_file, buffer.writer());
-        assert(buffer.items.len == sh_size);
+        const buffer = try gpa.alloc(u8, sh_size);
+        defer gpa.free(buffer);
+        var writer: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(buffer);
+        try cgs.write(elf_file, &writer);
+        assert(writer.buffered().len == sh_size);
         log.debug("writing group from 0x{x} to 0x{x}", .{
             shdr.sh_offset,
             shdr.sh_offset + shdr.sh_size,
         });
-        try elf_file.base.file.?.pwriteAll(buffer.items, shdr.sh_offset);
+        try elf_file.base.file.?.pwriteAll(writer.buffered(), shdr.sh_offset);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/link/Elf/synthetic_sections.zig b/src/link/Elf/synthetic_sections.zig
index be45937ffefe..f0b3798d29a9 100644
--- a/src/link/Elf/synthetic_sections.zig
+++ b/src/link/Elf/synthetic_sections.zig
@@ -94,134 +94,134 @@ pub const DynamicSection = struct {
         return nentries * @sizeOf(elf.Elf64_Dyn);
     }
 
-    pub fn write(dt: DynamicSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(dt: DynamicSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         const shdrs = elf_file.sections.items(.shdr);
 
         // NEEDED
         for (dt.needed.items) |off| {
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_NEEDED, .d_val = off });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_NEEDED, .d_val = off }), .little);
         }
 
         if (dt.soname) |off| {
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_SONAME, .d_val = off });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_SONAME, .d_val = off }), .little);
         }
 
         // RUNPATH
         // TODO add option in Options to revert to old RPATH tag
         if (dt.rpath > 0) {
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_RUNPATH, .d_val = dt.rpath });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_RUNPATH, .d_val = dt.rpath }), .little);
         }
 
         // INIT
         if (elf_file.sectionByName(".init")) |shndx| {
             const addr = shdrs[shndx].sh_addr;
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_INIT, .d_val = addr });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_INIT, .d_val = addr }), .little);
         }
 
         // FINI
         if (elf_file.sectionByName(".fini")) |shndx| {
             const addr = shdrs[shndx].sh_addr;
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_FINI, .d_val = addr });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_FINI, .d_val = addr }), .little);
         }
 
         // INIT_ARRAY
         if (elf_file.sectionByName(".init_array")) |shndx| {
             const shdr = shdrs[shndx];
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_INIT_ARRAY, .d_val = shdr.sh_addr });
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_INIT_ARRAYSZ, .d_val = shdr.sh_size });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_INIT_ARRAY, .d_val = shdr.sh_addr }), .little);
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_INIT_ARRAYSZ, .d_val = shdr.sh_size }), .little);
         }
 
         // FINI_ARRAY
         if (elf_file.sectionByName(".fini_array")) |shndx| {
             const shdr = shdrs[shndx];
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_FINI_ARRAY, .d_val = shdr.sh_addr });
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_FINI_ARRAYSZ, .d_val = shdr.sh_size });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_FINI_ARRAY, .d_val = shdr.sh_addr }), .little);
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_FINI_ARRAYSZ, .d_val = shdr.sh_size }), .little);
         }
 
         // RELA
         if (elf_file.section_indexes.rela_dyn) |shndx| {
             const shdr = shdrs[shndx];
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_RELA, .d_val = shdr.sh_addr });
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_RELASZ, .d_val = shdr.sh_size });
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_RELAENT, .d_val = shdr.sh_entsize });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_RELA, .d_val = shdr.sh_addr }), .little);
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_RELASZ, .d_val = shdr.sh_size }), .little);
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_RELAENT, .d_val = shdr.sh_entsize }), .little);
         }
 
         // JMPREL
         if (elf_file.section_indexes.rela_plt) |shndx| {
             const shdr = shdrs[shndx];
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_JMPREL, .d_val = shdr.sh_addr });
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_PLTRELSZ, .d_val = shdr.sh_size });
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_PLTREL, .d_val = elf.DT_RELA });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_JMPREL, .d_val = shdr.sh_addr }), .little);
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_PLTRELSZ, .d_val = shdr.sh_size }), .little);
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_PLTREL, .d_val = elf.DT_RELA }), .little);
         }
 
         // PLTGOT
         if (elf_file.section_indexes.got_plt) |shndx| {
             const addr = shdrs[shndx].sh_addr;
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_PLTGOT, .d_val = addr });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_PLTGOT, .d_val = addr }), .little);
         }
 
         {
             assert(elf_file.section_indexes.hash != null);
             const addr = shdrs[elf_file.section_indexes.hash.?].sh_addr;
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_HASH, .d_val = addr });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_HASH, .d_val = addr }), .little);
         }
 
         if (elf_file.section_indexes.gnu_hash) |shndx| {
             const addr = shdrs[shndx].sh_addr;
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_GNU_HASH, .d_val = addr });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_GNU_HASH, .d_val = addr }), .little);
         }
 
         // TEXTREL
         if (elf_file.has_text_reloc) {
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_TEXTREL, .d_val = 0 });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_TEXTREL, .d_val = 0 }), .little);
         }
 
         // SYMTAB + SYMENT
         {
             assert(elf_file.section_indexes.dynsymtab != null);
             const shdr = shdrs[elf_file.section_indexes.dynsymtab.?];
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_SYMTAB, .d_val = shdr.sh_addr });
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_SYMENT, .d_val = shdr.sh_entsize });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_SYMTAB, .d_val = shdr.sh_addr }), .little);
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_SYMENT, .d_val = shdr.sh_entsize }), .little);
         }
 
         // STRTAB + STRSZ
         {
             assert(elf_file.section_indexes.dynstrtab != null);
             const shdr = shdrs[elf_file.section_indexes.dynstrtab.?];
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_STRTAB, .d_val = shdr.sh_addr });
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_STRSZ, .d_val = shdr.sh_size });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_STRTAB, .d_val = shdr.sh_addr }), .little);
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_STRSZ, .d_val = shdr.sh_size }), .little);
         }
 
         // VERSYM
         if (elf_file.section_indexes.versym) |shndx| {
             const addr = shdrs[shndx].sh_addr;
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_VERSYM, .d_val = addr });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_VERSYM, .d_val = addr }), .little);
         }
 
         // VERNEED + VERNEEDNUM
         if (elf_file.section_indexes.verneed) |shndx| {
             const addr = shdrs[shndx].sh_addr;
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_VERNEED, .d_val = addr });
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_VERNEED, .d_val = addr }), .little);
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{
                 .d_tag = elf.DT_VERNEEDNUM,
                 .d_val = elf_file.verneed.verneed.items.len,
-            });
+            }), .little);
         }
 
         // FLAGS
         if (dt.getFlags(elf_file)) |flags| {
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_FLAGS, .d_val = flags });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_FLAGS, .d_val = flags }), .little);
         }
         // FLAGS_1
         if (dt.getFlags1(elf_file)) |flags_1| {
-            try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_FLAGS_1, .d_val = flags_1 });
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_FLAGS_1, .d_val = flags_1 }), .little);
         }
 
         // DEBUG
-        if (!elf_file.isEffectivelyDynLib()) try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_DEBUG, .d_val = 0 });
+        if (!elf_file.isEffectivelyDynLib()) try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_DEBUG, .d_val = 0 }), .little);
 
         // NULL
-        try writer.writeStruct(elf.Elf64_Dyn{ .d_tag = elf.DT_NULL, .d_val = 0 });
+        try writer.writeStruct(@as(elf.Elf64_Dyn, .{ .d_tag = elf.DT_NULL, .d_val = 0 }), .little);
     }
 };
 
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ pub const GotSection = struct {
         return s;
     }
 
-    pub fn write(got: GotSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(got: GotSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         const comp = elf_file.base.comp;
         const is_dyn_lib = elf_file.isEffectivelyDynLib();
         const apply_relocs = true; // TODO add user option for this
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ pub const PltSection = struct {
         };
     }
 
-    pub fn write(plt: PltSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(plt: PltSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         const cpu_arch = elf_file.getTarget().cpu.arch;
         switch (cpu_arch) {
             .x86_64 => try x86_64.write(plt, elf_file, writer),
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ pub const PltSection = struct {
     }
 
     const x86_64 = struct {
-        fn write(plt: PltSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: anytype) !void {
+        fn write(plt: PltSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
             const shdrs = elf_file.sections.items(.shdr);
             const plt_addr = shdrs[elf_file.section_indexes.plt.?].sh_addr;
             const got_plt_addr = shdrs[elf_file.section_indexes.got_plt.?].sh_addr;
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ pub const PltSection = struct {
             disp = @as(i64, @intCast(got_plt_addr + 16)) - @as(i64, @intCast(plt_addr + 14)) - 4;
             mem.writeInt(i32, preamble[14..][0..4], @as(i32, @intCast(disp)), .little);
             try writer.writeAll(&preamble);
-            try writer.writeByteNTimes(0xcc, preambleSize(.x86_64) - preamble.len);
+            try writer.splatByteAll(0xcc, preambleSize(.x86_64) - preamble.len);
 
             for (plt.symbols.items, 0..) |ref, i| {
                 const sym = elf_file.symbol(ref).?;
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ pub const PltSection = struct {
     };
 
     const aarch64 = struct {
-        fn write(plt: PltSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: anytype) !void {
+        fn write(plt: PltSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
             {
                 const shdrs = elf_file.sections.items(.shdr);
                 const plt_addr: i64 = @intCast(shdrs[elf_file.section_indexes.plt.?].sh_addr);
@@ -853,7 +853,7 @@ pub const GotPltSection = struct {
         return preamble_size + elf_file.plt.symbols.items.len * 8;
     }
 
-    pub fn write(got_plt: GotPltSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(got_plt: GotPltSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         _ = got_plt;
         {
             // [0]: _DYNAMIC
@@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ pub const PltGotSection = struct {
         };
     }
 
-    pub fn write(plt_got: PltGotSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(plt_got: PltGotSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         const cpu_arch = elf_file.getTarget().cpu.arch;
         switch (cpu_arch) {
             .x86_64 => try x86_64.write(plt_got, elf_file, writer),
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ pub const PltGotSection = struct {
     }
 
     const x86_64 = struct {
-        pub fn write(plt_got: PltGotSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: anytype) !void {
+        pub fn write(plt_got: PltGotSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
             for (plt_got.symbols.items) |ref| {
                 const sym = elf_file.symbol(ref).?;
                 const target_addr = sym.gotAddress(elf_file);
@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ pub const PltGotSection = struct {
     };
 
     const aarch64 = struct {
-        fn write(plt_got: PltGotSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: anytype) !void {
+        fn write(plt_got: PltGotSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
             for (plt_got.symbols.items) |ref| {
                 const sym = elf_file.symbol(ref).?;
                 const target_addr = sym.gotAddress(elf_file);
@@ -1133,14 +1133,14 @@ pub const DynsymSection = struct {
         return @as(u32, @intCast(dynsym.entries.items.len + 1));
     }
 
-    pub fn write(dynsym: DynsymSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: anytype) !void {
-        try writer.writeStruct(Elf.null_sym);
+    pub fn write(dynsym: DynsymSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
+        try writer.writeStruct(Elf.null_sym, .little);
         for (dynsym.entries.items) |entry| {
             const sym = elf_file.symbol(entry.ref).?;
             var out_sym: elf.Elf64_Sym = Elf.null_sym;
             sym.setOutputSym(elf_file, &out_sym);
             out_sym.st_name = entry.off;
-            try writer.writeStruct(out_sym);
+            try writer.writeStruct(out_sym, .little);
         }
     }
 };
@@ -1175,10 +1175,12 @@ pub const HashSection = struct {
         }
 
         try hs.buffer.ensureTotalCapacityPrecise(gpa, (2 + nsyms * 2) * 4);
-        hs.buffer.writer(gpa).writeInt(u32, @as(u32, @intCast(nsyms)), .little) catch unreachable;
-        hs.buffer.writer(gpa).writeInt(u32, @as(u32, @intCast(nsyms)), .little) catch unreachable;
-        hs.buffer.writer(gpa).writeAll(mem.sliceAsBytes(buckets)) catch unreachable;
-        hs.buffer.writer(gpa).writeAll(mem.sliceAsBytes(chains)) catch unreachable;
+        var w: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(hs.buffer.unusedCapacitySlice());
+        w.writeInt(u32, @as(u32, @intCast(nsyms)), .little) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeInt(u32, @as(u32, @intCast(nsyms)), .little) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeAll(@ptrCast(buckets)) catch unreachable;
+        w.writeAll(@ptrCast(chains)) catch unreachable;
+        hs.buffer.items.len += w.end;
     }
 
     pub inline fn size(hs: HashSection) usize {
@@ -1439,7 +1441,7 @@ pub const VerneedSection = struct {
         return vern.verneed.items.len * @sizeOf(elf.Elf64_Verneed) + vern.vernaux.items.len * @sizeOf(elf.Vernaux);
     }
 
-    pub fn write(vern: VerneedSection, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(vern: VerneedSection, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         try writer.writeAll(mem.sliceAsBytes(vern.verneed.items));
         try writer.writeAll(mem.sliceAsBytes(vern.vernaux.items));
     }
@@ -1467,7 +1469,7 @@ pub const GroupSection = struct {
         return (members.len + 1) * @sizeOf(u32);
     }
 
-    pub fn write(cgs: GroupSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(cgs: GroupSection, elf_file: *Elf, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         const cg = cgs.group(elf_file);
         const object = cg.file(elf_file).object;
         const members = cg.members(elf_file);
@@ -1495,7 +1497,7 @@ pub const GroupSection = struct {
     }
 };
 
-fn writeInt(value: anytype, elf_file: *Elf, writer: anytype) !void {
+fn writeInt(value: anytype, elf_file: *Elf, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
     const entry_size = elf_file.archPtrWidthBytes();
     const target = elf_file.getTarget();
     const endian = target.cpu.arch.endian();
diff --git a/src/link/MachO.zig b/src/link/MachO.zig
index 434c27bfa357..43be35994f03 100644
--- a/src/link/MachO.zig
+++ b/src/link/MachO.zig
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ pub fn flush(
     );
 
     const ncmds, const sizeofcmds, const uuid_cmd_offset = self.writeLoadCommands() catch |err| switch (err) {
-        error.NoSpaceLeft => unreachable,
+        error.WriteFailed => unreachable,
         error.OutOfMemory => return error.OutOfMemory,
         error.LinkFailure => return error.LinkFailure,
     };
@@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ fn accessLibPath(
 
     for (&[_][]const u8{ ".tbd", ".dylib", "" }) |ext| {
         test_path.clearRetainingCapacity();
-        try test_path.writer().print("{s}" ++ sep ++ "lib{s}{s}", .{ search_dir, name, ext });
+        try test_path.print("{s}" ++ sep ++ "lib{s}{s}", .{ search_dir, name, ext });
         try checked_paths.append(try arena.dupe(u8, test_path.items));
         fs.cwd().access(test_path.items, .{}) catch |err| switch (err) {
             error.FileNotFound => continue,
@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@ fn accessFrameworkPath(
 
     for (&[_][]const u8{ ".tbd", ".dylib", "" }) |ext| {
         test_path.clearRetainingCapacity();
-        try test_path.writer().print("{s}" ++ sep ++ "{s}.framework" ++ sep ++ "{s}{s}", .{
+        try test_path.print("{s}" ++ sep ++ "{s}.framework" ++ sep ++ "{s}{s}", .{
             search_dir,
             name,
             name,
@@ -1178,9 +1178,9 @@ fn parseDependentDylibs(self: *MachO) !void {
                     for (&[_][]const u8{ ".tbd", ".dylib", "" }) |ext| {
                         test_path.clearRetainingCapacity();
                         if (self.base.comp.sysroot) |root| {
-                            try test_path.writer().print("{s}" ++ fs.path.sep_str ++ "{s}{s}", .{ root, path, ext });
+                            try test_path.print("{s}" ++ fs.path.sep_str ++ "{s}{s}", .{ root, path, ext });
                         } else {
-                            try test_path.writer().print("{s}{s}", .{ path, ext });
+                            try test_path.print("{s}{s}", .{ path, ext });
                         }
                         try checked_paths.append(try arena.dupe(u8, test_path.items));
                         fs.cwd().access(test_path.items, .{}) catch |err| switch (err) {
@@ -2528,8 +2528,8 @@ fn writeThunkWorker(self: *MachO, thunk: Thunk) void {
         fn doWork(th: Thunk, buffer: []u8, macho_file: *MachO) !void {
             const off = try macho_file.cast(usize, th.value);
             const size = th.size();
-            var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(buffer[off..][0..size]);
-            try th.write(macho_file, stream.writer());
+            var stream: Writer = .fixed(buffer[off..][0..size]);
+            try th.write(macho_file, &stream);
         }
     }.doWork;
     const out = self.sections.items(.out)[thunk.out_n_sect].items;
@@ -2556,15 +2556,15 @@ fn writeSyntheticSectionWorker(self: *MachO, sect_id: u8, out: []u8) void {
 
     const doWork = struct {
         fn doWork(macho_file: *MachO, tag: Tag, buffer: []u8) !void {
-            var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(buffer);
+            var stream: Writer = .fixed(buffer);
             switch (tag) {
                 .eh_frame => eh_frame.write(macho_file, buffer),
                 .unwind_info => try macho_file.unwind_info.write(macho_file, buffer),
-                .got => try macho_file.got.write(macho_file, stream.writer()),
-                .stubs => try macho_file.stubs.write(macho_file, stream.writer()),
-                .la_symbol_ptr => try macho_file.la_symbol_ptr.write(macho_file, stream.writer()),
-                .tlv_ptr => try macho_file.tlv_ptr.write(macho_file, stream.writer()),
-                .objc_stubs => try macho_file.objc_stubs.write(macho_file, stream.writer()),
+                .got => try macho_file.got.write(macho_file, &stream),
+                .stubs => try macho_file.stubs.write(macho_file, &stream),
+                .la_symbol_ptr => try macho_file.la_symbol_ptr.write(macho_file, &stream),
+                .tlv_ptr => try macho_file.tlv_ptr.write(macho_file, &stream),
+                .objc_stubs => try macho_file.objc_stubs.write(macho_file, &stream),
             }
         }
     }.doWork;
@@ -2605,8 +2605,8 @@ fn updateLazyBindSizeWorker(self: *MachO) void {
             try macho_file.lazy_bind_section.updateSize(macho_file);
             const sect_id = macho_file.stubs_helper_sect_index.?;
             const out = &macho_file.sections.items(.out)[sect_id];
-            var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(out.items);
-            try macho_file.stubs_helper.write(macho_file, stream.writer());
+            var stream: Writer = .fixed(out.items);
+            try macho_file.stubs_helper.write(macho_file, &stream);
         }
     }.doWork;
     doWork(self) catch |err|
@@ -2669,18 +2669,17 @@ fn writeDyldInfo(self: *MachO) !void {
     defer gpa.free(buffer);
     @memset(buffer, 0);
 
-    var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(buffer);
-    const writer = stream.writer();
-
-    try self.rebase_section.write(writer);
-    try stream.seekTo(cmd.bind_off - base_off);
-    try self.bind_section.write(writer);
-    try stream.seekTo(cmd.weak_bind_off - base_off);
-    try self.weak_bind_section.write(writer);
-    try stream.seekTo(cmd.lazy_bind_off - base_off);
-    try self.lazy_bind_section.write(writer);
-    try stream.seekTo(cmd.export_off - base_off);
-    try self.export_trie.write(writer);
+    var writer: Writer = .fixed(buffer);
+
+    try self.rebase_section.write(&writer);
+    writer.end = @intCast(cmd.bind_off - base_off);
+    try self.bind_section.write(&writer);
+    writer.end = @intCast(cmd.weak_bind_off - base_off);
+    try self.weak_bind_section.write(&writer);
+    writer.end = @intCast(cmd.lazy_bind_off - base_off);
+    try self.lazy_bind_section.write(&writer);
+    writer.end = @intCast(cmd.export_off - base_off);
+    try self.export_trie.write(&writer);
     try self.pwriteAll(buffer, cmd.rebase_off);
 }
 
@@ -2689,10 +2688,10 @@ pub fn writeDataInCode(self: *MachO) !void {
     defer tracy.end();
     const gpa = self.base.comp.gpa;
     const cmd = self.data_in_code_cmd;
-    var buffer = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(gpa, self.data_in_code.size());
+    var buffer = try std.Io.Writer.Allocating.initCapacity(gpa, self.data_in_code.size());
     defer buffer.deinit();
-    try self.data_in_code.write(self, buffer.writer());
-    try self.pwriteAll(buffer.items, cmd.dataoff);
+    self.data_in_code.write(self, &buffer.writer) catch return error.OutOfMemory;
+    try self.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), cmd.dataoff);
 }
 
 fn writeIndsymtab(self: *MachO) !void {
@@ -2701,10 +2700,11 @@ fn writeIndsymtab(self: *MachO) !void {
     const gpa = self.base.comp.gpa;
     const cmd = self.dysymtab_cmd;
     const needed_size = cmd.nindirectsyms * @sizeOf(u32);
-    var buffer = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(gpa, needed_size);
-    defer buffer.deinit();
-    try self.indsymtab.write(self, buffer.writer());
-    try self.pwriteAll(buffer.items, cmd.indirectsymoff);
+    const buffer = try gpa.alloc(u8, needed_size);
+    defer gpa.free(buffer);
+    var writer: Writer = .fixed(buffer);
+    try self.indsymtab.write(self, &writer);
+    try self.pwriteAll(buffer, cmd.indirectsymoff);
 }
 
 pub fn writeSymtabToFile(self: *MachO) !void {
@@ -2821,8 +2821,7 @@ fn writeLoadCommands(self: *MachO) !struct { usize, usize, u64 } {
     const buffer = try gpa.alloc(u8, needed_size);
     defer gpa.free(buffer);
 
-    var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(buffer);
-    const writer = stream.writer();
+    var writer: Writer = .fixed(buffer);
 
     var ncmds: usize = 0;
 
@@ -2831,26 +2830,26 @@ fn writeLoadCommands(self: *MachO) !struct { usize, usize, u64 } {
         const slice = self.sections.slice();
         var sect_id: usize = 0;
         for (self.segments.items) |seg| {
-            try writer.writeStruct(seg);
+            try writer.writeStruct(seg, .little);
             for (slice.items(.header)[sect_id..][0..seg.nsects]) |header| {
-                try writer.writeStruct(header);
+                try writer.writeStruct(header, .little);
             }
             sect_id += seg.nsects;
         }
         ncmds += self.segments.items.len;
     }
 
-    try writer.writeStruct(self.dyld_info_cmd);
+    try writer.writeStruct(self.dyld_info_cmd, .little);
     ncmds += 1;
-    try writer.writeStruct(self.function_starts_cmd);
+    try writer.writeStruct(self.function_starts_cmd, .little);
     ncmds += 1;
-    try writer.writeStruct(self.data_in_code_cmd);
+    try writer.writeStruct(self.data_in_code_cmd, .little);
     ncmds += 1;
-    try writer.writeStruct(self.symtab_cmd);
+    try writer.writeStruct(self.symtab_cmd, .little);
     ncmds += 1;
-    try writer.writeStruct(self.dysymtab_cmd);
+    try writer.writeStruct(self.dysymtab_cmd, .little);
     ncmds += 1;
-    try load_commands.writeDylinkerLC(writer);
+    try load_commands.writeDylinkerLC(&writer);
     ncmds += 1;
 
     if (self.getInternalObject()) |obj| {
@@ -2861,44 +2860,44 @@ fn writeLoadCommands(self: *MachO) !struct { usize, usize, u64 } {
                 0
             else
                 @as(u32, @intCast(sym.getAddress(.{ .stubs = true }, self) - seg.vmaddr));
-            try writer.writeStruct(macho.entry_point_command{
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.entry_point_command, .{
                 .entryoff = entryoff,
                 .stacksize = self.base.stack_size,
-            });
+            }), .little);
             ncmds += 1;
         }
     }
 
     if (self.base.isDynLib()) {
-        try load_commands.writeDylibIdLC(self, writer);
+        try load_commands.writeDylibIdLC(self, &writer);
         ncmds += 1;
     }
 
     for (self.rpath_list) |rpath| {
-        try load_commands.writeRpathLC(rpath, writer);
+        try load_commands.writeRpathLC(rpath, &writer);
         ncmds += 1;
     }
     if (comp.config.any_sanitize_thread) {
         const path = try comp.tsan_lib.?.full_object_path.toString(gpa);
         defer gpa.free(path);
         const rpath = std.fs.path.dirname(path) orelse ".";
-        try load_commands.writeRpathLC(rpath, writer);
+        try load_commands.writeRpathLC(rpath, &writer);
         ncmds += 1;
     }
 
-    try writer.writeStruct(macho.source_version_command{ .version = 0 });
+    try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.source_version_command, .{ .version = 0 }), .little);
     ncmds += 1;
 
     if (self.platform.isBuildVersionCompatible()) {
-        try load_commands.writeBuildVersionLC(self.platform, self.sdk_version, writer);
+        try load_commands.writeBuildVersionLC(self.platform, self.sdk_version, &writer);
         ncmds += 1;
     } else {
-        try load_commands.writeVersionMinLC(self.platform, self.sdk_version, writer);
+        try load_commands.writeVersionMinLC(self.platform, self.sdk_version, &writer);
         ncmds += 1;
     }
 
-    const uuid_cmd_offset = @sizeOf(macho.mach_header_64) + stream.pos;
-    try writer.writeStruct(self.uuid_cmd);
+    const uuid_cmd_offset = @sizeOf(macho.mach_header_64) + writer.end;
+    try writer.writeStruct(self.uuid_cmd, .little);
     ncmds += 1;
 
     for (self.dylibs.items) |index| {
@@ -2916,16 +2915,16 @@ fn writeLoadCommands(self: *MachO) !struct { usize, usize, u64 } {
             .timestamp = dylib_id.timestamp,
             .current_version = dylib_id.current_version,
             .compatibility_version = dylib_id.compatibility_version,
-        }, writer);
+        }, &writer);
         ncmds += 1;
     }
 
     if (self.requiresCodeSig()) {
-        try writer.writeStruct(self.codesig_cmd);
+        try writer.writeStruct(self.codesig_cmd, .little);
         ncmds += 1;
     }
 
-    assert(stream.pos == needed_size);
+    assert(writer.end == needed_size);
 
     try self.pwriteAll(buffer, @sizeOf(macho.mach_header_64));
 
@@ -3014,25 +3013,32 @@ pub fn writeCodeSignaturePadding(self: *MachO, code_sig: *CodeSignature) !void {
 pub fn writeCodeSignature(self: *MachO, code_sig: *CodeSignature) !void {
     const seg = self.getTextSegment();
     const offset = self.codesig_cmd.dataoff;
+    const gpa = self.base.comp.gpa;
 
-    var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(self.base.comp.gpa);
+    var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(gpa);
     defer buffer.deinit();
-    try buffer.ensureTotalCapacityPrecise(code_sig.size());
-    try code_sig.writeAdhocSignature(self, .{
+    // The writeAdhocSignature function internally changes code_sig.size()
+    // during the execution.
+    try buffer.ensureUnusedCapacity(code_sig.size());
+
+    code_sig.writeAdhocSignature(self, .{
         .file = self.base.file.?,
         .exec_seg_base = seg.fileoff,
         .exec_seg_limit = seg.filesize,
         .file_size = offset,
         .dylib = self.base.isDynLib(),
-    }, buffer.writer());
-    assert(buffer.items.len == code_sig.size());
+    }, &buffer.writer) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+        else => |e| return e,
+    };
+    assert(buffer.written().len == code_sig.size());
 
     log.debug("writing code signature from 0x{x} to 0x{x}", .{
         offset,
-        offset + buffer.items.len,
+        offset + buffer.written().len,
     });
 
-    try self.pwriteAll(buffer.items, offset);
+    try self.pwriteAll(buffer.written(), offset);
 }
 
 pub fn updateFunc(
@@ -5372,7 +5378,7 @@ const macho = std.macho;
 const math = std.math;
 const mem = std.mem;
 const meta = std.meta;
-const Writer = std.io.Writer;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 const aarch64 = codegen.aarch64.encoding;
 const bind = @import("MachO/dyld_info/bind.zig");
diff --git a/src/link/MachO/Archive.zig b/src/link/MachO/Archive.zig
index ae71dcde8d5e..1c7e285eb7de 100644
--- a/src/link/MachO/Archive.zig
+++ b/src/link/MachO/Archive.zig
@@ -81,34 +81,20 @@ pub fn writeHeader(
     object_name: []const u8,
     object_size: usize,
     format: Format,
-    writer: anytype,
+    writer: *Writer,
 ) !void {
-    var hdr: ar_hdr = .{
-        .ar_name = undefined,
-        .ar_date = undefined,
-        .ar_uid = undefined,
-        .ar_gid = undefined,
-        .ar_mode = undefined,
-        .ar_size = undefined,
-        .ar_fmag = undefined,
-    };
-    @memset(mem.asBytes(&hdr), 0x20);
-    inline for (@typeInfo(ar_hdr).@"struct".fields) |field| {
-        var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&@field(hdr, field.name));
-        stream.writer().print("0", .{}) catch unreachable;
-    }
-    @memcpy(&hdr.ar_fmag, ARFMAG);
+    var hdr: ar_hdr = .{};
 
     const object_name_len = mem.alignForward(usize, object_name.len + 1, ptrWidth(format));
     const total_object_size = object_size + object_name_len;
 
     {
-        var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&hdr.ar_name);
-        stream.writer().print("#1/{d}", .{object_name_len}) catch unreachable;
+        var stream: Writer = .fixed(&hdr.ar_name);
+        stream.print("#1/{d}", .{object_name_len}) catch unreachable;
     }
     {
-        var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&hdr.ar_size);
-        stream.writer().print("{d}", .{total_object_size}) catch unreachable;
+        var stream: Writer = .fixed(&hdr.ar_size);
+        stream.print("{d}", .{total_object_size}) catch unreachable;
     }
 
     try writer.writeAll(mem.asBytes(&hdr));
@@ -116,7 +102,7 @@ pub fn writeHeader(
 
     const padding = object_name_len - object_name.len - 1;
     if (padding > 0) {
-        try writer.writeByteNTimes(0, padding);
+        try writer.splatByteAll(0, padding);
     }
 }
 
@@ -138,25 +124,19 @@ pub const SYMDEF64_SORTED = "__.SYMDEF_64 SORTED";
 
 pub const ar_hdr = extern struct {
     /// Member file name, sometimes / terminated.
-    ar_name: [16]u8,
-
+    ar_name: [16]u8 = "0\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20".*,
     /// File date, decimal seconds since Epoch.
-    ar_date: [12]u8,
-
+    ar_date: [12]u8 = "0\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20".*,
     /// User ID, in ASCII format.
-    ar_uid: [6]u8,
-
+    ar_uid: [6]u8 = "0\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20".*,
     /// Group ID, in ASCII format.
-    ar_gid: [6]u8,
-
+    ar_gid: [6]u8 = "0\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20".*,
     /// File mode, in ASCII octal.
-    ar_mode: [8]u8,
-
+    ar_mode: [8]u8 = "0\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20".*,
     /// File size, in ASCII decimal.
-    ar_size: [10]u8,
-
+    ar_size: [10]u8 = "0\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20".*,
     /// Always contains ARFMAG.
-    ar_fmag: [2]u8,
+    ar_fmag: [2]u8 = ARFMAG.*,
 
     fn date(self: ar_hdr) !u64 {
         const value = mem.trimEnd(u8, &self.ar_date, &[_]u8{@as(u8, 0x20)});
@@ -201,7 +181,7 @@ pub const ArSymtab = struct {
         return ptr_width + ar.entries.items.len * 2 * ptr_width + ptr_width + mem.alignForward(usize, ar.strtab.buffer.items.len, ptr_width);
     }
 
-    pub fn write(ar: ArSymtab, format: Format, macho_file: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(ar: ArSymtab, format: Format, macho_file: *MachO, writer: *Writer) !void {
         const ptr_width = ptrWidth(format);
         // Header
         try writeHeader(SYMDEF, ar.size(format), format, writer);
@@ -226,7 +206,7 @@ pub const ArSymtab = struct {
         // Strtab
         try writer.writeAll(ar.strtab.buffer.items);
         if (padding > 0) {
-            try writer.writeByteNTimes(0, padding);
+            try writer.splatByteAll(0, padding);
         }
     }
 
@@ -275,7 +255,7 @@ pub fn ptrWidth(format: Format) usize {
     };
 }
 
-pub fn writeInt(format: Format, value: u64, writer: anytype) !void {
+pub fn writeInt(format: Format, value: u64, writer: *Writer) !void {
     switch (format) {
         .p32 => try writer.writeInt(u32, std.math.cast(u32, value) orelse return error.Overflow, .little),
         .p64 => try writer.writeInt(u64, value, .little),
@@ -299,7 +279,7 @@ const mem = std.mem;
 const std = @import("std");
 const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
 const Path = std.Build.Cache.Path;
-const Writer = std.io.Writer;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 const Archive = @This();
 const File = @import("file.zig").File;
diff --git a/src/link/MachO/Atom.zig b/src/link/MachO/Atom.zig
index 93b3bdde3715..c5d29c7ff583 100644
--- a/src/link/MachO/Atom.zig
+++ b/src/link/MachO/Atom.zig
@@ -581,19 +581,19 @@ pub fn resolveRelocs(self: Atom, macho_file: *MachO, buffer: []u8) !void {
     relocs_log.debug("{x}: {s}", .{ self.value, name });
 
     var has_error = false;
-    var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(buffer);
+    var stream: Writer = .fixed(buffer);
     var i: usize = 0;
     while (i < relocs.len) : (i += 1) {
         const rel = relocs[i];
-        const rel_offset = rel.offset - self.off;
+        const rel_offset: usize = @intCast(rel.offset - self.off);
         const subtractor = if (rel.meta.has_subtractor) relocs[i - 1] else null;
 
         if (rel.tag == .@"extern") {
             if (rel.getTargetSymbol(self, macho_file).getFile(macho_file) == null) continue;
         }
 
-        try stream.seekTo(rel_offset);
-        self.resolveRelocInner(rel, subtractor, buffer, macho_file, stream.writer()) catch |err| {
+        stream.end = rel_offset;
+        self.resolveRelocInner(rel, subtractor, buffer, macho_file, &stream) catch |err| {
             switch (err) {
                 error.RelaxFail => {
                     const target = switch (rel.tag) {
@@ -630,6 +630,7 @@ const ResolveError = error{
     UnexpectedRemainder,
     Overflow,
     OutOfMemory,
+    WriteFailed,
 };
 
 fn resolveRelocInner(
@@ -638,7 +639,7 @@ fn resolveRelocInner(
     subtractor: ?Relocation,
     code: []u8,
     macho_file: *MachO,
-    writer: anytype,
+    writer: *Writer,
 ) ResolveError!void {
     const t = &macho_file.base.comp.root_mod.resolved_target.result;
     const cpu_arch = t.cpu.arch;
@@ -1147,7 +1148,7 @@ const math = std.math;
 const mem = std.mem;
 const log = std.log.scoped(.link);
 const relocs_log = std.log.scoped(.link_relocs);
-const Writer = std.io.Writer;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 const Allocator = mem.Allocator;
 const AtomicBool = std.atomic.Value(bool);
 
diff --git a/src/link/MachO/CodeSignature.zig b/src/link/MachO/CodeSignature.zig
index 67365050377b..25addd8cdc02 100644
--- a/src/link/MachO/CodeSignature.zig
+++ b/src/link/MachO/CodeSignature.zig
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ pub fn writeAdhocSignature(
     self: *CodeSignature,
     macho_file: *MachO,
     opts: WriteOpts,
-    writer: anytype,
+    writer: *std.Io.Writer,
 ) !void {
     const tracy = trace(@src());
     defer tracy.end();
@@ -304,10 +304,10 @@ pub fn writeAdhocSignature(
     var hash: [hash_size]u8 = undefined;
 
     if (self.requirements) |*req| {
-        var buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
-        defer buf.deinit();
-        try req.write(buf.writer());
-        Sha256.hash(buf.items, &hash, .{});
+        var a: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(allocator);
+        defer a.deinit();
+        try req.write(&a.writer);
+        Sha256.hash(a.written(), &hash, .{});
         self.code_directory.addSpecialHash(req.slotType(), hash);
 
         try blobs.append(.{ .requirements = req });
@@ -316,10 +316,10 @@ pub fn writeAdhocSignature(
     }
 
     if (self.entitlements) |*ents| {
-        var buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
-        defer buf.deinit();
-        try ents.write(buf.writer());
-        Sha256.hash(buf.items, &hash, .{});
+        var a: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(allocator);
+        defer a.deinit();
+        try ents.write(&a.writer);
+        Sha256.hash(a.written(), &hash, .{});
         self.code_directory.addSpecialHash(ents.slotType(), hash);
 
         try blobs.append(.{ .entitlements = ents });
diff --git a/src/link/MachO/DebugSymbols.zig b/src/link/MachO/DebugSymbols.zig
index 4212827b2c57..550dd3d63d6f 100644
--- a/src/link/MachO/DebugSymbols.zig
+++ b/src/link/MachO/DebugSymbols.zig
@@ -273,14 +273,13 @@ fn writeLoadCommands(self: *DebugSymbols, macho_file: *MachO) !struct { usize, u
     const buffer = try gpa.alloc(u8, needed_size);
     defer gpa.free(buffer);
 
-    var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(buffer);
-    const writer = stream.writer();
+    var writer: Writer = .fixed(buffer);
 
     var ncmds: usize = 0;
 
     // UUID comes first presumably to speed up lookup by the consumer like lldb.
     @memcpy(&self.uuid_cmd.uuid, &macho_file.uuid_cmd.uuid);
-    try writer.writeStruct(self.uuid_cmd);
+    try writer.writeStruct(self.uuid_cmd, .little);
     ncmds += 1;
 
     // Segment and section load commands
@@ -293,11 +292,11 @@ fn writeLoadCommands(self: *DebugSymbols, macho_file: *MachO) !struct { usize, u
             var out_seg = seg;
             out_seg.fileoff = 0;
             out_seg.filesize = 0;
-            try writer.writeStruct(out_seg);
+            try writer.writeStruct(out_seg, .little);
             for (slice.items(.header)[sect_id..][0..seg.nsects]) |header| {
                 var out_header = header;
                 out_header.offset = 0;
-                try writer.writeStruct(out_header);
+                try writer.writeStruct(out_header, .little);
             }
             sect_id += seg.nsects;
         }
@@ -306,19 +305,19 @@ fn writeLoadCommands(self: *DebugSymbols, macho_file: *MachO) !struct { usize, u
         // Next, commit DSYM's __LINKEDIT and __DWARF segments headers.
         sect_id = 0;
         for (self.segments.items) |seg| {
-            try writer.writeStruct(seg);
+            try writer.writeStruct(seg, .little);
             for (self.sections.items[sect_id..][0..seg.nsects]) |header| {
-                try writer.writeStruct(header);
+                try writer.writeStruct(header, .little);
             }
             sect_id += seg.nsects;
         }
         ncmds += self.segments.items.len;
     }
 
-    try writer.writeStruct(self.symtab_cmd);
+    try writer.writeStruct(self.symtab_cmd, .little);
     ncmds += 1;
 
-    assert(stream.pos == needed_size);
+    assert(writer.end == needed_size);
 
     try self.file.?.pwriteAll(buffer, @sizeOf(macho.mach_header_64));
 
@@ -460,7 +459,7 @@ const math = std.math;
 const mem = std.mem;
 const padToIdeal = MachO.padToIdeal;
 const trace = @import("../../tracy.zig").trace;
-const Writer = std.io.Writer;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 const Allocator = mem.Allocator;
 const MachO = @import("../MachO.zig");
diff --git a/src/link/MachO/InternalObject.zig b/src/link/MachO/InternalObject.zig
index d284df299a31..9e21d49178fc 100644
--- a/src/link/MachO/InternalObject.zig
+++ b/src/link/MachO/InternalObject.zig
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ fn addObjcMethnameSection(self: *InternalObject, methname: []const u8, macho_fil
 
     sect.offset = @intCast(self.objc_methnames.items.len);
     try self.objc_methnames.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, methname.len + 1);
-    self.objc_methnames.writer(gpa).print("{s}\x00", .{methname}) catch unreachable;
+    self.objc_methnames.print(gpa, "{s}\x00", .{methname}) catch unreachable;
 
     const name_str = try self.addString(gpa, "ltmp");
     const sym_index = try self.addSymbol(gpa);
diff --git a/src/link/MachO/UnwindInfo.zig b/src/link/MachO/UnwindInfo.zig
index a0ffdfe06a5f..9b7185743b64 100644
--- a/src/link/MachO/UnwindInfo.zig
+++ b/src/link/MachO/UnwindInfo.zig
@@ -293,8 +293,7 @@ pub fn write(info: UnwindInfo, macho_file: *MachO, buffer: []u8) !void {
     const seg = macho_file.getTextSegment();
     const header = macho_file.sections.items(.header)[macho_file.unwind_info_sect_index.?];
 
-    var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(buffer);
-    const writer = stream.writer();
+    var writer: Writer = .fixed(buffer);
 
     const common_encodings_offset: u32 = @sizeOf(macho.unwind_info_section_header);
     const common_encodings_count: u32 = info.common_encodings_count;
@@ -303,14 +302,14 @@ pub fn write(info: UnwindInfo, macho_file: *MachO, buffer: []u8) !void {
     const indexes_offset: u32 = personalities_offset + personalities_count * @sizeOf(u32);
     const indexes_count: u32 = @as(u32, @intCast(info.pages.items.len + 1));
 
-    try writer.writeStruct(macho.unwind_info_section_header{
+    try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.unwind_info_section_header, .{
         .commonEncodingsArraySectionOffset = common_encodings_offset,
         .commonEncodingsArrayCount = common_encodings_count,
         .personalityArraySectionOffset = personalities_offset,
         .personalityArrayCount = personalities_count,
         .indexSectionOffset = indexes_offset,
         .indexCount = indexes_count,
-    });
+    }), .little);
 
     try writer.writeAll(mem.sliceAsBytes(info.common_encodings[0..info.common_encodings_count]));
 
@@ -325,42 +324,42 @@ pub fn write(info: UnwindInfo, macho_file: *MachO, buffer: []u8) !void {
     for (info.pages.items, 0..) |page, i| {
         assert(page.count > 0);
         const rec = info.records.items[page.start].getUnwindRecord(macho_file);
-        try writer.writeStruct(macho.unwind_info_section_header_index_entry{
+        try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.unwind_info_section_header_index_entry, .{
             .functionOffset = @as(u32, @intCast(rec.getAtomAddress(macho_file) - seg.vmaddr)),
             .secondLevelPagesSectionOffset = @as(u32, @intCast(pages_base_offset + i * second_level_page_bytes)),
             .lsdaIndexArraySectionOffset = lsda_base_offset +
                 info.lsdas_lookup.items[page.start] * @sizeOf(macho.unwind_info_section_header_lsda_index_entry),
-        });
+        }), .little);
     }
 
     const last_rec = info.records.items[info.records.items.len - 1].getUnwindRecord(macho_file);
     const sentinel_address = @as(u32, @intCast(last_rec.getAtomAddress(macho_file) + last_rec.length - seg.vmaddr));
-    try writer.writeStruct(macho.unwind_info_section_header_index_entry{
+    try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.unwind_info_section_header_index_entry, .{
         .functionOffset = sentinel_address,
         .secondLevelPagesSectionOffset = 0,
         .lsdaIndexArraySectionOffset = lsda_base_offset +
             @as(u32, @intCast(info.lsdas.items.len)) * @sizeOf(macho.unwind_info_section_header_lsda_index_entry),
-    });
+    }), .little);
 
     for (info.lsdas.items) |index| {
         const rec = info.records.items[index].getUnwindRecord(macho_file);
-        try writer.writeStruct(macho.unwind_info_section_header_lsda_index_entry{
+        try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.unwind_info_section_header_lsda_index_entry, .{
             .functionOffset = @as(u32, @intCast(rec.getAtomAddress(macho_file) - seg.vmaddr)),
             .lsdaOffset = @as(u32, @intCast(rec.getLsdaAddress(macho_file) - seg.vmaddr)),
-        });
+        }), .little);
     }
 
     for (info.pages.items) |page| {
-        const start = stream.pos;
-        try page.write(info, macho_file, writer);
-        const nwritten = stream.pos - start;
+        const start = writer.end;
+        try page.write(info, macho_file, &writer);
+        const nwritten = writer.end - start;
         if (nwritten < second_level_page_bytes) {
             const padding = math.cast(usize, second_level_page_bytes - nwritten) orelse return error.Overflow;
-            try writer.writeByteNTimes(0, padding);
+            try writer.splatByteAll(0, padding);
         }
     }
 
-    @memset(buffer[stream.pos..], 0);
+    @memset(buffer[writer.end..], 0);
 }
 
 fn getOrPutPersonalityFunction(info: *UnwindInfo, ref: MachO.Ref) error{TooManyPersonalities}!u2 {
@@ -611,33 +610,33 @@ const Page = struct {
         } };
     }
 
-    fn write(page: Page, info: UnwindInfo, macho_file: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+    fn write(page: Page, info: UnwindInfo, macho_file: *MachO, writer: *Writer) !void {
         const seg = macho_file.getTextSegment();
 
         switch (page.kind) {
             .regular => {
-                try writer.writeStruct(macho.unwind_info_regular_second_level_page_header{
+                try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.unwind_info_regular_second_level_page_header, .{
                     .entryPageOffset = @sizeOf(macho.unwind_info_regular_second_level_page_header),
                     .entryCount = page.count,
-                });
+                }), .little);
 
                 for (info.records.items[page.start..][0..page.count]) |ref| {
                     const rec = ref.getUnwindRecord(macho_file);
-                    try writer.writeStruct(macho.unwind_info_regular_second_level_entry{
+                    try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.unwind_info_regular_second_level_entry, .{
                         .functionOffset = @as(u32, @intCast(rec.getAtomAddress(macho_file) - seg.vmaddr)),
                         .encoding = rec.enc.enc,
-                    });
+                    }), .little);
                 }
             },
             .compressed => {
                 const entry_offset = @sizeOf(macho.unwind_info_compressed_second_level_page_header) +
                     @as(u16, @intCast(page.page_encodings_count)) * @sizeOf(u32);
-                try writer.writeStruct(macho.unwind_info_compressed_second_level_page_header{
+                try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.unwind_info_compressed_second_level_page_header, .{
                     .entryPageOffset = entry_offset,
                     .entryCount = page.count,
                     .encodingsPageOffset = @sizeOf(macho.unwind_info_compressed_second_level_page_header),
                     .encodingsCount = page.page_encodings_count,
-                });
+                }), .little);
 
                 for (page.page_encodings[0..page.page_encodings_count]) |enc| {
                     try writer.writeInt(u32, enc.enc, .little);
@@ -656,7 +655,7 @@ const Page = struct {
                         .funcOffset = @as(u24, @intCast(rec.getAtomAddress(macho_file) - first_rec.getAtomAddress(macho_file))),
                         .encodingIndex = @as(u8, @intCast(enc_index)),
                     };
-                    try writer.writeStruct(compressed);
+                    try writer.writeStruct(compressed, .little);
                 }
             },
         }
@@ -673,7 +672,7 @@ const macho = std.macho;
 const math = std.math;
 const mem = std.mem;
 const trace = @import("../../tracy.zig").trace;
-const Writer = std.io.Writer;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 const Allocator = mem.Allocator;
 const Atom = @import("Atom.zig");
diff --git a/src/link/MachO/dyld_info/Rebase.zig b/src/link/MachO/dyld_info/Rebase.zig
index dae0d3ffeb09..2b04a79d41c3 100644
--- a/src/link/MachO/dyld_info/Rebase.zig
+++ b/src/link/MachO/dyld_info/Rebase.zig
@@ -110,12 +110,14 @@ pub fn updateSize(rebase: *Rebase, macho_file: *MachO) !void {
 fn finalize(rebase: *Rebase, gpa: Allocator) !void {
     if (rebase.entries.items.len == 0) return;
 
-    const writer = rebase.buffer.writer(gpa);
-
     log.debug("rebase opcodes", .{});
 
     std.mem.sort(Entry, rebase.entries.items, {}, Entry.lessThan);
 
+    var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(gpa, &rebase.buffer);
+    defer rebase.buffer = allocating.toArrayList();
+    const writer = &allocating.writer;
+
     try setTypePointer(writer);
 
     var start: usize = 0;
@@ -226,13 +228,13 @@ fn setTypePointer(writer: anytype) !void {
 fn setSegmentOffset(segment_id: u8, offset: u64, writer: anytype) !void {
     log.debug(">>> set segment: {d} and offset: {x}", .{ segment_id, offset });
     try writer.writeByte(macho.REBASE_OPCODE_SET_SEGMENT_AND_OFFSET_ULEB | @as(u4, @truncate(segment_id)));
-    try std.leb.writeUleb128(writer, offset);
+    try writer.writeUleb128(offset);
 }
 
 fn rebaseAddAddr(addr: u64, writer: anytype) !void {
     log.debug(">>> rebase with add: {x}", .{addr});
     try writer.writeByte(macho.REBASE_OPCODE_DO_REBASE_ADD_ADDR_ULEB);
-    try std.leb.writeUleb128(writer, addr);
+    try writer.writeUleb128(addr);
 }
 
 fn rebaseTimes(count: usize, writer: anytype) !void {
@@ -241,15 +243,15 @@ fn rebaseTimes(count: usize, writer: anytype) !void {
         try writer.writeByte(macho.REBASE_OPCODE_DO_REBASE_IMM_TIMES | @as(u4, @truncate(count)));
     } else {
         try writer.writeByte(macho.REBASE_OPCODE_DO_REBASE_ULEB_TIMES);
-        try std.leb.writeUleb128(writer, count);
+        try writer.writeUleb128(count);
     }
 }
 
 fn rebaseTimesSkip(count: usize, skip: u64, writer: anytype) !void {
     log.debug(">>> rebase with count: {d} and skip: {x}", .{ count, skip });
     try writer.writeByte(macho.REBASE_OPCODE_DO_REBASE_ULEB_TIMES_SKIPPING_ULEB);
-    try std.leb.writeUleb128(writer, count);
-    try std.leb.writeUleb128(writer, skip);
+    try writer.writeUleb128(count);
+    try writer.writeUleb128(skip);
 }
 
 fn addAddr(addr: u64, writer: anytype) !void {
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ fn addAddr(addr: u64, writer: anytype) !void {
         }
     }
     try writer.writeByte(macho.REBASE_OPCODE_ADD_ADDR_ULEB);
-    try std.leb.writeUleb128(writer, addr);
+    try writer.writeUleb128(addr);
 }
 
 fn done(writer: anytype) !void {
@@ -649,7 +651,6 @@ test "rebase - composite" {
 
 const std = @import("std");
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
-const leb = std.leb;
 const log = std.log.scoped(.link_dyld_info);
 const macho = std.macho;
 const mem = std.mem;
diff --git a/src/link/MachO/dyld_info/Trie.zig b/src/link/MachO/dyld_info/Trie.zig
index 18ea348e7a4e..ea6f1a066624 100644
--- a/src/link/MachO/dyld_info/Trie.zig
+++ b/src/link/MachO/dyld_info/Trie.zig
@@ -170,8 +170,13 @@ fn finalize(self: *Trie, allocator: Allocator) !void {
     }
 
     try self.buffer.ensureTotalCapacityPrecise(allocator, size);
+
+    var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(allocator, &self.buffer);
+    defer self.buffer = allocating.toArrayList();
+    const writer = &allocating.writer;
+
     for (ordered_nodes.items) |node_index| {
-        try self.writeNode(node_index, self.buffer.writer(allocator));
+        try self.writeNode(node_index, writer);
     }
 }
 
@@ -232,7 +237,7 @@ pub fn deinit(self: *Trie, allocator: Allocator) void {
     self.buffer.deinit(allocator);
 }
 
-pub fn write(self: Trie, writer: anytype) !void {
+pub fn write(self: Trie, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
     if (self.buffer.items.len == 0) return;
     try writer.writeAll(self.buffer.items);
 }
@@ -243,7 +248,7 @@ pub fn write(self: Trie, writer: anytype) !void {
 /// iterate over `Trie.ordered_nodes` and call this method on each node.
 /// This is one of the requirements of the MachO.
 /// Panics if `finalize` was not called before calling this method.
-fn writeNode(self: *Trie, node_index: Node.Index, writer: anytype) !void {
+fn writeNode(self: *Trie, node_index: Node.Index, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
     const slice = self.nodes.slice();
     const edges = slice.items(.edges)[node_index];
     const is_terminal = slice.items(.is_terminal)[node_index];
@@ -253,21 +258,21 @@ fn writeNode(self: *Trie, node_index: Node.Index, writer: anytype) !void {
     if (is_terminal) {
         // Terminal node info: encode export flags and vmaddr offset of this symbol.
         var info_buf: [@sizeOf(u64) * 2]u8 = undefined;
-        var info_stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&info_buf);
+        var info_stream: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(&info_buf);
         // TODO Implement for special flags.
         assert(export_flags & macho.EXPORT_SYMBOL_FLAGS_REEXPORT == 0 and
             export_flags & macho.EXPORT_SYMBOL_FLAGS_STUB_AND_RESOLVER == 0);
-        try leb.writeUleb128(info_stream.writer(), export_flags);
-        try leb.writeUleb128(info_stream.writer(), vmaddr_offset);
+        try info_stream.writeUleb128(export_flags);
+        try info_stream.writeUleb128(vmaddr_offset);
 
         // Encode the size of the terminal node info.
         var size_buf: [@sizeOf(u64)]u8 = undefined;
-        var size_stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&size_buf);
-        try leb.writeUleb128(size_stream.writer(), info_stream.pos);
+        var size_stream: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(&size_buf);
+        try size_stream.writeUleb128(info_stream.end);
 
         // Now, write them to the output stream.
-        try writer.writeAll(size_buf[0..size_stream.pos]);
-        try writer.writeAll(info_buf[0..info_stream.pos]);
+        try writer.writeAll(size_buf[0..size_stream.end]);
+        try writer.writeAll(info_buf[0..info_stream.end]);
     } else {
         // Non-terminal node is delimited by 0 byte.
         try writer.writeByte(0);
@@ -280,7 +285,7 @@ fn writeNode(self: *Trie, node_index: Node.Index, writer: anytype) !void {
         // Write edge label and offset to next node in trie.
         try writer.writeAll(edge.label);
         try writer.writeByte(0);
-        try leb.writeUleb128(writer, slice.items(.trie_offset)[edge.node]);
+        try writer.writeUleb128(slice.items(.trie_offset)[edge.node]);
     }
 }
 
@@ -414,7 +419,6 @@ test "ordering bug" {
 }
 
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
-const leb = std.leb;
 const log = std.log.scoped(.macho);
 const macho = std.macho;
 const mem = std.mem;
diff --git a/src/link/MachO/dyld_info/bind.zig b/src/link/MachO/dyld_info/bind.zig
index bc5484a846dc..dc3c17ebeeea 100644
--- a/src/link/MachO/dyld_info/bind.zig
+++ b/src/link/MachO/dyld_info/bind.zig
@@ -132,12 +132,14 @@ pub const Bind = struct {
     fn finalize(self: *Self, gpa: Allocator, ctx: *MachO) !void {
         if (self.entries.items.len == 0) return;
 
-        const writer = self.buffer.writer(gpa);
-
         log.debug("bind opcodes", .{});
 
         std.mem.sort(Entry, self.entries.items, ctx, Entry.lessThan);
 
+        var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(gpa, &self.buffer);
+        defer self.buffer = allocating.toArrayList();
+        const writer = &allocating.writer;
+
         var start: usize = 0;
         var seg_id: ?u8 = null;
         for (self.entries.items, 0..) |entry, i| {
@@ -151,7 +153,7 @@ pub const Bind = struct {
         try done(writer);
     }
 
-    fn finalizeSegment(entries: []const Entry, ctx: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+    fn finalizeSegment(entries: []const Entry, ctx: *MachO, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         if (entries.len == 0) return;
 
         const seg_id = entries[0].segment_id;
@@ -263,7 +265,7 @@ pub const Bind = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn write(self: Self, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(self: Self, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         try writer.writeAll(self.buffer.items);
     }
 };
@@ -385,12 +387,14 @@ pub const WeakBind = struct {
     fn finalize(self: *Self, gpa: Allocator, ctx: *MachO) !void {
         if (self.entries.items.len == 0) return;
 
-        const writer = self.buffer.writer(gpa);
-
         log.debug("weak bind opcodes", .{});
 
         std.mem.sort(Entry, self.entries.items, ctx, Entry.lessThan);
 
+        var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(gpa, &self.buffer);
+        defer self.buffer = allocating.toArrayList();
+        const writer = &allocating.writer;
+
         var start: usize = 0;
         var seg_id: ?u8 = null;
         for (self.entries.items, 0..) |entry, i| {
@@ -404,7 +408,7 @@ pub const WeakBind = struct {
         try done(writer);
     }
 
-    fn finalizeSegment(entries: []const Entry, ctx: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+    fn finalizeSegment(entries: []const Entry, ctx: *MachO, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         if (entries.len == 0) return;
 
         const seg_id = entries[0].segment_id;
@@ -505,7 +509,7 @@ pub const WeakBind = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn write(self: Self, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(self: Self, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         try writer.writeAll(self.buffer.items);
     }
 };
@@ -555,8 +559,6 @@ pub const LazyBind = struct {
     fn finalize(self: *Self, gpa: Allocator, ctx: *MachO) !void {
         try self.offsets.ensureTotalCapacityPrecise(gpa, self.entries.items.len);
 
-        const writer = self.buffer.writer(gpa);
-
         log.debug("lazy bind opcodes", .{});
 
         var addend: i64 = 0;
@@ -578,6 +580,9 @@ pub const LazyBind = struct {
                 break :ord macho.BIND_SPECIAL_DYLIB_SELF;
             };
 
+            var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(gpa, &self.buffer);
+            defer self.buffer = allocating.toArrayList();
+            const writer = &allocating.writer;
             try setSegmentOffset(entry.segment_id, entry.offset, writer);
             try setSymbol(name, flags, writer);
             try setDylibOrdinal(ordinal, writer);
@@ -592,30 +597,30 @@ pub const LazyBind = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn write(self: Self, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(self: Self, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
         try writer.writeAll(self.buffer.items);
     }
 };
 
-fn setSegmentOffset(segment_id: u8, offset: u64, writer: anytype) !void {
+fn setSegmentOffset(segment_id: u8, offset: u64, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
     log.debug(">>> set segment: {d} and offset: {x}", .{ segment_id, offset });
     try writer.writeByte(macho.BIND_OPCODE_SET_SEGMENT_AND_OFFSET_ULEB | @as(u4, @truncate(segment_id)));
-    try std.leb.writeUleb128(writer, offset);
+    try writer.writeUleb128(offset);
 }
 
-fn setSymbol(name: []const u8, flags: u8, writer: anytype) !void {
+fn setSymbol(name: []const u8, flags: u8, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
     log.debug(">>> set symbol: {s} with flags: {x}", .{ name, flags });
     try writer.writeByte(macho.BIND_OPCODE_SET_SYMBOL_TRAILING_FLAGS_IMM | @as(u4, @truncate(flags)));
     try writer.writeAll(name);
     try writer.writeByte(0);
 }
 
-fn setTypePointer(writer: anytype) !void {
+fn setTypePointer(writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
     log.debug(">>> set type: {d}", .{macho.BIND_TYPE_POINTER});
     try writer.writeByte(macho.BIND_OPCODE_SET_TYPE_IMM | @as(u4, @truncate(macho.BIND_TYPE_POINTER)));
 }
 
-fn setDylibOrdinal(ordinal: i16, writer: anytype) !void {
+fn setDylibOrdinal(ordinal: i16, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
     if (ordinal <= 0) {
         switch (ordinal) {
             macho.BIND_SPECIAL_DYLIB_SELF,
@@ -634,23 +639,23 @@ fn setDylibOrdinal(ordinal: i16, writer: anytype) !void {
             try writer.writeByte(macho.BIND_OPCODE_SET_DYLIB_ORDINAL_IMM | @as(u4, @truncate(cast)));
         } else {
             try writer.writeByte(macho.BIND_OPCODE_SET_DYLIB_ORDINAL_ULEB);
-            try std.leb.writeUleb128(writer, cast);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(cast);
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn setAddend(addend: i64, writer: anytype) !void {
+fn setAddend(addend: i64, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
     log.debug(">>> set addend: {x}", .{addend});
     try writer.writeByte(macho.BIND_OPCODE_SET_ADDEND_SLEB);
     try std.leb.writeIleb128(writer, addend);
 }
 
-fn doBind(writer: anytype) !void {
+fn doBind(writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
     log.debug(">>> bind", .{});
     try writer.writeByte(macho.BIND_OPCODE_DO_BIND);
 }
 
-fn doBindAddAddr(addr: u64, writer: anytype) !void {
+fn doBindAddAddr(addr: u64, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
     log.debug(">>> bind with add: {x}", .{addr});
     if (std.mem.isAlignedGeneric(u64, addr, @sizeOf(u64))) {
         const imm = @divExact(addr, @sizeOf(u64));
@@ -662,29 +667,28 @@ fn doBindAddAddr(addr: u64, writer: anytype) !void {
         }
     }
     try writer.writeByte(macho.BIND_OPCODE_DO_BIND_ADD_ADDR_ULEB);
-    try std.leb.writeUleb128(writer, addr);
+    try writer.writeUleb128(addr);
 }
 
-fn doBindTimesSkip(count: usize, skip: u64, writer: anytype) !void {
+fn doBindTimesSkip(count: usize, skip: u64, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
     log.debug(">>> bind with count: {d} and skip: {x}", .{ count, skip });
     try writer.writeByte(macho.BIND_OPCODE_DO_BIND_ULEB_TIMES_SKIPPING_ULEB);
-    try std.leb.writeUleb128(writer, count);
-    try std.leb.writeUleb128(writer, skip);
+    try writer.writeUleb128(count);
+    try writer.writeUleb128(skip);
 }
 
-fn addAddr(addr: u64, writer: anytype) !void {
+fn addAddr(addr: u64, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
     log.debug(">>> add: {x}", .{addr});
     try writer.writeByte(macho.BIND_OPCODE_ADD_ADDR_ULEB);
-    try std.leb.writeUleb128(writer, addr);
+    try writer.writeUleb128(addr);
 }
 
-fn done(writer: anytype) !void {
+fn done(writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
     log.debug(">>> done", .{});
     try writer.writeByte(macho.BIND_OPCODE_DONE);
 }
 
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
-const leb = std.leb;
 const log = std.log.scoped(.link_dyld_info);
 const macho = std.macho;
 const mem = std.mem;
diff --git a/src/link/MachO/load_commands.zig b/src/link/MachO/load_commands.zig
index 7c7b4416f4a8..59717dc9c9d8 100644
--- a/src/link/MachO/load_commands.zig
+++ b/src/link/MachO/load_commands.zig
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ const assert = std.debug.assert;
 const log = std.log.scoped(.link);
 const macho = std.macho;
 const mem = std.mem;
-const Writer = std.io.Writer;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
+const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
 
-const Allocator = mem.Allocator;
 const DebugSymbols = @import("DebugSymbols.zig");
 const Dylib = @import("Dylib.zig");
 const MachO = @import("../MachO.zig");
@@ -181,22 +181,22 @@ pub fn calcMinHeaderPadSize(macho_file: *MachO) !u32 {
     return offset;
 }
 
-pub fn writeDylinkerLC(writer: anytype) !void {
+pub fn writeDylinkerLC(writer: *Writer) !void {
     const name_len = mem.sliceTo(default_dyld_path, 0).len;
     const cmdsize = @as(u32, @intCast(mem.alignForward(
         u64,
         @sizeOf(macho.dylinker_command) + name_len,
         @sizeOf(u64),
     )));
-    try writer.writeStruct(macho.dylinker_command{
+    try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.dylinker_command, .{
         .cmd = .LOAD_DYLINKER,
         .cmdsize = cmdsize,
         .name = @sizeOf(macho.dylinker_command),
-    });
+    }), .little);
     try writer.writeAll(mem.sliceTo(default_dyld_path, 0));
     const padding = cmdsize - @sizeOf(macho.dylinker_command) - name_len;
     if (padding > 0) {
-        try writer.writeByteNTimes(0, padding);
+        try writer.splatByteAll(0, padding);
     }
 }
 
@@ -208,14 +208,14 @@ const WriteDylibLCCtx = struct {
     compatibility_version: u32 = 0x10000,
 };
 
-pub fn writeDylibLC(ctx: WriteDylibLCCtx, writer: anytype) !void {
+pub fn writeDylibLC(ctx: WriteDylibLCCtx, writer: *Writer) !void {
     const name_len = ctx.name.len + 1;
     const cmdsize = @as(u32, @intCast(mem.alignForward(
         u64,
         @sizeOf(macho.dylib_command) + name_len,
         @sizeOf(u64),
     )));
-    try writer.writeStruct(macho.dylib_command{
+    try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.dylib_command, .{
         .cmd = ctx.cmd,
         .cmdsize = cmdsize,
         .dylib = .{
@@ -224,16 +224,16 @@ pub fn writeDylibLC(ctx: WriteDylibLCCtx, writer: anytype) !void {
             .current_version = ctx.current_version,
             .compatibility_version = ctx.compatibility_version,
         },
-    });
+    }), .little);
     try writer.writeAll(ctx.name);
     try writer.writeByte(0);
     const padding = cmdsize - @sizeOf(macho.dylib_command) - name_len;
     if (padding > 0) {
-        try writer.writeByteNTimes(0, padding);
+        try writer.splatByteAll(0, padding);
     }
 }
 
-pub fn writeDylibIdLC(macho_file: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+pub fn writeDylibIdLC(macho_file: *MachO, writer: *Writer) !void {
     const comp = macho_file.base.comp;
     const gpa = comp.gpa;
     assert(comp.config.output_mode == .Lib and comp.config.link_mode == .dynamic);
@@ -259,26 +259,26 @@ pub fn writeDylibIdLC(macho_file: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
     }, writer);
 }
 
-pub fn writeRpathLC(rpath: []const u8, writer: anytype) !void {
+pub fn writeRpathLC(rpath: []const u8, writer: *Writer) !void {
     const rpath_len = rpath.len + 1;
     const cmdsize = @as(u32, @intCast(mem.alignForward(
         u64,
         @sizeOf(macho.rpath_command) + rpath_len,
         @sizeOf(u64),
     )));
-    try writer.writeStruct(macho.rpath_command{
+    try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.rpath_command, .{
         .cmdsize = cmdsize,
         .path = @sizeOf(macho.rpath_command),
-    });
+    }), .little);
     try writer.writeAll(rpath);
     try writer.writeByte(0);
     const padding = cmdsize - @sizeOf(macho.rpath_command) - rpath_len;
     if (padding > 0) {
-        try writer.writeByteNTimes(0, padding);
+        try writer.splatByteAll(0, padding);
     }
 }
 
-pub fn writeVersionMinLC(platform: MachO.Platform, sdk_version: ?std.SemanticVersion, writer: anytype) !void {
+pub fn writeVersionMinLC(platform: MachO.Platform, sdk_version: ?std.SemanticVersion, writer: *Writer) !void {
     const cmd: macho.LC = switch (platform.os_tag) {
         .macos => .VERSION_MIN_MACOSX,
         .ios => .VERSION_MIN_IPHONEOS,
@@ -296,9 +296,9 @@ pub fn writeVersionMinLC(platform: MachO.Platform, sdk_version: ?std.SemanticVer
     }));
 }
 
-pub fn writeBuildVersionLC(platform: MachO.Platform, sdk_version: ?std.SemanticVersion, writer: anytype) !void {
+pub fn writeBuildVersionLC(platform: MachO.Platform, sdk_version: ?std.SemanticVersion, writer: *Writer) !void {
     const cmdsize = @sizeOf(macho.build_version_command) + @sizeOf(macho.build_tool_version);
-    try writer.writeStruct(macho.build_version_command{
+    try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.build_version_command, .{
         .cmdsize = cmdsize,
         .platform = platform.toApplePlatform(),
         .minos = platform.toAppleVersion(),
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ pub fn writeBuildVersionLC(platform: MachO.Platform, sdk_version: ?std.SemanticV
         else
             platform.toAppleVersion(),
         .ntools = 1,
-    });
+    }), .little);
     try writer.writeAll(mem.asBytes(&macho.build_tool_version{
         .tool = .ZIG,
         .version = 0x0,
diff --git a/src/link/MachO/relocatable.zig b/src/link/MachO/relocatable.zig
index e962ce3fd258..a9f4d51ea667 100644
--- a/src/link/MachO/relocatable.zig
+++ b/src/link/MachO/relocatable.zig
@@ -205,35 +205,32 @@ pub fn flushStaticLib(macho_file: *MachO, comp: *Compilation, module_obj_path: ?
         state_log.debug("ar_symtab\n{f}\n", .{ar_symtab.fmt(macho_file)});
     }
 
-    var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(gpa);
-    defer buffer.deinit();
-    try buffer.ensureTotalCapacityPrecise(total_size);
-    const writer = buffer.writer();
+    const buffer = try gpa.alloc(u8, total_size);
+    defer gpa.free(buffer);
+    var writer: Writer = .fixed(buffer);
 
     // Write magic
-    try writer.writeAll(Archive.ARMAG);
+    writer.writeAll(Archive.ARMAG) catch unreachable;
 
     // Write symtab
-    ar_symtab.write(format, macho_file, writer) catch |err| switch (err) {
-        error.OutOfMemory => return error.OutOfMemory,
-        else => |e| return diags.fail("failed to write archive symbol table: {s}", .{@errorName(e)}),
-    };
+    ar_symtab.write(format, macho_file, &writer) catch |err|
+        return diags.fail("failed to write archive symbol table: {t}", .{err});
 
     // Write object files
     for (files.items) |index| {
-        const aligned = mem.alignForward(usize, buffer.items.len, 2);
-        const padding = aligned - buffer.items.len;
+        const aligned = mem.alignForward(usize, writer.end, 2);
+        const padding = aligned - writer.end;
         if (padding > 0) {
-            try writer.writeByteNTimes(0, padding);
+            writer.splatByteAll(0, padding) catch unreachable;
         }
-        macho_file.getFile(index).?.writeAr(format, macho_file, writer) catch |err|
-            return diags.fail("failed to write archive: {s}", .{@errorName(err)});
+        macho_file.getFile(index).?.writeAr(format, macho_file, &writer) catch |err|
+            return diags.fail("failed to write archive: {t}", .{err});
     }
 
-    assert(buffer.items.len == total_size);
+    assert(writer.end == total_size);
 
     try macho_file.setEndPos(total_size);
-    try macho_file.pwriteAll(buffer.items, 0);
+    try macho_file.pwriteAll(writer.buffered(), 0);
 
     if (diags.hasErrors()) return error.LinkFailure;
 }
@@ -693,8 +690,7 @@ fn writeLoadCommands(macho_file: *MachO) error{ LinkFailure, OutOfMemory }!struc
     const buffer = try gpa.alloc(u8, needed_size);
     defer gpa.free(buffer);
 
-    var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(buffer);
-    const writer = stream.writer();
+    var writer: Writer = .fixed(buffer);
 
     var ncmds: usize = 0;
 
@@ -702,43 +698,43 @@ fn writeLoadCommands(macho_file: *MachO) error{ LinkFailure, OutOfMemory }!struc
     {
         assert(macho_file.segments.items.len == 1);
         const seg = macho_file.segments.items[0];
-        writer.writeStruct(seg) catch |err| switch (err) {
-            error.NoSpaceLeft => unreachable,
+        writer.writeStruct(seg, .little) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            error.WriteFailed => unreachable,
         };
         for (macho_file.sections.items(.header)) |header| {
-            writer.writeStruct(header) catch |err| switch (err) {
-                error.NoSpaceLeft => unreachable,
+            writer.writeStruct(header, .little) catch |err| switch (err) {
+                error.WriteFailed => unreachable,
             };
         }
         ncmds += 1;
     }
 
-    writer.writeStruct(macho_file.data_in_code_cmd) catch |err| switch (err) {
-        error.NoSpaceLeft => unreachable,
+    writer.writeStruct(macho_file.data_in_code_cmd, .little) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.WriteFailed => unreachable,
     };
     ncmds += 1;
-    writer.writeStruct(macho_file.symtab_cmd) catch |err| switch (err) {
-        error.NoSpaceLeft => unreachable,
+    writer.writeStruct(macho_file.symtab_cmd, .little) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.WriteFailed => unreachable,
     };
     ncmds += 1;
-    writer.writeStruct(macho_file.dysymtab_cmd) catch |err| switch (err) {
-        error.NoSpaceLeft => unreachable,
+    writer.writeStruct(macho_file.dysymtab_cmd, .little) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.WriteFailed => unreachable,
     };
     ncmds += 1;
 
     if (macho_file.platform.isBuildVersionCompatible()) {
-        load_commands.writeBuildVersionLC(macho_file.platform, macho_file.sdk_version, writer) catch |err| switch (err) {
-            error.NoSpaceLeft => unreachable,
+        load_commands.writeBuildVersionLC(macho_file.platform, macho_file.sdk_version, &writer) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            error.WriteFailed => unreachable,
         };
         ncmds += 1;
     } else {
-        load_commands.writeVersionMinLC(macho_file.platform, macho_file.sdk_version, writer) catch |err| switch (err) {
-            error.NoSpaceLeft => unreachable,
+        load_commands.writeVersionMinLC(macho_file.platform, macho_file.sdk_version, &writer) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            error.WriteFailed => unreachable,
         };
         ncmds += 1;
     }
 
-    assert(stream.pos == needed_size);
+    assert(writer.end == needed_size);
 
     try macho_file.pwriteAll(buffer, @sizeOf(macho.mach_header_64));
 
diff --git a/src/link/MachO/synthetic.zig b/src/link/MachO/synthetic.zig
index 22c44d2f7ad4..6761a4a34015 100644
--- a/src/link/MachO/synthetic.zig
+++ b/src/link/MachO/synthetic.zig
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub const GotSection = struct {
         return got.symbols.items.len * @sizeOf(u64);
     }
 
-    pub fn write(got: GotSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(got: GotSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: *Writer) !void {
         const tracy = trace(@src());
         defer tracy.end();
         for (got.symbols.items) |ref| {
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ pub const StubsSection = struct {
         return stubs.symbols.items.len * header.reserved2;
     }
 
-    pub fn write(stubs: StubsSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(stubs: StubsSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: *Writer) !void {
         const tracy = trace(@src());
         defer tracy.end();
         const cpu_arch = macho_file.getTarget().cpu.arch;
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ pub const StubsHelperSection = struct {
         return s;
     }
 
-    pub fn write(stubs_helper: StubsHelperSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(stubs_helper: StubsHelperSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: *Writer) !void {
         const tracy = trace(@src());
         defer tracy.end();
 
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ pub const StubsHelperSection = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    fn writePreamble(stubs_helper: StubsHelperSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+    fn writePreamble(stubs_helper: StubsHelperSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: *Writer) !void {
         _ = stubs_helper;
         const obj = macho_file.getInternalObject().?;
         const cpu_arch = macho_file.getTarget().cpu.arch;
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ pub const LaSymbolPtrSection = struct {
         return macho_file.stubs.symbols.items.len * @sizeOf(u64);
     }
 
-    pub fn write(laptr: LaSymbolPtrSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(laptr: LaSymbolPtrSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: *Writer) !void {
         const tracy = trace(@src());
         defer tracy.end();
         _ = laptr;
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ pub const TlvPtrSection = struct {
         return tlv.symbols.items.len * @sizeOf(u64);
     }
 
-    pub fn write(tlv: TlvPtrSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(tlv: TlvPtrSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: *Writer) !void {
         const tracy = trace(@src());
         defer tracy.end();
 
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ pub const ObjcStubsSection = struct {
         return objc.symbols.items.len * entrySize(macho_file.getTarget().cpu.arch);
     }
 
-    pub fn write(objc: ObjcStubsSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(objc: ObjcStubsSection, macho_file: *MachO, writer: *Writer) !void {
         const tracy = trace(@src());
         defer tracy.end();
 
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ pub const Indsymtab = struct {
         macho_file.dysymtab_cmd.nindirectsyms = ind.nsyms(macho_file);
     }
 
-    pub fn write(ind: Indsymtab, macho_file: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(ind: Indsymtab, macho_file: *MachO, writer: *Writer) !void {
         const tracy = trace(@src());
         defer tracy.end();
 
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ pub const DataInCode = struct {
         macho_file.data_in_code_cmd.datasize = math.cast(u32, dice.size()) orelse return error.Overflow;
     }
 
-    pub fn write(dice: DataInCode, macho_file: *MachO, writer: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn write(dice: DataInCode, macho_file: *MachO, writer: *Writer) !void {
         const base_address = if (!macho_file.base.isRelocatable())
             macho_file.getTextSegment().vmaddr
         else
@@ -572,11 +572,11 @@ pub const DataInCode = struct {
         for (dice.entries.items) |entry| {
             const atom_address = entry.atom_ref.getAtom(macho_file).?.getAddress(macho_file);
             const offset = atom_address + entry.offset - base_address;
-            try writer.writeStruct(macho.data_in_code_entry{
+            try writer.writeStruct(@as(macho.data_in_code_entry, .{
                 .offset = @intCast(offset),
                 .length = entry.length,
                 .kind = entry.kind,
-            });
+            }), .little);
         }
     }
 
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ const assert = std.debug.assert;
 const macho = std.macho;
 const math = std.math;
 const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
-const Writer = std.io.Writer;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 const trace = @import("../../tracy.zig").trace;
 const MachO = @import("../MachO.zig");
diff --git a/src/link/Wasm/Flush.zig b/src/link/Wasm/Flush.zig
index cc8df067434d..f728a8578669 100644
--- a/src/link/Wasm/Flush.zig
+++ b/src/link/Wasm/Flush.zig
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ const mem = std.mem;
 const leb = std.leb;
 const log = std.log.scoped(.link);
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
+const ArrayList = std.ArrayList;
 
 /// Ordered list of data segments that will appear in the final binary.
 /// When sorted, to-be-merged segments will be made adjacent.
@@ -27,9 +28,9 @@ data_segments: std.AutoArrayHashMapUnmanaged(Wasm.DataSegmentId, u32) = .empty,
 /// Each time a `data_segment` offset equals zero it indicates a new group, and
 /// the next element in this array will contain the total merged segment size.
 /// Value is the virtual memory address of the end of the segment.
-data_segment_groups: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(DataSegmentGroup) = .empty,
+data_segment_groups: ArrayList(DataSegmentGroup) = .empty,
 
-binary_bytes: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .empty,
+binary_bytes: ArrayList(u8) = .empty,
 missing_exports: std.AutoArrayHashMapUnmanaged(String, void) = .empty,
 function_imports: std.AutoArrayHashMapUnmanaged(String, Wasm.FunctionImportId) = .empty,
 global_imports: std.AutoArrayHashMapUnmanaged(String, Wasm.GlobalImportId) = .empty,
@@ -563,8 +564,6 @@ pub fn finish(f: *Flush, wasm: *Wasm) !void {
     try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, &std.wasm.magic ++ &std.wasm.version);
     assert(binary_bytes.items.len == 8);
 
-    const binary_writer = binary_bytes.writer(gpa);
-
     // Type section.
     for (f.function_imports.values()) |id| {
         try f.func_types.put(gpa, id.functionType(wasm), {});
@@ -576,16 +575,16 @@ pub fn finish(f: *Flush, wasm: *Wasm) !void {
         const header_offset = try reserveVecSectionHeader(gpa, binary_bytes);
         for (f.func_types.keys()) |func_type_index| {
             const func_type = func_type_index.ptr(wasm);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, std.wasm.function_type);
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, std.wasm.function_type);
             const params = func_type.params.slice(wasm);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, @intCast(params.len)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(params.len)));
             for (params) |param_ty| {
-                try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @intFromEnum(param_ty));
+                try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(param_ty));
             }
             const returns = func_type.returns.slice(wasm);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, @intCast(returns.len)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(returns.len)));
             for (returns) |ret_ty| {
-                try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @intFromEnum(ret_ty));
+                try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(ret_ty));
             }
         }
         replaceVecSectionHeader(binary_bytes, header_offset, .type, @intCast(f.func_types.entries.len));
@@ -605,31 +604,31 @@ pub fn finish(f: *Flush, wasm: *Wasm) !void {
 
         for (f.function_imports.values()) |id| {
             const module_name = id.moduleName(wasm).slice(wasm).?;
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, @intCast(module_name.len)));
-            try binary_writer.writeAll(module_name);
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(module_name.len)));
+            try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, module_name);
 
             const name = id.importName(wasm).slice(wasm);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
-            try binary_writer.writeAll(name);
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+            try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
 
-            try binary_writer.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.ExternalKind.function));
+            try binary_bytes.append(gpa, @intFromEnum(std.wasm.ExternalKind.function));
             const type_index: FuncTypeIndex = .fromTypeIndex(id.functionType(wasm), f);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @intFromEnum(type_index));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(type_index));
         }
         total_imports += f.function_imports.entries.len;
 
         for (wasm.table_imports.values()) |id| {
             const table_import = id.value(wasm);
             const module_name = table_import.module_name.slice(wasm);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, @intCast(module_name.len)));
-            try binary_writer.writeAll(module_name);
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(module_name.len)));
+            try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, module_name);
 
             const name = table_import.name.slice(wasm);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
-            try binary_writer.writeAll(name);
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+            try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
 
-            try binary_writer.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.ExternalKind.table));
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @intFromEnum(@as(std.wasm.RefType, table_import.flags.ref_type.to())));
+            try binary_bytes.append(gpa, @intFromEnum(std.wasm.ExternalKind.table));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(@as(std.wasm.RefType, table_import.flags.ref_type.to())));
             try emitLimits(gpa, binary_bytes, table_import.limits());
         }
         total_imports += wasm.table_imports.entries.len;
@@ -650,17 +649,17 @@ pub fn finish(f: *Flush, wasm: *Wasm) !void {
 
         for (f.global_imports.values()) |id| {
             const module_name = id.moduleName(wasm).slice(wasm).?;
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, @intCast(module_name.len)));
-            try binary_writer.writeAll(module_name);
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(module_name.len)));
+            try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, module_name);
 
             const name = id.importName(wasm).slice(wasm);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
-            try binary_writer.writeAll(name);
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+            try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
 
-            try binary_writer.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.ExternalKind.global));
+            try binary_bytes.append(gpa, @intFromEnum(std.wasm.ExternalKind.global));
             const global_type = id.globalType(wasm);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @intFromEnum(@as(std.wasm.Valtype, global_type.valtype)));
-            try binary_writer.writeByte(@intFromBool(global_type.mutable));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(@as(std.wasm.Valtype, global_type.valtype)));
+            try binary_bytes.append(gpa, @intFromBool(global_type.mutable));
         }
         total_imports += f.global_imports.entries.len;
 
@@ -677,7 +676,7 @@ pub fn finish(f: *Flush, wasm: *Wasm) !void {
         const header_offset = try reserveVecSectionHeader(gpa, binary_bytes);
         for (wasm.functions.keys()) |function| {
             const index: FuncTypeIndex = .fromTypeIndex(function.typeIndex(wasm), f);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @intFromEnum(index));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(index));
         }
 
         replaceVecSectionHeader(binary_bytes, header_offset, .function, @intCast(wasm.functions.count()));
@@ -689,7 +688,7 @@ pub fn finish(f: *Flush, wasm: *Wasm) !void {
         const header_offset = try reserveVecSectionHeader(gpa, binary_bytes);
 
         for (wasm.tables.keys()) |table| {
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @intFromEnum(@as(std.wasm.RefType, table.refType(wasm))));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(@as(std.wasm.RefType, table.refType(wasm))));
             try emitLimits(gpa, binary_bytes, table.limits(wasm));
         }
 
@@ -743,39 +742,39 @@ pub fn finish(f: *Flush, wasm: *Wasm) !void {
 
         for (wasm.function_exports.keys(), wasm.function_exports.values()) |exp_name, function_index| {
             const name = exp_name.slice(wasm);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
             try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
             try binary_bytes.append(gpa, @intFromEnum(std.wasm.ExternalKind.function));
             const func_index = Wasm.OutputFunctionIndex.fromFunctionIndex(wasm, function_index);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @intFromEnum(func_index));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(func_index));
         }
         exports_len += wasm.function_exports.entries.len;
 
         if (wasm.export_table and f.indirect_function_table.entries.len > 0) {
             const name = "__indirect_function_table";
             const index: u32 = @intCast(wasm.tables.getIndex(.__indirect_function_table).?);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
             try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
             try binary_bytes.append(gpa, @intFromEnum(std.wasm.ExternalKind.table));
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, index);
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, index);
             exports_len += 1;
         }
 
         if (export_memory) {
             const name = "memory";
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
             try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
             try binary_bytes.append(gpa, @intFromEnum(std.wasm.ExternalKind.memory));
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, 0));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, 0));
             exports_len += 1;
         }
 
         for (wasm.global_exports.items) |exp| {
             const name = exp.name.slice(wasm);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
             try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
             try binary_bytes.append(gpa, @intFromEnum(std.wasm.ExternalKind.global));
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @intFromEnum(exp.global_index));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(exp.global_index));
         }
         exports_len += wasm.global_exports.items.len;
 
@@ -802,18 +801,22 @@ pub fn finish(f: *Flush, wasm: *Wasm) !void {
         const table_index: u32 = @intCast(wasm.tables.getIndex(.__indirect_function_table).?);
         // passive with implicit 0-index table or set table index manually
         const flags: u32 = if (table_index == 0) 0x0 else 0x02;
-        try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, flags);
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, flags);
         if (flags == 0x02) {
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, table_index);
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, table_index);
         }
         // We start at index 1, so unresolved function pointers are invalid
-        try emitInit(binary_writer, .{ .i32_const = 1 });
+        {
+            var aw: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(gpa, binary_bytes);
+            defer binary_bytes.* = aw.toArrayList();
+            try emitInit(&aw.writer, .{ .i32_const = 1 });
+        }
         if (flags == 0x02) {
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u8, 0)); // represents funcref
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u8, 0)); // represents funcref
         }
-        try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @as(u32, @intCast(f.indirect_function_table.entries.len)));
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(f.indirect_function_table.entries.len)));
         for (f.indirect_function_table.keys()) |func_index| {
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @intFromEnum(func_index));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(func_index));
         }
 
         replaceVecSectionHeader(binary_bytes, header_offset, .element, 1);
@@ -851,7 +854,7 @@ pub fn finish(f: *Flush, wasm: *Wasm) !void {
             .object_function => |i| {
                 const ptr = i.ptr(wasm);
                 const code = ptr.code.slice(wasm);
-                try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, code.len);
+                try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, code.len);
                 const code_start = binary_bytes.items.len;
                 try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, code);
                 if (!is_obj) applyRelocs(binary_bytes.items[code_start..], ptr.offset, ptr.relocations(wasm), wasm);
@@ -946,12 +949,14 @@ pub fn finish(f: *Flush, wasm: *Wasm) !void {
                 const group_size = group_end_addr - group_start_addr;
                 log.debug("emit data section group, {d} bytes", .{group_size});
                 const flags: Object.DataSegmentFlags = if (segment_id.isPassive(wasm)) .passive else .active;
-                try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, @intFromEnum(flags));
+                try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(flags));
                 // Passive segments are initialized at runtime.
                 if (flags != .passive) {
-                    try emitInit(binary_writer, .{ .i32_const = @as(i32, @bitCast(group_start_addr)) });
+                    var aw: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(gpa, binary_bytes);
+                    defer binary_bytes.* = aw.toArrayList();
+                    try emitInit(&aw.writer, .{ .i32_const = @as(i32, @bitCast(group_start_addr)) });
                 }
-                try leb.writeUleb128(binary_writer, group_size);
+                try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, group_size);
             }
             if (segment_id.isEmpty(wasm)) {
                 // It counted for virtual memory but it does not go into the binary.
@@ -1077,7 +1082,7 @@ const VirtualAddrs = struct {
 fn emitNameSection(
     wasm: *Wasm,
     data_segment_groups: []const DataSegmentGroup,
-    binary_bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    binary_bytes: *ArrayList(u8),
 ) !void {
     const f = &wasm.flush_buffer;
     const comp = wasm.base.comp;
@@ -1087,7 +1092,7 @@ fn emitNameSection(
     defer writeCustomSectionHeader(binary_bytes, header_offset);
 
     const name_name = "name";
-    try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), @as(u32, name_name.len));
+    try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, name_name.len));
     try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name_name);
 
     {
@@ -1095,18 +1100,18 @@ fn emitNameSection(
         defer replaceHeader(binary_bytes, sub_offset, @intFromEnum(std.wasm.NameSubsection.function));
 
         const total_functions: u32 = @intCast(f.function_imports.entries.len + wasm.functions.entries.len);
-        try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), total_functions);
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, total_functions);
 
         for (f.function_imports.keys(), 0..) |name_index, function_index| {
             const name = name_index.slice(wasm);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), @as(u32, @intCast(function_index)));
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(function_index)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
             try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
         }
         for (wasm.functions.keys(), f.function_imports.entries.len..) |resolution, function_index| {
             const name = resolution.name(wasm).?;
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), @as(u32, @intCast(function_index)));
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(function_index)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
             try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
         }
     }
@@ -1116,18 +1121,18 @@ fn emitNameSection(
         defer replaceHeader(binary_bytes, sub_offset, @intFromEnum(std.wasm.NameSubsection.global));
 
         const total_globals: u32 = @intCast(f.global_imports.entries.len + wasm.globals.entries.len);
-        try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), total_globals);
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, total_globals);
 
         for (f.global_imports.keys(), 0..) |name_index, global_index| {
             const name = name_index.slice(wasm);
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), @as(u32, @intCast(global_index)));
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(global_index)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
             try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
         }
         for (wasm.globals.keys(), f.global_imports.entries.len..) |resolution, global_index| {
             const name = resolution.name(wasm).?;
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), @as(u32, @intCast(global_index)));
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(global_index)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
             try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
         }
     }
@@ -1137,12 +1142,12 @@ fn emitNameSection(
         defer replaceHeader(binary_bytes, sub_offset, @intFromEnum(std.wasm.NameSubsection.data_segment));
 
         const total_data_segments: u32 = @intCast(data_segment_groups.len);
-        try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), total_data_segments);
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, total_data_segments);
 
         for (data_segment_groups, 0..) |group, i| {
             const name, _ = splitSegmentName(group.first_segment.name(wasm));
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), @as(u32, @intCast(i)));
-            try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(i)));
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
             try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
         }
     }
@@ -1150,7 +1155,7 @@ fn emitNameSection(
 
 fn emitFeaturesSection(
     gpa: Allocator,
-    binary_bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    binary_bytes: *ArrayList(u8),
     target: *const std.Target,
 ) Allocator.Error!void {
     const feature_count = target.cpu.features.count();
@@ -1159,87 +1164,84 @@ fn emitFeaturesSection(
     const header_offset = try reserveCustomSectionHeader(gpa, binary_bytes);
     defer writeCustomSectionHeader(binary_bytes, header_offset);
 
-    const writer = binary_bytes.writer(gpa);
     const target_features = "target_features";
-    try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, @intCast(target_features.len)));
-    try writer.writeAll(target_features);
+    try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(target_features.len)));
+    try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, target_features);
 
-    try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, @intCast(feature_count)));
+    try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(feature_count)));
 
     var safety_count = feature_count;
     for (target.cpu.arch.allFeaturesList(), 0..) |*feature, i| {
         if (!target.cpu.has(.wasm, @as(std.Target.wasm.Feature, @enumFromInt(i)))) continue;
         safety_count -= 1;
 
-        try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, '+'));
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, '+'));
         // Depends on llvm_name for the hyphenated version that matches wasm tooling conventions.
         const name = feature.llvm_name.?;
-        try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
-        try writer.writeAll(name);
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+        try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
     }
     assert(safety_count == 0);
 }
 
-fn emitBuildIdSection(gpa: Allocator, binary_bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), build_id: []const u8) !void {
+fn emitBuildIdSection(gpa: Allocator, binary_bytes: *ArrayList(u8), build_id: []const u8) !void {
     const header_offset = try reserveCustomSectionHeader(gpa, binary_bytes);
     defer writeCustomSectionHeader(binary_bytes, header_offset);
 
-    const writer = binary_bytes.writer(gpa);
     const hdr_build_id = "build_id";
-    try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, @intCast(hdr_build_id.len)));
-    try writer.writeAll(hdr_build_id);
+    try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(hdr_build_id.len)));
+    try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, hdr_build_id);
 
-    try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, 1));
-    try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, @intCast(build_id.len)));
-    try writer.writeAll(build_id);
+    try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, 1));
+    try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(build_id.len)));
+    try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, build_id);
 }
 
-fn emitProducerSection(gpa: Allocator, binary_bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) !void {
+fn emitProducerSection(gpa: Allocator, binary_bytes: *ArrayList(u8)) !void {
     const header_offset = try reserveCustomSectionHeader(gpa, binary_bytes);
     defer writeCustomSectionHeader(binary_bytes, header_offset);
 
-    const writer = binary_bytes.writer(gpa);
     const producers = "producers";
-    try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, @intCast(producers.len)));
-    try writer.writeAll(producers);
+    try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(producers.len)));
+    try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, producers);
 
-    try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, 2)); // 2 fields: Language + processed-by
+    try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, 2)); // 2 fields: Language + processed-by
 
     // language field
     {
         const language = "language";
-        try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, @intCast(language.len)));
-        try writer.writeAll(language);
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(language.len)));
+        try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, language);
 
         // field_value_count (TODO: Parse object files for producer sections to detect their language)
-        try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, 1));
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, 1));
 
         // versioned name
         {
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, 3)); // len of "Zig"
-            try writer.writeAll("Zig");
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, 3)); // len of "Zig"
+            try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, "Zig");
 
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, @intCast(build_options.version.len)));
-            try writer.writeAll(build_options.version);
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(build_options.version.len)));
+            try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, build_options.version);
         }
     }
 
     // processed-by field
     {
         const processed_by = "processed-by";
-        try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, @intCast(processed_by.len)));
-        try writer.writeAll(processed_by);
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(processed_by.len)));
+        try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, processed_by);
 
         // field_value_count (TODO: Parse object files for producer sections to detect other used tools)
-        try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, 1));
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, 1));
 
         // versioned name
         {
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, 3)); // len of "Zig"
-            try writer.writeAll("Zig");
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, 3)); // len of "Zig"
+            try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, "Zig");
 
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, @intCast(build_options.version.len)));
-            try writer.writeAll(build_options.version);
+            try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(build_options.version.len)));
+            try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, build_options.version);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1280,99 +1282,97 @@ fn wantSegmentMerge(
 const section_header_reserve_size = 1 + 5 + 5;
 const section_header_size = 5 + 1;
 
-fn reserveVecSectionHeader(gpa: Allocator, bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Allocator.Error!u32 {
+fn reserveVecSectionHeader(gpa: Allocator, bytes: *ArrayList(u8)) Allocator.Error!u32 {
     try bytes.appendNTimes(gpa, 0, section_header_reserve_size);
     return @intCast(bytes.items.len - section_header_reserve_size);
 }
 
 fn replaceVecSectionHeader(
-    bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    bytes: *ArrayList(u8),
     offset: u32,
     section: std.wasm.Section,
     n_items: u32,
 ) void {
     const size: u32 = @intCast(bytes.items.len - offset - section_header_reserve_size + uleb128size(n_items));
     var buf: [section_header_reserve_size]u8 = undefined;
-    var fbw = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&buf);
-    const w = fbw.writer();
+    var w: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(&buf);
     w.writeByte(@intFromEnum(section)) catch unreachable;
-    leb.writeUleb128(w, size) catch unreachable;
-    leb.writeUleb128(w, n_items) catch unreachable;
-    bytes.replaceRangeAssumeCapacity(offset, section_header_reserve_size, fbw.getWritten());
+    w.writeUleb128(size) catch unreachable;
+    w.writeUleb128(n_items) catch unreachable;
+    bytes.replaceRangeAssumeCapacity(offset, section_header_reserve_size, w.buffered());
 }
 
-fn reserveCustomSectionHeader(gpa: Allocator, bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Allocator.Error!u32 {
+fn reserveCustomSectionHeader(gpa: Allocator, bytes: *ArrayList(u8)) Allocator.Error!u32 {
     try bytes.appendNTimes(gpa, 0, section_header_size);
     return @intCast(bytes.items.len - section_header_size);
 }
 
-fn writeCustomSectionHeader(bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), offset: u32) void {
+fn writeCustomSectionHeader(bytes: *ArrayList(u8), offset: u32) void {
     return replaceHeader(bytes, offset, 0); // 0 = 'custom' section
 }
 
-fn replaceHeader(bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), offset: u32, tag: u8) void {
+fn replaceHeader(bytes: *ArrayList(u8), offset: u32, tag: u8) void {
     const size: u32 = @intCast(bytes.items.len - offset - section_header_size);
     var buf: [section_header_size]u8 = undefined;
-    var fbw = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&buf);
-    const w = fbw.writer();
+    var w: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(&buf);
     w.writeByte(tag) catch unreachable;
-    leb.writeUleb128(w, size) catch unreachable;
-    bytes.replaceRangeAssumeCapacity(offset, section_header_size, fbw.getWritten());
+    w.writeUleb128(size) catch unreachable;
+    bytes.replaceRangeAssumeCapacity(offset, section_header_size, w.buffered());
 }
 
 const max_size_encoding = 5;
 
-fn reserveSize(gpa: Allocator, bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Allocator.Error!u32 {
+fn reserveSize(gpa: Allocator, bytes: *ArrayList(u8)) Allocator.Error!u32 {
     try bytes.appendNTimes(gpa, 0, max_size_encoding);
     return @intCast(bytes.items.len - max_size_encoding);
 }
 
-fn replaceSize(bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), offset: u32) void {
+fn replaceSize(bytes: *ArrayList(u8), offset: u32) void {
     const size: u32 = @intCast(bytes.items.len - offset - max_size_encoding);
     var buf: [max_size_encoding]u8 = undefined;
-    var fbw = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&buf);
-    leb.writeUleb128(fbw.writer(), size) catch unreachable;
-    bytes.replaceRangeAssumeCapacity(offset, max_size_encoding, fbw.getWritten());
+    var w: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(&buf);
+    w.writeUleb128(size) catch unreachable;
+    bytes.replaceRangeAssumeCapacity(offset, max_size_encoding, w.buffered());
 }
 
 fn emitLimits(
     gpa: Allocator,
-    binary_bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    binary_bytes: *ArrayList(u8),
     limits: std.wasm.Limits,
 ) Allocator.Error!void {
     try binary_bytes.append(gpa, @bitCast(limits.flags));
-    try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), limits.min);
-    if (limits.flags.has_max) try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), limits.max);
+    try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, limits.min);
+    if (limits.flags.has_max) try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, limits.max);
 }
 
 fn emitMemoryImport(
     wasm: *Wasm,
-    binary_bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    binary_bytes: *ArrayList(u8),
     name_index: String,
     memory_import: *const Wasm.MemoryImport,
 ) Allocator.Error!void {
     const gpa = wasm.base.comp.gpa;
     const module_name = memory_import.module_name.slice(wasm);
-    try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), @as(u32, @intCast(module_name.len)));
+    try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(module_name.len)));
     try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, module_name);
 
     const name = name_index.slice(wasm);
-    try leb.writeUleb128(binary_bytes.writer(gpa), @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
+    try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(name.len)));
     try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, name);
 
     try binary_bytes.append(gpa, @intFromEnum(std.wasm.ExternalKind.memory));
     try emitLimits(gpa, binary_bytes, memory_import.limits());
 }
 
-pub fn emitInit(writer: anytype, init_expr: std.wasm.InitExpression) !void {
+fn emitInit(writer: *std.Io.Writer, init_expr: std.wasm.InitExpression) !void {
     switch (init_expr) {
         .i32_const => |val| {
             try writer.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i32_const));
-            try leb.writeIleb128(writer, val);
+            try writer.writeSleb128(val);
         },
         .i64_const => |val| {
             try writer.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i64_const));
-            try leb.writeIleb128(writer, val);
+            try writer.writeSleb128(val);
         },
         .f32_const => |val| {
             try writer.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.f32_const));
@@ -1384,13 +1384,13 @@ pub fn emitInit(writer: anytype, init_expr: std.wasm.InitExpression) !void {
         },
         .global_get => |val| {
             try writer.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.global_get));
-            try leb.writeUleb128(writer, val);
+            try writer.writeUleb128(val);
         },
     }
     try writer.writeByte(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.end));
 }
 
-pub fn emitExpr(wasm: *const Wasm, binary_bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), expr: Wasm.Expr) Allocator.Error!void {
+pub fn emitExpr(wasm: *const Wasm, binary_bytes: *ArrayList(u8), expr: Wasm.Expr) Allocator.Error!void {
     const gpa = wasm.base.comp.gpa;
     const slice = expr.slice(wasm);
     try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, slice[0 .. slice.len + 1]); // +1 to include end opcode
@@ -1398,21 +1398,20 @@ pub fn emitExpr(wasm: *const Wasm, binary_bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), ex
 
 fn emitSegmentInfo(wasm: *Wasm, binary_bytes: *std.array_list.Managed(u8)) !void {
     const gpa = wasm.base.comp.gpa;
-    const writer = binary_bytes.writer(gpa);
-    try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @intFromEnum(Wasm.SubsectionType.segment_info));
+    try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(Wasm.SubsectionType.segment_info));
     const segment_offset = binary_bytes.items.len;
 
-    try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, @intCast(wasm.segment_info.count())));
+    try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(wasm.segment_info.count())));
     for (wasm.segment_info.values()) |segment_info| {
         log.debug("Emit segment: {s} align({d}) flags({b})", .{
             segment_info.name,
             segment_info.alignment,
             segment_info.flags,
         });
-        try leb.writeUleb128(writer, @as(u32, @intCast(segment_info.name.len)));
-        try writer.writeAll(segment_info.name);
-        try leb.writeUleb128(writer, segment_info.alignment.toLog2Units());
-        try leb.writeUleb128(writer, segment_info.flags);
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, @as(u32, @intCast(segment_info.name.len)));
+        try binary_bytes.appendSlice(gpa, segment_info.name);
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, segment_info.alignment.toLog2Units());
+        try appendLeb128(gpa, binary_bytes, segment_info.flags);
     }
 
     var buf: [5]u8 = undefined;
@@ -1429,7 +1428,7 @@ fn uleb128size(x: u32) u32 {
 
 fn emitTagNameTable(
     gpa: Allocator,
-    code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    code: *ArrayList(u8),
     tag_name_offs: []const u32,
     tag_name_bytes: []const u8,
     base: u32,
@@ -1604,7 +1603,7 @@ fn reloc_leb_type(code: []u8, index: FuncTypeIndex) void {
     leb.writeUnsignedFixed(5, code[0..5], @intFromEnum(index));
 }
 
-fn emitCallCtorsFunction(wasm: *const Wasm, binary_bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Allocator.Error!void {
+fn emitCallCtorsFunction(wasm: *const Wasm, binary_bytes: *ArrayList(u8)) Allocator.Error!void {
     const gpa = wasm.base.comp.gpa;
 
     try binary_bytes.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 5 + 1);
@@ -1631,7 +1630,7 @@ fn emitCallCtorsFunction(wasm: *const Wasm, binary_bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanage
 
 fn emitInitMemoryFunction(
     wasm: *const Wasm,
-    binary_bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    binary_bytes: *ArrayList(u8),
     virtual_addrs: *const VirtualAddrs,
 ) Allocator.Error!void {
     const comp = wasm.base.comp;
@@ -1734,7 +1733,7 @@ fn emitInitMemoryFunction(
         // notify any waiters for segment initialization completion
         appendReservedI32Const(binary_bytes, flag_address);
         binary_bytes.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i32_const));
-        leb.writeIleb128(binary_bytes.fixedWriter(), @as(i32, -1)) catch unreachable; // number of waiters
+        appendReservedLeb128(binary_bytes, @as(i32, -1)); // number of waiters
         binary_bytes.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.atomics_prefix));
         appendReservedUleb32(binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(std.wasm.AtomicsOpcode.memory_atomic_notify));
         appendReservedUleb32(binary_bytes, @as(u32, 2)); // alignment
@@ -1750,7 +1749,7 @@ fn emitInitMemoryFunction(
         appendReservedI32Const(binary_bytes, flag_address);
         appendReservedI32Const(binary_bytes, 1); // expected flag value
         binary_bytes.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i64_const));
-        leb.writeIleb128(binary_bytes.fixedWriter(), @as(i64, -1)) catch unreachable; // timeout
+        appendReservedLeb128(binary_bytes, @as(i64, -1)); // timeout
         binary_bytes.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.atomics_prefix));
         appendReservedUleb32(binary_bytes, @intFromEnum(std.wasm.AtomicsOpcode.memory_atomic_wait32));
         appendReservedUleb32(binary_bytes, @as(u32, 2)); // alignment
@@ -1779,7 +1778,7 @@ fn emitInitMemoryFunction(
     binary_bytes.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.end));
 }
 
-fn emitInitTlsFunction(wasm: *const Wasm, bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Allocator.Error!void {
+fn emitInitTlsFunction(wasm: *const Wasm, bytes: *ArrayList(u8)) Allocator.Error!void {
     const comp = wasm.base.comp;
     const gpa = comp.gpa;
 
@@ -1840,14 +1839,14 @@ fn emitInitTlsFunction(wasm: *const Wasm, bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8)) Al
     bytes.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.end));
 }
 
-fn emitStartSection(gpa: Allocator, bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), i: Wasm.OutputFunctionIndex) !void {
+fn emitStartSection(gpa: Allocator, bytes: *ArrayList(u8), i: Wasm.OutputFunctionIndex) !void {
     const header_offset = try reserveVecSectionHeader(gpa, bytes);
     replaceVecSectionHeader(bytes, header_offset, .start, @intFromEnum(i));
 }
 
 fn emitTagNameFunction(
     wasm: *Wasm,
-    code: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8),
+    code: *ArrayList(u8),
     table_base_addr: u32,
     table_index: u32,
     enum_type_ip: InternPool.Index,
@@ -1959,22 +1958,34 @@ fn emitTagNameFunction(
 }
 
 /// Writes an unsigned 32-bit integer as a LEB128-encoded 'i32.const' value.
-fn appendReservedI32Const(bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), val: u32) void {
+fn appendReservedI32Const(bytes: *ArrayList(u8), val: u32) void {
     bytes.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i32_const));
-    leb.writeIleb128(bytes.fixedWriter(), @as(i32, @bitCast(val))) catch unreachable;
+    var w: std.Io.Writer = .fromArrayList(bytes);
+    defer bytes.* = w.toArrayList();
+    return w.writeSleb128(val) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.WriteFailed => unreachable,
+    };
 }
 
 /// Writes an unsigned 64-bit integer as a LEB128-encoded 'i64.const' value.
-fn appendReservedI64Const(bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), val: u64) void {
+fn appendReservedI64Const(bytes: *ArrayList(u8), val: u64) void {
     bytes.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.i64_const));
-    leb.writeIleb128(bytes.fixedWriter(), @as(i64, @bitCast(val))) catch unreachable;
+    var w: std.Io.Writer = .fromArrayList(bytes);
+    defer bytes.* = w.toArrayList();
+    return w.writeSleb128(val) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.WriteFailed => unreachable,
+    };
 }
 
-fn appendReservedUleb32(bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), val: u32) void {
-    leb.writeUleb128(bytes.fixedWriter(), val) catch unreachable;
+fn appendReservedUleb32(bytes: *ArrayList(u8), val: u32) void {
+    var w: std.Io.Writer = .fromArrayList(bytes);
+    defer bytes.* = w.toArrayList();
+    return w.writeUleb128(val) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.WriteFailed => unreachable,
+    };
 }
 
-fn appendGlobal(gpa: Allocator, bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), mutable: u8, val: u32) Allocator.Error!void {
+fn appendGlobal(gpa: Allocator, bytes: *ArrayList(u8), mutable: u8, val: u32) Allocator.Error!void {
     try bytes.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 9);
     bytes.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Valtype.i32));
     bytes.appendAssumeCapacity(mutable);
@@ -1982,3 +1993,19 @@ fn appendGlobal(gpa: Allocator, bytes: *std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8), mutable: u8,
     appendReservedUleb32(bytes, val);
     bytes.appendAssumeCapacity(@intFromEnum(std.wasm.Opcode.end));
 }
+
+fn appendLeb128(gpa: Allocator, bytes: *ArrayList(u8), value: anytype) Allocator.Error!void {
+    var aw: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .fromArrayList(gpa, bytes);
+    defer bytes.* = aw.toArrayList();
+    return aw.writer.writeLeb128(value) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.WriteFailed => return error.OutOfMemory,
+    };
+}
+
+fn appendReservedLeb128(bytes: *ArrayList(u8), value: anytype) void {
+    var w: std.Io.Writer = .fromArrayList(bytes);
+    defer bytes.* = w.toArrayList();
+    return w.writeLeb128(value) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.WriteFailed => unreachable,
+    };
+}
diff --git a/src/link/riscv.zig b/src/link/riscv.zig
index 31f26b72870b..85cc491603b0 100644
--- a/src/link/riscv.zig
+++ b/src/link/riscv.zig
@@ -9,29 +9,28 @@ pub fn writeSetSub6(comptime op: enum { set, sub }, code: *[1]u8, addend: anytyp
     mem.writeInt(u8, code, value, .little);
 }
 
-pub fn writeSetSubUleb(comptime op: enum { set, sub }, stream: *std.io.FixedBufferStream([]u8), addend: i64) !void {
-    switch (op) {
-        .set => try overwriteUleb(stream, @intCast(addend)),
-        .sub => {
-            const position = try stream.getPos();
-            const value: u64 = try std.leb.readUleb128(u64, stream.reader());
-            try stream.seekTo(position);
-            try overwriteUleb(stream, value -% @as(u64, @intCast(addend)));
-        },
-    }
+pub fn writeSubUleb(code: []u8, addend: i64) void {
+    var reader: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(code);
+    const value = reader.takeLeb128(u64) catch unreachable;
+    overwriteUleb(code, value -% @as(u64, @intCast(addend)));
+}
+
+pub fn writeSetUleb(code: []u8, addend: i64) void {
+    overwriteUleb(code, @intCast(addend));
 }
 
-fn overwriteUleb(stream: *std.io.FixedBufferStream([]u8), addend: u64) !void {
+fn overwriteUleb(code: []u8, addend: u64) void {
     var value: u64 = addend;
-    const writer = stream.writer();
+    var i: usize = 0;
 
     while (true) {
-        const byte = stream.buffer[stream.pos];
+        const byte = code[i];
         if (byte & 0x80 == 0) break;
-        try writer.writeByte(0x80 | @as(u8, @truncate(value & 0x7f)));
+        code[i] = 0x80 | @as(u8, @truncate(value & 0x7f));
+        i += 1;
         value >>= 7;
     }
-    stream.buffer[stream.pos] = @truncate(value & 0x7f);
+    code[i] = @truncate(value & 0x7f);
 }
 
 pub fn writeAddend(
diff --git a/src/main.zig b/src/main.zig
index 0e739d4ca165..daf2f09077a5 100644
--- a/src/main.zig
+++ b/src/main.zig
@@ -4230,7 +4230,7 @@ fn serveUpdateResults(s: *Server, comp: *Compilation) !void {
             const decl_name = zir.nullTerminatedString(zir.getDeclaration(resolved.inst).name);
 
             const gop = try files.getOrPut(gpa, resolved.file);
-            if (!gop.found_existing) try file_name_bytes.writer(gpa).print("{f}\x00", .{file.path.fmt(comp)});
+            if (!gop.found_existing) try file_name_bytes.print(gpa, "{f}\x00", .{file.path.fmt(comp)});
 
             const codegen_ns = tr.decl_codegen_ns.get(tracked_inst) orelse 0;
             const link_ns = tr.decl_link_ns.get(tracked_inst) orelse 0;
@@ -7451,7 +7451,7 @@ const Templates = struct {
                     i += "_NAME".len;
                     continue;
                 } else if (std.mem.startsWith(u8, contents[i + 1 ..], "FINGERPRINT")) {
-                    try templates.buffer.writer().print("0x{x}", .{fingerprint.int()});
+                    try templates.buffer.print("0x{x}", .{fingerprint.int()});
                     i += "_FINGERPRINT".len;
                     continue;
                 } else if (std.mem.startsWith(u8, contents[i + 1 ..], "ZIGVER")) {
diff --git a/test/behavior/packed-struct.zig b/test/behavior/packed-struct.zig
index 90b5eedb9da0..b2b4f89eb8c3 100644
--- a/test/behavior/packed-struct.zig
+++ b/test/behavior/packed-struct.zig
@@ -1075,17 +1075,6 @@ test "assigning packed struct inside another packed struct" {
     try expect(S.mem.padding == 0);
 }
 
-test "packed struct used as part of anon decl name" {
-    if (builtin.zig_backend == .stage2_arm) return error.SkipZigTest; // TODO
-    if (builtin.zig_backend == .stage2_sparc64) return error.SkipZigTest; // TODO
-    if (builtin.zig_backend == .stage2_spirv) return error.SkipZigTest;
-
-    const S = packed struct { a: u0 = 0 };
-    var a: u8 = 0;
-    _ = &a;
-    try std.io.null_writer.print("\n{} {}\n", .{ a, S{} });
-}
-
 test "packed struct acts as a namespace" {
     if (builtin.zig_backend == .stage2_sparc64) return error.SkipZigTest; // TODO
 
diff --git a/test/behavior/var_args.zig b/test/behavior/var_args.zig
index b97e486fbc4c..8b6642bd3c34 100644
--- a/test/behavior/var_args.zig
+++ b/test/behavior/var_args.zig
@@ -200,35 +200,42 @@ test "variadic functions" {
     if (builtin.cpu.arch.isSPARC() and builtin.zig_backend == .stage2_llvm) return error.SkipZigTest; // https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/23718
 
     const S = struct {
-        fn printf(list_ptr: *std.array_list.Managed(u8), format: [*:0]const u8, ...) callconv(.c) void {
+        fn printf(buffer: [*]u8, format: [*:0]const u8, ...) callconv(.c) void {
             var ap = @cVaStart();
             defer @cVaEnd(&ap);
-            vprintf(list_ptr, format, &ap);
+            vprintf(buffer, format, &ap);
         }
 
-        fn vprintf(
-            list: *std.array_list.Managed(u8),
-            format: [*:0]const u8,
-            ap: *std.builtin.VaList,
-        ) callconv(.c) void {
-            for (std.mem.span(format)) |c| switch (c) {
+        fn vprintf(buffer: [*]u8, format: [*:0]const u8, ap: *std.builtin.VaList) callconv(.c) void {
+            var i: usize = 0;
+            for (format[0..3]) |byte| switch (byte) {
                 's' => {
                     const arg = @cVaArg(ap, [*:0]const u8);
-                    list.writer().print("{s}", .{arg}) catch return;
+                    buffer[i..][0..5].* = arg[0..5].*;
+                    i += 5;
                 },
                 'd' => {
                     const arg = @cVaArg(ap, c_int);
-                    list.writer().print("{d}", .{arg}) catch return;
+                    switch (arg) {
+                        1 => {
+                            buffer[i] = '1';
+                            i += 1;
+                        },
+                        5 => {
+                            buffer[i] = '5';
+                            i += 1;
+                        },
+                        else => unreachable,
+                    }
                 },
                 else => unreachable,
             };
         }
     };
 
-    var list = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(std.testing.allocator);
-    defer list.deinit();
-    S.printf(&list, "dsd", @as(c_int, 1), @as([*:0]const u8, "hello"), @as(c_int, 5));
-    try std.testing.expectEqualStrings("1hello5", list.items);
+    var buffer: [7]u8 = undefined;
+    S.printf(&buffer, "dsd", @as(c_int, 1), @as([*:0]const u8, "hello"), @as(c_int, 5));
+    try expect(std.mem.eql(u8, &buffer, "1hello5"));
 }
 
 test "copy VaList" {
diff --git a/test/standalone/run_output_paths/create_file.zig b/test/standalone/run_output_paths/create_file.zig
index da949d4fc127..260c36f10cea 100644
--- a/test/standalone/run_output_paths/create_file.zig
+++ b/test/standalone/run_output_paths/create_file.zig
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ pub fn main() !void {
         dir_name, .{});
     const file_name = args.next().?;
     const file = try dir.createFile(file_name, .{});
-    try file.deprecatedWriter().print(
+    var file_writer = file.writer(&.{});
+    try file_writer.interface.print(
         \\{s}
         \\{s}
         \\Hello, world!
diff --git a/tools/docgen.zig b/tools/docgen.zig
index 04066eff78f0..fbab24576c59 100644
--- a/tools/docgen.zig
+++ b/tools/docgen.zig
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const builtin = @import("builtin");
-const io = std.io;
 const fs = std.fs;
 const process = std.process;
 const Progress = std.Progress;
@@ -8,8 +7,10 @@ const print = std.debug.print;
 const mem = std.mem;
 const testing = std.testing;
 const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
+const ArrayList = std.ArrayList;
 const getExternalExecutor = std.zig.system.getExternalExecutor;
 const fatal = std.process.fatal;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 const max_doc_file_size = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
 
@@ -344,10 +345,10 @@ fn genToc(allocator: Allocator, tokenizer: *Tokenizer) !Toc {
     var last_action: Action = .open;
     var last_columns: ?u8 = null;
 
-    var toc_buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
+    var toc_buf: Writer.Allocating = .init(allocator);
     defer toc_buf.deinit();
 
-    var toc = toc_buf.writer();
+    const toc = &toc_buf.writer;
 
     var nodes = std.array_list.Managed(Node).init(allocator);
     defer nodes.deinit();
@@ -422,7 +423,7 @@ fn genToc(allocator: Allocator, tokenizer: *Tokenizer) !Toc {
                     }
                     if (last_action == .open) {
                         try toc.writeByte('\n');
-                        try toc.writeByteNTimes(' ', header_stack_size * 4);
+                        try toc.splatByteAll(' ', header_stack_size * 4);
                         if (last_columns) |n| {
                             try toc.print("<ul style=\"columns: {d}\">\n", .{n});
                         } else {
@@ -432,7 +433,7 @@ fn genToc(allocator: Allocator, tokenizer: *Tokenizer) !Toc {
                         last_action = .open;
                     }
                     last_columns = columns;
-                    try toc.writeByteNTimes(' ', 4 + header_stack_size * 4);
+                    try toc.splatByteAll(' ', 4 + header_stack_size * 4);
                     try toc.print("<li><a id=\"toc-{s}\" href=\"#{s}\">{s}</a>", .{ urlized, urlized, content });
                 } else if (mem.eql(u8, tag_name, "header_close")) {
                     if (header_stack_size == 0) {
@@ -442,7 +443,7 @@ fn genToc(allocator: Allocator, tokenizer: *Tokenizer) !Toc {
                     _ = try eatToken(tokenizer, .bracket_close);
 
                     if (last_action == .close) {
-                        try toc.writeByteNTimes(' ', 8 + header_stack_size * 4);
+                        try toc.splatByteAll(' ', 8 + header_stack_size * 4);
                         try toc.writeAll("</ul></li>\n");
                     } else {
                         try toc.writeAll("</li>\n");
@@ -591,30 +592,29 @@ fn genToc(allocator: Allocator, tokenizer: *Tokenizer) !Toc {
         }
     }
 
-    return Toc{
+    return .{
         .nodes = try nodes.toOwnedSlice(),
         .toc = try toc_buf.toOwnedSlice(),
         .urls = urls,
     };
 }
 
-fn urlize(allocator: Allocator, input: []const u8) ![]u8 {
-    var buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
-    defer buf.deinit();
+fn urlize(gpa: Allocator, input: []const u8) ![]u8 {
+    var buf: ArrayList(u8) = .empty;
+    defer buf.deinit(gpa);
 
-    const out = buf.writer();
     for (input) |c| {
         switch (c) {
             'a'...'z', 'A'...'Z', '_', '-', '0'...'9' => {
-                try out.writeByte(c);
+                try buf.append(gpa, c);
             },
             ' ' => {
-                try out.writeByte('-');
+                try buf.append(gpa, '-');
             },
             else => {},
         }
     }
-    return try buf.toOwnedSlice();
+    return try buf.toOwnedSlice(gpa);
 }
 
 fn escapeHtml(allocator: Allocator, input: []const u8) ![]u8 {
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ fn escapeHtml(allocator: Allocator, input: []const u8) ![]u8 {
     return try buf.toOwnedSlice();
 }
 
-fn writeEscaped(out: anytype, input: []const u8) !void {
+fn writeEscaped(out: *Writer, input: []const u8) !void {
     for (input) |c| {
         try switch (c) {
             '&' => out.writeAll("&amp;"),
@@ -662,14 +662,14 @@ fn isType(name: []const u8) bool {
     return false;
 }
 
-fn writeEscapedLines(out: anytype, text: []const u8) !void {
+fn writeEscapedLines(out: *Writer, text: []const u8) !void {
     return writeEscaped(out, text);
 }
 
 fn tokenizeAndPrintRaw(
     allocator: Allocator,
     docgen_tokenizer: *Tokenizer,
-    out: anytype,
+    out: *Writer,
     source_token: Token,
     raw_src: []const u8,
 ) !void {
@@ -907,14 +907,14 @@ fn tokenizeAndPrintRaw(
 fn tokenizeAndPrint(
     allocator: Allocator,
     docgen_tokenizer: *Tokenizer,
-    out: anytype,
+    out: *Writer,
     source_token: Token,
 ) !void {
     const raw_src = docgen_tokenizer.buffer[source_token.start..source_token.end];
     return tokenizeAndPrintRaw(allocator, docgen_tokenizer, out, source_token, raw_src);
 }
 
-fn printSourceBlock(allocator: Allocator, docgen_tokenizer: *Tokenizer, out: anytype, syntax_block: SyntaxBlock) !void {
+fn printSourceBlock(allocator: Allocator, docgen_tokenizer: *Tokenizer, out: *Writer, syntax_block: SyntaxBlock) !void {
     const source_type = @tagName(syntax_block.source_type);
 
     try out.print("<figure><figcaption class=\"{s}-cap\"><cite class=\"file\">{s}</cite></figcaption><pre>", .{ source_type, syntax_block.name });
@@ -932,7 +932,7 @@ fn printSourceBlock(allocator: Allocator, docgen_tokenizer: *Tokenizer, out: any
     try out.writeAll("</pre></figure>");
 }
 
-fn printShell(out: anytype, shell_content: []const u8, escape: bool) !void {
+fn printShell(out: *Writer, shell_content: []const u8, escape: bool) !void {
     const trimmed_shell_content = mem.trim(u8, shell_content, " \r\n");
     try out.writeAll("<figure><figcaption class=\"shell-cap\">Shell</figcaption><pre><samp>");
     var cmd_cont: bool = false;
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ fn genHtml(
     tokenizer: *Tokenizer,
     toc: *Toc,
     code_dir: std.fs.Dir,
-    out: anytype,
+    out: *Writer,
 ) !void {
     for (toc.nodes) |node| {
         switch (node) {
diff --git a/tools/doctest.zig b/tools/doctest.zig
index a762b8d0b94d..9aa7262d7fac 100644
--- a/tools/doctest.zig
+++ b/tools/doctest.zig
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ const process = std.process;
 const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
 const testing = std.testing;
 const getExternalExecutor = std.zig.system.getExternalExecutor;
+const Writer = std.Io.Writer;
 
 const max_doc_file_size = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
 
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ pub fn main() !void {
 
 fn printOutput(
     arena: Allocator,
-    out: anytype,
+    out: *Writer,
     code: Code,
     /// Relative to this process' cwd.
     tmp_dir_path: []const u8,
@@ -126,9 +127,9 @@ fn printOutput(
     const obj_ext = builtin.object_format.fileExt(builtin.cpu.arch);
     const print = std.debug.print;
 
-    var shell_buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(arena);
+    var shell_buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(arena);
     defer shell_buffer.deinit();
-    var shell_out = shell_buffer.writer();
+    const shell_out = &shell_buffer.writer;
 
     const code_name = std.fs.path.stem(input_path);
 
@@ -599,7 +600,7 @@ fn printOutput(
     }
 
     if (!code.just_check_syntax) {
-        try printShell(out, shell_buffer.items, false);
+        try printShell(out, shell_buffer.written(), false);
     }
 }
 
@@ -610,7 +611,7 @@ fn dumpArgs(args: []const []const u8) void {
         std.debug.print("\n", .{});
 }
 
-fn printSourceBlock(arena: Allocator, out: anytype, source_bytes: []const u8, name: []const u8) !void {
+fn printSourceBlock(arena: Allocator, out: *Writer, source_bytes: []const u8, name: []const u8) !void {
     try out.print("<figure><figcaption class=\"{s}-cap\"><cite class=\"file\">{s}</cite></figcaption><pre>", .{
         "zig", name,
     });
@@ -618,7 +619,7 @@ fn printSourceBlock(arena: Allocator, out: anytype, source_bytes: []const u8, na
     try out.writeAll("</pre></figure>");
 }
 
-fn tokenizeAndPrint(arena: Allocator, out: anytype, raw_src: []const u8) !void {
+fn tokenizeAndPrint(arena: Allocator, out: *Writer, raw_src: []const u8) !void {
     const src_non_terminated = mem.trim(u8, raw_src, " \r\n");
     const src = try arena.dupeZ(u8, src_non_terminated);
 
@@ -846,7 +847,7 @@ fn tokenizeAndPrint(arena: Allocator, out: anytype, raw_src: []const u8) !void {
     try out.writeAll("</code>");
 }
 
-fn writeEscapedLines(out: anytype, text: []const u8) !void {
+fn writeEscapedLines(out: *Writer, text: []const u8) !void {
     return writeEscaped(out, text);
 }
 
@@ -974,25 +975,21 @@ fn skipPrefix(line: []const u8) []const u8 {
     return line[3..];
 }
 
-fn escapeHtml(allocator: Allocator, input: []const u8) ![]u8 {
-    var buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
-    defer buf.deinit();
-
-    const out = buf.writer();
-    try writeEscaped(out, input);
-    return try buf.toOwnedSlice();
+fn escapeHtml(gpa: Allocator, input: []const u8) ![]u8 {
+    var allocating: Writer.Allocating = .init(gpa);
+    defer allocating.deinit();
+    try writeEscaped(&allocating.writer, input);
+    return allocating.toOwnedSlice();
 }
 
-fn writeEscaped(out: anytype, input: []const u8) !void {
-    for (input) |c| {
-        try switch (c) {
-            '&' => out.writeAll("&amp;"),
-            '<' => out.writeAll("&lt;"),
-            '>' => out.writeAll("&gt;"),
-            '"' => out.writeAll("&quot;"),
-            else => out.writeByte(c),
-        };
-    }
+fn writeEscaped(w: *Writer, input: []const u8) !void {
+    for (input) |c| try switch (c) {
+        '&' => w.writeAll("&amp;"),
+        '<' => w.writeAll("&lt;"),
+        '>' => w.writeAll("&gt;"),
+        '"' => w.writeAll("&quot;"),
+        else => w.writeByte(c),
+    };
 }
 
 fn termColor(allocator: Allocator, input: []const u8) ![]u8 {
@@ -1014,7 +1011,6 @@ fn termColor(allocator: Allocator, input: []const u8) ![]u8 {
     var buf = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(allocator);
     defer buf.deinit();
 
-    var out = buf.writer();
     var sgr_param_start_index: usize = undefined;
     var sgr_num: u8 = undefined;
     var sgr_color: u8 = undefined;
@@ -1037,10 +1033,10 @@ fn termColor(allocator: Allocator, input: []const u8) ![]u8 {
             .start => switch (c) {
                 '\x1b' => state = .escape,
                 '\n' => {
-                    try out.writeByte(c);
+                    try buf.append(c);
                     last_new_line = buf.items.len;
                 },
-                else => try out.writeByte(c),
+                else => try buf.append(c),
             },
             .escape => switch (c) {
                 '[' => state = .lbracket,
@@ -1101,16 +1097,16 @@ fn termColor(allocator: Allocator, input: []const u8) ![]u8 {
                 'm' => {
                     state = .start;
                     while (open_span_count != 0) : (open_span_count -= 1) {
-                        try out.writeAll("</span>");
+                        try buf.appendSlice("</span>");
                     }
                     if (sgr_num == 0) {
                         if (sgr_color != 0) return error.UnsupportedColor;
                         continue;
                     }
                     if (sgr_color != 0) {
-                        try out.print("<span class=\"sgr-{d}_{d}m\">", .{ sgr_color, sgr_num });
+                        try buf.print("<span class=\"sgr-{d}_{d}m\">", .{ sgr_color, sgr_num });
                     } else {
-                        try out.print("<span class=\"sgr-{d}m\">", .{sgr_num});
+                        try buf.print("<span class=\"sgr-{d}m\">", .{sgr_num});
                     }
                     open_span_count += 1;
                 },
@@ -1156,7 +1152,7 @@ fn run(
     return result;
 }
 
-fn printShell(out: anytype, shell_content: []const u8, escape: bool) !void {
+fn printShell(out: *Writer, shell_content: []const u8, escape: bool) !void {
     const trimmed_shell_content = mem.trim(u8, shell_content, " \r\n");
     try out.writeAll("<figure><figcaption class=\"shell-cap\">Shell</figcaption><pre><samp>");
     var cmd_cont: bool = false;
@@ -1401,11 +1397,11 @@ test "printShell" {
             \\</samp></pre></figure>
         ;
 
-        var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(test_allocator);
+        var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(test_allocator);
         defer buffer.deinit();
 
-        try printShell(buffer.writer(), shell_out, false);
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.items);
+        try printShell(&buffer.writer, shell_out, false);
+        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.written());
     }
     {
         const shell_out =
@@ -1418,11 +1414,11 @@ test "printShell" {
             \\</samp></pre></figure>
         ;
 
-        var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(test_allocator);
+        var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(test_allocator);
         defer buffer.deinit();
 
-        try printShell(buffer.writer(), shell_out, false);
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.items);
+        try printShell(&buffer.writer, shell_out, false);
+        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.written());
     }
     {
         const shell_out = "$ zig build test.zig\r\nbuild output\r\n";
@@ -1432,11 +1428,11 @@ test "printShell" {
             \\</samp></pre></figure>
         ;
 
-        var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(test_allocator);
+        var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(test_allocator);
         defer buffer.deinit();
 
-        try printShell(buffer.writer(), shell_out, false);
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.items);
+        try printShell(&buffer.writer, shell_out, false);
+        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.written());
     }
     {
         const shell_out =
@@ -1451,11 +1447,11 @@ test "printShell" {
             \\</samp></pre></figure>
         ;
 
-        var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(test_allocator);
+        var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(test_allocator);
         defer buffer.deinit();
 
-        try printShell(buffer.writer(), shell_out, false);
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.items);
+        try printShell(&buffer.writer, shell_out, false);
+        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.written());
     }
     {
         const shell_out =
@@ -1472,11 +1468,11 @@ test "printShell" {
             \\</samp></pre></figure>
         ;
 
-        var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(test_allocator);
+        var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(test_allocator);
         defer buffer.deinit();
 
-        try printShell(buffer.writer(), shell_out, false);
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.items);
+        try printShell(&buffer.writer, shell_out, false);
+        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.written());
     }
     {
         const shell_out =
@@ -1491,11 +1487,11 @@ test "printShell" {
             \\</samp></pre></figure>
         ;
 
-        var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(test_allocator);
+        var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(test_allocator);
         defer buffer.deinit();
 
-        try printShell(buffer.writer(), shell_out, false);
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.items);
+        try printShell(&buffer.writer, shell_out, false);
+        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.written());
     }
     {
         const shell_out =
@@ -1514,11 +1510,11 @@ test "printShell" {
             \\</samp></pre></figure>
         ;
 
-        var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(test_allocator);
+        var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(test_allocator);
         defer buffer.deinit();
 
-        try printShell(buffer.writer(), shell_out, false);
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.items);
+        try printShell(&buffer.writer, shell_out, false);
+        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.written());
     }
     {
         // intentional space after "--build-option1 \"
@@ -1536,11 +1532,11 @@ test "printShell" {
             \\</samp></pre></figure>
         ;
 
-        var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(test_allocator);
+        var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(test_allocator);
         defer buffer.deinit();
 
-        try printShell(buffer.writer(), shell_out, false);
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.items);
+        try printShell(&buffer.writer, shell_out, false);
+        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.written());
     }
     {
         const shell_out =
@@ -1553,11 +1549,11 @@ test "printShell" {
             \\</samp></pre></figure>
         ;
 
-        var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(test_allocator);
+        var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(test_allocator);
         defer buffer.deinit();
 
-        try printShell(buffer.writer(), shell_out, false);
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.items);
+        try printShell(&buffer.writer, shell_out, false);
+        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.written());
     }
     {
         const shell_out =
@@ -1572,11 +1568,11 @@ test "printShell" {
             \\</samp></pre></figure>
         ;
 
-        var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(test_allocator);
+        var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(test_allocator);
         defer buffer.deinit();
 
-        try printShell(buffer.writer(), shell_out, false);
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.items);
+        try printShell(&buffer.writer, shell_out, false);
+        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.written());
     }
     {
         const shell_out =
@@ -1587,10 +1583,10 @@ test "printShell" {
             \\</samp></pre></figure>
         ;
 
-        var buffer = std.array_list.Managed(u8).init(test_allocator);
+        var buffer: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(test_allocator);
         defer buffer.deinit();
 
-        try printShell(buffer.writer(), shell_out, false);
-        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.items);
+        try printShell(&buffer.writer, shell_out, false);
+        try testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, expected, buffer.written());
     }
 }
diff --git a/tools/gen_outline_atomics.zig b/tools/gen_outline_atomics.zig
index a4c56ed1a979..1dade6661019 100644
--- a/tools/gen_outline_atomics.zig
+++ b/tools/gen_outline_atomics.zig
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ pub fn main() !void {
                     @tagName(op), n.toBytes(), @tagName(order),
                 });
                 try writeFunction(arena, w, name, op, n, order);
-                try footer.writer().print("    @export(&{s}, .{{ .name = \"{s}\", .linkage = common.linkage, .visibility = common.visibility }});\n", .{
+                try footer.print("    @export(&{s}, .{{ .name = \"{s}\", .linkage = common.linkage, .visibility = common.visibility }});\n", .{
                     name, name,
                 });
             }
diff --git a/tools/gen_spirv_spec.zig b/tools/gen_spirv_spec.zig
index d2be3bde1605..dfc758756e04 100644
--- a/tools/gen_spirv_spec.zig
+++ b/tools/gen_spirv_spec.zig
@@ -82,13 +82,11 @@ pub fn main() !void {
 
     try readExtRegistry(&exts, std.fs.cwd(), args[2]);
 
-    const output_buf = try allocator.alloc(u8, 1024 * 1024);
-    var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(output_buf);
-    var adapter = fbs.writer().adaptToNewApi(&.{});
-    const w = &adapter.new_interface;
-    try render(w, core_spec, exts.items);
-    var output: [:0]u8 = @ptrCast(fbs.getWritten());
-    output[output.len] = 0;
+    var allocating: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(allocator);
+    defer allocating.deinit();
+    try render(&allocating.writer, core_spec, exts.items);
+    try allocating.writer.writeByte(0);
+    const output = allocating.written()[0 .. allocating.written().len - 1 :0];
 
     var tree = try std.zig.Ast.parse(allocator, output, .zig);
     var color: std.zig.Color = .on;
@@ -429,10 +427,9 @@ fn renderClass(writer: *std.io.Writer, instructions: []const Instruction) !void
 const Formatter = struct {
     data: []const u8,
 
-    fn format(f: Formatter, writer: *std.io.Writer) std.io.Writer.Error!void {
+    fn format(f: Formatter, writer: *std.Io.Writer) std.io.Writer.Error!void {
         var id_buf: [128]u8 = undefined;
-        var fbs = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&id_buf);
-        const fw = fbs.writer();
+        var fw: std.Io.Writer = .fixed(&id_buf);
         for (f.data, 0..) |c, i| {
             switch (c) {
                 '-', '_', '.', '~', ' ' => fw.writeByte('_') catch return error.WriteFailed,
@@ -452,7 +449,7 @@ const Formatter = struct {
         }
 
         // make sure that this won't clobber with zig keywords
-        try writer.print("{f}", .{std.zig.fmtId(fbs.getWritten())});
+        try writer.print("{f}", .{std.zig.fmtId(fw.buffered())});
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/tools/migrate_langref.zig b/tools/migrate_langref.zig
index 25f64e708c77..40af15c8698d 100644
--- a/tools/migrate_langref.zig
+++ b/tools/migrate_langref.zig
@@ -382,46 +382,50 @@ fn walk(arena: Allocator, tokenizer: *Tokenizer, out_dir: std.fs.Dir, w: anytype
                         fatal("unable to create file '{s}': {s}", .{ name, @errorName(err) });
                     };
                     defer file.close();
+                    var file_buffer: [1024]u8 = undefined;
+                    var file_writer = file.writer(&file_buffer);
+                    const code = &file_writer.interface;
 
                     const source = tokenizer.buffer[source_token.start..source_token.end];
-                    try file.writeAll(std.mem.trim(u8, source[1..], " \t\r\n"));
-                    try file.writeAll("\n\n");
+                    try code.writeAll(std.mem.trim(u8, source[1..], " \t\r\n"));
+                    try code.writeAll("\n\n");
 
                     if (just_check_syntax) {
-                        try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// syntax\n", .{});
+                        try code.print("// syntax\n", .{});
                     } else switch (code_kind_id) {
-                        .@"test" => try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// test\n", .{}),
-                        .lib => try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// lib\n", .{}),
-                        .test_error => |s| try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// test_error={s}\n", .{s}),
-                        .test_safety => |s| try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// test_safety={s}\n", .{s}),
-                        .exe => |s| try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// exe={s}\n", .{@tagName(s)}),
+                        .@"test" => try code.print("// test\n", .{}),
+                        .lib => try code.print("// lib\n", .{}),
+                        .test_error => |s| try code.print("// test_error={s}\n", .{s}),
+                        .test_safety => |s| try code.print("// test_safety={s}\n", .{s}),
+                        .exe => |s| try code.print("// exe={s}\n", .{@tagName(s)}),
                         .obj => |opt| if (opt) |s| {
-                            try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// obj={s}\n", .{s});
+                            try code.print("// obj={s}\n", .{s});
                         } else {
-                            try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// obj\n", .{});
+                            try code.print("// obj\n", .{});
                         },
                     }
 
                     if (mode != .Debug)
-                        try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// optimize={s}\n", .{@tagName(mode)});
+                        try code.print("// optimize={s}\n", .{@tagName(mode)});
 
                     for (link_objects.items) |link_object| {
-                        try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// link_object={s}\n", .{link_object});
+                        try code.print("// link_object={s}\n", .{link_object});
                     }
 
                     if (target_str) |s|
-                        try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// target={s}\n", .{s});
+                        try code.print("// target={s}\n", .{s});
 
-                    if (link_libc) try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// link_libc\n", .{});
-                    if (disable_cache) try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// disable_cache\n", .{});
-                    if (verbose_cimport) try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// verbose_cimport\n", .{});
+                    if (link_libc) try code.print("// link_libc\n", .{});
+                    if (disable_cache) try code.print("// disable_cache\n", .{});
+                    if (verbose_cimport) try code.print("// verbose_cimport\n", .{});
 
                     if (link_mode) |m|
-                        try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// link_mode={s}\n", .{@tagName(m)});
+                        try code.print("// link_mode={s}\n", .{@tagName(m)});
 
                     for (additional_options.items) |o| {
-                        try file.deprecatedWriter().print("// additional_option={s}\n", .{o});
+                        try code.print("// additional_option={s}\n", .{o});
                     }
+                    try code.flush();
                     try w.print("{{#code|{s}#}}\n", .{basename});
                 } else {
                     const close_bracket = while (true) {
diff --git a/tools/update_crc_catalog.zig b/tools/update_crc_catalog.zig
index 8c226b06db15..f5eb02eb357d 100644
--- a/tools/update_crc_catalog.zig
+++ b/tools/update_crc_catalog.zig
@@ -88,10 +88,9 @@ pub fn main() anyerror!void {
         \\
     );
 
-    var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(catalog_txt);
-    const reader = stream.reader();
+    var reader: std.Io.Reader = .fixed(catalog_txt);
 
-    while (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEofAlloc(arena, '\n', std.math.maxInt(usize))) |line| {
+    while (try reader.takeDelimiter('\n')) |line| {
         if (line.len == 0 or line[0] == '#')
             continue;