HCU_associated_proteins_baseII.Rmd

---
title: "
Association analysis for hormonal contraceptive use (HCU) on the plasma proteome in the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE II)"
author: "Clemens Dierks, Nikola Dordevic, Johannes Rainer"
date: "2024-01-25"
graphics: yes
output:
  html_document:
    toc_float: true
    code_folding: hide

---

**Modified**: `r file.info("sex_age_bmi_associated_proteins.Rmd")$mtime`<br />
**Compiled**: `r date()`
---

```{r setup, include=FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(warning = F, message = F)
```

## Introduction

This document provides a validation of the study findings from Dordevic, Dierks
et al. (MedArxiv, <https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.10.11.23296871>) on the Berlin
Aging study II (BASE II) study concerning the influence of hormonal
contraceptives on the mass spetrometry (MS)-based plasma proteome. The BASE II
study is a population study comprising of n = 2200 mostly healthy participants
from the adult Berlin metropolitan population. N = 1873 plasma proteomes were
measured. For the validation of our results found earlier in the CHRIS cohort,
we select only the younger population of n=437 individuals.

For comparability reasons, we only included proteins measured in both studies
(n=119). In BASE II, the use of hormonal contraceptives in the last three months
is recorded on the basis of self-reported questionnaires.

## Data import and cleaning

```

```

```{r data-libraries}
library(RColorBrewer)
library(pander)
library(pheatmap)
library(DT)
library(ggfortify)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggpubr)
library(reshape2)
library(plotly)
options(rgl.useNULL = TRUE)
library(rgl)
library(readxl)
library(writexl)
library(AnnotationDbi)
library(org.Hs.eg.db)
library(vioplot)

base_data <- read.csv("../../data/merged/BASEII_merged_proteins_imp_new.csv", check.names = F)
base_uniprot_gene_mapping  <- read.csv("../../data/proteomics/BASEII_uni_prot_ids.csv")
chris_results <- read_excel("../../results/tables/Supplementary_Table_S1.xlsx")# association analysis results for CHRIS

# select younger population
base_data <- base_data[base_data$Age_T0 < 40,]

# We exclude all participants with non-reported BMI
base_data <- subset(base_data, !is.na(BMI))
# Create Variable with BMI Categories
base_data$bmi_cat <- cut(base_data$BMI, breaks = c(-Inf, 18.5, 25, 30, Inf),
                         labels = c(1, 2, 3, 4), include.lowest = TRUE )
# Create Age groups (10 years)
base_data$age_10 <- base_data$Age_T0/10

# drop unwanted results
drop_proteins <- c("P04217;P04217-2", "P23142;P23142-4", "P06396;P06396-2", "Q14624;Q14624-2", "P01042-2")
chris_results <- chris_results[!(chris_results$Uniprot %in% drop_proteins), ]
chris_gene_symbols <- chris_results$Genes


# we only consider the intersection of CHRIS & BASE II genes
gene_symbols <- base_uniprot_gene_mapping[
  base_uniprot_gene_mapping$Gene_Symbol %in% intersect(chris_gene_symbols, colnames(base_data)), "Gene_Symbol"]
uniprot_ids <- base_uniprot_gene_mapping[
  base_uniprot_gene_mapping$Gene_Symbol %in% intersect(chris_gene_symbols, colnames(base_data)), "Uniprot"]
protein_names <- mapIds(org.Hs.eg.db, keys = gene_symbols, column = "GENENAME", keytype = "SYMBOL")

# Select proteomics data of base II
prot_data <- base_data[, gene_symbols]
```

## Analysis

### Classes of hormonal contraceptives (HC)

Our definition of hormonal contraceptives (HC) is restricted to ATC3 Group G03A,
excluding those designated for topical use. Furthermore, we classify oral
contraceptives into three distinct groups, HC containing:

-   **EE**: ethinylestradiol (n participants = 87)

-   **BE** : bioidentical estradiol derivative (n=2)

-   **P4**: progestogen (n=2)

Due to the small sample sizes for BE and P4, we refrain from conducting a
detailed analysis of their effects on the BASE II plasma proteome.

Overall, out of a total of n=100 women taking HC, n=91 adhere to our defined
criteria for hormonal contraceptive use (HCU).

```{r}
## Groups of hormonal Contraceptives
ee_contr <- c(
  "Aida", "Asumate", "Balanca", "Belara", "Bella", "Bellissima", "Chariva",
  "Cilest", "Cyproderm", "Desmin", "Femigoa", "Femigyne", "Femikadin",
  "Juliette", "Lamuna", "Leios", "Maxim", "Mayra", "Microgynon",
  "Minisiston", "Miranova", "MonoStep", "Petibelle", "Pink Luna",
  "Valette", "Velafee", "Yasmin", "Yasminelle", "Yaz"
  )
be_contr <- c("Zoely", "Qlaira", "Activelle")
p4_contr <- c("Cerazette")
# Hormonal contraceptives which are not orally administered
non_oral_contr <- c("Depot Clinovir", "Implanon", "Mirena", "Nuvaring")
# Hormonal Contraceptives for topical use
top_contr <- c("Mirena", "Nuvaring") # Hormonal Contraceptives for topical use ()


##Add columns for HCU, HC_class, HC_topical
base_data$HCU <- as.factor(base_data$Kontrazeptivum)
base_data[base_data$KontrazeptivumWS %in% be_contr,"HCU_class"] <- "BE"
base_data[base_data$KontrazeptivumWS %in% p4_contr,"HCU_class"] <- "P4"
base_data[base_data$KontrazeptivumWS %in% ee_contr,"HCU_class"] <- "E4"

base_data$HC_topical <- "No"
base_data[base_data$KontrazeptivumWS %in% non_oral_contr, "HC_topical"] <- "Yes"

# Exclude all samples from HCU that use HC for topical Use
base_data[base_data$HC_topical == "Yes", "HCU"] <- "No"

table(base_data$HCU_class)
```

### Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

To investigate the global effect of HCU on the plasma proteome, we conduct a PCA
of all younger study participants (age \< 40 years).

```{r}
# PCA plotting function from CompMetabTools (https://github.com/EuracBiomedicalResearch/CompMetaboTools)
plot_pca <- function(pc, pch = 16, col = "#000000", pc_x = 1, pc_y = 2,
                     main = "", labels = NULL, ...) {
    pcSummary <- summary(pc)
    plot(pc$x[, pc_x], pc$x[, pc_y], pch = NA, main = main,
         xlab = paste0("PC", pc_x, ": ",
                       format(pcSummary$importance[2, pc_x] * 100,
                              digits = 3), " % variance"),
         ylab = paste0("PC", pc_y, ": ",
                       format(pcSummary$importance[2, pc_y] * 100,
                              digits = 3), " % variance"),
         xaxt = "n", yaxt = "n", ...)
    xat <- axTicks(1, usr = par("usr")[1:2])
    labs <- gsub("-", "\U2212", print.default(xat))
    axis(1, at = xat, labels = labs)
    yat <- axTicks(2, usr = par("usr")[1:2])
    labs <- gsub("-", "\U2212", print.default(yat))
    axis(2, at = yat, labels = labs)
    grid()
    if (!is.null(labels))
        text(pc$x[, pc_x], pc$x[, pc_y], labels = labels, col = col,
             ...)
    else points(pc$x[, pc_x], pc$x[, pc_y], pch = pch, col = col,
                ...)
}
```

```{r}
prot_data <- prot_data[rownames(base_data),]

prot_data_scaled <- scale(prot_data, scale = TRUE)
pc <- prcomp(prot_data_scaled)
cols <- rep("#E41A1C", nrow(prot_data))
cols[base_data$sex == "m"] <- "#377EB8"

cols_hcu <- cols
cols_hcu[(base_data$sex == "w") & (base_data$HCU == "Yes") & (base_data$HC_topical == "No")]   <- "#000000"
```

```{r, include=FALSE}
png("../../results/plots/pca/pca_baseII_sex_hcu.png", width = 10, height = 10, units = "cm",
    res = 600, pointsize = 4, type = "cairo-png")
layout(matrix(1:2), heights = c(1, 0.25))
par(mar = c(4.5, 4.3, 0.5, 0.5), cex.lab = 1.5, bty = "n")
plot_pca(pc, pch = NA, col = NA, bg = paste0(cols_hcu, 60), cex = 1.5,
         xlim = c(-10, 15))
unsigned.range <- function(x)
        c(-abs(min(x, na.rm = TRUE)), abs(max(x, na.rm = TRUE)))
y <- pc$rotation[, 1:2]
scl <- max(
    unsigned.range(y[, 1]) / unsigned.range(pc$x[, 1]),
    unsigned.range(y[, 2]) / unsigned.range(pc$x[, 2]))
y <- y / scl
arrows(x0 = 0, x1 = y[, 1],
       y0 = 0, y1 = y[, 2],
       lwd = 0.75, angle = 30, length = 0.05,
       col = "#00000050")
text(y[, 1] * 1.1, y[, 2] * 1.1, labels = rownames(y),
     col = "#00000080", cex = 1.0)
points(pc$x[, 1], pc$x[, 2], pch = 21, col = NA, bg = paste0(cols_hcu, 60),
       cex = 1.1)
grid()
## Age distribution along x.
brks <- seq(-10, to = 15, by = 1)
f <- cut(pc$x[, 1], breaks = brks)
ages <- split(base_data$Age_T0, f = f)
par(mar = c(0.5, 4.3, 0.5, 0.5))
boxplot(ages, at = brks[-1]-0.25, xaxt = "n",
        ylab = "Age", lwd = 0.75, horizontal=F)
grid()
dev.off()
```

![image](../../results/plots/pca/pca_baseII_sex_hcu.png){width="614"}

**Figure S152**: Principal Component Analysis of younger cohort. Individuals are
coloured by sex and HCU intake (red: women; blue: men; HCU Yes: Black) Women who
are taking hormonal contraception exhibit a distinct separation on Principal
Component 1 from both women who are not taking hormonal contraception and men.

### Oral contraceptive-associated proteins

In the subsequent analysis, we replicate the association study conducted on the
younger subset of participants, mirroring the methodology employed in the CHRIS
study. Among the 437 participants in this group, 240 are female, with 91 of them
having taken hormonal contraceptives within the last 3 months, meeting our
criteria for HCU. We specifically focus on women under 40 years old and conduct
an association analysis for HCU, incorporating age_10 and BMI categories as
covariates. Unlike in the CHRIS analysis, we don't include fasting as a
covariate due to its absence in the BASE II questionnaire. However, it's
important to note that all blood samples were collected in the morning before
breakfast.

```{r}
# add covariates to prot data
covariate_cols <- data.frame(
  age_10 = base_data$age_10,
  bmi_cat = base_data$bmi_cat,
  HCU = base_data$HCU
)

prot_data_hcu <- base_data[base_data$sex == "w", ]
prot_data_hcu <- prot_data_hcu[, c(c("age_10", "bmi_cat", "HCU"),gene_symbols)]

prot_data_hcu  <- within(prot_data_hcu, HCU <- relevel(HCU, ref="No"))

#' Calculate the (absolute) difference in abundance expressed as a percentage
#' based on a (log2) coefficient.
diff_percentage <- function(x) {
    (2^abs(x) - 1) * 100
}

## Linear model
FunForLinReg <- function(AnalyteName, Data) {
    Analyte <- Data[, AnalyteName]
    LMReg <- lm(Analyte ~ age_10 + bmi_cat + HCU,
                data = Data)
    res <- coef(summary(LMReg))[-1, ]
    p.Values <- data.frame(c(res[, 1],
                             res[, 4]))
    names(p.Values) <- AnalyteName
    rownames(p.Values) <- c(paste0("coef_", rownames(res)),
                            paste0("p-value_", rownames(res)))
    return(p.Values)
}
## Fit model
LMRegtests <- do.call(
    cbind, lapply(gene_symbols, function(x) FunForLinReg(x, prot_data_hcu)))
Test_output <- t(LMRegtests)
## Adjusting for multiple hypothesis testing
adjp <- apply(Test_output[, grep("p-value", colnames(Test_output))],
              MARGIN = 2, p.adjust, method = "bonferroni")
colnames(adjp) <- sub("value", "adj", colnames(adjp))
Test_output <- cbind(Test_output, adjp)

## perform data normalization (autoscaling)
prot_data_AS <- prot_data_hcu
prot_data_AS[, gene_symbols] <- scale(prot_data_AS[, gene_symbols], scale = TRUE)
## do it in one run
LMRegtests_AS <- do.call(cbind.data.frame,
                         lapply(gene_symbols,
                                function(x) FunForLinReg(x, prot_data_AS)))
Test_output_AS <- t(LMRegtests_AS)
EffectSize <- Test_output_AS[, grep("coef", colnames(Test_output_AS))]
colnames(EffectSize) <- sub("coef", "effect_size", colnames(EffectSize))

comps <- colnames(Test_output)[grep("coef", colnames(Test_output))]
sign_p <- Test_output[, grep("p-adj", colnames(Test_output))] < 0.05
colnames(sign_p) <- sub("p-adj", "significant", colnames(sign_p))

#' Calculate the (absolute) difference in abundance expressed as a percentage
#' based on a (log2) coefficient.
diff_percentage <- function(x) {
    (2^abs(x) - 1) * 100
}
comps <- colnames(Test_output)[grep("coef", colnames(Test_output))]
diff_perc <- apply(Test_output[, comps],
                   MARGIN = 2, diff_percentage)
colnames(diff_perc) <- sub("coef", "diff_perc", colnames(diff_perc))
```

```{r}
# Add uniprot IDs
# Add Protein Names
results <- data.frame(
    uniprot_ids,
    gene_symbols,
    protein_names,
    Test_output,
    EffectSize,
    diff_perc,
    sign_p)

results$Avg_Female <- colMeans(
    prot_data[which(prot_data$Sex == "Female"), gene_symbols])
results$Avg_BMI1 <- colMeans(
    prot_data[which(prot_data$BMIcat == "1"), gene_symbols])
results$Avg_BMI2 <- colMeans(
    prot_data[which(prot_data$BMIcat == "2"), gene_symbols])
results$Avg_BMI3 <- colMeans(
    prot_data[which(prot_data$BMIcat == "3"), gene_symbols])
results$Avg_BMI4 <- colMeans(
    prot_data[which(prot_data$BMIcat == "4"), gene_symbols])

dr <- "../../results/tables"
dir.create(dr, showWarnings = FALSE, recursive = TRUE)
write_xlsx(
    results, path = paste0(dr, "/Supplementary_Table_SXX.xlsx"))
```

```{r}
chris_results_hcu <- chris_results[chris_results$Genes %in% gene_symbols, c("Uniprot","Genes", "coef_HCUYes", "p.adj_HCUYes", "effect_size_HCUYes")]
results_hcu <- results[, c("uniprot_ids","gene_symbols", "effect_size_HCUYes", "coef_HCUYes", "p.adj_HCUYes")]
results_hcu <- results_hcu[match(chris_results_hcu$Genes, results_hcu$gene_symbols), ]
```

```{r}
results_hcu_plot <- results_hcu
row.names(results_hcu_plot) <- results_hcu_plot$uniprot_ids
results_hcu_plot$uniprot_ids <- NULL
colnames(results_hcu_plot) <- c("Genes","effect_size", "coef", "p.adj")
?pandoc.table
pandoc.table(
  results_hcu_plot[order(results_hcu_plot$p.adj),], caption ="",
  style="rmarkdown")
```

**Table XX:** Significant proteins for hormonal contraceptive usage

We compare the coefficients and effect sizes from the linear models for
association for HCU of both studies.

```{r, include=FALSE}
png("../../results/plots/correlations/corr_es_coef.png", width = 10, height = 6, units = "cm",
res = 600, pointsize = 4, type = "cairo-png")
par(cex.axis = 2, cex.lab = 2, cex.main= 2,
    mar=c(6,6,5,1)+.1, mfrow = c(1, 2), bty="n")
x <- unlist(chris_results_hcu[, "effect_size_HCUYes"])
y <- results_hcu[, "effect_size_HCUYes"]
xl <- range(c(x, y))


x <- unlist(chris_results_hcu[, "coef_HCUYes"])
y <- results_hcu[, "coef_HCUYes"]
corr_coef <- cor.test(x,y, method = "spearman")

plot(x = x, y = y, xlim = xl, ylim = xl,
     xlab = "",
     ylab = expression(coef["BASE II"]),
     pch = 21, col = "#00000080", bg = "#00000040",
     xaxt = "n", yaxt = "n",
     main = "Coefficients")
grid()
title(xlab=expression(coef[CHRIS]), line=3.7)
xat <- axTicks(1, usr = par("usr")[1:2])
labs <- gsub("-", "\U2212", print.default(xat))
axis(1, at = xat, labels = labs, padj = 0.4)
yat <- axTicks(2, usr = par("usr")[1:2])
abline(0, 1)
rect(par("usr")[1], par("usr")[4] - 0.3, par("usr")[1] + 2, par("usr")[4], col = "white", border = "black", fill=T)
text(
  -0.00 * par("usr")[2], 0.935 * par("usr")[4],
  paste("r=", round(corr_coef$estimate, 2) ,"p=", format(as.numeric(corr_coef$p.value), scientific = TRUE, digits = 2)), pos = 2, col = "black", cex = 1.4)

x <- unlist(chris_results_hcu[, "effect_size_HCUYes"])
y <- results_hcu[, "effect_size_HCUYes"]
corr_es <- cor.test(x,y, method = "spearman")
# xl <- range(c(x, y))
plot(x = x, y = y, xlim = xl, ylim = xl,
     ylab = expression(ES["BASE II"]),
     xlab = "",
     pch = 21, col = "#00000080", bg = "#00000040",
     xaxt = "n", yaxt = "n",
     main = "Effect Sizes")
grid()
title(xlab=expression(ES[CHRIS]), line=3.7)
xat <- axTicks(1, usr = par("usr")[1:2])
labs <- gsub("-", "\U2212", print.default(xat))
axis(1, at = xat, labels = labs, padj = 0.4)
yat <- axTicks(2, usr = par("usr")[1:2])
abline(0, 1)
rect(par("usr")[1], par("usr")[4] - 0.3, par("usr")[1] + 2 , par("usr")[4], col = "white", border = "black", fill=T)
text(
  -0.05 * par("usr")[2], 0.935 * par("usr")[4],
  paste("r=", round(corr_es$estimate, 2) ,"p=", format(as.numeric(corr_es$p.value), scientific = TRUE, digits = 2)), pos = 2, col = "black", cex = 1.4)
dev.off()
```

![](../../results/plots/correlations/corr_es_coef.png){width="666"}

**Figure XX:** Comparison of coefficients (left) and effect sizes (right) for
association with hormonal contraceptives in BASE II and CHRIS. Correlation
coefficients were calculated by sperman's rho.

Both coefficients and effect sizes show strong correlations between both studies.\

```{r, include=FALSE}
png("../../results/plots/correlations/Figure_2X.png", width = 5, height = 6, units = "cm",
res = 600, pointsize = 4, type = "cairo-png")
par(cex.axis = 2, cex.lab = 2,mar=c(5,6,5,1)+.1, cex.text=1, bty="n")
x <- unlist(chris_results_hcu[, "effect_size_HCUYes"])
y <- results_hcu[, "effect_size_HCUYes"]
corr_es <- cor.test(x,y, method = "spearman")
xl <- range(c(x, y))
plot(x = x, y = y, xlim = xl, ylim = xl,
     # xlab = expression(ES[CHRIS]),
     xlab="",
     ylab = expression(ES["BASE II"]),
     pch = 21, col = "#00000080", bg = "#00000040",
     xaxt = "n", yaxt = "n", cex=1.5)
title(xlab=expression(ES[CHRIS]), line=3.7)
xat <- axTicks(1, usr = par("usr")[1:2])
labs <- gsub("-", "\U2212", print.default(xat))
axis(1, at = xat, labels = labs, padj = 0.4)
yat <- axTicks(2, usr = par("usr")[1:2])
labs <- gsub("-", "\U2212", print.default(yat))
axis(2, at = yat, labels = labs)
grid()
abline(0, 1)
rect(par("usr")[1], par("usr")[4] - 0.3, par("usr")[1] + 1.75, par("usr")[4], col = "white", border = "black", fill=T)
text(
  -0.09 * par("usr")[2], 0.93 * par("usr")[4], cex = 1.4,
  paste("r=", round(corr_es$estimate, 2) ,"p=", format(as.numeric(corr_es$p.value), scientific = TRUE, digits = 2)), pos = 2, col = "black")
par(bty = "o")
dev.off()
```

![](../../results/plots/correlations/Figure_2X.png){width="333"}

**Figure 2XX:** Comparison of coefficients (left) between for association with
hormonal contraceptives in BASE II and CHRIS. (Manuscript Figure)

Below, you can see violin plots illustrating the expression levels of the most
regulated proteins (see Table), categorized by HCU:

```{r, include=FALSE}
png("../../results/plots/violin_hcu_r/figure_2XX_SERPINA6.png", width = 5, height = 6, units = "cm",
res = 600, pointsize = 4, type = "cairo-png")
par(mar=c(5,6,5,1)+.1, cex.axis = 2, cex.lab = 2,
    bty = "n", cex.main = 2.5)
f <- as.character(base_data$sex)
f[base_data$HCU == "Yes"] <- "HCU"
f[f == "m"] <- "Men"
f[f == "w"] <- "Women"
f <- factor(f, levels = c("HCU", "Women", "Men"))

vioplot(split(prot_data$SERPINA6, f),
        ylab = expression(log[2]~abundance, xlab=""),
        main = "", yaxt="n", xaxt="n")
xat <- c(1,2,3)
labs <- c("HCU", "Women", "Men")
axis(1, at = xat, labels = labs, padj = 0.4)
yat <- axTicks(2, usr = par("usr")[1:2])
labs <- gsub("-", "\U2212", print.default(yat))
axis(2, at = yat, labels = labs)
grid(nx = NA, ny = NULL)
mtext(side = 3, outer = FALSE, text = "P08185 (SERPINA6)", line = 0,
      cex = par("cex.main"))
par(bty = "o")
dev.off()
```

![](../../results/plots/violin_hcu_r/figure_2XX_SERPINA6.png){width="333"}

```{r, include=FALSE}
png("../../results/plots/violin_hcu_r/figure_2XX_AGT.png", width = 5, height = 6, units = "cm",
res = 600, pointsize = 4, type = "cairo-png")
par(mar=c(5,6,5,1)+.1, cex.axis = 2, cex.lab = 2,
    bty = "n", cex.main = 2.5)
# par(cex.axis = 2, cex.lab = 2,mar=c(5,6,8,1)+.1, cex.text=1, bty="n")
f <- as.character(base_data$sex)
f[base_data$HCU == "Yes"] <- "HCU"
f[f == "m"] <- "Men"
f[f == "w"] <- "Women"
f <- factor(f, levels = c("HCU", "Women", "Men"))
vioplot(split(prot_data$AGT, f),
        ylab = expression(log[2]~abundance, xlab=""),
        main = "", yaxt="n", xaxt="n")
xat <- c(1,2,3)
labs <- c("HCU", "Women", "Men")
axis(1, at = xat, labels = labs, padj = 0.4)
yat <- axTicks(2, usr = par("usr")[1:2])
labs <- gsub("-", "\U2212", print.default(yat))
axis(2, at = yat, labels = labs)
grid(nx = NA, ny = NULL)
mtext(side = 3, outer = FALSE, text = "P01019 (AGT)", line = 0,
      cex = par("cex.main"))
par(bty = "o")
dev.off()
```

![](../../results/plots/violin_hcu_r/figure_2XX_AGT.png){width="333"}

```{r, include=FALSE}
png("../../results/plots/violin_hcu_r/figure_2XX_PGLYRP2.png", width = 5, height = 6, units = "cm",
res = 600, pointsize = 4, type = "cairo-png")
par(mar=c(5,6,5,1)+.1, cex.axis = 2, cex.lab = 2,
    bty = "n", cex.main = 2.5)
# par(cex.axis = 2, cex.lab = 2,mar=c(5,6,8,1)+.1, cex.text=1, bty="n")
f <- as.character(base_data$sex)
f[base_data$HCU == "Yes"] <- "HCU"
f[f == "m"] <- "Men"
f[f == "w"] <- "Women"
f <- factor(f, levels = c("HCU", "Women", "Men"))
vioplot(split(prot_data$PGLYRP2, f),
        ylab = expression(log[2]~abundance, xlab=""),
        main = "", yaxt="n", xaxt="n")
xat <- c(1,2,3)
labs <- c("HCU", "Women", "Men")
axis(1, at = xat, labels = labs, padj = 0.4)
yat <- axTicks(2, usr = par("usr")[1:2])
labs <- gsub("-", "\U2212", print.default(yat))
axis(2, at = yat, labels = labs)
grid(nx = NA, ny = NULL)
mtext(side = 3, outer = FALSE, text = "Q96PD5 (PGLYRP2)", line = 0,
      cex = par("cex.main"))
par(bty = "o")
dev.off()
```

![](../../results/plots/violin_hcu_r/figure_2XX_PGLYRP2.png){width="333"}

Below Volcano plots display the coefficients and standardized effects sizes for HCU:

```{r, include=FALSE}
png("../../results/plots/volcano/Figure_2XXX_coef.png", width = 5, height = 6, units = "cm",
    res = 600, pointsize = 4, type = "cairo-png")
par(mar=c(5,6,5,1)+.1, cex.lab = 1.5, bty = "n")
cols_vol = rep("#00000080", nrow(results_hcu))
cols_vol[results$p.adj_HCUYes < 0.05] <- "#c31c1d"
plot(
  x = results$coef_HCUYes,  y= -log10(results$p.adj_HCUYes),
  pch = NA, col = "#00000080", bg = "#00000040",
  xlab = expression(coefficient),
  ylab = expression(-log[10](p[adj])),
  )
grid()
points(results$coef_HCUYes, -log10(results$p.adj_HCUYes), pch = 21, col = cols_vol, bg = "#00000040",
       cex = 1.1)
# dev.off()
```

![](../../results/plots/volcano/Figure_2XXX_coef.png){width="333"}

```{r, include=FALSE}
png("../../results/plots/volcano/Figure_2XXX_es.png", width = 5, height = 6, units = "cm",
    res = 600, pointsize = 4, type = "cairo-png")
par(mar=c(5,6,5,1)+.1, cex.lab = 1.5, bty = "n")
cols_vol = rep("#00000080", nrow(results))
cols_vol[results$p.adj_HCUYes < 0.05] <- "#c31c1d"
plot(
  x = results$effect_size_HCUYes,  y= -log10(results$p.adj_HCUYes),
  pch = NA, col = "#00000080", bg = "#00000040",
  xlab = expression(ES),
  ylab = expression(-log[10](p[adj])),
  )
grid()
points(results$effect_size_HCUYes, -log10(results$p.adj_HCUYes), pch = 21, col = cols_vol, bg = "#00000040",
       cex = 1.1)

# dev.off()
```

![](../../results/plots/volcano/Figure_2XXX_es.png){width="333"}