predict.py

import os
import re
import sys
import json
import argparse
import itertools
import demjson3 as demjson
from string import Template
from utils.gpt_utils import GPTUtils
from utils.opt_utils import OptionUtils

gpt_utils = GPTUtils()
option_utils = OptionUtils()

prompt_path = sys.path[0]
project_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(prompt_path, ".."))
manpage_path = os.path.join(project_path, "manpage_parser")

choice_number = 10

model = "gpt-4-1106-preview"

def checkCombinations(combination_list, relation_data):
    def parse_dependency_string(dep_str):
        if '&&' in dep_str:
            return ('AND', [parse_dependency_string(d) for d in dep_str.split('&&')])
        elif '||' in dep_str:
            return ('OR', [parse_dependency_string(d) for d in dep_str.split('||')])
        else:
            return dep_str

    def expand_dependencies(item, dep_tree, visited_set=None):
        if visited_set is None:
            visited_set = set()

        if item in visited_set:
            return [[item]]
        
        visited_set.add(item)

        if item not in dep_tree:
            visited_set.remove(item)
            return [[item]]

        node = dep_tree[item]

        if isinstance(node, str): 
            if node in dep_tree:
                results = [[item] + dep for dep in expand_dependencies(node, dep_tree, visited_set)]
            else:
                results = [[item, node]]

        elif node[0] == 'AND':
            results = [[]]
            for child in node[1]:
                child_expansions = expand_dependencies(child, dep_tree, visited_set.copy())
                new_results = []
                for res in results:
                    for child_exp in child_expansions:
                        combined_expansion = res + child_exp
                        new_results.append([item] + combined_expansion)
                results = new_results
        elif node[0] == 'OR':
            expendied_combination_list = []
            for child in node[1]:
                child_expansions = expand_dependencies(child, dep_tree, visited_set)
                for child_exp in child_expansions:
                    combined_expansion = [item] + child_exp
                    expendied_combination_list.append(combined_expansion)
            results = []
            for i in range(1, 2**len(expendied_combination_list)):
                subset = [expendied_combination_list[j] for j in range(len(expendied_combination_list)) if (i & (1 << j))]
                if subset:  # 非空子集
                    combined_subset = []
                    for element in subset:
                        combined_subset.extend(element)
                    results.append(combined_subset)

        visited_set.remove(item)
        return results

    def fix_dependencies(src_com, dependencies):
        
        dep_tree = {}
        for key, value in dependencies.items():
            dep_tree[key] = parse_dependency_string(value)

        all_combinations = []
        for item in src_com:
            try:
                expansions = expand_dependencies(item, dep_tree, set())
            except RecursionError as err:
                print('[x] Error: Reach the maximum recursion number.')
                exit(1)
            if not all_combinations:
                all_combinations = [set(exp) for exp in expansions]
            else:
                new_combinations = []
                for combo in all_combinations:
                    for expansion in expansions:
                        new_combination = combo.union(set(expansion))
                        if new_combination not in new_combinations:
                            new_combinations.append(new_combination)
                all_combinations = new_combinations

        return all_combinations
    
    combination_data = {"combinations": [], "count": []}
    for com in combination_list:
        # Fix combinations without satisfying the dependency constraints
        for fixed_combination_set in fix_dependencies(com, relation_data["dependency"]):
            new_com = sorted(list(fixed_combination_set))
            # Drop generated combinations not meeting the conflict constraints
            invalid_flag = False
            for conflict_pair in relation_data["conflict"]:
                if len(set(conflict_pair) & set(new_com)) > 1:
                    invalid_flag = True
                    break
            
            if invalid_flag:
                continue

            if new_com in combination_data["combinations"]:
                combination_data["count"][combination_data["combinations"].index(new_com)] += 1
            else:
                combination_data["combinations"].append(new_com)
                combination_data["count"].append(1)

    return combination_data

def predictCombinations(manpage_data, model, method, choice_number):

    if method == "zero-shot":
        prompt_template = Template("""
        Here is the document of "$name",

        ```json
        $data
        ```
                                            
        Instructions:
        1. Understand the core functionality of the program from the "name" and "description" fields.
        2. Analyze individual options and their respective roles from the "options" field. Disregard options that typically are not combined with others.
        3. Enumerate the constraints specified in the 'requirements' field, as these will inform and guide the forthcoming steps.
        4. Strategically explore and analyze all possible combinations of options. The focus here is to identify combinations that might lead to deep memory corruption vulnerabilities. These combinations should still function correctly within their intended purpose, meaning they must not violate any constraints outlined in step 3.
        5. Add more options in the combination to make it easier to trigger the vulnerability. Ensure that the addition of these options results in a combination that continues to comply with the constraints outlined in step 3.
        6. Provide the final results in JSON foramt with no comments, strictly adhering to JSON format standards. Here is an example:
        ```json
        {
            "potential vulnerable combinations": [
                ["option_1", "option_2", "option_3"], ...
            ]
        }
        ```
                                            
        Let's take a deep breath and think step by step. Please show your thoughts in each step.
        """)
        
        prompt = Template.substitute(prompt_template, name=manpage_data["name"], data=json.dumps(manpage_data))

    elif method == "few-shot":

        prompt_template = Template("""
                                            
        Instructions:
        1. Understand the core functionality of the program from the "name" and "description" fields.
        2. Analyze individual options and their respective roles from the "options" field. Disregard options that typically are not combined with others.
        3. Enumerate the constraints specified in the 'requirements' field, as these will inform and guide the forthcoming steps.
        4. Strategically explore and analyze all possible combinations of options. The focus here is to identify combinations that might lead to deep memory corruption vulnerabilities. These combinations should still function correctly within their intended purpose, meaning they must not violate any constraints outlined in step 3.
        5. Look for extra options that might help trigger a vulnerability, even if they don not directly cause it, and add them to the combination. It's important to make sure that adding these options doesn't break the rules set in step 3.
        6. Provide the final results in JSON foramt with no comments, strictly adhering to JSON format standards. Here is an example:
        ```json
        {
            "potential vulnerable combinations": [
                ["option_1", "option_2", "option_3"],...
            ]
        }
        ```
                                            
        Let's take a deep breath and think step by step. Please show your thoughts in each step.
                                   
        # Example 1
                                   
        ## Input 
                                   
        ```json
        {"name": "htmldoc", "description": "Htmldoc(1)  converts  HTML and Markdown source files into indexed HTML, PostScript, or Portable Document Format (PDF) files that can be viewed online or printed.  With no options a HTML document is produced on stdout. \nThe second form of htmldoc reads HTML source from stdin, which allows you to use htmldoc as a filter. \nThe third form of htmldoc launches a graphical interface that allows you to change options and generate documents interactively.", "options": {"--batch filename.book": "Generates the specified book file without opening the GUI.", "--bodycolor color": "Specifies the background color for all pages.", "--bodyfont {courier,helvetica,monospace,sans,serif,times}": "Specifies the default text font used for text in the document body.", "--textfont {courier,helvetica,monospace,sans,serif,times}": "Sets the typeface that is used for text in the document", "--bodyimage filename": "Specifies the background image that is tiled on all pages.", "--book": "Specifies that the HTML sources are structured (headings, chapters, etc.)", "--bottom margin": "Specifies the bottom margin in points (no suffix or ##pt), inches (##in), centimeters (##cm), or millimeters (##mm).", "--charset {cp-nnnn,iso-8859-1,...,iso-8859-15,utf-8}": "Specifies the character set to use for the output. Note: UTF-8 support is limited to the first 128 Unicode characters that are found in the input.", "--color": "Specifies that PostScript or PDF output should be in color.", "--continuous": "Specifies that the HTML sources are unstructured (plain web pages.) No page breaks are inserted between each file or URL in the output.", "--datadir directory": "Specifies the location of the htmldoc data files, usually /usr/share/htmldoc or C:/Program Files/HTMLDOC.", "--duplex": "Specifies that the output should be formatted for double-sided printing.", "--effectduration {0.1...10.0}": "Specifies the duration in seconds of PDF page transition effects.", "--embedfonts": "Specifies that fonts should be embedded in PDF and PostScript output.", "--encryption": "Enables encryption of PDF files.", "--fontsize size": "Specifies the default font size for body text.", "--fontspacing spacing": "Specifies  the  default  line spacing for body text. The line spacing is a multiplier for the font size, so a value of 1.2 will provide an additional 20% of space between the lines.", "--footer fff": "Sets the page footer to use on body pages. See the HEADERS/FOOTERS FORMATS section below.", "--format format, -t format": "Specifies the output format: epub, html, htmlsep (separate HTML files for each heading in the table-of-contents), ps or  ps2  (PostScript  Level 2),  ps1 (PostScript Level 1), ps3 (PostScript Level 3), pdf11 (PDF 1.1/Acrobat 2.0), pdf12 (PDF 1.2/Acrobat 3.0), pdf or pdf13 (PDF 1.3/Acrobat 4.0), or pdf14 (PDF 1.4/Acrobat 5.0).", "--gray": "Specifies that PostScript or PDF output should be grayscale.", "--header fff": "Sets the page header to use on body pages. See the HEADERS/FOOTERS FORMATS section below.", "--header1 fff": "Sets the page header to use on the first body/chapter page. See the HEADERS/FOOTERS FORMATS section below.", "--headfootfont font": "Sets the font to use on headers and footers.", "--headfootsize size": "Sets the size of the font to use on headers and footers.", "--headingfont typeface": "Sets the typeface to use for headings.", "--help": "Displays a summary of command-line options.", "--helpdir directory": "Specifies the location of the htmldoc online help files, usually /usr/share/doc/htmldoc or C:/Program Files/HTMLDOC/DOC.", "--hfimageN filename": "Specifies an image (numbered from 1 to 10) to be used in the header or footer in a PostScript or PDF document.", "--jpeg[=quality]": "Sets the JPEG compression level to use for large images. A value of 0 disables JPEG compression.", "--left margin": "Specifies the left margin in points (no suffix or ##pt), inches (##in), centimeters (##cm), or millimeters (##mm).", "--letterhead filename": "Specifies an image to be used as a letterhead in the header or footer in a PostScript or PDF document. Note that you need to use the --header, --header1, and/or --footer options with the L parameter or use the corresponding HTML page comments to display the letterhead image in the header or footer.", "--linkcolor color": "Sets the color of links.", "--links": "Enables generation of links in PDF files (default).", "--linkstyle {plain,underline}": "Sets the style of links.", "--logoimage filename": "Specifies an image to be used as a logo in the header or footer in a PostScript or PDF document, and in the navigation bar of a  HTML  document. Note  that you need to use the --header, --header1, and/or --footer options with the l parameter or use the corresponding HTML page comments to display the logo image in the header or footer.", "--no-compression": "Disables compression of PostScript or PDF files.", "--no-duplex": "Disables double-sided printing.", "--no-embedfonts": "Specifies that fonts should not be embedded in PDF and PostScript output.", "--no-encryption": "Disables document encryption.", "--no-jpeg": "Disables JPEG compression of large images.", "--no-links": "Disables generation of links in a PDF document.", "--no-localfiles": "Disables access to local files on the system. This option should be used when providing remote document conversion services.", "--no-numbered": "Disables automatic heading numbering.", "--no-pscommands": "Disables generation of PostScript setpagedevice commands.", "--no-strict": "Disables strict HTML input checking.", "--no-title": "Disables generation of a title page.", "--no-toc": "Disables generation of a table of contents.", "--numbered": "Numbers all headings in a document.", "--nup pages": "Sets the number of pages that are placed on each output page. Valid values are 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 16.", "--outdir directory, -d directory": "Specifies that output should be sent to a directory in multiple files. (Not compatible with PDF output)", "--outfile filename, -f filename": "Specifies that output should be sent to a single file.", "--owner-password password": "Sets the owner password for encrypted PDF files.", "--pageduration I{1.0...60.0}": "Sets the view duration of a page in a PDF document.", "--pageeffect effect": "Specifies the page transition effect for all pages; this attribute is ignored by all Adobe PDF viewers.", "--pagelayout {single,one,twoleft,tworight}": "Specifies the initial layout of pages for a PDF file.", "--pagemode {document,outlines,fullscreen}": "Specifies the initial viewing mode for a PDF file.", "--path": "Specifies a search path for files in a document.", "--permissions permission[,permission,...]": "Specifies document permissions for encrypted PDF files. The following permissions are understood: all, none, annotate,  no-annotate,  copy,  no-copy, modify, no-modify, print, and no-print. Separate multiple permissions with commas.", "--pre-indent distance": "Specifies the indentation of pre-formatted text in points (no suffix or ##pt), inches (##in), centimeters (##cm), or millimeters (##mm).", "--pscommands": "Specifies that PostScript setpagedevice commands should be included in the output.", "--quiet": "Suppresses all messages, even error messages.", "--referer url": "Specifies the URL that is passed in the Referer: field of HTTP requests.", "--right margin": "Specifies the right margin in points (no suffix or ##pt), inches (##in), centimeters (##cm), or millimeters (##mm).", "--size pagesize": "Specifies  the  page  size using  a  standard name or in points (no suffix or ##x##pt), inches (##x##in), centimeters (##x##cm), or millimeters (##x##mm). The standard sizes that are currently recognized are \"letter\" (8.5x11in),  \"legal\"  (8.5x14in), \"a4\"  (210x297mm),  and  \"universal\" (8.27x11in).", "--strict": "Enables strict HTML input checking.", "--textcolor color": "Specifies the default color of all text.", "--title": "Enables the generation of a title page.", "--titlefile filename": "Specifies a HTML or Markdown file to use for the title page.", "--titleimage filename": "Specifies the title image for the title page. The supported formats are GIF, JPEG, and PNG.", "--tocfooter fff": "Sets the page footer to use on table-of-contents pages. See the HEADERS/FOOTERS FORMATS section below.", "--tocheader fff": "Sets the page header to use on table-of-contents pages. See the HEADERS/FOOTERS FORMATS section below.", "--toclevels levels": "Sets the number of levels in the table-of-contents.", "--toctitle string": "Sets the title for the table-of-contents.", "--top margin": "Specifies the top margin in points (no suffix or ##pt), inches (##in), centimeters (##cm), or millimeters (##mm).", "--user-password password": "Specifies the user password for encryption of PDF files.", "--verbose, -v": "Provides verbose messages.", "--version": "Displays the current version number.", "--webpage": "Specifies that the HTML sources are unstructured (plain web pages.) A page break is inserted between each file or URL in the output."}, "requirements": ["'--color' cannot be used with '--gray'", "'--duplex' cannot be used with '--no-duplex'", "'--embedfonts' cannot be used with '--no-embedfonts'", "'--encryption' cannot be used with '--no-encryption'", "'--jpeg' cannot be used with '--no-compression'", "'--links' cannot be used with '--no-links'", "'--letterhead' must be used with either '--header' or '--footer'", "'--linkcolor' must be used with '--links'", "'--linkstyle' must be used with '--links'", "'--owner-password' must be used with '--format pdf'", "'--user-password' must be used with both '--format' and '--encryption'", "'--encryption' must be used with '--format'"]}                        
        ```

        ## Output
                                            
        ### Step 1: Understanding Core Functionality
                                            
        htmldoc converts HTML and Markdown source files into various formats like indexed HTML, PostScript, or PDF. It can work as a command-line tool, as a filter reading from stdin, or through a graphical interface.
                                            
        ### Step 2: Analyzing Individual Options
                                            
        Each option modifies the behavior of the htmldoc program:

        - Input and output specifications (`--batch`, `--outfile`, etc.) determine the source and destination of the processed files.
        - Appearance and formatting options (`--bodycolor`, `--bodyfont`, etc.) affect the look of the generated documents.
        - Structural options (`--book`, `--continuous`, etc.) dictate how the content is organized.
        - Security features (`--encryption`, `--owner-password`, etc.) are crucial for protecting the generated documents.
        - Various other options enable or disable specific features or alter the behavior of the program in other ways.
                                   
        ### Step 3: Enumerate Constraints
        
        From the 'requirements' field, these constraints are noted:
        
        - '--color' cannot be used with '--gray'.
        - '--duplex' cannot be used with '--no-duplex'.
        - '--embedfonts' cannot be used with '--no-embedfonts'.
        - '--encryption' cannot be used with '--no-encryption'.
        - '--jpeg' cannot be used with '--no-compression'.
        - '--links' cannot be used with '--no-links'.        
        - '--letterhead' must be used with either '--header' or '--footer'.
        - '--linkcolor' must be used with '--links'.
        - '--linkstyle' must be used with '--links'.
        - '--owner-password' must be used with '--format pdf'.
        - '--user-password' must be used with both '--format' and '--encryption'.
        - '--encryption' must be used with '--format'.
        
        It's crucial to respect these constraints to ensure that any identified vulnerabilities do not stem from improper usage of the tool.
        
        ### Step 4: Analyzing Vulnerable Combinations
        
        This step involves exploring combinations of options that might cause deep memory corruption vulnerabilities without violating the constraints from step 3. We have to consider options that could potentially overload, conflict, or misuse system resources, like memory handling, file processing, or encryption mechanisms:

        - Combining '--batch' with '--format', '--no-localfiles', and '--titleimage' may lead to buffer overflows due to improper handling of image path or metadata, especially if the image path is unexpectedly long or complex.
        - Using '--webpage' with '--format' can cause buffer overflows or underflows if the program fails to correctly handle the transition between unstructured HTML sources and the conversion into a specified document format.
        - Enabling and disabling features that are typically used together (like '--links' with '--no-links', '--encryption' with '--no-encryption', or '--compression' with '--no-compression'). Due to the conflicting nature of some of these options, as detailed in the constraint relationship, they will be excluded from the prediction results to maintain consistency and avoid contradictions.
                                            
        ### Step 5: Adding Extra Options
                                            
        Here we need to find additional options that, when combined with others, might contribute to triggering vulnerabilities. These options should not directly cause the issue but might exacerbate potential vulnerabilities identified in step 4.
                            
        ### Step 6: Provide the Final Results
        
        Taking the above into account, here are some combinations that could potentially lead to memory corruption if the program does not handle these operations correctly. Note that combinations violate the constraints have beed dropped.           
                                   
        ```json                             
        {
            "potential vulnerable combinations": [
                ["--batch filename.book", "--format format, -t format", "--no-localfiles", "--titleimage filename"],
                ["--webpage", "--format format, -t format"]
            ]
        }
        ```
                                   
        # Example 2
                                   
        ## Input
                                   
        ```json
        {"name": "jbig2", "description": "jbig2", "options": {"-b <basename>": "output file root name when using symbol coding", "-d --duplicate-line-removal": "use TPGD in generic region coder", "-p --pdf": "produce PDF ready data", "-s --symbol-mode": "use text region, not generic coder", "-t <threshold>: set classification threshold for symbol coder (def": "0.85)", "-T <bw threshold>: set 1 bpp threshold (def": "188)", "-r --refine": "use refinement (requires -s: lossless)", "-O <outfile>": "dump thresholded image as PNG", "-2": "upsample 2x before thresholding", "-4": "upsample 4x before thresholding", "-S": "remove images from mixed input and save separately", "-j --jpeg-output": "write images from mixed input as JPEG", "-a --auto-thresh": "use automatic thresholding in symbol encoder", "--no-hash": "disables use of hash function for automatic thresholding", "-V --version": "version info", "-v": "be verbose"}, "requirements": ["'-2' cannot be used with '-4'", "'-r --refine' must be used with '-s --symbol-mode'", "'--no-hash' must be used with '-a --auto-thresh'"]}        
        ```
                                   
        ## Output
                                            
        ### Step 1: Understanding Core Functionality
                                            
        jbig2 is an encoder for JBIG2, which is a standard for bi-level image compression. It's particularly suited for documents with text, black and white images, and other types of binary images.
                                            
        ### Step 2: Analyzing Individual Options
                                            
        We'll analyze each option to understand its role:

        - -b <basename>: Sets the root name for the output file, suggesting file handling and output customization.
        - -d --duplicate-line-removal: Uses TPGD in generic region coder, implying an optimization or modification in the encoding process.
        - -p --pdf: Produces PDF ready data, indicating a specific format output.
        - -s --symbol-mode: Uses text region, not generic coder, focusing on a specific encoding strategy.
        - -t <threshold>: Sets classification threshold for symbol coder, impacting the encoder's sensitivity or accuracy.
        - -T <bw threshold>: Sets 1 bpp threshold, affecting image processing quality.
        - -r --refine: Uses refinement with text region encoding, suggesting a quality enhancement feature.
        - -O <outfile>: Dumps thresholded image as PNG, indicating an output option.
        - -2/-4: Upsamples before thresholding, affecting image quality and possibly memory usage.
        - -S: Removes images from mixed input and saves separately, suggesting file handling and manipulation.
        - -j --jpeg-output: Writes images from mixed input as JPEG, another output format option.
        - -a --auto-thresh: Uses automatic thresholding in the symbol encoder, impacting how the encoding is performed.
        - --no-hash: Disables the use of hash function for automatic thresholding, affecting the encoding process.
        - -V --version: Provides version info, typically a standalone option.
        - -v: Makes the process verbose, providing more output details, which could affect how errors or processes are reported.
                                   
        ### Step 3: Enumerate Constraints
        
        - '-2' cannot be used with '-4'.
        - '-r --refine' must be used with '-s --symbol-mode'.
        - '--no-hash' must be used with '-a --auto-thresh'.
        
        ### Step 4: Analyzing Vulnerable Combinations
        
        This step involves finding options that, when combined, might lead to deep memory corruption vulnerabilities. The combinations should follow the rules from step 3.

        - Combining '-s --symbol-mode' with '-S', '-p --pdf', '-v', '-d --duplicate-line-removal', and '-2' likely leads to complex memory operations due to simultaneous image manipulation, upscaling, and format conversion, increasing the risk of buffer overflow.
        - The use of '-s --symbol-mode' alongside '-a --auto-thresh' and '-p --pdf' possibly introduces variable and unpredictable memory usage patterns, especially in automatic thresholding combined with symbol mode encoding and PDF formatting, heightening the risk of buffer mismanagement.
        - Upsampling options (`-2`, `-4`) combined with symbol mode (`-s`) and refinement (`-r`) increase the processing load and could potentially lead to buffer overflows if not properly managed. Additionally, it is important to note that `-2` and `-4` are conflicting options as outlined in their constraint relationship, and therefore, they are not presented together in the same set of prediction results.
                                            
        ### Step 5: Adding Extra Options
                                   
        Here we consider options that could further stress the system or enhance the impact of the vulnerable combinations identified in step 4.
                                            
        - Options like '-v (verbose)' and specific output formats ('-p --pdf') could exacerbate underlying issues by increasing the complexity of the program's state or the amount of data processed and logged.
        - However, they must not violate the constraints outlined.
                          
        ### Step 6: Provide the Final Results
        
        Taking the above into account, here are some combinations that could potentially lead to memory corruption if the program does not handle these operations correctly. Note that combinations violate the constraints have beed dropped.                   

        ```json                             
        {
            "potential vulnerable combinations": [
                ["-s --symbol-mode", "-S", "-p --pdf", "-v", "-d --duplicate-line-removal", "-2"],
                ["-s --symbol-mode", "-a --auto-thresh", "-p --pdf"] 
            ]
        }
        ```  
                                   
        # Example 3
                                            
        ## Input 
                                            
        ```json
        {"name": "jhead", "description": "jhead is a tool used to display and manipulate the Exif header data of JPEG images from digital cameras. It can display camera settings in a user-friendly format, manipulate image aspects related to JPEG and Exif headers, change internal timestamps, remove thumbnails, and transfer Exif headers back into edited images. It can also launch other programs in a style similar to the UNIX find command.", "options": {"-te file": "Transplants Exif header from a JPEG in file into the manipulated image, useful for retaining Exif headers after photo editing. It also supports a 'relative path' option for specifying the thumbnail name, allowing batch file operations.", "-dc": "This option deletes the comment field from the JPEG header. It's important to note that the comment is not part of the Exif header.", "-de": "This option is used to delete the Exif header entirely. However, it leaves other metadata sections intact.", "-di": "This option deletes the IPTC section if it exists. All other metadata sections remain unaffected.", "-dx": "This option is used to delete the XMP section from the image. All other metadata sections remain unaffected.", "-du": "This option deletes sections of a jpeg that are not Exif, not comment, and not contributing to the image. It is useful for removing data that programs like Photoshop might leave in the image.", "-purejpg": "This option deletes all JPEG sections not required for rendering the image. It also strips any metadata left in the image by various applications, combining the functions of the -de, -dc, and -du options.", "-mkexif": "This option creates a minimal exif header, which includes date/time and empty thumbnail fields. Use with -rgt option for the exif header to contain a thumbnail.", "-ce": "This option allows editing of the JPEG header comment field, which can be part of Exif and non-Exif style JPEG images. A temporary file is created for the comment, a text editor is launched for editing, and after editing, the data is transferred back into the image.", "-cs file": "This option allows saving the comment section to a specified file.", "-ci file": "This option allows the user to replace the comment with text from a specified file.", "-cl string": "This option replaces the comment with a specified string from the command line.", "-ft": "This option sets the file's system time stamp to match the time stamp stored in the Exif header of the image.", "-dsft": "This option sets the Exif timestamp to match the file's timestamp. It requires an existing Exif header, and the -mkexif option can be used to create one if necessary.", "-n [format_string]": "Renames and/or moves files using date information from the Exif header 'DateTimeOriginal' field. If provided, the format_string is passed to the strftime function as the format string, with '%f' substituting the original file name and '%i' a sequence number.", "-ta<+|-><timediff>": "This option adjusts the time stored in the Exif header by h:mm forwards or backwards. It is useful when pictures have been taken with the wrong time set on the camera, such as after travelling across time zones or when daylight savings time has changed.", "-da<newdate>-<olddate>": "This option is used to specify large date offsets when correcting dates from cameras with incorrect settings. It calculates the exact number of days for the timestamp adjustment, considering leap years and daylight savings time changes.", "-ts": "This option sets the time stored in the Exif header to the value specified on the command line. The time must be in the format: yyyy:mm:dd-hh:mm:ss.", "-ds": "Sets the date in the Exif header to the specified command line input. The date can be set as full date, year and month, or just year.", "-dt": "This option deletes thumbnails from the Exif header, leaving the rest of the header intact. It is used to reduce space, as thumbnails typically occupy around 10k, and their removal has not been found to cause any adverse effects.", "-st file": "This option saves the integral thumbnail to a specified file. It also supports a 'relative path' option for batch processing, and can send the thumbnail to stdout if '-' is specified for the output file.", "-rt": "Replaces thumbnails in the Exif header. This function is only applicable if the Exif header already contains a thumbnail and it is at the end of the header.", "-rgt size": "This option is used to regenerate the exif thumbnail of an image. The 'size' parameter specifies the maximum height or width of the thumbnail and it requires the 'mogrify' program from ImageMagick.", "-autorot": "This option uses the 'Orientation' tag of the Exif header to rotate the image upright using the jpegtran program. After rotation, the orientation tag is set to '1' and the thumbnail is also rotated, while other Exif header fields remain unchanged.", "-norot": "This option clears the rotation field in the Exif header without altering the image. It is useful for resetting thumbnails and rotation tags that have become out of sync due to manipulation with various tools.", "-h": "Displays summary of command line options.", "-v": "This option makes the program more verbose, providing feedback on its operations. It is designed for users who expect feedback within short intervals, to avoid the assumption of a crash.", "-q": "This option suppresses output on successful execution, making it behave more like Unix programs.", "-V, -exifmap": "The -V option prints the version info and compilation date. The -exifmap option shows a map of the bytes in the exif header, useful for analyzing strange exif headers.", "-se": "This option is used to suppress error messages that are related to corrupt Exif header structure in the JPEG images.", "-c": "This option provides a concise, one-line summary of picture info. It is useful for grep-ing through images and importing into spreadsheets.", "-model": "This option restricts the processing of files to those whose camera model contains the specified substring. It is used to filter images from a specific camera model.", "-exonly": "This option allows jhead to skip all files without an Exif header. It is useful when dealing with photos directly from a digital camera, as many photo manipulation tools discard the Exif header.", "-proc": "This option allows to process only files matching a specific encoding. For instance, '-proc 0' processes only files with baseline encoding, while '-proc 2' processes only files with progressive encoding.", "-cmd": "Executes a specified command on each JPEG file being processed, reading the Exif section before running the command and reinserting it after the command finishes. The command is invoked separately for each JPEG processed, even if multiple files are specified."}, "requirements": ["'-purejpg', '-de', '-dc', and '-du' are mutually exclusive.", "'-mkexif' cannot be used with '-de'.", "'-dt', '-st file', '-rt', and '-rgt size' are mutually exclusive.", "'-autorot' cannot be used with '-norot'."]}
        ```
        
        ## Output
                                            
        ### Step 1: Understanding Core Functionality
                                            
        "jhead" is a tool used to display and manipulate the Exif header data of JPEG images. It's designed to handle various metadata operations related to JPEG and Exif headers, such as viewing camera settings, manipulating timestamps, and editing or deleting sections of data.
                                            
        ### Step 2: Analyzing Individual Options
                                            
        Each option in the "options" field has a specific role affecting different parts of the JPEG's metadata. For this analysis, options that are typically used in combinations and influence the same parts of the data are most relevant, as they are more likely to interact in ways that could lead to vulnerabilities.
                                   
        ### Step 3: Enumerate Constraints
                                   
        - '-purejpg', '-de', '-dc', and '-du' are mutually exclusive.
        - '-mkexif' cannot be used with '-de'.
        - '-dt', '-st file', '-rt', and '-rgt size' are mutually exclusive.
        - '-autorot' cannot be used with '-norot'.
        
        These constraints will prevent us from considering combinations that involve these options together.
        
        ### Step 4: Analyzing Vulnerable Combinations
        
        Potential vulnerabilities might arise when combining options that alter or manipulate the Exif header and its components in unexpected ways. Especially when these combinations do not directly violate the stated constraints but may lead to unintended behavior.
        
        - Merging options that alter or remove various parts of the Exif header and metadata, such as '-de', '-di', '-purejpg', '-cs file', '-ci file', '-cl string', '-dsft', '-autorot', and '-norot', can lead to an inconsistent state or erroneous assumptions about the data size. This may result in buffer overflows or underflows. However, the specific combination of using '-purejpg' with '-de', and '-autorot' with '-norot', is prohibited. Therefore, we will exclude this combination to adhere to established constraints and maintain system integrity.
        - Combining options that modify the Exif header alongside those that change the image's file system properties or timestamps, such as '-di', '-dx', '-du', '-purejpg', '-cs file', '-ci file', '-cl string', '-ft', '-dsft', and '-dt', can lead to scenarios where the program erroneously estimates buffer sizes or mishandles memory. This issue arises from the intricate interaction between metadata alterations and file property changes, potentially leading to buffer-related vulnerabilities. However, given that the '-purejpg' option is incompatible with '-du', we will exclude this particular combination from consideration.
        - Combining '-mkexif' with '-dsft' may cause buffer vulnerabilities due to conflicting manipulations of the Exif header, especially when creating a minimal Exif header and then trying to synchronize it with the file's timestamp, possibly leading to unexpected buffer states.
        - The combination of '-dsft', '-di', and '-exonly' could lead to vulnerabilities by altering the timestamp, removing IPTC, and processing only files with Exif headers, potentially creating unhandled scenarios in buffer allocation for these specific header manipulations.
        - Using '-te file', '-exonly', '-v', '-autorot', '-de', and '-rgt size' together might cause vulnerabilities through complex interactions like transplanting Exif headers, processing only Exif headers, verbose output, auto-rotation, and header deletion combined with thumbnail regeneration, possibly overloading the buffer management logic.
        - The combination of '-v', '-ft', '-rgt size', '-purejpg', and '-se' could lead to vulnerabilities by simultaneously conducting verbose operations, timestamp adjustments, thumbnail regeneration, and extensive metadata stripping, potentially leading to buffer overflows or conflicting buffer states.,
        - The combination of '-norot', '-exonly', '-purejpg', '-c', and '-autorot' could potentially trigger vulnerabilities due to their conflicting actions. These include manipulating rotation fields, processing only Exif headers, stripping metadata, generating concise output, and enabling auto-rotation. Such conflicts may lead to buffer inconsistencies and the risk of overflows. However, as the use of '-norot' is incompatible with '-autorot', we will exclude this specific combination to avoid these issues.
                                            
        ### Step 5: Adding Extra Options
                                            
        Options that do not directly cause vulnerabilities but can amplify the effects of other options or introduce complexity should be considered. For example, adding verbosity ('-v') or processing restrictions ('-model', '-exonly') could increase the complexity of the operations without directly conflicting with the other options.
                            
        ### Step 6: Provide the Final Results
        
        Taking the above into account, here are some combinations that could potentially lead to memory corruption if the program does not handle these operations correctly. Note that combinations violate the constraints have beed dropped.

        ```json                             
        {
            "potential vulnerable combinations": [
                ["-mkexif", "-dsft"],
                ["-dsft","-di", "-exonly"],
                ["-te file", "-exonly", "-v", "-autorot", "-de", "-rgt size"],
                ["-v", "-ft", "-rgt size", "-purejpg", "-se"]
            ]
        }
        ```

        # Example 4
                                   
        ## Input
                                   
        ```json
        {"name": "makeswf", "description": "makeswf - actionscript compiler makeswf is a command line interface to the Ming library actionscript compiler, with support for embedding prebuilt content. \n frame_content can be either: an ActionScript source file, a bitmap file (png or jpg), or an SWF file.  Non-ActionScript input files are currently only recognized by extension (png, jpg, swf). Files with other extensions will be assumed to contain ActionScript source code. \n Each frame_content will be stored in a separate frame of the output. \n ActionScript code is preprocessed using cpp before being compiled, this allows (among many other things) grouping multiple sourcefiles into a single frame by using #include directives. (See PREPROCESSOR below.) \n Bitmap or SWF content will be stored in a MovieClip named after the corresponding input filename with path and extension removed. This allows easy referencing of the content by ActionScript code.", "options": {"-o --output <output>": "Write SWF file to <output>. Default is ``out.swf''.", "-s --size <width>x<height>": "Set output frame size in pixels (defaults to 640x480).", "-r --frame-rate <frame_rate>": "Set output frame rate (defaults to 12).", "-v --swfversion <swfversion>": "Set output SWF version (defaults to 6).", "-c --compression <compression_level>": "Set output compression level (0 to 9). Defaults to 9.  Use -1 to disable.", "-b --bgcolor <background_color>": "Set background color using hex form (0xRRGGBB).\tIf omitted, no SETBACKGROUNDCOLOR tag will be used.", "-I <dir>": "Add <dir> to the include search path.  The option is passed to the C preprocessor.", "-D <macro>[=<def>]>": "Define <macro>.\tThe option is passed to the C preprocessor.", "-i --import <library.swf>:<sym>[,<sym>]>": "Import named symbols from the given SWF file and store them into a", "-a --init-action <source.as>[:<frameno>]": "Compile the given source AS file as an init action for frame <frameno>.", "-n --network-access network|file": "Force addition of a networkAccess flag with given value.  For SWF8 or higher the FileAttribute tag is mandatory so will be present anyway, with a default of 'file' access. You can use this flag to both change the default for SWF8+ and to provide the optional tag for SWF8-.  The tag basically determine the resources sandbox to use when the movie is loaded from the filesystem, in an exclusive manner.", "-h --help": "Print quick help.", "-V --version": "Print version and copyright info."}, "requirements": []}      
        ```
                                   
        ## Output
                                            
        ### Step 1: Understanding Core Functionality
                                            
        The program "makeswf" is an ActionScript compiler interfacing with the Ming library. It compiles ActionScript code and supports embedding content like bitmaps or SWF files into the output SWF (Shockwave Flash) files. Its preprocessing with cpp allows complex scripting features like file inclusion.
                                            
        ### Step 2: Analyzing Individual Options
                                            
        - '-o --output <output>': Specifies the output file for the compiled SWF. Default is out.swf.
        - '-s --size <width>x<height>': Sets the dimensions of the output frame.
        - '-r --frame-rate <frame_rate>': Determines the frame rate of the output.
        - '-v --swfversion <swfversion>': Sets the SWF version of the output.
        - '-c --compression <compression_level>': Adjusts the compression level for the output.
        - '-b --bgcolor <background_color>': Sets the background color of the SWF.
        - '-I <dir>': Adds a directory to the include search path for the C preprocessor.
        - '-D <macro>[=<def>]': Defines a macro for the C preprocessor.
        - '-i --import <library.swf>:<sym>[,<sym>]': Imports symbols from a specified SWF file.
        - '-a --init-action <source.as>[:<frameno>]': Compiles ActionScript as an init action for a specified frame.
        - '-n --network-access network|file': Sets network access flag for the SWF.
        - '-h --help': Displays help information.
        - '-V --version': Displays version and copyright info.
                                   
        ### Step 3: Enumerate Constraints
        
        The requirements field is empty, indicating no explicit  constraints are specified in the document.
        
        ### Step 4: Analyzing Vulnerable Combinations
        
        We need to consider combinations that might lead to deep memory corruption vulnerabilities. Given the nature of the tool (a compiler with preprocessing capabilities), potential vulnerabilities might arise from:

        - Combining macro definitions with output file specification can lead to buffer overflows if the macro expands beyond the expected buffer size, especially when concatenated with or influencing the output file path.
        - Using macro definitions with include directory paths can cause buffer overflows or path traversal vulnerabilities if the macro content is unsafely combined with directory paths, exceeding buffer limits or altering expected file operations.
                                            
        ### Step 5: Adding Extra Options

        To trigger vulnerabilities, options like '-D' and '-I', which pass macros and include paths to the C preprocessor, might be exploited. These options could be used in combination with others to exacerbate potential issues, especially if they lead to complex preprocessing scenarios.
                                   
        Given that the provided JSON lacks explicit "requirements" or constraints, there's no need to worry about potential violations of constraints in step 3 when adding these options.
                          
        ### Step 6: Provide the Final Results
        
        Taking the above into account, here are some combinations that could potentially lead to memory corruption if the program does not handle these operations correctly. Note that combinations violate the constraints have beed dropped.

        ```json                             
        {
            "potential vulnerable combinations": [
                ["-D <macro>[=<def>]>", "-o --output <output>"],
                ["-D <macro>[=<def>]>", "-I <dir>"] 
            ]
        }
        ```             

        # Example 5
                                   
        ## Input
                                   
        ```json
        {"name": "mp4box", "description": "MP4Box - GPAC command-line media packager", "options": {"-p (string)": "use indicated profile for the global GPAC config. If not found, config file is created. If a file path is indicated, this will load profile from that file. Otherwise, this will create a directory of the specified name and store new config there. Reserved name 0 means a new profile, not stored to disk. Works using -p=NAME or -p NAME", "-inter (number, default: 0.5)": "interleave file, producing track chunks with given duration in ms. A value of 0 disables interleaving", "-old-inter (number)": "same as .I inter but without drift correction", "-tight": "tight interleaving (sample based) of the file. This reduces disk seek operations but increases file size", "-flat": "store file with all media data first, non-interleaved. This speeds up writing time when creating new files", "-frag (number)": "fragment file, producing track fragments of given duration in ms. This disables interleaving", "-out (string)": "specify ISOBMFF output file name. By default input file is overwritten", "-co64": "force usage of 64-bit chunk offsets for ISOBMF files", "-new": "force creation of a new destination file", "-newfs": "force creation of a new destination file without temp file but interleaving support", "-no-sys,-nosys": "remove all MPEG-4 Systems info except IOD, kept for profiles. This is the default when creating regular AV content", "-no-iod": "remove MPEG-4 InitialObjectDescriptor from file", "-mfra": "insert movie fragment random offset when fragmenting file (ignored in dash mode)", "-isma": "rewrite the file as an ISMA 1.0 file", "-ismax": "same as .I isma and remove all clock references", "-3gp": "rewrite as 3GPP(2) file (no more MPEG-4 Systems Info), always enabled if destination file extension is .3gp, .3g2 or .3gpp. Some tracks may be removed in the process", "-ipod": "rewrite the file for iPod/old iTunes", "-psp": "rewrite the file for PSP devices", "-brand (string)": "set major brand of file (ABCD) or brand with optional version (ABCD:v)", "-ab (string)": "add given brand to file's alternate brand list", "-rb (string)": "remove given brand to file's alternate brand list", "-cprt (string)": "add copyright string to file", "-chap (string)": "set chapter information from given file. The following formats are supported (but cannot be mixed) in the chapter text file: \n * ZoomPlayer: AddChapter(nb_frames,chapter name), AddChapterBySeconds(nb_sec,chapter name) and AddChapterByTime(h,m,s,chapter name) with 1 chapter per line \n * Time codes: h:m:s chapter_name, h:m:s:ms chapter_name and h:m:s.ms chapter_name with 1 chapter per line \n * SMPTE codes: h:m:s;nb_f/fps chapter_name and h:m:s;nb_f chapter_name with nb_f the number of frames and fps the framerate with 1 chapter per line \n * Common syntax: CHAPTERX=h:m:s[:ms or .ms] on first line and CHAPTERXNAME=name on next line (reverse order accepted)", "-chapqt (string)": "set chapter information from given file, using QT signaling for text tracks", "-set-track-id tkID:id2": "change id of track to id2", "-swap-track-id tkID1:tkID1": "swap the id between tracks with id1 to id2", "-rem (int)": "remove given track from file", "-rap (int)": "remove all non-RAP samples from given track", "-refonly (int)": "remove all non-reference pictures from given track", "-enable (int)": "enable given track", "-disable (int)": "disable given track", "-timescale (int, default: 600)": "set movie timescale to given value (ticks per second)", "-lang [tkID=]LAN": "set language. LAN is the BCP-47 code (eng, en-UK, ...). If no track ID is given, sets language to all tracks", "-delay tkID=TIME": "set track start delay (>0) or initial skip (<0) in ms or in fractional seconds (N/D)", "-par tkID=PAR": "set visual track pixel aspect ratio. PAR is: \n * N:D: set PAR to N:D in track, do not modify the bitstream \n * wN:D: set PAR to N:D in track and try to modify the bitstream \n * none: remove PAR info from track, do not modify the bitstream \n * auto: retrieve PAR info from bitstream and set it in track \n * force: force 1:1 PAR in track, do not modify the bitstream", "-clap tkID=CLAP": "set visual track clean aperture. CLAP is Wn,Wd,Hn,Hd,HOn,HOd,VOn,VOd or none \n * n, d: numerator, denominator \n * W, H, HO, VO: clap width, clap height, clap horizontal offset, clap vertical offset", "-mx tkID=MX": "set track matrix, with MX is M1:M2:M3:M4:M5:M6:M7:M8:M9 in 16.16 fixed point integers or hexa", "-kind tkID=schemeURI=value": "set kind for the track or for all tracks using all=schemeURI=value", "-kind-rem tkID=schemeURI=value": "remove kind if given schemeID for the track or for all tracks with all=schemeURI=value", "-name tkID=NAME": "set track handler name to NAME (UTF-8 string)", "-tags,-itags (string)": "set iTunes tags to file, see -h tags", "-group-add (string)": "create a new grouping information in the file. Format is a colon- separated list of following options: \n * refTrack=ID: track used as a group reference. If not set, the track will belong to the same group as the previous trackID specified. If 0 or no previous track specified, a new alternate group will be created \n * switchID=ID: ID of the switch group to create. If 0, a new ID will be computed for you. If <0, disables SwitchGroup \n * criteria=string: list of space-separated 4CCs \n * trackID=ID: track to add to this group \n \n \n Warning: Options modify state as they are parsed, trackID=1:criteria=lang:trackID=2 is different from criteria=lang:trackID=1:trackID=2", "-group-rem-track (int)": "remove given track from its group", "-group-rem (int)": "remove the track's group", "-group-clean": "remove all group information from all tracks", "-ref tkID:R4CC:refID": "add a reference of type R4CC from track ID to track refID (remove track reference if refID is 0)", "-keep-utc": "keep UTC timing in the file after edit", "-udta tkID:[OPTS]": "set udta for given track or movie if tkID is 0. OPTS is a colon separated list of: \n * type=CODE: 4CC code of the UDTA (not needed for box= option) \n * box=FILE: location of the udta data, formatted as serialized boxes \n * box=base64,DATA: base64 encoded udta data, formatted as serialized boxes \n * src=FILE: location of the udta data (will be stored in a single box of type CODE) \n * src=base64,DATA: base64 encoded udta data (will be stored in a single box of type CODE) \n * str=STRING: use the given string as payload for the udta box \n Note: If no source is set, UDTA of type CODE will be removed", "-patch [tkID=]FILE": "apply box patch described in FILE, for given trackID if set", "-bo": "freeze the order of boxes in input file", "-init-seg (string)": "use the given file as an init segment for dumping or for encryption", "-zmov": "compress movie box according to ISOBMFF box compression or QT if mov extension", "-xmov": "same as zmov and wraps ftyp in otyp", "-edits tkID=EDITS": "set edit list. The following syntax is used (no separators between entries): \n * `r`: removes all edits \n * `eSTART`: add empty edit with given start time. START can be \n - VAL: start time in seconds (int, double, fraction), media duration used as edit duration \n - VAL-DUR: start time and duration in seconds (int, double, fraction) \n * `eSTART,MEDIA[,RATE]`: add regular edit with given start, media start time in seconds (int, double, fraction) and rate (fraction or INT) \n * Examples: \n - re0-5e5-3,4: remove edits, add empty edit at 0s for 5s, then add regular edit at 5s for 3s starting at 4s in media track \n - re0-4,0,0.5: remove edits, add single edit at 0s for 4s starting at 0s in media track and playing at speed 0.5", "-moovpad (int)": "specify amount of padding to keep after moov box for later inplace editing - if 0, moov padding is disabled", "-no-inplace": "disable inplace rewrite", "-hdr (string)": "update HDR information based on given XML, 'none' removes HDR info", "-time [tkID=]DAY/MONTH/YEAR-H:M:S": "set movie or track creation time", "-mtime tkID=DAY/MONTH/YEAR-H:M:S": "set media creation time \n \n \n MP4Box can be used to extract media tracks from MP4 files. If you need to convert these tracks however, please check the filters doc. \n \n \n Options:", "-raw (string)": "extract given track in raw format when supported. Use tkID:output=FileName to set output file name", "-raws (string)": "extract each sample of the given track to a file. Use tkID:N to extract the Nth sample", "-nhnt (int)": "extract given track to NHNT format", "-nhml (string)": "extract given track to NHML format. Use tkID:full for full NHML dump with all packet properties", "-webvtt-raw (string)": "extract given track as raw media in WebVTT as metadata. Use tkID:embedded to include media data in the WebVTT file", "-single (int)": "extract given track to a new mp4 file", "-six (int)": "extract given track as raw media in experimental XML streaming instructions", "-mux (string)": "multiplex input file to given destination", "-qcp (int)": "same as .I raw but defaults to QCP file for EVRC/SMV", "-saf": "multiplex input file to SAF multiplex", "-dvbhdemux": "demultiplex DVB-H file into IP Datagrams sent on the network", "-raw-layer (int)": "same as .I raw but skips SVC/MVC/LHVC extractors when extracting", "-diod": "extract file IOD in raw format", "-mpd (string)": "convert given HLS or smooth manifest (local or remote http) to MPD - options -url-template and -segment-timelinecan be used in this mode. \n Note: This only provides basic conversion, for more advanced conversions, see gpac -h dasher \n \n \n Warning: This is not compatible with other DASH options and does not convert associated segments \n \n \n Also see: \n - the dasher `gpac -h dash` filter documentation \n - [[DASH wiki|DASH-intro]].", "-dash (number)": "create DASH from input files with given segment (subsegment for onDemand profile) duration in ms", "-dash-live (number)": "generate a live DASH session using the given segment duration in ms; using -dash-live=F will also write the live context to F. MP4Box will run the live session until q is pressed or a fatal error occurs", "-ddbg-live (number)": "same as .I dash-live without time regulation for debug purposes", "-profile,-dash-profile (string)": "specify the target DASH profile, and set default options to ensure conformance to the desired profile. Default profile is full in static mode, live in dynamic mode (old syntax using :live instead of .live as separator still possible). Defined values are onDemand, live, main, simple, full, hbbtv1.5.live, dashavc264.live, dashavc264.onDemand, dashif.ll", "-profile-ext (string)": "specify a list of profile extensions, as used by DASH-IF and DVB. The string will be colon-concatenated with the profile used", "-rap": "ensure that segments begin with random access points, segment durations might vary depending on the source encoding", "-frag-rap": "ensure that all fragments begin with random access points (duration might vary depending on the source encoding)", "-segment-name (string)": "set the segment name for generated segments. If not set (default), segments are concatenated in output file except in live profile where dash_%%s. Supported replacement strings are: \n - $$Number[%%0Nd]$$ is replaced by the segment number, possibly prefixed with 0 \n - $$RepresentationID$$ is replaced by representation name \n - $$Time$$ is replaced by segment start time \n - $$Bandwidth$$ is replaced by representation bandwidth \n - $$Init=NAME$$ is replaced by NAME for init segment, ignored otherwise \n - $$Index=NAME$$ is replaced by NAME for index segments, ignored otherwise \n - $$Path=PATH$$ is replaced by PATH when creating segments, ignored otherwise \n - $$Segment=NAME$$ is replaced by NAME for media segments, ignored for init segments", "-segment-ext (string, default: m4s)": "set the segment extension, null means no extension", "-init-segment-ext (string, default: mp4)": "set the segment extension for init, index and bitstream switching segments, null means no extension", "-segment-timeline": "use SegmentTimeline when generating segments", "-segment-marker (string)": "add a box of given type (4CC) at the end of each DASH segment", "-insert-utc": "insert UTC clock at the beginning of each ISOBMF segment", "-base-url (string)": "set Base url at MPD level. Can be used several times. \n Warning: this does not  modify generated files location", "-mpd-title (string)": "set MPD title", "-mpd-source (string)": "set MPD source", "-mpd-info-url (string)": "set MPD info url", "-dash-ctx (string)": "store/restore DASH timing from indicated file", "-dynamic": "use dynamic MPD type instead of static", "-last-dynamic": "same as .I dynamic but close the period (insert lmsg brand if needed and update duration)", "-mpd-duration (number)": "set the duration in second of a live session (if 0, you must use .I mpd-refresh)", "-mpd-refresh (number)": "specify MPD update time in seconds", "-time-shift (int)": "specify MPD time shift buffer depth in seconds, -1 to keep all files)", "-subdur (number)": "specify maximum duration in ms of the input file to be dashed in LIVE or context mode. This does not change the segment duration, but stops dashing once segments produced exceeded the duration. If there is not enough samples to finish a segment, data is looped unless .I no-loop is used which triggers a period end", "-run-for (int)": "run for given ms  the dash-live session then exits", "-min-buffer (int)": "specify MPD min buffer time in ms", "-ast-offset (int)": "specify MPD AvailabilityStartTime offset in ms if positive, or availabilityTimeOffset of each representation if negative", "-dash-scale (int)": "specify that timing for .I dash,  .I dash-live, .I subdur and .I do_frag are expressed in given timescale (units per seconds) rather than ms", "-mem-frags": "fragmentation happens in memory rather than on disk before flushing to disk", "-pssh (int)": "set pssh store mode \n * v: initial movie \n * f: movie fragments \n * m: MPD \n * mv, vm: in initial movie and MPD \n * mf, fm: in movie fragments and MPD \n * n: remove PSSH from MPD, initial movie and movie fragments", "-sample-groups-traf": "store sample group descriptions in traf (duplicated for each traf). If not set, sample group descriptions are stored in the initial movie", "-mvex-after-traks": "store mvex box after trak boxes within the moov box. If not set, mvex is before", "-sdtp-traf (int)": "use sdtp box in traf (Smooth-like) \n * no: do not use sdtp \n * sdtp: use sdtp box to indicate sample dependencies and do not write info in trun sample flags \n * both: use sdtp box to indicate sample dependencies and also write info in trun sample flags", "-no-cache": "disable file cache for dash inputs", "-no-loop": "disable looping content in live mode and uses period switch instead", "-hlsc": "insert UTC in variant playlists for live HLS", "-bound": "segmentation will always try to split before or at, but never after, the segment boundary", "-closest": "segmentation will use the closest frame to the segment boundary (before or after)", "-subsegs-per-sidx,-frags-per-sidx (int)": "set the number of subsegments to be written in each SIDX box \n * 0: a single SIDX box is used per segment \n * -1: no SIDX box is used", "-ssix": "enable SubsegmentIndexBox describing 2 ranges, first one from moof to end of first I-frame, second one unmapped. This does not work with daisy chaining mode enabled", "-url-template": "use SegmentTemplate instead of explicit sources in segments. Ignored if segments are stored in the output file", "-url-template-sim": "use SegmentTemplate simulation while converting HLS to MPD", "-daisy-chain": "use daisy-chain SIDX instead of hierarchical. Ignored if frags/sidx is 0", "-single-segment": "use a single segment for the whole file (OnDemand profile)", "-single-file": "use a single file for the whole file (default)", "-bs-switching (string, default: inband, values: inband|merge|multi|no|single)": "set bitstream switching mode \n * inband: use inband param set and a single init segment \n * merge: try to merge param sets in a single sample description, fallback to no \n * multi: use several sample description, one per quality \n * no: use one init segment per quality \n * pps: use out of band VPS,SPS,DCI, inband for PPS,APS and a single init segment \n * single: to test with single input", "-moof-sn (int)": "set sequence number of first moof to given value", "-tfdt (int)": "set TFDT of first traf to given value in SCALE units (cf -dash-scale)", "-no-frags-default": "disable default fragments flags in trex (required by some dash-if profiles and CMAF/smooth streaming compatibility)", "-single-traf": "use a single track fragment per moof (smooth streaming and derived specs may require this)", "-tfdt-traf": "use a tfdt per track fragment (when -single-traf is used)", "-dash-ts-prog (int)": "program_number to be considered in case of an MPTS input file", "-frag-rt": "when using fragments in live mode, flush fragments according to their timing", "-cp-location (string)": "set ContentProtection element location \n * as: sets ContentProtection in AdaptationSet element \n * rep: sets ContentProtection in Representation element \n * both: sets ContentProtection in both elements", "-start-date (string)": "for live mode, set start date (as xs:date, e.g. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ). Default is current UTC \n Warning: Do not use with multiple periods, nor when DASH duration is not a multiple of GOP size", "-cues (string)": "ignore dash duration and segment according to cue times in given XML file (tests/media/dash_cues for examples)", "-strict-cues": "throw error if something is wrong while parsing cues or applying cue- based segmentation", "-merge-last-seg": "merge last segment if shorter than half the target duration \n \n \n \n \n \n \n MP4Box has many dump functionalities, from simple track listing to more complete reporting of special tracks. \n \n \n Options:", "-std": "dump/write to stdout and assume stdout is opened in binary mode", "-stdb": "dump/write to stdout and try to reopen stdout in binary mode", "-tracks": "print the number of tracks on stdout", "-info (string)": "print movie info (no parameter) or track extended info with specified ID", "-infon (string)": "print track info for given track number, 1 being the first track in the file", "-infox": "print movie and track extended info (same as -info N for each track)", "-diso,-dmp4": "dump IsoMedia file boxes in XML output", "-dxml": "dump IsoMedia file boxes and known track samples in XML output", "-disox": "dump IsoMedia file boxes except sample tables in XML output", "-keep-ods": "do not translate ISOM ODs and ESDs tags (debug purpose only)", "-bt": "dump scene to BT format", "-xmt": "dump scene to XMT format", "-wrl": "dump scene to VRML format", "-x3d": "dump scene to X3D XML format", "-x3dv": "dump scene to X3D VRML format", "-lsr": "dump scene to LASeR XML (XSR) format", "-svg": "dump scene to SVG", "-drtp": "dump rtp hint samples structure to XML output", "-dts": "print sample timing, size and position in file to text output", "-dtsx": "same as .I dts but does not print offset", "-dtsc": "same as .I dts but analyses each sample for duplicated dts/cts (slow !)", "-dtsxc": "same as .I dtsc but does not print offset (slow !)", "-dnal (int)": "print NAL sample info of given track", "-dnalc (int)": "print NAL sample info of given track, adding CRC for each nal", "-dnald (int)": "print NAL sample info of given track without DTS and CTS info", "-dnalx (int)": "print NAL sample info of given track without DTS and CTS info and adding CRC for each nal", "-sdp": "dump SDP description of hinted file", "-dsap (int)": "dump DASH SAP cues (see -cues) for a given track", "-dsaps (int)": "same as .I dsap but only print sample number", "-dsapc (int)": "same as .I dsap but only print CTS", "-dsapd (int)": "same as .I dsap but only print DTS", "-dsapp (int)": "same as .I dsap but only print presentation time", "-dcr": "dump ISMACryp samples structure to XML output", "-dchunk": "dump chunk info", "-dump-cover": "extract cover art", "-dump-chap": "extract chapter file as TTXT format", "-dump-chap-ogg": "extract chapter file as OGG format", "-dump-chap-zoom": "extract chapter file as zoom format", "-dump-udta [tkID:]4cc": "extract user data for the given 4CC. If tkID is given, dumps from UDTA of the given track ID, otherwise moov is used", "-mergevtt": "merge vtt cues while dumping", "-ttxt (int)": "convert input subtitle to GPAC TTXT format if no parameter. Otherwise, dump given text track to GPAC TTXT format", "-srt (int)": "convert input subtitle to SRT format if no parameter. Otherwise, dump given text track to SRT format", "-nstat": "generate node/field statistics for scene", "-nstats": "generate node/field statistics per Access Unit", "-nstatx": "generate node/field statistics for scene after each AU", "-hash": "generate SHA-1 Hash of the input file", "-comp (string)": "replace with compressed version all top level box types given as parameter, formatted as orig_4cc_1=comp_4cc_1[,orig_4cc_2=comp_4cc_2]", "-topcount (string)": "print to stdout the number of top-level boxes matching box types given as parameter, formatted as 4cc_1,4cc_2N", "-topsize (string)": "print to stdout the number of bytes of top-level boxes matching types given as parameter, formatted as 4cc_1,4cc_2N or all for all boxes", "-bin": "convert input XML file using NHML bitstream syntax to binary", "-mpd-rip": "fetch MPD and segment to disk", "-udp-write (string, default: IP[:port])": "write input name to UDP (default port 2345)", "-raw-cat (string)": "raw concatenation of given file with input file", "-wget (string)": "fetch resource from http(s) URL", "-dm2ts": "dump timing of an input MPEG-2 TS stream sample timing", "-check-xml": "check XML output format for -dnal*, -diso* and -dxml options", "-add (string)": "add given file tracks to file. Multiple inputs can be specified using +, e.g. -add url1+url2", "-cat (string)": "concatenate given file samples to file, creating tracks if needed. Multiple inputs can be specified using +, e.g/ -cat url1+url2. \n Note: This aligns initial timestamp of the file to be concatenated", "-catx (string)": "same as .I cat but new tracks can be imported before concatenation by specifying +ADD_COMMAND where ADD_COMMAND is a regular .I add syntax", "-catpl (string)": "concatenate files listed in the given playlist file (one file per line, lines starting with # are comments). \n Note: Each listed file is concatenated as if called with -cat", "-unalign-cat": "do not attempt to align timestamps of samples in-between tracks", "-force-cat": "skip media configuration check when concatenating file. \n Warning: THIS MAY BREAK THE CONCATENATED TRACK(S)", "-keep-sys": "keep all MPEG-4 Systems info when using .I add and .I cat (only used when adding IsoMedia files)", "-dref": "keep media data in original file using data referencing. The resulting file only contains the meta-data of the presentation (frame sizes, timing, etc...) and references media data in the original file. This is extremely useful when developing content, since importing and storage of the MP4 file is much faster and the resulting file much smaller. \n Note: Data referencing may fail on some files because it requires the framed data (e.g. an IsoMedia sample) to be continuous in the original file, which is not always the case depending on the original interleaving or bitstream format (AVC or HEVC cannot use this option)", "-no-drop,-nodrop": "force constant FPS when importing AVI video", "-packed": "force packed bitstream when importing raw MPEG-4 part 2 Advanced Simple Profile", "-sbr": "backward compatible signaling of AAC-SBR", "-sbrx": "non-backward compatible signaling of AAC-SBR", "-ps": "backward compatible signaling of AAC-PS", "-psx": "non-backward compatible signaling of AAC-PS", "-ovsbr": "oversample SBR import (SBR AAC, PS AAC and oversampled SBR cannot be detected at import time)", "-fps (string)": "force frame rate for video and SUB subtitles import to the given value, expressed as a number, as TS-inc or TS/inc. \n Note: For raw H263 import, default FPS is 15, otherwise 25. This is accepted for ISOBMFF import but :rescale option should be preferred", "-mpeg4": "force MPEG-4 sample descriptions when possible. For AAC, forces MPEG-4 AAC signaling even if MPEG-2", "-agg (int)": "aggregate N audio frames in 1 sample (3GP media only, maximum value is 15) \n \n \n IsoMedia hinting consists in creating special tracks in the file that contain transport protocol specific information and optionally multiplexing information. These tracks are then used by the server to create the actual packets being sent over the network, in other words they provide the server with hints on how to build packets, hence their names hint tracks. \n MP4Box supports creation of hint tracks for RTSP servers supporting these such as QuickTime Streaming Server, DarwinStreaming Server or 3GPP-compliant RTSP servers. \n Note: GPAC streaming tools rtp output and rtsp server do not use hint tracks, they use on-the-fly packetization from any media sources, not just MP4 \n \n \n Options:", "-hint": "hint the file for RTP/RTSP", "-mtu (int, default: 1450)": "specify RTP MTU (max size) in bytes (this includes 12 bytes RTP header)", "-copy": "copy media data to hint track rather than reference (speeds up server but takes much more space)", "-multi [maxptime]": "enable frame concatenation in RTP packets if possible (with max duration 100 ms or maxptime ms if given)", "-rate (int, default: 90000)": "specify rtp rate in Hz when no default for payload", "-latm": "force MPG4-LATM transport for AAC streams", "-static": "enable static RTP payload IDs whenever possible (by default, dynamic payloads are always used)", "-add-sdp (string)": "add given SDP string to movie (string) or track (tkID:string), tkID being the track ID or the hint track ID", "-no-offset": "signal no random offset for sequence number and timestamp (support will depend on server)", "-unhint": "remove all hinting information from file", "-group-single": "put all tracks in a single hint group", "-ocr": "force all MPEG-4 streams to be synchronized (MPEG-4 Systems only)", "-ts": "signal AU Time Stamps in RTP packets (MPEG-4 Systems)", "-size": "signal AU size in RTP packets (MPEG-4 Systems)", "-idx": "signal AU sequence numbers in RTP packets (MPEG-4 Systems)", "-iod": "prevent systems tracks embedding in IOD (MPEG-4 Systems), not compatible with .I isma \n \n \n General considerations \n MP4Box supports encoding and decoding of of BT, XMT, VRML and (partially) X3D formats int MPEG-4 BIFS, and encoding and decoding of XSR and SVG into MPEG-4 LASeR \n Any media track specified through a MuxInfo element will be imported in the resulting MP4 file. \n See https://wiki.gpac.io/MPEG-4-BIFS-Textual-Format and related pages. \n Scene Random Access \n MP4Box can encode BIFS or LASeR streams and insert random access points at a given frequency. This is useful when packaging content for broadcast, where users will not turn in the scene at the same time. In MPEG-4 terminology, this is called the scene carousel.## BIFS Chunk Processing \n The BIFS chunk encoding mode allows encoding single BIFS access units from an initial context and a set of commands. \n The generated AUs are raw BIFS (not SL-packetized), in files called FILE-ESID-AUIDX.bifs, with FILE the basename of the input file. \n Commands with a timing of 0 in the input will modify the carousel version only (i.e. output context). \n Commands with a timing different from 0 in the input will generate new AUs. \n \n \n Options:", "-mp4": "specify input file is for BIFS/LASeR encoding", "-def": "encode DEF names in BIFS", "-sync (int)": "force BIFS sync sample generation every given time in ms (cannot be used with .I shadow or .I carousel )", "-shadow (int)": "force BIFS sync shadow sample generation every given time in ms (cannot be used with .I sync or .I carousel )", "-carousel (int)": "use BIFS carousel (cannot be used with .I sync or .I shadow )", "-sclog": "generate scene codec log file if available", "-ms (string)": "import tracks from the given file", "-ctx-in (string)": "specify initial context (MP4/BT/XMT) file for chunk processing. Input file must be a commands-only file", "-ctx-out (string)": "specify storage of updated context (MP4/BT/XMT) file for chunk processing, optional", "-resolution (int)": "resolution factor (-8 to 7, default 0) for LASeR encoding, and all coordinates are multiplied by 2^res before truncation (LASeR encoding)", "-coord-bits (int)": "number of bits used for encoding truncated coordinates (0 to 31, default 12) (LASeR encoding)", "-scale-bits (int)": "extra bits used for encoding truncated scales (0 to 4, default 0) (LASeR encoding)", "-auto-quant (int)": "resolution is given as if using .I resolution but coord-bits and scale- bits are inferred (LASeR encoding)", "-global-quant (int)": "resolution is given as if using .I resolution but the res is inferred (BIFS encoding) \n \n \n MP4Box supports encryption and decryption of ISMA, OMA and CENC content, see encryption filter `gpac -h cecrypt`. \n It requires a specific XML file called CryptFile, whose syntax is available at https://wiki.gpac.io/Common-Encryption \n Image files (HEIF) can also be crypted / decrypted, using CENC only. \n \n \n Options:", "-crypt (string)": "encrypt the input file using the given CryptFile", "-decrypt (string)": "decrypt the input file, potentially using the given CryptFile. If CryptFile is not given, will fail if the key management system is not supported", "-set-kms tkID=kms_uri": "change ISMA/OMA KMS location for a given track or for all tracks if all= is used \n \n \n IsoMedia files can be used as generic meta-data containers, for examples storing XML information and sample images for a movie. The resulting file may not always contain a movie as is the case with some HEIF files or MPEG-21 files. \n \n \n These information can be stored at the file root level, as is the case for HEIF/IFF and MPEG-21 file formats, or at the movie or track level for a regular movie.", "-set-meta ABCD[:tk=tkID]": "set meta box type, with ABCD the four char meta type (NULL or 0 to remove meta) \n * tk not set: use root (file) meta \n * tkID == 0: use moov meta \n * tkID != 0: use meta of given track", "-add-item (string)": "add resource to meta, with parameter syntax file_path[:opt1:optN] \n * file_path `this` or `self`: item is the file itself \n * tk=tkID: meta location (file, moov, track) \n * name=str: item name, none if not set \n * type=itype: item 4cc type (not needed if mime is provided) \n * mime=mtype: item mime type, none if not set \n * encoding=enctype: item content-encoding type, none if not set \n * id=ID: item ID \n * ref=4cc,id: reference of type 4cc to an other item (can be set multiple times) \n * group=id,type: indicate the id and type of an alternate group for this item \n * replace: replace existing item by new item", "-add-image (string)": "add the given file as HEIF image item, with parameter syntax file_path[:opt1:optN]. If filepath is omitted, source is the input MP4 file \n * name, id, ref: see .I add-item \n * primary: indicate that this item should be the primary item \n * time=t[-e][/i]: use the next sync sample after time t (float, in sec, default 0). A negative time imports ALL intra frames as items \n - If e is set (float, in sec), import all sync samples between t and e \n - If i is set (float, in sec), sets time increment between samples to import \n * split_tiles: for an HEVC tiled image, each tile is stored as a separate item \n * image-size=wxh: force setting the image size and ignoring the bitstream info, used for grid, overlay and identity derived images also \n * rotation=a: set the rotation angle for this image to 90*a degrees anti-clockwise \n * mirror-axis=axis: set the mirror axis: vertical, horizontal \n * clap=Wn,Wd,Hn,Hd,HOn,HOd,VOn,VOd: see track clap \n * image-pasp=axb: force the aspect ratio of the image \n * image-pixi=(a|a,b,c): force the bit depth (1 or 3 channels) \n * hidden: indicate that this image item should be hidden \n * icc_path: path to icc data to add as color info \n * alpha: indicate that the image is an alpha image (should use ref=auxl also) \n * depth: indicate that the image is a depth image (should use ref=auxl also) \n * it=ID: indicate the item ID of the source item to import \n * itp=ID: same as it= but copy over all properties of the source item \n * tk=tkID: indicate the track ID of the source sample. If 0, uses the first video track in the file \n * samp=N: indicate the sample number of the source sample \n * ref: do not copy the data but refer to the final sample/item location, ignored if filepath is set \n * agrid[=AR]: creates an automatic grid from the image items present in the file, in their declaration order. The grid will try to have AR aspect ratio if specified (float), or the aspect ratio of the source otherwise. The grid will be the primary item and all other images will be hidden \n * av1_op_index: select the AV1 operating point to use via a1op box \n * replace: replace existing image by new image, keeping props listed in keep_props \n * keep_props=4CCs: coma-separated list of properties types to keep when replacing the image, e.g. keep_props=auxC \n * auxt=URN: mark image as auxiliary using given URN \n * auxd=FILE: use data from FILE as auxiliary extensions (cf auxC box) \n - any other options will be passed as options to the media importer, see .I add", "-add-derived-image (string)": "create an image grid, overlay or identity item, with parameter syntax :type=(grid|iovl|iden)[:opt1:optN] \n * image-grid-size=rxc: set the number of rows and columns of the grid \n * image-overlay-offsets=h,v[,h,v]*: set the horizontal and vertical offsets of the images in the overlay \n * image-overlay-color=r,g,b,a: set the canvas color of the overlay [0-65535] \n - any other options from .I add-image can be used", "-rem-item,-rem-image item_ID[:tk=tkID]": "remove resource from meta", "-set-primary item_ID[:tk=tkID]": "set item as primary for meta", "-set-xml xml_file_path[:tk=tkID][:binary]": "set meta XML data", "-rem-xml [tk=tkID]": "remove meta XML data", "-dump-xml file_path[:tk=tkID]": "dump meta XML to file", "-dump-item item_ID[:tk=tkID][:path=fileName]": "dump item to file", "-package (string)": "package input XML file into an ISO container, all media referenced except hyperlinks are added to file", "-mgt (string)": "package input XML file into an MPEG-U widget with ISO container, all files contained in the current folder are added to the widget package \n \n \n \n \n MP4Box can import simple Macromedia Flash files (\".SWF\") \n You can specify a SWF input file with '-bt', '-xmt' and '-mp4' options \n \n \n Options:", "-global": "all SWF defines are placed in first scene replace rather than when needed", "-no-ctrl": "use a single stream for movie control and dictionary (this will disable ActionScript)", "-no-text": "remove all SWF text", "-no-font": "remove all embedded SWF Fonts (local playback host fonts used)", "-no-line": "remove all lines from SWF shapes", "-no-grad": "remove all gradients from swf shapes", "-quad": "use quadratic bezier curves instead of cubic ones", "-xlp": "support for lines transparency and scalability", "-ic2d": "use indexed curve 2D hardcoded proto", "-same-app": "appearance nodes are reused", "-flatten (number)": "complementary angle below which 2 lines are merged, value 0 means no flattening \n \n \n The options shall be specified as opt_name=opt_val. \n Options:", "-live": "enable live BIFS/LASeR encoder", "-dst (string)": "destination IP", "-port (int, default: 7000)": "destination port", "-ifce (string)": "IP address of the physical interface to use", "-ttl (int, default: 1)": "time to live for multicast packets", "-sdp (string, default: session.sdp)": "output SDP file", "-dims": "turn on DIMS mode for SVG input", "-no-rap": "disable RAP sending and carousel generation", "-src (string)": "source of scene updates"}, "synopsis": "MP4Box [options] [file] [options]", "requirements": ["'-inter' cannot be used with '-flat'", "'-frag' cannot be used with '-inter'", "'-hint' cannot be used with '-unhint'", "'-crypt' cannot be used with '-decrypt'", "'-isma', '-ipod', '-psp', and '-3gp' are mutually exclusive.", "'-enable' must be used with '-disable'", "'-dash-live' must be used with '-single-segment'", "'-segment-name' must be used with either '-dash' or '-dash-live'", "'-segment-ext' must be used with either '-dash' or '-dash-live'", "'-segment-timeline' must be used with either '-dash' or '-dash-live'"]}                          
        ```
                                   
        ## Output
                                            
        ### Step 1: Understanding Core Functionality
                                            
        MP4Box is a command-line media packager part of the GPAC framework, primarily used for the preparation and manipulation of ISO-based multimedia files, such as MP4.
                                            
        ### Step 2: Analyzing Individual Options
                                            
        The provided JSON lists numerous options that allow for a wide range of operations like interleaving, fragmenting, encrypting, hinting, and converting multimedia files.

                                   
        ### Step 3: Enumerate Constraints
        
        - '-inter' cannot be used with '-flat'.
        - '-frag' cannot be used with '-inter'.
        - '-hint' cannot be used with '-unhint'.
        - '-crypt' cannot be used with '-decrypt'.
        - '-isma', '-ipod', '-psp', and '-3gp' are mutually exclusive.
        - '-enable' must be used with '-disable'.
        - '-dash-live' must be used with '-single-segment'.
        - '-segment-name' must be used with either '-dash' or '-dash-live'.
        - '-segment-ext' must be used with either '-dash' or '-dash-live'.
        - '-segment-timeline' must be used with either '-dash' or '-dash-live'.
                                   
        ### Step 4: Analyzing Vulnerable Combinations
        
        We're looking for options that, when combined, could lead to deep memory corruption. This usually involves heavy memory operations, complex processing, or unusual parameter interactions. Potential candidates include:

        - Combining '-dash' with '-add', '-diso,-dmp4', and '-new' could lead to buffer vulnerabilities due to complex data processing and memory allocation needed for DASH segment creation, media file addition, and file dumping, while creating a new file.
        - Using '-dash' with '-check-xml', '-dm2ts', and '-bin' might cause vulnerabilities as the combination of DASH processing, XML checking, MPEG-2 TS stream dumping, and binary conversion likely involves intricate memory handling.
        - The combination of '-def', '-saf', '-unhint', and '-ocr' could lead to vulnerabilities through the interaction of BIFS encoding, SAF multiplexing, hint track removal, and OCR synchronization, which requires managing different data types and sizes.
        - Mixing '-dash', '-diod', '-ts', and '-dynamic' potentially causes buffer issues due to the simultaneous handling of DASH segmentation, raw IOD extraction, timestamp signaling, and dynamic MPD type setting.
        - Using '-dash' with '-profile' may lead to vulnerabilities, as setting DASH profiles while creating segments can result in complex parsing and memory allocation, especially if profile settings conflict with segment data.
        - The combination of '-add', '-brand', '-ab', and '-new' might trigger vulnerabilities through simultaneous file addition, brand setting, alternate brand list modification, and new file creation, possibly causing data format inconsistencies and memory mismanagement.
        - Options that modify file structure or track handling, like interleaving, fragmentation, and track manipulation (options include `-inter`, `-frag`, `-tight`, `-flat`, `-new`, `-rem`), need careful consideration. Notably, the options "-inter" and "-flat" cannot be used together due to a defined constraint relationship, similar to the incompatibility between "-inter" and "-frag". Therefore, any prediction including these conflicting options will be excluded, as they cannot coexist in the same set of predictions.
                                            
        ### Step 5: Adding Extra Options
                                            
        Considering options that modify the file in significant ways, such as those changing track IDs, manipulating timescales, or altering sample group descriptions. These could potentially be combined with other options in a way that doesn't directly cause a vulnerability but might contribute to one when used in conjunction.
                          
        ### Step 6: Provide the Final Results
        
        Taking the above into account, here are some combinations that could potentially lead to memory corruption if the program does not handle these operations correctly. Note that combinations violate the constraints have beed dropped.       

        ```json                             
        {
            "potential vulnerable combinations": [
                ["-dash (number)", "-add (string)", "-diso,-dmp4", "-new"],
                ["-dash (number)", "-check-xml", "-dm2ts", "-bin"],
                ["-def", "-saf", "-unhint", "-ocr"],
                ["-dash (number)", "-diod", "-ts", "-dynamic"],
                ["-dash (number)", "-profile"],
                ["-add (string)", "-brand (string)", "-ab (string)", "-new"] 
            ]
        }
        ```
                                   
        # Example 6
                                   
        ## Input
                                   
        ```json
        {"name": "opj_compress", "description": "opj_compress - This program reads in an image of a certain type and converts it to a jpeg2000 file. It is part of the OpenJPEG library.\nValid input image extensions are .bmp, .pgm, .pgx, .png, .pnm, .ppm, .raw, .tga, .tif . For PNG resp. TIF it needs libpng resp. libtiff.\nValid output image extensions are .j2k, .jp2", "options": {"-b n,n": "(Size of code block (e.g. -b 32,32). Default: 64 x 64)", "-c n": "(Size of precinct (e.g. -c 128,128). Default: 2^15 x 2^15)", "-cinema2K fps": "Digital Cinema 2K profile compliant codestream. Valid fps values are 24 or 48.", "-cinema4K": "Digital Cinema 4K profile compliant codestream. Does not need an fps: default is 24 fps.", "-jpip": "Write jpip codestream index box in JP2 output file. Currently supports only RPCL order.", "-IMF <PROFILE>[,mainlevel=X][,sublevel=Y][,framerate=FPS]": "Interoperable Master Format compliant codestream.\n<PROFILE>=2K, 4K, 8K, 2K_R, 4K_R or 8K_R.\nX >= 0 and X <= 11.\nY >= 0 and Y <= 9.\nframerate > 0 may be specified to enhance checks and set maximum bit rate when Y > 0.", "-TP <R|L|C>": "Divide packets of every tile into tile-parts. Division is made by grouping Resolutions (R), Layers (L) or Components (C).", "-PLT": "Write PLT marker in tile-part header.", "-mct <0|1|2>": "Explicitly specifies if a Multiple Component Transform has to be used. \n0: no MCT ; 1: RGB->YCC conversion ; 2: custom MCT. If custom MCT, '-m' option has to be used (see hereunder). By default, RGB->YCC conversion is used if there are 3 components or more, no conversion otherwise.", "-d X,Y": "(Offset of image origin (e.g. -d 150,300))", "-h": "Print a help message and exit.", "-i name": "(input file name)", "-n n": "(Number of resolutions. Default: 6)", "-o name": "(output file name)", "-p name": "Progression order. name can be one out of:LRCP, RLCP, RPCL, PCRL, CPRL. Default: LRCP.", "-q n  different psnr for successive layers": "Note: (options -r and -q cannot be used together)", "-r n  different compression ratio(s) for successive layers. The rate specified for each quality level is the desired compression factor.": "Note: (options -r and -q cannot be used together)", "-s X,Y": "sub-sampling factor (e.g. -s 2,2). Default: No sub-sampling in x or y direction. Remark: sub-sampling bigger than 2 can produce errors.", "-t W,H": "(Size of tile (e.g. -t 512,512) )", "-x name": "(Create index file and fill it. Default: no index file)", "-EPH": "(Write EPH marker after each header packet. Default:no EPH)", "-F rawWidth,rawHeight,rawComp,rawBitDepth,s_or_u": "characteristics of the raw input image", "-I": "(Use the irreversible DWT 9-7. Default: Reversible DWT 5-3)", "-ImgDir directory_name": "(directory containing input files)", "-M n": "mode switch with values: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32. Default: No mode switch activated. \nMeaning:\nBYPASS(1)\nRESET(2)\nRESTART(4)\nVSC(8)\nERTERM(16)\nSEGMARK(32)\nValues can be added: RESTART(4) + RESET(2) + SEGMARK(32) = -M 38", "-OutFor ext": "(extension for output files)", "-POC TtileNr=resolutionStart, componentStart, layerEnd, resolutionEnd, componentEnd, progressionOrder": "(see Examples)", "-ROI c=n,U=n": "quantization indices upshifted for component c (0 or 1 or 2) with a value of U (>= 0 and <= 37)\ne.g. -ROI c=0,U=25", "-SOP": "(Write SOP marker before each packet. Default: No SOP marker in the codestream.)", "-T X,Y": "(Offset of the origin of the tiles (e.g. -T 100,75) )"}, "requirements": ["'-q' cannot be used with '-r'", "'-cinema2K' cannot be used with '-cinema4K'"]}                    
        ```

        ## Output
                                            
        ### Step 1: Understanding Core Functionality
                                            
        `opj_compress` is part of the OpenJPEG library, which reads an image of a certain type and converts it to a JPEG2000 file. It supports a range of input formats and outputs JPEG2000 files with various configuration options.
                                            
        ### Step 2: Analyzing Individual Options
                                            
        Key Options and Their Roles:

        - -i name: Input file name (essential for operation).
        - -o name: Output file name (essential for operation).
        - -b n,n: Size of code block, affects compression block size.
        - -c n: Size of precinct, affects image tiling.
        - -d X,Y: Offset of the image origin, might influence how the image is processed.
        - ... and so on.
                                   
        Each option modifies the behavior of the program, potentially affecting performance, output quality, and how the program handles memory and data.
                                   
        ### Step 3: Enumerate Constraints

        - '-q' cannot be used with '-r'.
        - '-cinema2K' cannot be used with '-cinema4K'.
                                   
        This constraint must be respected in any combinations to avoid conflicting settings that might lead to unpredictable behavior.
        
        ### Step 4: Analyzing Vulnerable Combinations
        
        To identify combinations that could result in deep memory corruption vulnerabilities while still operating as intended, I will search for combinations such as:

        - Complex interactions between resolution numbers (-n) and specific codestream profiles (-cinema4K, -IMF) lead to buffer miscalculations and potential overruns.
        - Combinations of compression parameters (-r, -q) with advanced codestream structuring options (-POC, -TP, -jpip) increase the complexity of memory allocation, leading to potential overruns or underruns.
        - Using multiple image structuring options (-d, -s, -t) with complex codestreams (-IMF, -POC) can lead to discrepancies between expected and actual data sizes, causing buffer vulnerabilities.
        - Simultaneous use of multiple advanced features (-EPH, -SOP, -mct) with specific profiles (-cinema2K, -IMF) can lead to intricate memory usage patterns that are prone to miscalculation and vulnerabilities.
                                            
        ### Step 5: Adding Extra Options
                                            
        I will add options to the combinations from step 4 that could exacerbate potential vulnerabilities without violating the constraints from step 3.
        
        - Some options, while not directly causing vulnerabilities, set the stage for others to trigger them. For example, using a specific compression profile (-cinema2K/-cinema4K) might change how other parameters are interpreted, or -TP might alter the expected data structure in memory.
                          
        ### Step 6: Provide the Final Results
        
        Taking the above into account, here are some combinations that could potentially lead to memory corruption if the program does not handle these operations correctly. Note that combinations violate the constraints have beed dropped.         

        ```json                             
        {
            "potential vulnerable combinations": [
                ["-I", "-cinema4K", "-n n"],
                ["-r n", "-jpip", "-EPH", "-SOP", "-cinema2K", "-n n"],
                ["-IMF <PROFILE>[,mainlevel=X][,sublevel=Y][,framerate=FPS]", "-n n"],
                ["-POC TtileNr=resolutionStart, componentStart, layerEnd, resolutionEnd, componentEnd, progressionOrder", "-IMF <PROFILE>[,mainlevel=X][,sublevel=Y][,framerate=FPS]"],
                ["-c n", "-TP <R|L|C>", "-d X,Y"],
                ["-r n", "-c n", "-p name", "-s X,Y", "-TP <R|L|C>", "-d X,Y"],
                ["-p name", "-POC TtileNr=resolutionStart, componentStart, layerEnd, resolutionEnd, componentEnd, progressionOrder", "-EPH", "-PLT", "-mct <0|1|2>", "-IMF <PROFILE>[,mainlevel=X][,sublevel=Y][,framerate=FPS]"],
                ["-p name", "-POC TtileNr=resolutionStart, componentStart, layerEnd, resolutionEnd, componentEnd, progressionOrder", "-TP <R|L|C>"]
            ]
        }
        ```

        # Example 7
                                   
        ## Input
                                   
        ```json
        {"name": "pdf2swf", "description": "pdf2swf - Converts Acrobat PDF files into Flash SWF Animation files.", "options": {"-h, --help": "Print short help message and exit", "-V, --version": "Print version info and exit", "-o, --output file.swf": "will go into a seperate file.", "-p, --pages range": "3-5,10-12", "-P, --password password": "Use password for deciphering the pdf.", "-v, --verbose": "Be verbose. Use more than one -v for greater effect.", "-z, --zlib": "The resulting SWF will not be playable in browsers with Flash Plugins 5 and below!", "-i, --ignore": "SWF files a little bit smaller, but it may also cause the images in the pdf to look funny.", "-j, --jpegquality quality": "Set quality of embedded jpeg pictures to quality. 0 is worst (small), 100 is best (big). (default:85)", "-s, --set param=value": "Set a SWF encoder specific parameter.  See pdf2swf -s help for more information.", "-w, --samewindow": "When clicked on, the page they point to will be opened in the window the SWF is displayed.", "-t, --stop": "The resulting SWF file will not turn pages automatically.", "-T, --flashversion num": "Set Flash Version in the SWF header to num.", "-F, --fontdir directory": "Add directory to the font search path.", "-b, --defaultviewer": "Therefore the swf file will be 'browseable', i.e.  display some buttons for turning pages. The viewer swf to be used is determined by a symlink named 'default_viewer.swf' in the swftools data directory.", "-l, --defaultloader": "The loader swf to be used is determined by a symlink named 'default_loader.swf' in the swftools data directory.", "-B, --viewer filename": "See http://www.quiss.org/swftools/pdf2swf_usage.html for information on how to create your own viewers.", "-L, --preloader filename": "filename is an arbitrary swf animation.", "-q, --quiet": "Suppress normal messages.  Use -qq to suppress warnings, also.", "-S, --shapes": "Don't use SWF Fonts, but store everything as shape.", "-f, --fonts": "Store full fonts in SWF. (Don't reduce to used characters).", "-G, --flatten": "This usually makes the file faster to render and also usually smaller, but will increase conversion time.", "-I, --info": "Don't do actual conversion, just display a list of all pages in the PDF.", "-Q, --maxtime n": "Abort conversion after n seconds. Only available on Unix."}, "requirements": []}                           
        ```
                                   
        ## Output
                                            
        ### Step 1: Understanding Core Functionality
                                            
        Based on the "name" and "description" fields, pdf2swf is used to convert PDF documents into SWF format, which is an Adobe Flash file format. This is useful for embedding PDFs in web pages as playable animations.
                                            
        ### Step 2: Analyzing Individual Options
                                            
        I'll go through each option and note its purpose, focusing on those that may interact significantly with others or affect how the file is processed and output:

        - `-o, --output file.swf`: Specifies the output file. This is essential as it determines where the converted file is saved.
        - `-p, --pages range`: Specifies a range of pages to convert. This could interact with how the file is processed, especially if specific pages are corrupt or complex.
        - `-P, --password password`: If the PDF is encrypted, this could affect memory handling as it decrypts the file.
        - `-v, --verbose`: Increases verbosity. By itself, it's unlikely to cause issues but combined with others could increase load.
        - `-z, --zlib`: Compression-related, could interact with file parsing and memory allocation.
        - `-j, --jpegquality quality`: Affects the quality of embedded JPEGs, potentially affecting memory usage with high-quality settings.
        - `-s, --set param=value`: This is a wildcard; depending on the parameters set, it could significantly affect operation.
        - `-T, --flashversion num`: Sets Flash version, could affect how the SWF is constructed and parsed.
        - `-f, --fonts`: Involves how fonts are handled, a complex task that could affect memory if fonts are corrupt or numerous.
        - `-G, --flatten`: Affects rendering and file size, possibly altering memory usage.
        - `-I, --info`: Displays information, should be benign by itself.
        - `-Q, --maxtime : Limits operation time, not directly related to memory but could interact with other options.
                                   
        ### Step 3: Enumerate Constraints
                                   
        There are no specific "requirements" listed, suggesting a broad analysis without predetermined constraints.
        
        ### Step 4: Analyzing Vulnerable Combinations
        
        We're looking for options that, when combined, could lead to deep memory corruption. This usually involves heavy memory operations, complex processing, or unusual parameter interactions. Potential candidates include:

        - The combination of options that control compression ('-z, --zlib'), rendering optimizations ('-i, --ignore', '-G, --flatten'), and file output ('-b, --defaultviewer', '-l, --defaultloader', '-f, --fonts', '-I, --info') likely leads to complex memory operations. This complexity can result in buffer overflows or improper buffer management, especially when handling large or complex PDF files.
        - The combination of '-q, --quiet' and '-z, --zlib' could lead to scenarios where normal buffer overflow warnings are suppressed, allowing unnoticed overflows during compression processes.
        - Combining '-G, --flatten' and '-f, --fonts' with '-t, --stop' likely increases memory demands due to storing full fonts and flattening file structure. When combined with the control flow option '-t, --stop', which might alter the normal sequence of processing, it can lead to unexpected memory states and potential buffer overflows.
                                            
        ### Step 5: Adding Extra Options
                                            
        - Options like -q, --quiet may not directly cause a vulnerability but could hide warning signs, leading to unnoticed overflows.
        - Options altering behavior (-t, --stop, -w, --samewindow) might change the expected data flow, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities.
                                   
        Given that the provided JSON lacks explicit "requirements" or constraints, there's no need to worry about potential violations of constraints in step 3 when adding these options.
                          
        ### Step 6: Provide the Final Results
        
        Taking the above into account, here are some combinations that could potentially lead to memory corruption if the program does not handle these operations correctly. Note that combinations violate the constraints have beed dropped.           

        ```json                             
        {
            "potential vulnerable combinations": [
                ["-z, --zlib",  "-i, --ignore",  "-w, --samewindow",  "-b, --defaultviewer",  "-l, --defaultloader",  "-f, --fonts",  "-G, --flatten",  "-I, --info"],
                ["-q, --quiet",  "-z, --zlib"],
                ["-G, --flatten",  "-f, --fonts",  "-t, --stop"] 
            ]
        }
        ```
                                   
        # Example 8
                                   
        ## Input
                                   
        ```json
        {"name": "yasm", "description": "yasm - The Yasm Modular Assembler \n The Yasm Modular Assembler is a portable, retargetable assembler written under the 'new' (2 or 3 clause) BSD license. Yasm currently supports the x86 and AMD64 instruction sets, accepts NASM and GAS assembler syntaxes, outputs binary, ELF32, ELF64, COFF, Win32, and Win64 object formats, and generates source debugging information in STABS, DWARF 2, and CodeView 8 formats. \n YASM consists of the yasm command, libyasm, the core backend library, and a large number of modules. Currently, libyasm and the loadable modules are statically built into the yasm executable. \n The yasm command assembles the file infile and directs output to the file outfile if specified. If outfile is not specified, yasm will derive a default output file name from the name of its input file, usually by appending .o or .obj, or by removing all extensions for a raw binary file. Failing that, the output file name will be yasm.out. \n If called with an infile of '-', yasm assembles the standard input and directs output to the file outfile, or yasm.out if no outfile is specified.", "options": {"-a arch or --arch=arch": "Selects the target architecture. The default architecture is 'x86', which supports both the IA-32 and derivatives and AMD64 instruction sets. To print a list of available architectures to standard output, use 'help' as arch. See yasm_arch(7) for a list of supported architectures.", "-f format or --oformat=format": "Selects the output object format. The default object format is 'bin', which is a flat format binary with no relocation. To print a list of available object formats to standard output, use 'help' as format. See yasm_objfmts(7) for a list of supported object formats.", "-g debug or --dformat=debug": "Selects the debugging format for debug information. Debugging information can be used by a debugger to associate executable code back to the source file or get data structure and type information. Available debug formats vary between different object formats; yasm will error when an invalid combination is selected. The default object format is selected by the object format. To print a list of available debugging formats to standard output, use 'help' as debug. See yasm_dbgfmts(7) for a list of supported debugging formats.", "-L list or --lformat=list": "Selects the format/style of the output list file. List files typically intermix the original source with the machine code generated by the assembler. The default list format is 'nasm', which mimics the NASM list file format. To print a list of available list file formats to standard output, use 'help' as list.", "-l listfile or --list=listfile": "Specifies the name of the output list file. If this option is not used, no list file is generated.", "-m machine or --machine=machine": "Selects the target machine architecture. Essentially a subtype of the selected architecture, the machine type selects between major subsets of an architecture. For example, for the 'x86' architecture, the two available machines are 'x86', which is used for the IA-32 and derivative 32-bit instruction set, and 'amd64', which is used for the 64-bit instruction set. This differentiation is required to generate the proper object file for relocatable object formats such as COFF and ELF. To print a list of available machines for a given architecture to standard output, use 'help' as machine and the given architecture using -a arch. See yasm_arch(7) for more details.", "-o filename or --objfile=filename": "Specifies the name of the output file, overriding any default name generated by Yasm.", "-p parser or --parser=parser": "Selects the parser (the assembler syntax). The default parser is 'nasm', which emulates the syntax of NASM, the Netwide Assembler. Another available parser is 'gas', which emulates the syntax of GNU AS. To print a list of available parsers to standard output, use 'help' as parser. See yasm_parsers(7) for a list of supported parsers.", "-r preproc or --preproc=preproc": "Selects the preprocessor to use on the input file before passing it to the parser. Preprocessors often provide macro functionality that is not included in the main parser. The default preprocessor is 'nasm', which is an imported version of the actual NASM preprocessor. A 'raw' preprocessor is also available, which simply skips the preprocessing step, passing the input file directly to the parser. To print a list of available preprocessors to standard output, use 'help' as preproc.", "-h or --help": "Prints a summary of invocation options. All other options are ignored, and no output file is generated.", "--version": "This option causes Yasm to prints the version number of Yasm as well as a license summary to standard output. All other options are ignored, and no output file is generated. \n Warning Options", "-W": "options have two contrary forms: -Wname and -Wno-name. Only the non- default forms are shown here.  The warning options are handled in the order given on the command line, so if -w is followed by -Worphan- labels, all warnings are turned off except for orphan-labels.", "-w": "This option causes Yasm to inhibit all warning messages. As discussed above, this option may be followed by other options to re-enable specified warnings.", "-Werror": "This option causes Yasm to treat all warnings as errors. Normally warnings do not prevent an object file from being generated and do not result in a failure exit status from yasm, whereas errors do. This option makes warnings equivalent to errors in terms of this behavior.", "-Wno-unrecognized-char": "Causes Yasm to not warn on unrecognized characters found in the input. Normally Yasm will generate a warning for any non-ASCII character found in the input file.", "-Worphan-labels": "When using the NASM-compatible parser, causes Yasm to warn about labels found alone on a line without a trailing colon. While these are legal labels in NASM syntax, they may be unintentional, due to typos or macro definition ordering.", "-X style": "Selects a specific output style for error and warning messages. The default is 'gnu' style, which mimics the output of gcc. The 'vc' style is also available, which mimics the output of Microsoft's Visual C++ compiler.  This option is available so that Yasm integrates more naturally into IDE environments such as Visual Studio or Emacs, allowing the IDE to correctly recognize the error/warning message as such and link back to the offending line of source code. \n Preprocessor Options While these preprocessor options theoretically will affect any preprocessor, the only preprocessor currently in Yasm is the 'nasm' preprocessor.", "-D macro[=value]": "Pre-defines a single-line macro. The value is optional (if no value is given, the macro is still defined, but to an empty value).", "-e or --preproc-only": "Stops assembly after the preprocessing stage; preprocessed output is sent to the specified output name or, if no output name is specified, the standard output. No object file is produced.", "-I path": "Adds directory path to the search path for include files. The search path defaults to only including the directory in which the source file resides.", "-P filename": "Pre-includes file filename, making it look as though filename was prepended to the input. Can be useful for prepending multi-line macros that the -D can't support.", "-U macro": "Undefines a single-line macro (may be either a built-in macro or one defined earlier in the command line with -D.", "-M": "generate Makefile dependencies on stdout", "-s": "redirect error messages to stdout", "--force-strict": "treat all sized operands as if `strict' was used"}, "requirements": ["'-m machine or --machine=machine' must be used with '-a arch or --arch=arch'"]}      
        ```
                                   
        ## Output
                                            
        ### Step 1: Understanding Core Functionality
                                            
        Yasm is a portable, retargetable assembler supporting x86 and AMD64 instruction sets. It accepts NASM and GAS syntaxes and can output various object formats while generating debugging information. Yasm comprises the yasm command, the core backend library (libyasm), and various modules.
                                            
        ### Step 2: Analyzing Individual Options
                                            
        We'll analyze each option to understand its role:

        - -b <basename>: Sets the root name for the output file, suggesting file handling and output customization.
        - -d --duplicate-line-removal: Uses TPGD in generic region coder, implying an optimization or modification in the encoding process.
        - -p --pdf: Produces PDF ready data, indicating a specific format output.
        - -s --symbol-mode: Uses text region, not generic coder, focusing on a specific encoding strategy.
        - -t <threshold>: Sets classification threshold for symbol coder, impacting the encoder's sensitivity or accuracy.
        - -T <bw threshold>: Sets 1 bpp threshold, affecting image processing quality.
        - -r --refine: Uses refinement with text region encoding, suggesting a quality enhancement feature.
        - -O <outfile>: Dumps thresholded image as PNG, indicating an output option.
        - -2/-4: Upsamples before thresholding, affecting image quality and possibly memory usage.
        - -S: Removes images from mixed input and saves separately, suggesting file handling and manipulation.
        - -j --jpeg-output: Writes images from mixed input as JPEG, another output format option.
        - -a --auto-thresh: Uses automatic thresholding in the symbol encoder, impacting how the encoding is performed.
        - --no-hash: Disables the use of hash function for automatic thresholding, affecting the encoding process.
        - -V --version: Provides version info, typically a standalone option.
        - -v: Makes the process verbose, providing more output details, which could affect how errors or processes are reported.
                                   
        ### Step 3: Enumerate Constraints
        
        Requirements Field
        - '-m/--machine=machine' must be used with '-a/--arch=arch'.
        
        ### Step 4: Analyzing Vulnerable Combinations
        
        To identify combinations that could result in deep memory corruption vulnerabilities while still operating as intended, I will search for combinations such as:

        - Combining '-w' and '-W' with '-M' might lead to improper memory handling when suppressing or manipulating a large number of warnings, potentially overloading buffers during dependency generation.
        - Using '-s' with '--force-strict' may cause an increased number of errors or warnings to be redirected, leading to potential buffer overflows due to the strict enforcement of operand sizes and increased error output.
                                            
        ### Step 5: Adding Extra Options

        Here we need to find additional options that, when combined with others, might contribute to triggering vulnerabilities. These options should not directly cause the issue but might exacerbate potential vulnerabilities identified in step 4.
                          
        ### Step 6: Provide the Final Results
        
        Taking the above into account, here are some combinations that could potentially lead to memory corruption if the program does not handle these operations correctly. Note that combinations violate the constraints have beed dropped.                      

        
        ```json                             
        {
            "potential vulnerable combinations": [
                ["-w", "-W", "-M"],
                ["-s", "--force-strict"] 
            ]
        }
        ```
                                                                      
        # Your turn
                                            
        ## Input
                                            
        ```json
        $data
        ```                               
    """)

        prompt = Template.substitute(prompt_template, data=json.dumps(manpage_data))

    responses = gpt_utils.queryOpenAI(prompt, model=model, temperature=0.7, n=choice_number)

    key_mapping_dict = option_utils.getKeyMappingDict(manpage_data["options"])

    ret_combination_list = []
    for res in responses:
        
        json_list = re.findall(r'```json\s*(\{.*?\})\s*```', res, re.DOTALL)
        for json_str in json_list:
            json_str = json_str.replace("...\n", "")
            try:
                json_data = json.loads(json_str)
            except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError:
                json_obj = demjson.decode(json_str)  #fix broken json_str to  json object
                fixed_json_str = demjson.encode(json_obj)
                json_data = json.loads(fixed_json_str)
            if 'potential vulnerable combinations' in json_data:
                result = json_data
                break
        if not result:
            print("[x] Cannot find json data.")
            exit(1)

        for combination in result['potential vulnerable combinations']:
            new_com = []
            key_list_list = []
            for opt in combination:
                if opt in manpage_data["options"]:
                    key_list_list.append([opt])
                else:
                    key_list = []
                    splitted_opt_list = option_utils.splitJointOption(opt)
                    for splitted_opt in splitted_opt_list:
                        temp_list = option_utils.findPotentialOptionKeys(splitted_opt, key_mapping_dict) 
                        if len(temp_list) == 0:
                            break
                        else:
                            key_list += temp_list
                    # Contain invalid option
                    if len(key_list) != len(splitted_opt_list):
                        break
                    key_list_list.append(key_list)
            
            if len(key_list_list) != len(combination):
                continue

            for tuple in itertools.product(*key_list_list):
                # Deduplication
                new_com = sorted(list(set(tuple)))

                # Too short
                if len(new_com) < 2:
                    continue

                ret_combination_list.append(new_com)
    
    return ret_combination_list

def relationshipsToRequirements(relationships):
    requirement_list = []
    for conflict_pair in relationships["conflict"]:
        if len(conflict_pair) == 2:
            requirement = f"\"{conflict_pair[0]}\" cannot be used with \"{conflict_pair[1]}\"."
        elif len(conflict_pair) > 2:
            requirement = 'Options "' + '", "'.join(conflict_pair[:-1]) + f'", and "{conflict_pair[-1]}" are mutually exclusive.'
        
        requirement_list.append(requirement)
    
    for dependency_key, dependency_value in relationships["dependency"].items():
        if "&&" in dependency_value:
            revolved_options = dependency_value.split("&&")
            conj = "and"
        elif "||" in dependency_value:
            revolved_options = dependency_value.split("||")
            conj = "or"
        else:
            revolved_options = [dependency_value]

        number_array = ['zero','one','two','three','four','five','six','seven','eight','nine']

        if len(revolved_options) == 1:
            requirement = f'"{dependency_key}" must be used with "{revolved_options[0]}".'
        elif len(revolved_options) == 2:
            if conj == "and":
                requirement = f'"{dependency_key}" must be used with both "{revolved_options[0]}" and "{revolved_options[1]}".'
            elif conj == "or":
                requirement = f'"{dependency_key}" must be used with either "{revolved_options[0]}" or "{revolved_options[1]}".'
        elif len(revolved_options) > 2:
            if conj == "and":
                requirement = f'"{dependency_key}" must be used with {number_array[len(revolved_options)]} other options: "' + '", "'.join(revolved_options[:-1]) + f'" and "{revolved_options[-1]}".'
            elif conj == "or":
                requirement = f'"{dependency_key}" must be used with one of the following options: "' + '", "'.join(revolved_options[:-1]) + f'" or "{revolved_options[-1]}".'
        requirement_list.append(requirement)
    
    return requirement_list

if __name__ == "__main__":
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='''
        %s - Predict vulnerable combinations and save as json file.
    ''' % sys.argv[0], formatter_class=argparse.RawTextHelpFormatter)
    parser.add_argument('--file', type=str, help = 'Input manpage file (manapge_%NAME%.json).', required=True)

    args = parser.parse_args()

    manpage_path = args.file

    name = manpage_path.split("_")[-1][:-5]

    print(f"[*] Processing {name} ...")

    print(f"[*] Predicting vulnerable combinations based on {manpage_path} ...")

    with open(manpage_path, "r") as f:
        simp_manpage_data = json.loads(f.read())
    with open(os.path.join(prompt_path, "output", f"checked_relationships_{name}.json"), "r") as f:
        relationships = json.loads(f.read())

    requirements = relationshipsToRequirements(relationships)
    
    simp_manpage_data = {"name": name, **simp_manpage_data, "requirements": requirements}
    
    ret_combination_list = predictCombinations(simp_manpage_data, model=model, method="few-shot", choice_number=choice_number)

    checked_combination_data = checkCombinations(ret_combination_list, relationships)

    output_file_path = os.path.join(prompt_path, "output", f"predicted_combinations_{name}.json")
    with open(output_file_path, "w") as f:
        f.write(json.dumps(checked_combination_data))
    print(f"[OK] Done! The output is saved in {output_file_path}.")