streaming

Streaming and replication

Each Netdata is able to replicate/mirror its database to another Netdata, by streaming collected metrics, in real-time to it. This is quite different to data archiving to third party time-series databases.

When Netdata streams metrics to another Netdata, the receiving one is able to perform everything a Netdata instance is capable of:

• visualize them with a dashboard
• run health checks that trigger alarms and send alarm notifications
• archive metrics to a backend time-series database

Supported configurations

Netdata without a database or web API (headless collector)

Local Netdata (slave), without any database or alarms, collects metrics and sends them to another Netdata (master).

The node menu shows a list of all "databases streamed to" the master. Clicking one of those links allows the user to view the full dashboard of the slave Netdata. The URL has the form http://master-host:master-port/host/slave-host/.

Alarms for the slave are served by the master.

In this mode the slave is just a plain data collector. It spawns all external plugins, but instead of maintaining a local database and accepting dashboard requests, it streams all metrics to the master. The memory footprint is reduced significantly, to between 6 MiB and 40 MiB, depending on the enabled plugins. To reduce the memory usage as much as possible, refer to running Netdata in embedded devices.

The same master can collect data for any number of slaves.

database replication

Local Netdata (slave), with a local database (and possibly alarms), collects metrics and sends them to another Netdata (master).

The user can use all the functions at both http://slave-ip:slave-port/ and http://master-host:master-port/host/slave-host/.

The slave and the master may have different data retention policies for the same metrics.

Alarms for the slave are triggered by both the slave and the master (and actually each can have different alarms configurations or have alarms disabled).

Take a note, that custom chart names, configured on the slave, should be in the form type.name to work correctly. The master will truncate the type part and substitute the original chart type to store the name in the database.

Netdata proxies

Local Netdata (slave), with or without a database, collects metrics and sends them to another Netdata (proxy), which may or may not maintain a database, which forwards them to another Netdata (master).

Alarms for the slave can be triggered by any of the involved hosts that maintains a database.

Any number of daisy chaining Netdata servers are supported, each with or without a database and with or without alarms for the slave metrics.

mix and match with backends

All nodes that maintain a database can also send their data to a backend database. This allows quite complex setups.

Example:

1. Netdata A, B do not maintain a database and stream metrics to Netdata C(live streaming functionality, i.e. this PR)
2. Netdata C maintains a database for A, B, C and archives all metrics to graphite with 10 second detail (backends functionality)
3. Netdata C also streams data for A, B, C to Netdata D, which also collects data from E, F and G from another DMZ (live streaming functionality, i.e. this PR)
4. Netdata D is just a proxy, without a database, that streams all data to a remote site at Netdata H
5. Netdata H maintains a database for A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and sends all data to opentsdb with 5 seconds detail (backends functionality)
6. alarms are triggered by H for all hosts
7. users can use all the Netdata that maintain a database to view metrics (i.e. at H all hosts can be viewed).

Configuration

These are options that affect the operation of Netdata in this area:

[global]
    memory mode = none | ram | save | map | dbengine

[global].memory mode = none disables the database at this host. This also disables health monitoring (there cannot be health monitoring without a database).

[web]
    mode = none | static-threaded
    accept a streaming request every seconds = 0

[web].mode = none disables the API (Netdata will not listen to any ports). This also disables the registry (there cannot be a registry without an API).

accept a streaming request every seconds can be used to set a limit on how often a master Netdata server will accept streaming requests from the slaves. 0 sets no limit, 1 means maximum once every second. If this is set, you may see error log entries "... too busy to accept new streaming request. Will be allowed in X secs".

[backend]
    enabled = yes | no
    type = graphite | opentsdb
    destination = IP:PORT ...
    update every = 10

[backend] configures data archiving to a backend (it archives all databases maintained on this host).

streaming configuration

A new file is introduced: stream.conf (to edit it on your system run /etc/netdata/edit-config stream.conf). This file holds streaming configuration for both the sending and the receiving Netdata.

API keys are used to authorize the communication of a pair of sending-receiving Netdata. Once the communication is authorized, the sending Netdata can push metrics for any number of hosts.

You can generate an API key with the command uuidgen. API keys are just random GUIDs. You can use the same API key on all your Netdata, or use a different API key for any pair of sending-receiving Netdata.

options for the sending node

This is the section for the sending Netdata. On the receiving node, [stream].enabled can be no. If it is yes, the receiving node will also stream the metrics to another node (i.e. it will be a proxy).

[stream]
    enabled = yes | no
    destination = IP:PORT[:SSL] ...
    api key = XXXXXXXXXXX

This is an overview of how these options can be combined:

target	memory mode	web mode	stream enabled	backend	alarms	dashboard
headless collector	none	none	yes	only for data source = as collected	not possible	no
headless proxy	none	not none	yes	only for data source = as collected	not possible	no
proxy with db	not none	not none	yes	possible	possible	yes
central netdata	not none	not none	no	possible	possible	yes

For the options to encrypt the data stream between the slave and the master, refer to securing the communication

options for the receiving node

stream.conf looks like this:

# replace API_KEY with your uuidgen generated GUID
[API_KEY]
    enabled = yes
    default history = 3600
    default memory mode = save
    health enabled by default = auto
    allow from = *

You can add many such sections, one for each API key. The above are used as default values for all hosts pushed with this API key.

You can also add sections like this:

# replace MACHINE_GUID with the slave /var/lib/netdata/registry/netdata.public.unique.id
[MACHINE_GUID]
    enabled = yes
    history = 3600
    memory mode = save
    health enabled = yes
    allow from = *

The above is the receiver configuration of a single host, at the receiver end. MACHINE_GUID is the unique id the Netdata generating the metrics (i.e. the Netdata that originally collects them /var/lib/netdata/registry/netdata.unique.id). So, metrics for Netdata A that pass through any number of other Netdata, will have the same MACHINE_GUID.

You can also use default memory mode = dbengine for an API key or memory mode = dbengine for a single host. The additional page cache size and dbengine disk space configuration options are inherited from the global Netdata configuration.

allow from

allow from settings are Netdata simple patterns: string matches that use * as wildcard (any number of times) and a ! prefix for a negative match. So: allow from = !10.1.2.3 10.* will allow all IPs in 10.* except 10.1.2.3. The order is important: left to right, the first positive or negative match is used.

allow from is available in Netdata v1.9+

tracing

When a slave is trying to push metrics to a master or proxy, it logs entries like these:

2017-02-25 01:57:44: netdata: ERROR: Failed to connect to '10.11.12.1', port '19999' (errno 111, Connection refused)
2017-02-25 01:57:44: netdata: ERROR: STREAM costa-pc [send to 10.11.12.1:19999]: failed to connect
2017-02-25 01:58:04: netdata: INFO : STREAM costa-pc [send to 10.11.12.1:19999]: initializing communication...
2017-02-25 01:58:04: netdata: INFO : STREAM costa-pc [send to 10.11.12.1:19999]: waiting response from remote netdata...
2017-02-25 01:58:14: netdata: INFO : STREAM costa-pc [send to 10.11.12.1:19999]: established communication - sending metrics...
2017-02-25 01:58:14: netdata: ERROR: STREAM costa-pc [send]: discarding 1900 bytes of metrics already in the buffer.
2017-02-25 01:58:14: netdata: INFO : STREAM costa-pc [send]: ready - sending metrics...

The receiving end (proxy or master) logs entries like these:

2017-02-25 01:58:04: netdata: INFO : STREAM [receive from [10.11.12.11]:33554]: new client connection.
2017-02-25 01:58:04: netdata: INFO : STREAM costa-pc [10.11.12.11]:33554: receive thread created (task id 7698)
2017-02-25 01:58:14: netdata: INFO : Host 'costa-pc' with guid '12345678-b5a6-11e6-8a50-00508db7e9c9' initialized, os: linux, update every: 1, memory mode: ram, history entries: 3600, streaming: disabled, health: enabled, cache_dir: '/var/cache/netdata/12345678-b5a6-11e6-8a50-00508db7e9c9', varlib_dir: '/var/lib/netdata/12345678-b5a6-11e6-8a50-00508db7e9c9', health_log: '/var/lib/netdata/12345678-b5a6-11e6-8a50-00508db7e9c9/health/health-log.db', alarms default handler: '/usr/libexec/netdata/plugins.d/alarm-notify.sh', alarms default recipient: 'root'
2017-02-25 01:58:14: netdata: INFO : STREAM costa-pc [receive from [10.11.12.11]:33554]: initializing communication...
2017-02-25 01:58:14: netdata: INFO : STREAM costa-pc [receive from [10.11.12.11]:33554]: receiving metrics...

For Netdata v1.9+, streaming can also be monitored via access.log.

Securing streaming communications

Netdata does not activate TLS encryption by default. To encrypt streaming connections, you first need to enable TLS support on the master. With encryption enabled on the receiving side, you need to instruct the slave to use TLS/SSL as well. On the slave's stream.conf, configure the destination as follows:

[stream]
    destination = host:port:SSL

The word SSL appended to the end of the destination tells the slave that connections must be encrypted.

??? info "Differences in TLS and SSL terminology" While Netdata uses Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.2 to encrypt communications rather than the obsolete SSL protocol, it's still common practice to refer to encrypted web connections as SSL. Many vendors, like Nginx and even Netdata itself, use SSL in configuration files, whereas documentation will always refer to encrypted communications as TLS or TLS/SSL.

Certificate verification

When TLS/SSL is enabled on the slave, the default behavior will be to not connect with the master unless the server's certificate can be verified via the default chain. In case you want to avoid this check, add the following to the slave's stream.conf file:

[stream]
    ssl skip certificate verification = yes

Trusted certificate

If you've enabled certificate verification, you might see errors from the OpenSSL library when there's a problem with checking the certificate chain (X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY). More importantly, OpenSSL will reject self-signed certificates.

Given these known issues, you have two options. If you trust your certificate, you can set the options CApath and CAfile to inform Netdata where your certificates, and the certificate trusted file, are stored.

For more details about these options, you can read about verify locations.

Before you changed your streaming configuration, you need to copy your trusted certificate to your slave system and add the certificate to OpenSSL's list.

On most Linux distributions, the update-ca-certificates command searches inside the /usr/share/ca-certificates directory for certificates. You should double-check by reading the update-ca-certificate manual (man update-ca-certificate), and then change the directory in the below commands if needed.

If you have sudo configured on your slave system, you can use that to run the following commands. If not, you'll have to log in as root to complete them.

# mkdir /usr/share/ca-certificates/netdata
# cp master_cert.pem /usr/share/ca-certificates/netdata/master_cert.crt
# chown -R netdata.netdata /usr/share/ca-certificates/netdata/

First, you create a new directory to store your certificates for Netdata. Next, you need to change the extension on your certificate from .pem to .crt so it's compatible with update-ca-certificate. Finally, you need to change permissions so the user that runs Netdata can access the directory where you copied in your certificate.

Next, edit the file /etc/ca-certificates.conf and add the following line:

netdata/master_cert.crt

Now you update the list of certificates running the following, again either as sudo or root:

# update-ca-certificates

!!! note Some Linux distributions have different methods of updating the certificate list. For more details, please read this guide on addding trusted root certificates.

Once you update your certificate list, you can set the stream parameters for Netdata to trust the master certificate. Open stream.conf for editing and change the following lines:

[stream]
    CApath = /etc/ssl/certs/
    CAfile = /etc/ssl/certs/master_cert.pem

With this configuration, the CApath option tells Netdata to search for trusted certificates inside /etc/ssl/certs. The CAfile option specifies the Netdata master certificate is located at /etc/ssl/certs/master_cert.pem. With this configuration, you can skip using the system's entire list of certificates and use Netdata's master certificate instead.

Expected behaviors

With the introduction of TLS/SSL, the master-slave communication behaves as shown in the table below, depending on the following configurations:

• Master TLS (Yes/No): Whether the [web] section in netdata.conf has ssl key and ssl certificate.
• Master port TLS (-/force/optional): Depends on whether the [web] section bind to contains a ^SSL=force or ^SSL=optional directive on the port(s) used for streaming.
• Slave TLS (Yes/No): Whether the destination in the slave's stream.conf has :SSL at the end.
• Slave TLS Verification (yes/no): Value of the slave's stream.conf ssl skip certificate verification parameter (default is no).

Master TLS enabled	Master port SSL	Slave TLS	Slave SSL Ver.	Behavior
No	-	No	no	Legacy behavior. The master-slave stream is unencrypted.
Yes	force	No	no	The master rejects the slave connection.
Yes	-/optional	No	no	The master-slave stream is unencrypted (expected situation for legacy slaves and newer masters)
Yes	-/force/optional	Yes	no	The master-slave stream is encrypted, provided that the master has a valid TLS/SSL certificate. Otherwise, the slave refuses to connect.
Yes	-/force/optional	Yes	yes	The master-slave stream is encrypted.

Viewing remote host dashboards, using mirrored databases

On any receiving Netdata, that maintains remote databases and has its web server enabled, The node menu will include a list of the mirrored databases.

Selecting any of these, the server will offer a dashboard using the mirrored metrics.

Monitoring ephemeral nodes

Auto-scaling is probably the most trendy service deployment strategy these days.

Auto-scaling detects the need for additional resources and boots VMs on demand, based on a template. Soon after they start running the applications, a load balancer starts distributing traffic to them, allowing the service to grow horizontally to the scale needed to handle the load. When demands falls, auto-scaling starts shutting down VMs that are no longer needed.

What a fantastic feature for controlling infrastructure costs! Pay only for what you need for the time you need it!

In auto-scaling, all servers are ephemeral, they live for just a few hours. Every VM is a brand new instance of the application, that was automatically created based on a template.

So, how can we monitor them? How can we be sure that everything is working as expected on all of them?

The Netdata way

We recently made a significant improvement at the core of Netdata to support monitoring such setups.

Following the Netdata way of monitoring, we wanted:

1. real-time performance monitoring, collecting thousands of metrics per server per second, visualized in interactive, automatically created dashboards.
2. real-time alarms, for all nodes.
3. zero configuration, all ephemeral servers should have exactly the same configuration, and nothing should be configured at any system for each of the ephemeral nodes. We shouldn't care if 10 or 100 servers are spawned to handle the load.
4. self-cleanup, so that nothing needs to be done for cleaning up the monitoring infrastructure from the hundreds of nodes that may have been monitored through time.

How it works

All monitoring solutions, including Netdata, work like this:

1. collect metrics, from the system and the running applications
2. store metrics, in a time-series database
3. examine metrics periodically, for triggering alarms and sending alarm notifications
4. visualize metrics, so that users can see what exactly is happening

Netdata used to be self-contained, so that all these functions were handled entirely by each server. The changes we made, allow each Netdata to be configured independently for each function. So, each Netdata can now act as:

• a self contained system, much like it used to be.
• a data collector, that collects metrics from a host and pushes them to another Netdata (with or without a local database and alarms).
• a proxy, that receives metrics from other hosts and pushes them immediately to other Netdata servers. Netdata proxies can also be store and forward proxies meaning that they are able to maintain a local database for all metrics passing through them (with or without alarms).
• a time-series database node, where data are kept, alarms are run and queries are served to visualise the metrics.

Configuring an auto-scaling setup

You need a Netdata master. This node should not be ephemeral. It will be the node where all ephemeral nodes (let's call them slaves) will be sending their metrics.

The master will need to authorize the slaves for accepting their metrics. This is done with an API key.

API keys

API keys are just random GUIDs. Use the Linux command uuidgen to generate one. You can use the same API key for all your slaves, or you can configure one API for each of them. This is entirely your decision.

We suggest to use the same API key for each ephemeral node template you have, so that all replicas of the same ephemeral node will have exactly the same configuration.

I will use this API_KEY: 11111111-2222-3333-4444-555555555555. Replace it with your own.

Configuring the master

On the master, edit /etc/netdata/stream.conf (to edit it on your system run /etc/netdata/edit-config stream.conf) and set these:

[11111111-2222-3333-4444-555555555555]
	# enable/disable this API key
    enabled = yes

    # one hour of data for each of the slaves
    default history = 3600

    # do not save slave metrics on disk
    default memory = ram

    # alarms checks, only while the slave is connected
    health enabled by default = auto

stream.conf on master, to enable receiving metrics from slaves using the API key.

If you used many API keys, you can add one such section for each API key.

When done, restart Netdata on the master node. It is now ready to receive metrics.

Note that health enabled by default = auto will still trigger last_collected alarms, if a connected slave does not exit gracefully. If the netdata process running on the slave is stopped, it will close the connection to the master, ensuring that no last_collected alarms are triggered. For example, a proper container restart would first terminate the netdata process, but a system power issue would leave the connection open on the master side. In the second case, you will still receive alarms.

Configuring the slaves

On each of the slaves, edit /etc/netdata/stream.conf (to edit it on your system run /etc/netdata/edit-config stream.conf) and set these:

[stream]
    # stream metrics to another Netdata
    enabled = yes

    # the IP and PORT of the master
    destination = 10.11.12.13:19999

	# the API key to use
    api key = 11111111-2222-3333-4444-555555555555

stream.conf on slaves, to enable pushing metrics to master at 10.11.12.13:19999.

Using just the above configuration, the slaves will be pushing their metrics to the master Netdata, but they will still maintain a local database of the metrics and run health checks. To disable them, edit /etc/netdata/netdata.conf and set:

[global]
    # disable the local database
	memory mode = none

[health]
    # disable health checks
    enabled = no

netdata.conf configuration on slaves, to disable the local database and health checks.

Keep in mind that setting memory mode = none will also force [health].enabled = no (health checks require access to a local database). But you can keep the database and disable health checks if you need to. You are however sending all the metrics to the master server, which can handle the health checking ([health].enabled = yes)

Netdata unique id

The file /var/lib/netdata/registry/netdata.public.unique.id contains a random GUID that uniquely identifies each Netdata. This file is automatically generated, by Netdata, the first time it is started and remains unaltered forever.

If you are building an image to be used for automated provisioning of autoscaled VMs, it important to delete that file from the image, so that each instance of your image will generate its own.

Troubleshooting metrics streaming

Both the sender and the receiver of metrics log information at /var/log/netdata/error.log.

On both master and slave do this:

tail -f /var/log/netdata/error.log | grep STREAM

If the slave manages to connect to the master you will see something like (on the master):

2017-03-09 09:38:52: netdata: INFO : STREAM [receive from [10.11.12.86]:38564]: new client connection.
2017-03-09 09:38:52: netdata: INFO : STREAM xxx [10.11.12.86]:38564: receive thread created (task id 27721)
2017-03-09 09:38:52: netdata: INFO : STREAM xxx [receive from [10.11.12.86]:38564]: client willing to stream metrics for host 'xxx' with machine_guid '1234567-1976-11e6-ae19-7cdd9077342a': update every = 1, history = 3600, memory mode = ram, health auto
2017-03-09 09:38:52: netdata: INFO : STREAM xxx [receive from [10.11.12.86]:38564]: initializing communication...
2017-03-09 09:38:52: netdata: INFO : STREAM xxx [receive from [10.11.12.86]:38564]: receiving metrics...

and something like this on the slave:

2017-03-09 09:38:28: netdata: INFO : STREAM xxx [send to box:19999]: connecting...
2017-03-09 09:38:28: netdata: INFO : STREAM xxx [send to box:19999]: initializing communication...
2017-03-09 09:38:28: netdata: INFO : STREAM xxx [send to box:19999]: waiting response from remote netdata...
2017-03-09 09:38:28: netdata: INFO : STREAM xxx [send to box:19999]: established communication - sending metrics...

Archiving to a time-series database

The master Netdata node can also archive metrics, for all slaves, to a time-series database. At the time of this writing, Netdata supports:

• graphite
• opentsdb
• prometheus
• json document DBs
• all the compatibles to the above (e.g. kairosdb, influxdb, etc)

Check the Netdata backends documentation for configuring this.

This is how such a solution will work:

An advanced setup

Netdata also supports proxies with and without a local database, and data retention can be different between all nodes.

This means a setup like the following is also possible:

proxies

A proxy is a Netdata instance that is receiving metrics from a Netdata, and streams them to another Netdata.

Netdata proxies may or may not maintain a database for the metrics passing through them. When they maintain a database, they can also run health checks (alarms and notifications) for the remote host that is streaming the metrics.

To configure a proxy, configure it as a receiving and a sending Netdata at the same time, using stream.conf.

The sending side of a Netdata proxy, connects and disconnects to the final destination of the metrics, following the same pattern of the receiving side.

For a practical example see Monitoring ephemeral nodes.