Q&A_Transformer_Models_fine_tuning_with_SQuAD_v2_0.ipynb

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  },
  "cells": [
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "5OR41tE3CK3H"
      },
      "source": [
        "### USEFUL LINKS\n",
        "1. [Huggingface Documentation for Fine-tuning with Custom Datasets](https://huggingface.co/transformers/custom_datasets.html?fbclid=IwAR0HHEEUFfsT9wUkTb-l_nYTxfH2Twq0j99NDfw0WdhEAkgq7NFx_U7eTbQ)\n",
        "2. [Going through SQuAD v2.0 Dataset](https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-fine-tune-a-q-a-transformer-86f91ec92997) "
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "U4oWcx8eok44",
        "outputId": "fd9d66b1-80b8-4f18-c6db-fb706a0485b4"
      },
      "source": [
        "from google.colab import drive\n",
        "drive.mount('/content/drive')"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Mounted at /content/drive\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "YHf7S9iy0vjt"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Download Dataset"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "59W9uk2unjUF"
      },
      "source": [
        "import os"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "EEijNdIOzJc2",
        "outputId": "a22627ef-11cc-4414-e017-8072c578bfa8"
      },
      "source": [
        "from google.colab import drive\n",
        "drive.mount('/content/drive', force_remount=True)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Mounted at /content/drive\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "0CyYDRNZnxKA"
      },
      "source": [
        "os.mkdir('/content/drive/MyDrive/Dataset/squad')"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "wMwRvsmWyzua"
      },
      "source": [
        "- (SQuAD Repo](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/)\n",
        "- Our [Trainning Dataset](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/dataset/train-v2.0.json) and [Testing Dataset](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/dataset/dev-v2.0.json)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "WE9jvpUBn3dn"
      },
      "source": [
        "url = 'https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/dataset/'"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "bATjHs_JoI7-"
      },
      "source": [
        "# for making requests to the url\n",
        "import requests"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "gd7R4Bg5zSwJ"
      },
      "source": [
        "Downloading dataset and save them into drive directory"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "4vu1skARvuU4"
      },
      "source": [
        "for file in ['train-v2.0.json', 'dev-v2.0.json']:\n",
        "  res = requests.get(f'{url}{file}') # making requests\n",
        "  \n",
        "  # saving requests into drive using open\n",
        "  with open(f'/content/drive/MyDrive/Dataset/squad/{file}', 'wb') as f:\n",
        "    for chunk in res.iter_content(chunk_size=4):\n",
        "      f.write(chunk)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "91WXzwgw0mK4"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Data Preparation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "HhXF08_Q027j"
      },
      "source": [
        "import json"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "387by6Hy1fqy",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "outputId": "6bc3bea4-f4b4-4bfd-e3da-1c49f75dd786"
      },
      "source": [
        "# openng our dataset\n",
        "with open('/content/drive/MyDrive/Dataset/squad/train-v2.0.json', 'rb') as f: # reading binary\n",
        "    squad_dict = json.load(f) # load it into a dictionary\n",
        "squad_dict.keys()\n"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "dict_keys(['version', 'data'])"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 12
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "fX3iDRQv5IbD",
        "outputId": "9c32b67d-3e92-4134-8c05-6e8c0242a9bc"
      },
      "source": [
        "# extracting title\n",
        "for group in squad_dict['data']:\n",
        "  print(group['title'])"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Beyoncé\n",
            "Frédéric_Chopin\n",
            "Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n",
            "IPod\n",
            "The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess\n",
            "Spectre_(2015_film)\n",
            "2008_Sichuan_earthquake\n",
            "New_York_City\n",
            "To_Kill_a_Mockingbird\n",
            "Solar_energy\n",
            "Kanye_West\n",
            "Buddhism\n",
            "American_Idol\n",
            "Dog\n",
            "2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay\n",
            "Genome\n",
            "Comprehensive_school\n",
            "Republic_of_the_Congo\n",
            "Prime_minister\n",
            "Institute_of_technology\n",
            "Wayback_Machine\n",
            "Dutch_Republic\n",
            "Symbiosis\n",
            "Canadian_Armed_Forces\n",
            "Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n",
            "Iranian_languages\n",
            "Lighting\n",
            "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n",
            "Architecture\n",
            "Human_Development_Index\n",
            "Southern_Europe\n",
            "BBC_Television\n",
            "Arnold_Schwarzenegger\n",
            "Plymouth\n",
            "Heresy\n",
            "Warsaw_Pact\n",
            "Materialism\n",
            "Christian\n",
            "Sony_Music_Entertainment\n",
            "Oklahoma_City\n",
            "Hunter-gatherer\n",
            "United_Nations_Population_Fund\n",
            "Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic\n",
            "Alexander_Graham_Bell\n",
            "Pub\n",
            "Internet_service_provider\n",
            "Comics\n",
            "Saint_Helena\n",
            "Aspirated_consonant\n",
            "Hydrogen\n",
            "Space_Race\n",
            "Web_browser\n",
            "BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System\n",
            "Canon_law\n",
            "Communications_in_Somalia\n",
            "Catalan_language\n",
            "Boston\n",
            "Universal_Studios\n",
            "Estonian_language\n",
            "Paper\n",
            "Adult_contemporary_music\n",
            "Daylight_saving_time\n",
            "Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects\n",
            "National_Archives_and_Records_Administration\n",
            "Tristan_da_Cunha\n",
            "University_of_Kansas\n",
            "Nanjing\n",
            "Arena_Football_League\n",
            "Dialect\n",
            "Bern\n",
            "Westminster_Abbey\n",
            "Political_corruption\n",
            "Classical_music\n",
            "Slavs\n",
            "Southampton\n",
            "Treaty\n",
            "Josip_Broz_Tito\n",
            "Marshall_Islands\n",
            "Szlachta\n",
            "Virgil\n",
            "Alps\n",
            "Gene\n",
            "Guinea-Bissau\n",
            "List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n",
            "Brain\n",
            "Near_East\n",
            "Zhejiang\n",
            "Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)\n",
            "High-definition_television\n",
            "Wood\n",
            "Somalis\n",
            "Middle_Ages\n",
            "Phonology\n",
            "Computer\n",
            "Black_people\n",
            "The_Times\n",
            "New_Delhi\n",
            "Bird_migration\n",
            "Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey\n",
            "Immunology\n",
            "MP3\n",
            "House_music\n",
            "Letter_case\n",
            "Chihuahua_(state)\n",
            "Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)\n",
            "Pitch_(music)\n",
            "England_national_football_team\n",
            "Houston\n",
            "Copper\n",
            "Identity_(social_science)\n",
            "Himachal_Pradesh\n",
            "Communication\n",
            "Grape\n",
            "Computer_security\n",
            "Orthodox_Judaism\n",
            "Animal\n",
            "Beer\n",
            "Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census\n",
            "United_States_dollar\n",
            "Imperial_College_London\n",
            "Hanover\n",
            "Emotion\n",
            "Everton_F.C.\n",
            "Old_English\n",
            "Aircraft_carrier\n",
            "Federal_Aviation_Administration\n",
            "Lancashire\n",
            "Mesozoic\n",
            "Videoconferencing\n",
            "Gregorian_calendar\n",
            "Xbox_360\n",
            "Military_history_of_the_United_States\n",
            "Hard_rock\n",
            "Great_Plains\n",
            "Infrared\n",
            "Biodiversity\n",
            "ASCII\n",
            "Digestion\n",
            "Gymnastics\n",
            "FC_Barcelona\n",
            "Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation\n",
            "Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)\n",
            "Melbourne\n",
            "John,_King_of_England\n",
            "Macintosh\n",
            "Anti-aircraft_warfare\n",
            "Sanskrit\n",
            "Valencia\n",
            "General_Electric\n",
            "United_States_Army\n",
            "Franco-Prussian_War\n",
            "Adolescence\n",
            "Antarctica\n",
            "Eritrea\n",
            "Uranium\n",
            "Order_of_the_British_Empire\n",
            "Circadian_rhythm\n",
            "Elizabeth_II\n",
            "Sexual_orientation\n",
            "Dell\n",
            "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n",
            "Age_of_Enlightenment\n",
            "Nintendo_Entertainment_System\n",
            "Athanasius_of_Alexandria\n",
            "Seattle\n",
            "Memory\n",
            "Multiracial_American\n",
            "Ashkenazi_Jews\n",
            "Pharmaceutical_industry\n",
            "Umayyad_Caliphate\n",
            "Asphalt\n",
            "Queen_Victoria\n",
            "Freemasonry\n",
            "Israel\n",
            "Hellenistic_period\n",
            "Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation\n",
            "Montevideo\n",
            "Poultry\n",
            "Dutch_language\n",
            "Buckingham_Palace\n",
            "Incandescent_light_bulb\n",
            "Arsenal_F.C.\n",
            "Clothing\n",
            "Chicago_Cubs\n",
            "Korean_War\n",
            "Copyright_infringement\n",
            "Greece\n",
            "Royal_Dutch_Shell\n",
            "Mammal\n",
            "East_India_Company\n",
            "Hokkien\n",
            "Professional_wrestling\n",
            "Film_speed\n",
            "Mexico_City\n",
            "Napoleon\n",
            "Germans\n",
            "Southeast_Asia\n",
            "Brigham_Young_University\n",
            "Department_store\n",
            "Intellectual_property\n",
            "Florida\n",
            "Queen_(band)\n",
            "Presbyterianism\n",
            "Thuringia\n",
            "Predation\n",
            "Marvel_Comics\n",
            "British_Empire\n",
            "Botany\n",
            "Madonna_(entertainer)\n",
            "Law_of_the_United_States\n",
            "Myanmar\n",
            "Jews\n",
            "Cotton\n",
            "Data_compression\n",
            "The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)\n",
            "Pesticide\n",
            "Somerset\n",
            "Yale_University\n",
            "Late_Middle_Ages\n",
            "Ann_Arbor,_Michigan\n",
            "Gothic_architecture\n",
            "Cubism\n",
            "Political_philosophy\n",
            "Alloy\n",
            "Norfolk_Island\n",
            "Edmund_Burke\n",
            "Samoa\n",
            "Pope_Paul_VI\n",
            "Electric_motor\n",
            "Switzerland\n",
            "Mali\n",
            "Raleigh,_North_Carolina\n",
            "Nutrition\n",
            "Crimean_War\n",
            "Nonprofit_organization\n",
            "Literature\n",
            "Avicenna\n",
            "Chinese_characters\n",
            "Bermuda\n",
            "Nigeria\n",
            "Utrecht\n",
            "Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact\n",
            "Capacitor\n",
            "History_of_science\n",
            "Digimon\n",
            "Glacier\n",
            "Comcast\n",
            "Tuberculosis\n",
            "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n",
            "FA_Cup\n",
            "New_Haven,_Connecticut\n",
            "Alsace\n",
            "Carnival\n",
            "Baptists\n",
            "Child_labour\n",
            "North_Carolina\n",
            "Heian_period\n",
            "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n",
            "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\n",
            "Crucifixion_of_Jesus\n",
            "Supreme_court\n",
            "Textual_criticism\n",
            "Gramophone_record\n",
            "Turner_Classic_Movies\n",
            "Hindu_philosophy\n",
            "Political_party\n",
            "A_cappella\n",
            "Dominican_Order\n",
            "Eton_College\n",
            "Cork_(city)\n",
            "Galicia_(Spain)\n",
            "USB\n",
            "Sichuan\n",
            "Unicode\n",
            "Detroit\n",
            "London\n",
            "Culture\n",
            "Sahara\n",
            "Rule_of_law\n",
            "Tibet\n",
            "Exhibition_game\n",
            "Northwestern_University\n",
            "Strasbourg\n",
            "Oklahoma\n",
            "History_of_India\n",
            "Gamal_Abdel_Nasser\n",
            "Pope_John_XXIII\n",
            "Time\n",
            "European_Central_Bank\n",
            "St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador\n",
            "John_von_Neumann\n",
            "PlayStation_3\n",
            "Royal_assent\n",
            "Group_(mathematics)\n",
            "Central_African_Republic\n",
            "Asthma\n",
            "LaserDisc\n",
            "George_VI\n",
            "Federalism\n",
            "Annelid\n",
            "God\n",
            "War_on_Terror\n",
            "Labour_Party_(UK)\n",
            "Estonia\n",
            "Alaska\n",
            "Karl_Popper\n",
            "Mandolin\n",
            "Insect\n",
            "Race_(human_categorization)\n",
            "Paris\n",
            "Apollo\n",
            "United_States_presidential_election,_2004\n",
            "Liberal_Party_of_Australia\n",
            "Samurai\n",
            "Software_testing\n",
            "States_of_Germany\n",
            "Glass\n",
            "Planck_constant\n",
            "Renewable_energy_commercialization\n",
            "Palermo\n",
            "Green\n",
            "Zinc\n",
            "Neoclassical_architecture\n",
            "Serbo-Croatian\n",
            "CBC_Television\n",
            "Appalachian_Mountains\n",
            "IBM\n",
            "Energy\n",
            "East_Prussia\n",
            "Ottoman_Empire\n",
            "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n",
            "Neolithic\n",
            "Friedrich_Hayek\n",
            "Diarrhea\n",
            "Madrasa\n",
            "Miami\n",
            "Philadelphia\n",
            "John_Kerry\n",
            "Rajasthan\n",
            "Guam\n",
            "Empiricism\n",
            "Idealism\n",
            "Czech_language\n",
            "Education\n",
            "Tennessee\n",
            "Post-punk\n",
            "Canadian_football\n",
            "Seven_Years%27_War\n",
            "Richard_Feynman\n",
            "Muammar_Gaddafi\n",
            "Cyprus\n",
            "Steven_Spielberg\n",
            "Elevator\n",
            "Neptune\n",
            "Railway_electrification_system\n",
            "Spanish_language_in_the_United_States\n",
            "Charleston,_South_Carolina\n",
            "The_Blitz\n",
            "Endangered_Species_Act\n",
            "Vacuum\n",
            "Han_dynasty\n",
            "Quran\n",
            "Geography_of_the_United_States\n",
            "Compact_disc\n",
            "Transistor\n",
            "Modern_history\n",
            "51st_state\n",
            "Antenna_(radio)\n",
            "Flowering_plant\n",
            "Hyderabad\n",
            "Santa_Monica,_California\n",
            "Washington_University_in_St._Louis\n",
            "Central_Intelligence_Agency\n",
            "Pain\n",
            "Database\n",
            "Tucson,_Arizona\n",
            "Armenia\n",
            "Bacteria\n",
            "Printed_circuit_board\n",
            "Greeks\n",
            "Premier_League\n",
            "Roman_Republic\n",
            "Pacific_War\n",
            "San_Diego\n",
            "Muslim_world\n",
            "Iran\n",
            "British_Isles\n",
            "Association_football\n",
            "Georgian_architecture\n",
            "Liberia\n",
            "Alfred_North_Whitehead\n",
            "Antibiotics\n",
            "Windows_8\n",
            "Swaziland\n",
            "Translation\n",
            "Airport\n",
            "Kievan_Rus%27\n",
            "Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System\n",
            "Sumer\n",
            "Tuvalu\n",
            "Immaculate_Conception\n",
            "Namibia\n",
            "Russian_language\n",
            "United_States_Air_Force\n",
            "Light-emitting_diode\n",
            "Great_power\n",
            "Bird\n",
            "Qing_dynasty\n",
            "Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n",
            "Red\n",
            "Egypt\n",
            "Mosaic\n",
            "University\n",
            "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n",
            "YouTube\n",
            "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n",
            "Protestantism\n",
            "Bras%C3%ADlia\n",
            "Economy_of_Greece\n",
            "Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives\n",
            "Armenians\n",
            "Jehovah%27s_Witnesses\n",
            "Dwight_D._Eisenhower\n",
            "The_Bronx\n",
            "Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308\n",
            "Portugal\n",
            "Humanism\n",
            "Geological_history_of_Earth\n",
            "Police\n",
            "Genocide\n",
            "Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy\n",
            "Tajikistan\n",
            "University_of_Notre_Dame\n",
            "Anthropology\n",
            "Montana\n",
            "Punjab,_Pakistan\n",
            "Richmond,_Virginia\n",
            "Infection\n",
            "Hunting\n",
            "Kathmandu\n",
            "Myocardial_infarction\n",
            "Matter\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "alkZe8a35kKc",
        "outputId": "ff183c6a-3f7a-4636-9ee6-0de90cc162a0"
      },
      "source": [
        "# next let's get into paragraphs:\n",
        "squad_dict['data'][1]['paragraphs']"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[{'context': 'Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: \\u200b[fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 182, 'text': 'Polish and French'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd2356d243a140015ed66',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was Frédéric's nationalities?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 276, 'text': 'Romantic era'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd2356d243a140015ed67',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what era was Frédéric active in?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 318, 'text': 'solo piano'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd2356d243a140015ed68',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'For what instrument did Frédéric write primarily for?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 559, 'text': 'Duchy of Warsaw'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd2356d243a140015ed69',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what area was Frédéric born in?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 777, 'text': '20'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd2356d243a140015ed6a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'At what age did Frédéric depart from Poland?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 113, 'text': '1810'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year was Chopin born?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 276, 'text': 'Romantic era'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What era was Chopin active during?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 568, 'text': 'Warsaw'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin grow up?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 318, 'text': 'solo piano'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What instrument did he mostly compose for?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 777, 'text': '20'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0a3762d2951400fa69da',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'At what age did Chopin  leave Poland?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 120, 'text': '17 October 1849'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf54a2aab44d1400b89006',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin die?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 143, 'text': 'Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf54a2aab44d1400b89008',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was Chopin's full name?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 318, 'text': 'solo piano'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf54a2aab44d1400b89009',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 276, 'text': 'Romantic era'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf54a2aab44d1400b8900a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin was active during what era?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 113, 'text': '1810'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what year was Chopin born?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 568, 'text': 'Warsaw'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what city was Chopin born and raised?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 777, 'text': '20'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How old was Chopin when he left Poland?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 276, 'text': 'Romantic'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1ca30e7d4791d009021aa',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what era of music did Chopin compose?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 131, 'text': '1849'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1ca30e7d4791d009021ab',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year did Chopin die?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'At the age of 21 he settled in Paris. Thereafter, during the last 18 years of his life, he gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries, including Robert Schumann. In 1835 he obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska, from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer George Sand. A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838–39 was one of his most productive periods of composition. In his last years, he was financially supported by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. Through most of his life, Chopin suffered from poor health. He died in Paris in 1849, probably of tuberculosis.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 14, 'text': '21'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd2f96d243a140015ed70',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'At what age did Frédéric move to Paris?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 106, 'text': '30'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd2f96d243a140015ed71',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many public performances was Frédéric estimated to have given during the remainder of his life?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': '1835'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd2f96d243a140015ed72',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what year did Frédéric obtain citizenship in France?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 626, 'text': 'Majorca'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd2f96d243a140015ed73',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"In what area had Frédéric's most productive period of composition taken place?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 939, 'text': 'tuberculosis'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd2f96d243a140015ed74',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was Frédéric's most likely cause of death?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 31, 'text': 'Paris'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0d8662d2951400fa69e8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did he end up living when he was 21?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 106, 'text': '30'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0d8662d2951400fa69e9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many public shows did he perform during the last years of his life?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 318, 'text': 'Franz Liszt'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0d8662d2951400fa69ea',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': '1835'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0d8662d2951400fa69eb',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year did he gain citizenship in France?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 481, 'text': 'Maria Wodzińska'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0d8662d2951400fa69ec',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is the name of the woman he had a relationship with from 1837-847?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 14, 'text': '21'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5734aab44d1400b89079',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'At what age did Chopin move to Paris?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 106, 'text': '30'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5734aab44d1400b8907a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'During the last 18 years he lived about how many times did Chopin perform in public?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': '1835'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5734aab44d1400b8907c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year did Chopin become a citizen of France?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 773, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5734aab44d1400b8907d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In the last years of his life who was the person that supported him financially?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': '1835'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 773, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who gave Chopin money in the last years of his life?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 939, 'text': 'tuberculosis'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the likely cause of death for Chopin?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics. His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade. His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, études, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only after his death. Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, the music of all of whom he admired, as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, musical form, and harmony, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 41, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What instrument did every composition by Frédéric include?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 340, 'text': 'instrumental ballade'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What concept was Frédéric credited with creating?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 620,\n",
              "      'text': 'J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Whose music did Frédéric admire the most and thus provide influence on his work?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 285, 'text': 'nuance and sensitivity'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What features marked Frédéric's performance style and made them unique?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 705, 'text': 'Paris salons'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What establishments did Frédéric frequently visit in Paris that influenced his career?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 41, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0f42aab44d1400b8841e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which instrument do every one of his compositions include?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 340, 'text': 'instrumental ballade'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0f42aab44d1400b8841f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What concept did Chopin create?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 285, 'text': 'nuance and sensitivity'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0f42aab44d1400b88420',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What are two things Chopin's performances were known for?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 620,\n",
              "      'text': 'J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0f42aab44d1400b88421',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What three composers influenced Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 155, 'text': 'Polish'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce0f42aab44d1400b88422',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin wrote some music to lyrics, what language were the lyrics?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 41, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf582eaab44d1400b8909b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What instrument is involved in all of Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 155, 'text': 'Polish'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf582eaab44d1400b8909c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin composed several songs to lyrics of what language?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 285, 'text': 'nuance and sensitivity'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf582eaab44d1400b8909d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin's performances were known for what?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 620,\n",
              "      'text': 'J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf582eaab44d1400b8909e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What three composers did Chopin take inspiration from?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 41, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1cf80e7d4791d00902211',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What instrument was all of Chopin's compositions written for?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 155, 'text': 'Polish'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1cf80e7d4791d00902212',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What language were some songs written in that Chopin wrote music for?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 705, 'text': 'Paris salons'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1cf80e7d4791d00902215',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Of what venue was Chopin an often invited guest?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 173, 'text': 'indirect'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd8c66d243a140015ed85',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the degree of Frédéric's association with political insurrection?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 212,\n",
              "      'text': 'his love life and his early death'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd8c66d243a140015ed86',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What parts of Frédéric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 314, 'text': 'Romantic era'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd8c66d243a140015ed87',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In which era was Frédéric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 394, 'text': 'films and biographies'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbd8c66d243a140015ed88',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what forms of media has Frédéric been the subject of?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 25, 'text': 'France'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce1138aab44d1400b88428',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 14, 'text': 'Poland'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce1138aab44d1400b88429',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin is a native of what country?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 188, 'text': 'political insurrection'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce1138aab44d1400b8842a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'He had a non-direct association with what?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 314, 'text': 'Romantic era'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce1138aab44d1400b8842b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin is closely associated with what era?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 25, 'text': 'France'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890dd',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin create most of his works?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 188, 'text': 'political insurrection'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890de',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin was indirectly related to what?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 314, 'text': 'Romantic era'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890df',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 2] which is now generally accepted as the correct date.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 28, 'text': 'Żelazowa Wola'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbda8d6d243a140015ed8e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what village was Frédéric born in?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 212, 'text': '22 February 1810'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbda8d6d243a140015ed8f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'On what date was Frédéric born on?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 393, 'text': '1 March'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbda8d6d243a140015ed90',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal, what date is given by the composer and his family instead?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 274, 'text': 'Fridericus Franciscus'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbda8d6d243a140015ed91',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the latin form of Frédéric's full name?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 58, 'text': '29'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbda8d6d243a140015ed92',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many miles was the village Frédéric born in located to the west of Warsaw?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 28, 'text': 'Żelazowa Wola'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce1225aab44d1400b88430',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where was Chopin born?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 152, 'text': 'Napoleon'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce1225aab44d1400b88431',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who was responsible for the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 212, 'text': '22 February 1810'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce1225aab44d1400b88432',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When was his birthday recorded as being?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 393, 'text': '1 March'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce1225aab44d1400b88433',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What birth date is now considered as his actual birthday?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 274, 'text': 'Fridericus Franciscus'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56ce1225aab44d1400b88434',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin's given names in Latin are what?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 152, 'text': 'Napoleon'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5b40aab44d1400b890fe',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 212, 'text': '22 February 1810'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5b40aab44d1400b890ff',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin's birth is recorded as when?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 393, 'text': '1 March'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5b40aab44d1400b89100',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 274, 'text': 'Fridericus Franciscus'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5b40aab44d1400b89101',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is the Latin form of Chopin's name?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 28, 'text': 'Żelazowa Wola'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1d330e7d4791d0090224d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 152, 'text': 'Napoleon'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1d330e7d4791d0090224e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What famous French leader had established the Polish state at this time?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Fryderyk's father, Nicolas Chopin, was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen. Nicolas tutored children of the Polish aristocracy, and in 1806 married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative of the Skarbeks, one of the families for whom he worked. Fryderyk was baptized on Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810, in the same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. His eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom he was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Chopin. Fryderyk was the couple's second child and only son; he had an elder sister, Ludwika (1807–55), and two younger sisters, Izabela (1811–81) and Emilia (1812–27). Nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland, and insisted on the use of the Polish language in the household.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 196, 'text': 'Justyna Krzyżanowska'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdbf36d243a140015ed99',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who did Frédéric's father marry in 1806?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 331, 'text': '23 April 1810'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdbf36d243a140015ed9a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'On what date was Frédéric baptised?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 156, 'text': 'Polish'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdbf36d243a140015ed9c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What language did Frédéric's father, Nicolas, insist on using in the household?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 19, 'text': 'Nicolas'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89111',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the given name of Chopin's father?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 56, 'text': 'Lorraine'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89112',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Where was Chopin's father from?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 196, 'text': 'Justyna Krzyżanowska'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89113',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin's father married who?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 468, 'text': 'Fryderyk Skarbek'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89114',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is the name of Chopin's godfather?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 590, 'text': 'Ludwika'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89115',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is the name of Chopin's eldest sister?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 19, 'text': 'Nicolas'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1d3fee7d4791d00902263',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was Chopin's father's first name?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 56, 'text': 'Lorraine'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1d3fee7d4791d00902264',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"From where id Chopin's father emigrate from?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 590, 'text': 'Ludwika'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1d3fee7d4791d00902266',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is Chopin's older sister's name?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': 'October'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdcd16d243a140015eda2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'During what month did Frédéric move to Warsaw with his family?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 122, 'text': 'French'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdcd16d243a140015eda3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What language did Frédéric's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 218, 'text': 'the Palace grounds'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdcd16d243a140015eda4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Frédéric live with his family while they were in Warsaw?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 260, 'text': 'flute and violin'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdcd16d243a140015eda5',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What two instruments did Frédéric's father play during this time?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 445, 'text': 'illnesses'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdcd16d243a140015eda6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was Frédéric prone to during early childhood as a result of his slight build?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': 'October 1810'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5e35aab44d1400b89147',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"When did Chopin's family move to Warsaw?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 136, 'text': 'Warsaw Lyceum'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5e35aab44d1400b89148',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Where did Chopin's father get a teaching position?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 260, 'text': 'flute and violin'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5e35aab44d1400b89149',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What instruments did Chopin's father play?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 300, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5e35aab44d1400b8914a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What instrument did Chopin's mother teach?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 17, 'text': 'six months'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902275',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How old was Chopin when his family moved to Warsaw?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 122, 'text': 'French'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902276',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What language did Chopin's father teach?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 260, 'text': 'flute and violin'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902277',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What two instruments did Chopin's father play?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 300, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902278',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What instrument did Chopin's mother teach at the boarding house?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 170, 'text': 'Saxon Palace.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902279',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin live with his family in Warsaw?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 143, 'text': 'Wojciech Żywny'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdea66d243a140015edac',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was Frédéric's first professional teacher in music?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 176, 'text': 'Ludwika'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdea66d243a140015edad',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which sister did Frédéric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 391, 'text': '7'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdea66d243a140015edae',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'At what age did Frédéric start giving public concerts?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 405, 'text': 'two polonaises'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdea66d243a140015edaf',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Frédéric compose during the year of 1817?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 465,\n",
              "      'text': 'a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdea66d243a140015edb0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Frédéric?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 143, 'text': 'Wojciech Żywny'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf609aaab44d1400b89185',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 176, 'text': 'Ludwika'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf609aaab44d1400b89186',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 391, 'text': '7'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf609aaab44d1400b89187',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'At what age did Chopin start playing publicly?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 388, 'text': '1817'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf609aaab44d1400b89188',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year did Chopin compose his first work?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 107, 'text': '1816 to 1821'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf609aaab44d1400b89189',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'During what years did Chopin receive instruction from  Żywny?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 143, 'text': 'Wojciech Żywny'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d20a6ae7d4791d00902618',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 176, 'text': 'Ludwika'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d20a6ae7d4791d00902619',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 391, 'text': '7'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d20a6ae7d4791d0090261a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 143, 'text': 'Wojciech Żywny'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d20a6ae7d4791d0090261b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw\\'s Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"Nasze Przebiegi\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin\\'s\" popularity.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': '1817'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what year was the Saxon Palace taken by the Russian governor for use regarding the military?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 178, 'text': 'Warsaw University'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 137, 'text': 'Kazimierz Palace'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What building was Frédéric's new home adjacent to?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 357, 'text': 'Belweder Palace'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What palace was Frédéric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler's son?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 566, 'text': 'Nasze Przebiegi'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbdfbf6d243a140015edba',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What short poem spoke of Frédéric's popularity as a child?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': '1817'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 137, 'text': 'Kazimierz Palace'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 428, 'text': 'Grand Duke Constantine'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a5',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 498, 'text': 'a march'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin create for Grand Duke Constantine?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 515, 'text': 'Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 357, 'text': 'Belweder Palace'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d20bf6e7d4791d00902622',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 428, 'text': 'Grand Duke Constantine'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d20bf6e7d4791d00902623',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 498, 'text': 'a march'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d20bf6e7d4791d00902624',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend's ruling father?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 515, 'text': 'Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d20bf6e7d4791d00902625',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition.[n 3] Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ, the \"eolomelodicon\", and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\".',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 15, 'text': '1823 to 1826'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe1996d243a140015edc0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'During what years did Frédéric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 236, 'text': 'Józef Elsner'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe1996d243a140015edc1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who was Frédéric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 497, 'text': 'eolomelodicon'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe1996d243a140015edc2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the name of the mechanical organ Frédéric performed on during 1825?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 725, 'text': 'Alexander I'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe1996d243a140015edc3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which tsar did Frédéric perform for due to his success in previous concerts?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 848, 'text': '10 June 1825'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe1996d243a140015edc4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"On what date was Frédéric's first performance that earned international esteem?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 119, 'text': 'Wilhelm Würfel'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf63b4aab44d1400b891bd',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who taught Chopin to play the organ?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 236, 'text': 'Józef Elsner'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf63b4aab44d1400b891be',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin had three years of lessons with whom?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 497, 'text': 'eolomelodicon'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf63b4aab44d1400b891bf',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 793, 'text': 'diamond ring'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf63b4aab44d1400b891c0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 883, 'text': 'Rondo Op. 1'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf63b4aab44d1400b891c1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown? \"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 119, 'text': 'Wilhelm Würfel'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d22055e7d4791d00902683',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 236, 'text': 'Józef Elsner'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d22055e7d4791d00902684',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 497, 'text': 'eolomelodicon'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d22055e7d4791d00902685',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 791, 'text': 'a diamond ring.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d22055e7d4791d00902686',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 883, 'text': 'Rondo Op. 1.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d22055e7d4791d00902687',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is the title of his first commercially successful work?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster\\'s literary gift.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 139, 'text': 'Dominik Dziewanowski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcb',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who was Frédéric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 110, 'text': 'Szafarnia'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcc',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In which village did Frédéric first experience rural Polish folk music?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 390, 'text': 'his family'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcd',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'To whom did Frédéric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 428, 'text': 'Warsaw newspapers'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe2fd6d243a140015edce',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Frédéric write parodies of in his letters?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 139, 'text': 'Dominik Dziewanowski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf64e34df3c31400b0d6f9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 228, 'text': 'Polish rural folk music'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf64e34df3c31400b0d6fa',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 139, 'text': 'Dominik Dziewanowski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d2211ae7d4791d00902693',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 314, 'text': 'The Szafarnia Courier'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d2211ae7d4791d00902694',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 110, 'text': 'Szafarnia'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d2211ae7d4791d00902695',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 6] Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (Salonik Chopinów) became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.[n 7]\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': '1827'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe5df6d243a140015edd4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"During what year did Frédéric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 256, 'text': 'Krakowskie Przedmieście'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe5df6d243a140015edd5',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What street did Frédéric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 329, 'text': '1830'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe5df6d243a140015edd6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year did Frédéric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasiński Palace?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 467, 'text': 'a museum'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe5df6d243a140015edd7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 516, 'text': 'Ambroży Mieroszewski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe5df6d243a140015edd8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which artist created the first known portrait of Frédéric?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': '1827'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf66734df3c31400b0d713',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 329, 'text': '1830'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf66734df3c31400b0d714',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 381,\n",
              "      'text': 'boarding house for male students'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf66734df3c31400b0d715',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the Chopin family's business?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 516, 'text': 'Ambroży Mieroszewski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf66734df3c31400b0d717',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What artist painted the Chopin family?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 51, 'text': 'sister Emilia'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3123b59d6e41400146204',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 329, 'text': '1830'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3123b59d6e41400146205',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 419, 'text': 'Chopin Family Parlour'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3123b59d6e41400146206',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 516, 'text': 'Ambroży Mieroszewski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3123b59d6e41400146207',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 400, 'text': 'male'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3123b59d6e41400146208',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Four boarders at his parents\\' apartments became Chopin\\'s intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw\\'s young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja Gładkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (Larghetto) of his Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her – \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\"',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 116,\n",
              "      'text': 'Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe9436d243a140015eddf',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Of the individuals that became intimate with Frédéric during their stay at the family apartments, which two became part of Frédéric's social environment in Paris?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 392, 'text': 'Konstancja Gładkowska'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbe9436d243a140015ede0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which singer was cited specifically as someone Frédéric was attracted to?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 68,\n",
              "      'text': 'Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What four boys from his family's boarding house became friends with Chopin?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 392, 'text': 'Konstancja Gładkowska'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which singer did Chopin become fascinated with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 633,\n",
              "      'text': 'Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Which of Chopin's works was unknowingly dedicated to Gladkowska?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 799, 'text': 'July 1829'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf67c74df3c31400b0d730',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin receive his last Conservatory report?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 116,\n",
              "      'text': 'Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d313b559d6e4140014620e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Which two of Chopin's friends became part of his Paris milieu?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 392, 'text': 'Konstancja Gładkowska'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d313b559d6e4140014620f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the name of the singing student Chopin was attracted to?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 68, 'text': 'Tytus Woyciechowski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d313b559d6e41400146210',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'To whom did Chopin reveal in letters which parts of his work were about the singing student he was infatuated with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 633,\n",
              "      'text': 'Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d313b559d6e41400146211',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What musical piece had a Larghetto dedicated to the female singing student Chopin was infatuated with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Four'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d313b559d6e41400146212',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"How many boarders of his family's boarding house became intimate friends with Chopin?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 96, 'text': 'Feliks Jarocki'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbeb396d243a140015ede8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Frédéric visit Berlin with in September 1828?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 140, 'text': 'Gaspare Spontini'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbeb396d243a140015ede9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which opera director did Frédéric see works of during his stay in Berlin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 299, 'text': 'Prince Antoni Radziwiłł'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbeb396d243a140015edeb',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who was Frédéric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 479,\n",
              "      'text': 'Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbeb396d243a140015edec',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What piece did Frédéric create specifically for the prince and the prince's daughter, Wanda?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': 'September 1828'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf69144df3c31400b0d745',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin visit Berlin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 96, 'text': 'Feliks Jarocki'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf69144df3c31400b0d746',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'With whom did Chopin go to Berlin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 140, 'text': 'Gaspare Spontini'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf69144df3c31400b0d747',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'While in Berlin he saw the operatic work of who?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 299, 'text': 'Prince Antoni Radziwiłł'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf69144df3c31400b0d748',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In 1829 on a trip back to Berlin Chopin was a guest of who?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 479,\n",
              "      'text': 'Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf69144df3c31400b0d749',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What piece did Chopin create for Prince Antoni?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 13, 'text': '1828'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3148359d6e41400146218',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year did Chopin visit Berlin while still a student?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 96, 'text': 'Feliks Jarocki'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3148359d6e41400146219',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin go to Berlin with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 86, 'text': 'zoologist'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3148359d6e4140014621a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did the person who Chopin went with to Berlin do for his work?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 140, 'text': 'Gaspare Spontini'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3148359d6e4140014621b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who directed the operas they enjoyed in Berlin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 253, 'text': '1829'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3148359d6e4140014621c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year did Chopin return to Berlin?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first Études, (1829–32), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews—in addition to some commenting (in Chopin\\'s own words) that he was \"too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists\". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on Là ci darem la mano, Op. 2 (variations on an aria from Mozart\\'s opera Don Giovanni) for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 107, 'text': 'Souvenir de Paganini'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbedde6d243a140015edf2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Frédéric compose after hearing Niccolò Paganini perform on the violin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 286, 'text': 'August'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbedde6d243a140015edf4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'During what month did Frédéric make his first appearance in Vienna?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 400, 'text': 'two'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbedde6d243a140015edf5',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many piano concerts did Frédéric perform in Vienna during this time?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 871, 'text': '17 March 1830'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbedde6d243a140015edf6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'On what date did Frédéric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 107, 'text': 'Souvenir de Paganini'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6af94df3c31400b0d761',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin compose after hearing Niccolo Paganini?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 384, 'text': 'Vienna'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6af94df3c31400b0d762',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin debut after completing his studies?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 828,\n",
              "      'text': 'Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6af94df3c31400b0d763',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What piece did Chopin debut after returning to Warsaw?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 789, 'text': 'September 1829'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6af94df3c31400b0d764',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin return to Warsaw?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 547,\n",
              "      'text': 'accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6af94df3c31400b0d765',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Why did some critics say that Chopin was too delicate?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 39, 'text': 'Niccolò Paganini'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d315d159d6e41400146222',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin hear play violin in 1829 that prompted him to write a composisition?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 384, 'text': 'Vienna'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d315d159d6e41400146223',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin make his debut after completing his education?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 400, 'text': 'two'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d315d159d6e41400146224',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many public performances did Chopin do where he made his debut after completing his education?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 294, 'text': 'three'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d315d159d6e41400146225',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many weeks after completing school was it before Chopin made his public debut?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Chopin\\'s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are there, and yet you do not take vengeance!\" Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer\\'s maturing \"into an inspired national bard who intuited the past, present and future of his native Poland.\"',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 97, 'text': '2 November 1830'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbef3a6d243a140015edfc',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'On what date did Frédéric begin his journey into Western Europe?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 263, 'text': 'Austria'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbef3a6d243a140015edfd',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which country did Frédéric go to first after setting out for Western Europe?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 343, 'text': '1830'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbef3a6d243a140015edfe',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what year did his companion Woyciechowski depart to Poland to enlist for the uprising in Warsaw?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 142, 'text': 'Zdzisław Jachimecki'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbef3a6d243a140015ee00',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What historian commented that the events involving Frédéric's friend in Poland contributed to his maturing?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 142, 'text': 'Zdzisław Jachimecki'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d777',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who said that Chopin set out \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever?\"'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 234, 'text': 'Woyciechowski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d778',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin leave for Austria with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 294, 'text': 'Italy'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d779',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin intend to go after Austria?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 330, 'text': 'the November 1830 Uprising'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d77a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Woyciechowski left Chopin to enlist in what?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 66, 'text': 'western Europe'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3171959d6e4140014622c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What geographicla region was opened for Chopin due to his composing and performances?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 234, 'text': 'Woyciechowski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3171959d6e4140014622d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When Chopin started to take his music to the world, what is the last name of the person who went with him to Austria?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 108, 'text': '1830'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3171959d6e4140014622e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year did the uprising begin in Warsaw?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 500,\n",
              "      'text': '\"I curse the moment of my departure.\"'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3171959d6e4140014622f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 556, 'text': '1831'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3171959d6e41400146230',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year did Chopin learn that the uprising in Warsaw was crushed?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 122,\n",
              "      'text': 'the Polish Great Emigration'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf12a6d243a140015ee06',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What event was Frédéric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 173, 'text': 'French'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf12a6d243a140015ee07',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What version of Frédéric's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 251, 'text': '1835'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf12a6d243a140015ee08',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what year did Frédéric officially acquire French citizenship?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 355, 'text': 'friends and confidants'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf12a6d243a140015ee09',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Frédéric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 126, 'text': 'Polish'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf12a6d243a140015ee0a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What nationality is stated as the one Frédéric felt most identified by?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 32, 'text': 'September 1831'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d781',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin reach Paris?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 126, 'text': 'Polish Great Emigration'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d782',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 251, 'text': '1835'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d783',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 451, 'text': 'Adam Zamoyski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d784',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is the name of Chopin's biographer?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 73, 'text': 'Poland'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d318f359d6e41400146236',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'After 1831, what country did Chopin never return to?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 154, 'text': 'France'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d318f359d6e41400146237',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What country's passport did he have from 1835?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 173, 'text': 'French'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d318f359d6e41400146238',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 451, 'text': 'Adam Zamoyski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d318f359d6e41400146239',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 126, 'text': 'Polish Great Emigration'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d318f359d6e4140014623a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': 'Paris'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf37e6d243a140015ee10',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what city did Frédéric achieve celebrity status?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 368, 'text': 'Adam Mickiewicz'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf37e6d243a140015ee12',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Frédéric became acquainted with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 458, 'text': 'songs'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf37e6d243a140015ee13',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Frédéric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 368, 'text': 'Adam Mickiewicz'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6e0d4df3c31400b0d789',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 225,\n",
              "      'text': 'Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6e0d4df3c31400b0d78a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What people did Chopin meet while in Paris?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 368, 'text': 'Adam Mickiewicz'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d319d459d6e41400146240',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 385,\n",
              "      'text': 'principal of the Polish Literary Society'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d319d459d6e41400146241',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin\\'s life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin\\'s adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" Fontana was to become, in the words of Michałowski and Samson, Chopin\\'s \"general factotum and copyist\".',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 133, 'text': 'Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf5106d243a140015ee18',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which friend of Frédéric failed to achieve success in England?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 218, 'text': 'Albert Grzymała'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf5106d243a140015ee19',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was Frédéric's trusted adviser while in Paris?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 368, 'text': 'elder brother'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf5106d243a140015ee1a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What familial role was Albert Grzymała compared to in regards to Frédéric?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 133, 'text': 'Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf5106d243a140015ee1b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Frédéric?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 4, 'text': 'Polish'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf5106d243a140015ee1c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Frédéric's life while in Paris?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 209, 'text': 'England'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf6f874df3c31400b0d796',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 209, 'text': 'England'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31b3759d6e41400146244',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 218, 'text': 'Albert Grzymała'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31b3759d6e41400146245',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 218, 'text': 'Albert Grzymała'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31b3759d6e41400146246',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 133, 'text': 'Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31b3759d6e41400146247',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 112, 'text': 'Warsaw Conservatory'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31b3759d6e41400146248',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where were Chopin and Fontana students together?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale: \"Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ...\" After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 102, 'text': 'Robert Schumann'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf7d16d243a140015ee22',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who gave Frédéric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 275, 'text': '26 February 1832'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf7d16d243a140015ee23',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'On what date did Frédéric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 683, 'text': 'intimate keyboard technique'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf7d16d243a140015ee24',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is stated as a hindrance for Frédéric's ability to perform in large concert spaces?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1166, 'text': 'his father'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbf7d16d243a140015ee25',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Frédéric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 102, 'text': 'Robert Schumann'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf70c74df3c31400b0d799',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 275, 'text': '26 February 1832'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf70c74df3c31400b0d79a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 802, 'text': 'Rothschild'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf70c74df3c31400b0d79c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 14, 'text': '1831'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31bfb59d6e4140014624e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 692, 'text': 'keyboard technique'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31bfb59d6e41400146250',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1244,\n",
              "      'text': 'publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31bfb59d6e41400146252',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that \"As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances—few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime.\" The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan\\'s teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan\\'s arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven\\'s 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt\\'s Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini\\'s theme. Chopin\\'s music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 218,\n",
              "      'text': 'his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbfa0e6d243a140015ee2d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was Frédéric's favorite environment to perform in?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 738, 'text': 'pianos'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbfa0e6d243a140015ee2e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What instrument did Frédéric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 107, 'text': 'Salle Pleyel'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin gave a yearly performance where?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1080, 'text': 'Hexameron'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1234, 'text': 'Maurice Schlesinger'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 850, 'text': 'Adolphe Gutmann'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 232, 'text': 'apartment'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31dcb59d6e41400146259',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 707, 'text': 'Liszt and Hiller'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31dcb59d6e4140014625b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1234, 'text': 'Maurice Schlesinger'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31dcb59d6e4140014625c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis. He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier, when she was eleven. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl\\'s portrait of the composer is considered, along with Delacroix\\'s, as among Chopin\\'s best likenesses. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck and Felix Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him \"a perfect musician\". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodziński family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 137, 'text': 'Felix Mendelssohn'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee36',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Frédéric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 326, 'text': 'playing and discussing music'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee37',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What two activities did Frédéric do while visiting for a day in Düsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 377, 'text': 'Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee38',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Frédéric met while in Düsseldorf?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 540, 'text': 'Carlsbad'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee39',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Where were Frédéric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 39,\n",
              "      'text': 'the Lower Rhenish Music Festival'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d81f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 96, 'text': 'Hiller'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d820',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 540, 'text': 'Carlsbad'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d821',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1268, 'text': 'July 1836'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d822',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodziński?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1405, 'text': 'Countess Wodzińska'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d823',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was Maria's mother?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 137, 'text': 'Felix Mendelssohn'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31f8a59d6e41400146262',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 194, 'text': 'Düsseldorf'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31f8a59d6e41400146263',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 404,\n",
              "      'text': 'director of the Academy of Art'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31f8a59d6e41400146264',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 749, 'text': 'Maria'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d31f8a59d6e41400146266',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that \"I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.—also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc.\" Liszt was in attendance at Chopin\\'s Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: \"The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\"',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 145, 'text': 'Woyciechowski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbfcda6d243a140015ee40',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was the recipient of Frédéric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 274, 'text': 'Herz, Liszt, Hiller'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbfcda6d243a140015ee41',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What are the three names stated in Frédéric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 55, 'text': 'Liszt'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbfcda6d243a140015ee42',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who is stated as being in attendance of Frédéric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 355, 'text': '26 February 1832'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf75c64df3c31400b0d7d9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 145, 'text': 'Woyciechowski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3202159d6e4140014626d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 375, 'text': 'the Salle Pleyel'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3202159d6e4140014626f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 88,\n",
              "      'text': \"38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbff116d243a140015ee46',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What address did Frédéric live at during his stay in Paris?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 172, 'text': 'a few blocks'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbff116d243a140015ee47',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How far down the road did Liszt live from Frédéric during this time?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 218, 'text': 'seven'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbff116d243a140015ee48',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many times did Frédéric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 382, 'text': 'Harriet Smithson'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbff116d243a140015ee49',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 709,\n",
              "      'text': 'Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cbff116d243a140015ee4a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 271, 'text': '2 April 1833'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf7c234df3c31400b0d832',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 665,\n",
              "      'text': 'the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf7c234df3c31400b0d834',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 709,\n",
              "      'text': 'Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf7c234df3c31400b0d835',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 132,\n",
              "      'text': 'the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d320bf59d6e41400146274',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When Liszt lived close to Chopin, where did he call home?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 218, 'text': 'seven'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d320bf59d6e41400146276',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 382, 'text': 'Harriet Smithson'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d320bf59d6e41400146277',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a \"tinge of jealousy and spite\" towards Liszt\\'s virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt\\'s theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin\\'s Op. 10 Études, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, \"I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.\" However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men\\'s romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d\\'Agoult\\'s obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt\\'s growing relationship with George Sand.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 128,\n",
              "      'text': 'love-hate relationship'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc02376d243a140015ee50',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Frédéric and Liszt?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 346,\n",
              "      'text': 'theatricality, showmanship and success'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc02376d243a140015ee51',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Frédéric?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 805, 'text': 'an apology'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc02376d243a140015ee52',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Frédéric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 983, 'text': 'my friend Liszt'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc02376d243a140015ee53',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Frédéric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 422, 'text': 'Op. 10 Études'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdb3e234ae51400d9bf7d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1168, 'text': \"Marie d'Agoult\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdb3e234ae51400d9bf7f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the name of Liszt's mistress?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 243, 'text': 'Liszt'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3227259d6e4140014627e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 Études to?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 243, 'text': 'Liszt'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3227259d6e4140014627f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1168, 'text': \"Marie d'Agoult\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3227259d6e41400146280',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the name of Liszt's mistress?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 499, 'text': 'Hiller'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3227259d6e41400146281',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1302, 'text': 'George Sand'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3227259d6e41400146282',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d\\'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska\\'s mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d\\'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin\\'s relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria\\'s side, was over.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 30, 'text': \"Marie d'Agoult\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc06496d243a140015ee5a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who was the host of the gathering where Frédéric was introduced to George Sand?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 713, 'text': 'My tragedy'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc06496d243a140015ee5d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What did Frédéric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 747, 'text': 'Grzymała'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc06496d243a140015ee5e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Frédéric?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 75, 'text': 'George Sand'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 503, 'text': 'his poor health'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 713, 'text': 'My tragedy'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 30, 'text': \"Marie d'Agoult\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3234159d6e41400146288',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 327, 'text': '1837'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3234159d6e41400146289',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What year did Maria Wodzińska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 713, 'text': 'My tragedy'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3234159d6e4140014628b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 747, 'text': 'Grzymała'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3234159d6e4140014628c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest, and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: \"I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ...\" The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand\\'s two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand\\'s 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand\\'s former lover Félicien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 28, 'text': 'London'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc07886d243a140015ee64',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What city did Frédéric visit in June 1837?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 214,\n",
              "      'text': 'his association with Sand began in earnest'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc07886d243a140015ee65',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What event occurred on Frédéric's return to Paris?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 324, 'text': 'six'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc07886d243a140015ee66',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many years older was George Sand compared to Frédéric?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 660, 'text': 'miserable'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc07886d243a140015ee67',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What adjective is used to describe Frédéric and Sand's time together during the winter of 1838?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1194, 'text': 'Valldemossa'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc07886d243a140015ee68',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Frédéric and Sand venture to after Majorca became unlivable when it was discovered they were not married?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 86, 'text': 'Camille Pleyel'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf97',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'With whom did Chopin go to London with in 1837?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 161, 'text': 'piano maker'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf98',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was James Broadwood's occupation?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 324, 'text': 'six years'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf99',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How much older was George Sands than Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 932, 'text': 'Félicien Mallefille'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf9a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"During Sands and Chopin's visit to Majorca who were they fleeing?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1161,\n",
              "      'text': 'a former Carthusian monastery'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf9b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 276, 'text': 'June 1838'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d323fb59d6e41400146292',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin and Sand become lovers?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 680, 'text': 'Majorca'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d323fb59d6e41400146293',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin and Sand go between November 1838 and February 1839?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 748, 'text': \"Sand's two children\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d323fb59d6e41400146294',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who joined Chopin and Sand on their trip to Majorca?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 932, 'text': 'Félicien Mallefille.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d323fb59d6e41400146295',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'One of the reasons Chopin and Sand went to Majorca was to escape the threats of who?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1161,\n",
              "      'text': 'a former Carthusian monastery'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d323fb59d6e41400146296',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin and Sand stay in Valldemossa?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about to die.\" He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. It finally arrived from Paris in December. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: \"I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs.\" Chopin was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 103, 'text': 'Three'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc08eb6d243a140015ee6e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many doctors saw Frédéric by the 3rd of December?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 272, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc08eb6d243a140015ee6f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Frédéric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 475, 'text': 'best possible condition'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc08eb6d243a140015ee70',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What condition did Frédéric describe the piano that arrived to him through many dangerous obstacles?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': '3'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfddc4234ae51400d9bfa1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many doctors visited Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 5, 'text': 'December'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfddc4234ae51400d9bfa2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What month did Chopin's piano arrive?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 39, 'text': 'his bad health'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d347fb59d6e4140014629c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin compalin about?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 261, 'text': 'his Pleyel piano'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d347fb59d6e4140014629d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 5, 'text': 'December'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d347fb59d6e4140014629f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What month did Chopin's Pleyel piano arrive in Majorca?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 265, 'text': 'Pleyel'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d347fb59d6e414001462a0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin send his Preludes to?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 8] The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orléans, living in adjacent buildings.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 46, 'text': 'bad weather'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc0d816d243a140015ee78',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is stated as having a negative effect on Frédéric's health during this productive time?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 232, 'text': 'Canuts'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc0d816d243a140015ee79',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 292, 'text': 'Marseilles'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc0d816d243a140015ee7a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What city did the group travel to in order to help Frédéric recover?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 424, 'text': 'Nohant'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc0d816d243a140015ee7b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Where was Sand's estate located where they stayed for the summers until 1846?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 726, 'text': \"Square d'Orléans\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc0d816d243a140015ee7c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Frédéric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 228, 'text': 'the Canuts'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who did Sand sell Chopin's piano to?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 292, 'text': 'Marseilles'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did the group travel to after Barcelona?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 424, 'text': 'Nohant'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Where was Sand's home?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 536, 'text': '5 rue Tronchet'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfde92234ae51400d9bfba',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"After returning to Paris where was Chopin's apartment?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 726, 'text': \"Square d'Orléans\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfde92234ae51400d9bfbb',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 42, 'text': 'the bad weather'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d34c7c59d6e414001462a6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What had a negative effect on Chopin's health?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 228, 'text': 'the Canuts.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d34c7c59d6e414001462a7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Sand sell the piano to?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 292, 'text': 'Marseilles'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d34c7c59d6e414001462a8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 726, 'text': \"Square d'Orléans\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d34c7c59d6e414001462a9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 424, 'text': 'Nohant'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d34c7c59d6e414001462aa',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did they spend most summers until 1846?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne. On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 240,\n",
              "      'text': \"Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc0f056d243a140015ee83',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What event were Chopin and Sand at on 26 July 1840?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 318, 'text': 'tenth'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc0f056d243a140015ee84',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What anniversary was the July Revolution that Sand and Chopin were present at a dress rehearsal for?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 28, 'text': 'Adolphe Nourrit'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'At whose funeral did Chopin play in 1839?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 99, 'text': 'organ'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What instrument did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 133,\n",
              "      'text': \"Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What piece did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 28, 'text': 'Adolphe Nourrit'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d34dea59d6e414001462b0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin attended the funeral of who in 1839?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 133,\n",
              "      'text': \"Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne.\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d34dea59d6e414001462b1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin play at the funeral?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 240,\n",
              "      'text': \"Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d34dea59d6e414001462b3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the dress rehearsal for?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 339, 'text': 'the July Revolution.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d34dea59d6e414001462b4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'It was in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of what?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839–43, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842:',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 152,\n",
              "      'text': 'Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc100b6d243a140015ee8a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is the example given of a work produced by Frédéric during calm summers at Nohant?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 253, 'text': 'Pauline Viardot'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc100b6d243a140015ee8c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 393, 'text': '7 June 1842'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc100b6d243a140015ee8d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'On what date did Delacroix write a letter based on his visit at Nohant?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 297,\n",
              "      'text': 'piano technique and composition'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfdf7b234ae51400d9bfd6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin help Pauline Viardot with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 221,\n",
              "      'text': 'Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d34ffe59d6e414001462bb',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who were two visitors to Chopin while in Nohant?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 297,\n",
              "      'text': 'piano technique and composition.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d34ffe59d6e414001462bc',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What two things did Chopin advise Viardot on?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 221, 'text': 'Delacroix'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d34ffe59d6e414001462bd',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who wrote a letter on June 7, 1842 about a stay in Nohant?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: \"I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much.\" He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard\\'s on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him \"hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain\", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin\\'s health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 5, 'text': '1842'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc12376d243a140015ee92',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In which year did Chopin begin experiencing a serious decline in health?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 122, 'text': 'Grzymała'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc12376d243a140015ee93',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'To whom did Chopin write a letter on 21 February 1842 about his agonizing pain?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 324,\n",
              "      'text': \"Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc12376d243a140015ee94',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What performance was Chopin forced to decline due to his increasing ill health?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 591, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc12376d243a140015ee95',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What instrument did Chopin play for Charles Hallé when the latter visited him?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 786, 'text': 'temporal lobe epilepsy'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc12376d243a140015ee96',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What has current day research suggested that Chopin was suffering from alongside his other illnesses?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 5, 'text': '1842'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfd9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Starting in what year did Chopin start showing evidence of very bad health?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 324,\n",
              "      'text': 'Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfda',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 786, 'text': 'temporal lobe epilepsy'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfdb',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What specific illness does modern evidence point to Chopin having?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'From 1842 onwards'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3536159d6e414001462c2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin show signs of serious illness?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 171, 'text': 'mouth and tonsils'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3536159d6e414001462c3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin wrote in 1842 that he had to lie in bed all day because what ached so much?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 272, 'text': 'Alkan'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3536159d6e414001462c4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin had to decline who's invitation in 1843 to particpate in a performance at Erard's?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 405, 'text': 'Charles Hallé'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3536159d6e414001462c5',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who visited Chopin in 1844 and wrote about his inability to move?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 786, 'text': 'temporal lobe epilepsy.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3536159d6e414001462c6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Modern medicine indicates Chopin may have suffered from what condition?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Chopin\\'s relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange\\'s fiancé, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger. The composer frequently took Solange\\'s side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand\\'s son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand\\'s radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer\\'s illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters—a rich actress and a prince in weak health—could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer\\'s galleys. In 1847 he did not visit Nohant, and he quietly ended their ten-year relationship following an angry correspondence which, in Sand\\'s words, made \"a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship.\" The two would never meet again.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 149, 'text': 'Auguste Clésinger'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc13956d243a140015ee9c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the name of Sand's daughter's fiance that contributed to deteriorating the relationship between Sand and Chopin?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 330, 'text': 'radical political pursuits'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc13956d243a140015ee9d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the interest Sand had that Chopin showed apathy towards?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 535, 'text': 'third child'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc13956d243a140015ee9e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Sand begin referring to Chopin as as his illness got worse?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 731, 'text': 'Lucrezia Floriani'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc13956d243a140015ee9f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the name of Sand's novel she published in reference to her situation with Chopin?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 701, 'text': '1847'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc13956d243a140015eea0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what year did Chopin and Sand ultimately bring their relationship to a close?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 44, 'text': '1846'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe169234ae51400d9bfeb',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"When did Chopin's relationship with Sand start to deteriorate?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 149, 'text': 'Auguste Clésinger'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe169234ae51400d9bfec',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Whom did Sand's daughter Solange become engaged to?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 731, 'text': 'Lucrezia Floriani'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe169234ae51400d9bfed',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What novel did Sand write in 1847?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 149, 'text': 'Auguste Clésinger.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d354c659d6e414001462cd',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was the fortune hunter engaged to Sand's daughter?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 497, 'text': 'nurse'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d354c659d6e414001462ce',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 731, 'text': 'Lucrezia Floriani'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d354c659d6e414001462cf',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the name of Sand's book where the main characters can be interpreted as Sand and Chopin?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 701, 'text': '1847'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d354c659d6e414001462d0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin end his relationship with Sand?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Chopin\\'s output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski opines that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\"',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 222, 'text': 'Op. 58 sonata'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc15956d243a140015eea8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the name of the single piece of work he wrote in 1844?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 315,\n",
              "      'text': 'more refined than many of his earlier compositions'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc15956d243a140015eea9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 119, 'text': 'a dozen'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many pieces did Chopin write in 1841?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 139, 'text': 'six'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 222, 'text': 'Op. 58 sonata'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What piece did Chopin compose in 1844?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 139, 'text': 'six'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e41',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many works did Chopin write in 1842?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 168, 'text': 'six shorter pieces'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e42',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many works did Chopin write in 1843?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 264, 'text': 'three mazurkas'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e44',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many works did Chopin write in 1845?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 202, 'text': 'February 1848'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc16bb6d243a140015eeb1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 234, 'text': 'Auguste Franchomme'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cc16bb6d243a140015eeb2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'With whom did Chopin perform his final concert?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 202, 'text': 'February 1848'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe20f234ae51400d9c003',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin last perform?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 234, 'text': 'Auguste Franchomme'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe20f234ae51400d9c004',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin last perform with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 177, 'text': 'struggle financially.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Plitical strife, popularity decline, instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 234, 'text': 'Auguste Franchomme'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 324, 'text': 'Cello'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Chopin's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin – The Women Behind The Music (2010), and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 31, 'text': 'BBC'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cea7efaab44d1400b888f5',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What television station made a documentary on Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 132,\n",
              "      'text': 'Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cea7efaab44d1400b888f6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What two people created a documentary on Chopin for Italian tv?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 59, 'text': 'The Women Behind The Music'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cea7efaab44d1400b888f7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the title of the documentary the BBC released?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 31, 'text': 'BBC'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f80',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What television station released a documentary on Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 50,\n",
              "      'text': 'Chopin – The Women Behind The Music'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f81',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the name of the documentary released by the BBC?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 132,\n",
              "      'text': 'Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f82',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What are the names of the two people that created a documentary for Italian tele vision?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 132,\n",
              "      'text': 'Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ad7a2ccc5a1400d82e2f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who did a work for Italian television about Chopin's life?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: La valse de l'adieu (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; Impromptu (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; La note bleue (1991); and Chopin: Desire for Love (2002).\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 119, 'text': 'A Song to Remember'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f90',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the name of the 1945 movie released about Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 145, 'text': 'Cornel Wilde'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f91',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is the name of the actor who received and Oscar nomination for his role as Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 301, 'text': '1928'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f92',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What year was  La valse de l'adieu released?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 384, 'text': 'Hugh Grant'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f93',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who starred as Chopin in Impromptu?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 37, 'text': 'George Sand'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f94',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopins relations with whom have been fictionalized in movies?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 119, 'text': 'A Song to Remember'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e24',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What 1945 film was a fictionalized accounting of the relationship between Chopin and Sand?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 145, 'text': 'Cornel Wilde'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e25',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who portrayed Chopin in A Song to Remember?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 330, 'text': 'Pierre Blanchar'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e27',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who portrayed Chopin in the 1928 film, La valse de l'adieu?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 384, 'text': 'Hugh Grant'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e28',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who portrayed Chopin in the 1991 film, Impromptu?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 188, 'text': '1901'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fac',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"When was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 179, 'text': 'Milan'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fad',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Where was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life created?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 147, 'text': 'Giacomo Orefice'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fae',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 56, 'text': 'Chopin'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is thought to be the first fictionalized work about Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 85, 'text': 'opera'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What style is the fictionalized \"Chopin\" in?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 147, 'text': 'Giacomo Orefice'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who wrote the fictionalized \"Chopin?\"'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 188, 'text': '1901.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 179, 'text': 'Milan'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these).',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 205, 'text': 'Leon Ulrich'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbd',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'An 1830 sonnet was written about Chopin by what man?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 275, 'text': 'Marcel Proust and André Gide'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbe',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Aside from George Sands what two French authors have written about Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 185, 'text': 'sonnet'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbf',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Leon Ulrich wrote about Chopin in what format?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 185,\n",
              "      'text': 'sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e02',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is the earliest sighting of Chopin in Polish Literature?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 180, 'text': '1830'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e03',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 422, 'text': 'English'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e04',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In addition to Polish and French, what other language has numerous biogrpahies of Chopin?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of The New York Times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman. The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 449, 'text': 'every five years.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'The Warsaw Chopin Society holds the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin how often?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 379,\n",
              "      'text': 'Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc5',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is the name of the event that The Warsaw Chopin Society holds?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 115, 'text': 'The New York Times'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"On Chopin's 200th anniversary critics of what publication made recommendations on recordings of Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 339, 'text': 'The Warsaw Chopin Society'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfc',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 449, 'text': 'every five years.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfd',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How often is the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings held?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 115, 'text': 'The New York Times'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfe',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Upon Chopin's bicentenary, who recommended a list of who should perform Chopin?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'The British Library notes that \"Chopin\\'s works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era.\" The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Vladimir Horowitz, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Paderewski, Arthur Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka and many others. A select discography of recordings of Chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from Chopin is given by Methuen-Campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 145, 'text': '1895'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5284aab44d1400b88fca',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year was the earliest Chopin recording created?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 183,\n",
              "      'text': 'Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5284aab44d1400b88fcb',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is the title of the earliest known recording of Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 165, 'text': 'Paul Pabst'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5284aab44d1400b88fcc',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'The British Library'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82dea',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What has stated that every pianist in the recording era has used Chopin's music?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 145, 'text': '1895'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82dec',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Pabst record his Chopin performance?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 586, 'text': 'Methuen-Campbell'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82ded',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who has given a discography of pianists' representation of Chopin's pedagogic style?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty societies world-wide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube as of January 2014.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 152,\n",
              "      'text': 'International Chopin Piano Competition'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5376aab44d1400b88fd8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is the name of the oldest music essay competition?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 203, 'text': '1927'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5376aab44d1400b88fd9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year was the International Chopin Piano Competition founded?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 237, 'text': 'Warsaw'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5376aab44d1400b88fda',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 217, 'text': 'every five years'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5376aab44d1400b88fdb',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How often is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': '1,500'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5376aab44d1400b88fdc',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland includes approximately how many recordings of Chopin's work from Youtube?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 148,\n",
              "      'text': 'the International Chopin Piano Competition'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is the world's oldest monographic music competition?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 203, 'text': '1927'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When was the International Chopin Piano Competition established?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 245,\n",
              "      'text': 'The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'There are over 80 societies throughout the world that have been established because of Chopin and his music according to who?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 408, 'text': 'nearly 1,500'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de5',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"How many known works of Chopin's music were on YouTube up to the beginning of 2014?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 43, 'text': 'Chopiniana'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5433aab44d1400b88fee',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is the name of the ballet that included Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 72, 'text': 'Michel Fokine'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5433aab44d1400b88fef',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 297, 'text': 'Les Sylphides'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopiniana later went by a different name, what is that name?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 106, 'text': 'Alexander Glazunov'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who orchestrated Chopiniana?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 31, 'text': '1909'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year was the Chopiniana released?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 43, 'text': 'Chopiniana'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82dda',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Which 1909 ballet used Chopin's music?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 72, 'text': 'Michel Fokine'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddb',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who choreographed Chopiniana?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 106, 'text': 'Alexander Glazunov.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddc',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who orchestrated Chopiniana?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 297, 'text': 'Les Sylphides.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddd',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Sergei Diaghilev obtained additional orchestrations for subsequent productions, using which title?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 62, 'text': 'London'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe4a4234ae51400d9c015',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 206, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe4a4234ae51400d9c016',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 62, 'text': 'London'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3711659d6e414001463ce',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 206,\n",
              "      'text': 'Jane Stirling and her elder sister'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3711659d6e414001463cf',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What two people suggested the 1848 tour?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 206, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3711659d6e414001463d0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 21, 'text': 'Revolution'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3711659d6e414001463d1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was happening in April 1848 in Paris?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 191, 'text': 'Scottish'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3711659d6e414001463d2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was Jane Stirling's national heritage?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea (£1.05 in present British currency) per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 34, 'text': 'Dover Street'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Chopin stay while in London?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 66, 'text': 'Broadwood'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What company provided Chopin with a piano while in London?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 147, 'text': 'Stafford House'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Where was Chopin's initial performance?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 185,\n",
              "      'text': 'Queen Victoria and Prince Albert'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What two notable guests were present during his premiere performance at Stafford House?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 647, 'text': '7 July'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What date did he perform with Viardot?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 34, 'text': 'Dover Street'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d372e959d6e41400146401',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What steet did Chopin stay on in London?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 94, 'text': 'a grand piano.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d372e959d6e41400146402',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Broadway provide for Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 185,\n",
              "      'text': 'Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d372e959d6e41400146403',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What two dignitaries where at his first performance in London?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 463, 'text': 'piano lessons'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d372e959d6e41400146404',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In addition to hearing him play, what else did people seek from Chopin in London?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 682, 'text': 'Viardot'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d372e959d6e41400146405',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who sang chopin arrangements on July 7 of the year Chopin was in London?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling\\'s family. She clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so. He wrote at this time to Grzymała \"My Scottish ladies are kind, but such bores\", and responding to a rumour about his involvement, answered that he was \"closer to the grave than the nuptial bed.\" He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote out his last will and testament—\"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere\", he wrote to Grzymała.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 56, 'text': 'Scotland'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe792234ae51400d9c05b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did Jane Stirling invite Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 777, 'text': 'Adam Łyszczyński'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe792234ae51400d9c05c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What doctor was with Chopin when he wrote out his will?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 56, 'text': 'Scotland'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3740c59d6e41400146423',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where was Chopin invited to in late summer?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 554, 'text': 'Glasgow'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3740c59d6e41400146426',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What city did Chopin perform at on September 27?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 817, 'text': 'will'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3740c59d6e41400146427',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin write while staying with Doctor Adam Łyszczyński?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 86, 'text': '16 November 1848'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe7f4234ae51400d9c05f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin last appear in public?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 73, 'text': 'Guildhall'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe7f4234ae51400d9c060',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Where was Chopin's last public performance?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 169, 'text': 'Polish refugees.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d375b859d6e41400146468',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 329, 'text': 'terminal'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d375b859d6e41400146469',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 64, 'text': \"London's Guildhall\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d375b859d6e4140014646b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Where was Chopin's last public performance?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 241, 'text': 'Delfina Potocka'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin play for while she sang?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 340, 'text': 'Chaillot'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In 1849 where did Chopin live?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 439, 'text': 'Princess Obreskoff'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was anonymously paying for Chopin's apartment?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 14, 'text': 'November'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d381b459d6e41400146591',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Chopin return to Paris?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 241, 'text': 'Delfina Potocka'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d381b459d6e41400146592',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin accompanied which singer for friends?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 340, 'text': 'Chaillot'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d381b459d6e41400146593',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where did his friends found Chopin an apartment in 1849?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 439, 'text': 'Princess Obreskoff.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d381b459d6e41400146594',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who paid for Chopin's apartment in Chaillot?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 467, 'text': 'June 1849'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d381b459d6e41400146595',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vendôme 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with him, although Viardot remarked sardonically that \"all the grand Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room.\"',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 91, 'text': 'June 1849'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe911234ae51400d9c085',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When did his sister come to stay with Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 247, 'text': 'Place Vendôme 12'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe911234ae51400d9c086',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In September 1849 where did Chopin take up residence?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 101, 'text': 'his sister'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3823659d6e414001465b6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which family member came to Paris in June 1849?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 139, 'text': 'her husband and daughter'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3823659d6e414001465b7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who accompanied Chopin's sister to Paris?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 208, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3823659d6e414001465b8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who gave Chopin a loan in September for an apartment?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 493, 'text': 'to faint'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3823659d6e414001465b9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What did Parisian ladies consider proper etiquette when in Chopin's room?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin requested that his body be opened after death (for fear of being buried alive) and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross. He also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan for completion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. \"No longer\", he replied. He died a few minutes before two o\\'clock in the morning. Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand\\'s daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange\\'s husband Clésinger made Chopin\\'s death mask and a cast of his left hand.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 167,\n",
              "      'text': 'fear of being buried alive'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Why did Chopin request being cut open after his death?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 492, 'text': '\"No longer\"'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 781, 'text': 'Clésinger'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who made Chopin's death mask?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 167, 'text': 'fear of being buried alive'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38a4a59d6e414001466bb',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Why did Chopin want his body opened when he died?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 820, 'text': 'a cast of his left hand.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38a4a59d6e414001466bf',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What did Solange's husband make hours after Chopin's death along with his death mask?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. However, the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved. Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 124, 'text': 'tuberculosis'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is listed as Chopin's official cause of death?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 157, 'text': 'Jean Cruveilhier'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the name of Chopin's doctor?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 450, 'text': 'DNA testing'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b5',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What has the Polish government not allowed to find true cause of death?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 124, 'text': 'tuberculosis'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38ac959d6e414001466cf',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the cause of death on Chopin's death certificate?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 157, 'text': 'Jean Cruveilhier'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38ac959d6e414001466d0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was Chopin's physician?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 279, 'text': 'cystic fibrosis'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38ac959d6e414001466d1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Other possiblities for Chopin's death include cirrhosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and what?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 518, 'text': 'the Polish government.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38ac959d6e414001466d2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 25,\n",
              "      'text': 'Church of the Madeleine'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0b9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Where was Chopin's funeral held?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 78, 'text': 'two weeks'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0ba',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 189, 'text': 'Over 3,000'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0bb',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"How many people arrived for Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 21,\n",
              "      'text': 'the Church of the Madeleine in Paris'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38ba459d6e414001466e7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Where was Chopin's funeral held?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 78, 'text': 'two weeks'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38ba459d6e414001466e8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 189, 'text': 'Over 3,000'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38ba459d6e414001466eb',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many people arrived without an invitation?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The funeral procession to Père Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': \"Mozart's Requiem\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0bf',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What song was sung at Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 291, 'text': 'Louis Lefébure-Wély'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was the organist at Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 422, 'text': 'Prince Adam Czartoryski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who led Chopin's funeral procession?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 537,\n",
              "      'text': \"Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was played at his graveside?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': \"Mozart's Requiem\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38c2b59d6e41400146703',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What Mozart song was sung at Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 291, 'text': 'Louis Lefébure-Wély'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38c2b59d6e41400146704',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was the organist for Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 338, 'text': 'Père Lachaise Cemetery'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38c2b59d6e41400146705',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which cemetery was Chopin buried in?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 422, 'text': 'Prince Adam Czartoryski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38c2b59d6e41400146706',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who led the funeral procession?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 533,\n",
              "      'text': \"the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38c2b59d6e41400146707',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was played at Chopin's graveside?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's heart in an urn, preserved in alcohol, back to Poland in 1850.[n 9] She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who seems to have destroyed them.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 115, 'text': 'Clésinger'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cd',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who sculpted Chopin's tombstone?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 49, 'text': 'Euterpe'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0ce',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin's tombstone?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 181, 'text': '5,000 francs'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cf',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"How much did Chopin's funeral cost?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 211, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who paid for Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 351, 'text': 'alcohol'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 115, 'text': 'Clésinger.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38cc659d6e4140014672b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who designed Chopin's tombstone?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 181, 'text': '5,000 francs'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38cc659d6e4140014672c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"How much did Chopin's funeral and monument cost?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 211, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38cc659d6e4140014672d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who paid for Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 273, 'text': 'sister'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38cc659d6e4140014672e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who took Chopin's heart to Poland?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 444, 'text': 'Sand'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38cc659d6e4140014672f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Over 230'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"How many of Chopin's works still exist?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 121, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'All of his pieces include what instrument?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Over 230'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38cfe59d6e4140014673b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many Chopin pieces are known to have survived?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 210, 'text': 'chamber music.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38cfe59d6e4140014673c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Only a few of Chopin's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi\\'s piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel\\'s development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin\\'s early works are in the style of the \"brilliant\" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for example, his fioriture) is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 69, 'text': 'Clementi'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfed0f234ae51400d9c0db',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 69, 'text': 'Clementi'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38d6559d6e4140014674f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 235, 'text': 'Bach and Mozart'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38d6559d6e41400146750',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 51, 'text': 'Haydn'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38d6559d6e41400146751',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert étude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837).',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 80, 'text': 'John Field'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who is credited with creating the nocturne?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 155, 'text': 'ballades and scherzi'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 39, 'text': 'nocturne'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38fa059d6e41400146771',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What new genre di John Field invent?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 155, 'text': 'ballades and scherzi'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38fa059d6e41400146772',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin was first in writing what for concerts?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 370, 'text': 'concert étude'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38fa059d6e41400146773',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What musical concept did Chopin exploit?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 435,\n",
              "      'text': 'Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d38fa059d6e41400146774',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What three other musicians were developing the new genre?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin\\'s mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op. 26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form. His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 363, 'text': 'seven'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': 'nine'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many polonaises were published after Chopin died?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 96, 'text': 'mazurkas'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 660, 'text': 'faster tempos'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0fa',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 47,\n",
              "      'text': 'greater range of melody and expression.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d390b559d6e41400146789',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 243, 'text': 'concert hall'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d390b559d6e4140014678a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 307, 'text': 'the mazurka'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d390b559d6e4140014678b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': 'nine'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d390b559d6e4140014678c',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 545, 'text': 'waltzes'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d390b559d6e4140014678d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the Revolutionary Étude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The Funeral March, the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 77,\n",
              "      'text': 'the Revolutionary Étude'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is another title Op. 10, No. 12 has garnered? '},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 192, 'text': 'Funeral March'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 623, 'text': 'Sonata No. 2'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'The Funeral March was written as part of what piece?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 650, 'text': 'one'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3913859d6e41400146793',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many instrumental works did Chopin give a descriptive name to?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 81, 'text': 'Revolutionary Étude'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3913859d6e41400146795',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What descriptive name was Op. 10, No. 12 given?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 127, 'text': 'Minute Waltz'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3913859d6e41400146796',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What descriptive name was Op. 64, No. 1 given?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66–73), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 50, 'text': '65'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff00f234ae51400d9c113',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 259, 'text': 'Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff00f234ae51400d9c115',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was Chopin's musical executor?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 283, 'text': '23'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff00f234ae51400d9c116',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 402, 'text': '17'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff00f234ae51400d9c117',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 50, 'text': '65'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3929359d6e4140014679d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is the last opus number that Chopin used?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 259, 'text': 'Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3929359d6e4140014679f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp. 66-73 in 1855?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 396, 'text': '1857'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3929359d6e414001467a1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'When was Op. 74 published?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 285, 'text': 'Krystyna Kobylańska'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff0c3234ae51400d9c123',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'The Kobylańska Catalogue was named for who?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 22, 'text': '1857'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff0c3234ae51400d9c124',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Pieces published after what year stopped receiving opus numbers?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 41,\n",
              "      'text': 'alternative catalogue designations'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3946659d6e414001467af',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What have pieces published after 1857 been given rather than opus numbers?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 168, 'text': 'the Kobylańska Catalogue'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3946659d6e414001467b0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is the current musicologist reference for Chopin's pieces?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 231, 'text': 'KK'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3946659d6e414001467b1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What is the shortened reference for the Kobylańska Catalogue?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 285, 'text': 'Krystyna Kobylańska.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3946659d6e414001467b2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who compiled the Kobylańska Catalogue?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Chopin\\'s original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin\\'s works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish \"National Edition\", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 187, 'text': 'Breitkopf & Härtel'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff179234ae51400d9c131',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who released the first collection of Chopin's works?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 403, 'text': 'Jan Ekier'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff179234ae51400d9c133',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who edited the Polish \"National Edition\" of Chopin\\'s works?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 9, 'text': 'original publishers'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3971459d6e414001467cd',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel were what to Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 112,\n",
              "      'text': 'popular 19th-century piano anthologies.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3971459d6e414001467ce',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Where did Chopin's work start t oshow up?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 303, 'text': 'Paderewski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3971459d6e414001467cf',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin's work form 1937 to 1966?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 403, 'text': 'Jan Ekier'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3971459d6e414001467d0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who edited the Polish National Edition?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin\\'s creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that \"improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience\\'s expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form.\" The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be \"merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative\". After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello; \"instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure.\" Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin\\'s individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Improvisation'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff256234ae51400d9c145',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is central to Chopin's process?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 879, 'text': 'the four-bar phrase'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff256234ae51400d9c146',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Improvisation'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d398a859d6e414001467e5',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is central to Chopin's creativeness?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 116, 'text': 'Nicholas Temperley'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d398a859d6e414001467e6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who wrote that \"improvisation is designed for an audience\"?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 854,\n",
              "      'text': 'his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d398a859d6e414001467e7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'J. Barrie Jones suggests that \"amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme\", and adds that \"the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin\\'s rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody.\" Temperley opines that these works, which contain \"immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail\", are based on an extended \"departure and return\" form; \"the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes.\"',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 154, 'text': 'the Barcarolle Op. 60'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff2e0234ae51400d9c14b',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin's palette?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 87,\n",
              "      'text': 'the four ballades and four scherzos'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3997e59d6e414001467ed',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 426, 'text': 'departure and return'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3997e59d6e414001467ef',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What form does Temperley feel that Chopin's ballades and scherzos are based on?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 135, 'text': 'folk features'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff351234ae51400d9c14d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? \"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 41,\n",
              "      'text': 'straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39a6a59d6e414001467f3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 9, 'text': 'mazurkas'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39a6a59d6e414001467f4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 241, 'text': 'drone bass'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39a6a59d6e414001467f5',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What type of bass do Chopin's mazurkas exhibit?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 344,\n",
              "      'text': \"a canon at one beat's distance\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39a6a59d6e414001467f6',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 193, 'text': 'triple time'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff390234ae51400d9c151',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What time are Chopin's polonaises written in?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 127, 'text': 'Elsner'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39abf59d6e414001467fd',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 229, 'text': 'martial'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39abf59d6e414001467fe',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 345, 'text': 'formidable'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39abf59d6e414001467ff',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 4, 'text': '21'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff3f4234ae51400d9c153',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many nocturnes did Chopin compose?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 177, 'text': 'agitated expression'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff3f4234ae51400d9c154',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What is it about the middle of Chopin's nocturnes that increases their drama?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 84, 'text': 'Field'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39bdf59d6e41400146807',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin's nocturnes were more structured than who?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 110, 'text': '1833'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39bdf59d6e41400146808',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What year did Chopin meet Field?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 7, 'text': 'nocturnes'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39bdf59d6e41400146809',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Which type of Chopin's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Chopin's études are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing—for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No.  7).\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 9, 'text': 'études'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff427234ae51400d9c157',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 31, 'text': 'straightforward ternary'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39c5359d6e4140014680d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What form are most of Chopin's études in?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 9, 'text': 'études'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39c5359d6e4140014680e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as \"the beginnings of studies\". Inspired by J.S. Bach\\'s The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin\\'s preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach\\'s chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality. The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the Étude Op. 10 No. 5.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 211,\n",
              "      'text': 'The Well-Tempered Clavier'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff49a234ae51400d9c161',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 588, 'text': 'Kenneth Hamilton'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff49a234ae51400d9c162',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'The preludes'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39cea59d6e41400146811',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was described as \"the beginning of studies\" by Schumann?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 199,\n",
              "      'text': \"J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39cea59d6e41400146812',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What inspired Chopin for his preludes?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 506,\n",
              "      'text': 'generic preludes to others of his pieces'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39cea59d6e41400146813',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 643, 'text': 'Ferruccio Busoni'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39cea59d6e41400146814',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who did a recording where Étude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique—\"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the German sonata principle\". The last movement, a brief (75-bar) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout, was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries, including Schumann. The Op. 58 sonata is closer to the German tradition, including many passages of complex counterpoint, \"worthy of Brahms\" according to the music historians Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 104, 'text': 'four'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff536234ae51400d9c165',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many movements are No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58 in?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 693,\n",
              "      'text': 'Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff536234ae51400d9c166',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What two people claimed that Op 58 was \"worthy of Brahms\"?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 104, 'text': 'four'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39ed559d6e41400146825',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'How many movements are in No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 349, 'text': 'The last movement'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39ed559d6e41400146826',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which movement was found lacking in musicality by Schumann?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 72, 'text': 'Op. 58'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39ed559d6e41400146827',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'According to music historians, which sonata is similar to German tradition and worthy of Brahms?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Chopin\\'s harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works \"novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment\", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key (neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths), or by sudden shifts to remote keys. Chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality of later composers such as Claude Debussy, as does Chopin\\'s use of modal harmony.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 512, 'text': 'Claude Debussy'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff5a8234ae51400d9c173',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 9, 'text': 'harmonic innovations'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39fa059d6e41400146831',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What likely arose due to Chopin's technique with keyboards?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 96, 'text': 'Temperley'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d39fa059d6e41400146832',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who wrote about Chopin\\'s \"novel harmonic effects\"?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'In 1841, Léon Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, \"One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace.\" Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique. In his Projet de méthode he wrote: \"Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm.\" He further stated: \"One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity.\" The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin\\'s music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of grace notes, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 523,\n",
              "      'text': 'independent finger technique'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff635234ae51400d9c184',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What was Chopin's style based upon?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 9, 'text': 'Léon Escudier'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a0d159d6e41400146835',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 556, 'text': 'his Projet de méthode'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a0d159d6e41400146837',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his \"one worthy successor\" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin\\'s use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous études and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin\\'s works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martinů, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 183, 'text': 'Karol Szymanowski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff6f3234ae51400d9c191',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 392, 'text': 'national modes and idioms'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff6f3234ae51400d9c192',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 584, 'text': 'Nikolai Zverev'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff6f3234ae51400d9c193',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 183, 'text': 'Karol Szymanowski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc8',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 419, 'text': 'Alexander Scriabin'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc9',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who was devoted to the music of Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 584, 'text': 'Nikolai Zverev'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dca',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the \"conservatory\" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin\\'s more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that \"concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art.\" Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as \"always crescendo to a high note\", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin \"has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn\". Hiller wrote that \"What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers.\"',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Jonathan Bellman'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff817234ae51400d9c1a3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin's preference of intimate performances?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 500, 'text': 'rigid procedures'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff817234ae51400d9c1a4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin tend to avoid?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 566,\n",
              "      'text': '\"always crescendo to a high note\"'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff817234ae51400d9c1a5',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What has been falsely credited to Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 378,\n",
              "      'text': 'hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a1e959d6e41400146841',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What did Chopin tell a student is given up in concerts?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 699, 'text': 'Berlioz'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a1e959d6e41400146842',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who wrote about Chopin\\'s \"chromatic embroidery\"?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 944, 'text': 'Hiller'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a1e959d6e41400146843',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who wrote that Chopin\\'s music, when played by him, became a \"colorful wreath of flowers\"?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Chopin\\'s music is frequently played with rubato, \"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, \\'robbing\\' some note-values for expressive effect\". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that \"most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ... An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin\\'s pupil, Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice.\"',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 41, 'text': 'rubato'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff885234ae51400d9c1b3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Chopin's compositions are often played with what?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 50,\n",
              "      'text': 'the practice in performance of disregarding strict time'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff885234ae51400d9c1b4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What does rubato mean?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 41, 'text': 'rubato'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a2cd59d6e41400146849',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 366, 'text': 'mazurkas'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a2cd59d6e4140014684a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Friederike Müller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: \"[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was \\'He—or she—does not know how to join two notes together.\\' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced rubatos, as well as exaggerated ritardandos ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.\"',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Friederike Müller'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cff905234ae51400d9c1b7',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Friederike Müller'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a32259d6e4140014684f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 364, 'text': 'rhythm.'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a32259d6e41400146851',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'According to Friederike Müller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer\\'s strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that \"Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November 1830 rising], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know that in Chopin\\'s works, in the simple strains of his mazurkas, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopin\\'s works are cannon buried in flowers!\" The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt (but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein) claims that Chopin \"must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation.\"',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 91, 'text': 'sense of nationalism'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1cf',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin was noted as introducing music to what?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 130, 'text': '1836'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d0',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What year did Schumann review Chopin's piano concertos?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 224, 'text': 'Poland'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"In his review Schumann made note of Chopin's emotions for what?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 293,\n",
              "      'text': 'the failure of the November 1830'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 730,\n",
              "      'text': 'Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"A biography on Chopin released under Franz Liszt's name was likely written by who?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 22, 'text': 'polonaises'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a3df59d6e4140014685f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Chopin was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 113, 'text': 'Schumann'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a3df59d6e41400146860',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who wrote a glowing review of Chopin's love for his country through his music in 1836?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 623, 'text': 'flowers'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a3df59d6e41400146861',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Schumann described Chopin's music as cannons buried in what?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 730,\n",
              "      'text': 'Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a3df59d6e41400146862',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Though Franz Liszt is credited with Chopin's 1863 biography, who probably actually wrote it?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin\\'s primacy as a \"nationalist\" or \"patriotic\" composer. George Golos refers to earlier \"nationalist\" composers in Central Europe, including Poland\\'s Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin\\'s experience of Polish music came more from \"urbanised\" Warsaw versions than from folk music, and that attempts (by Jachimecki and others) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis. Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann\\'s attitude toward Chopin\\'s works as patronizing and comments that Chopin \"felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely\" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 300, 'text': 'Barbara Milewski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who said that Chopin\\'s familiarity with Polish music was more \"urbanised\"  than true folk music?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 212,\n",
              "      'text': 'Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? \"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 543, 'text': 'Richard Taruskin'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a46a59d6e41400146869',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who said Chopin's works were modeled after Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field?\"}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: \"Undoubtedly [Chopin\\'s] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom. Although Chopin\\'s music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ...\"',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 443, 'text': 'intuitive'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffba5234ae51400d9c1f1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"William Atwood suggested that Chopin's music wasn't purposely patriotic but what?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 386, 'text': 'freedom'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a51459d6e41400146877',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 249, 'text': 'Europe and the New World'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a51459d6e41400146878',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Where were Poles scattered to?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': 'Jones comments that \"Chopin\\'s unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned.\" He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—\"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons\"—and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that \"his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional\" among his romantic contemporaries, such as Liszt and Henri Herz.',\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 716, 'text': 'Byronic flamboyance'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffc2b234ae51400d9c1ff',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 838, 'text': 'Liszt and Henri Herz'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffc2b234ae51400d9c200',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 214, 'text': 'Paris'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a65259d6e41400146888',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 670, 'text': 'Arthur Hutchings'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a65259d6e4140014688a',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 138, 'text': 'Carnaval'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20d',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 179, 'text': 'Ballade No. 2 in F major'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20e',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? \"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 324, 'text': 'six'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20f',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"How many of Chopin's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 389, 'text': 'Alkan'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffcf3234ae51400d9c210',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 9,\n",
              "      'text': 'qualities as a pianist and composer'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a74159d6e414001468a1',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 138, 'text': 'Carnaval'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a74159d6e414001468a2',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 179, 'text': 'Ballade No. 2 in F major'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a74159d6e414001468a3',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 269, 'text': 'Liszt'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a74159d6e414001468a4',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work?'}]},\n",
              " {'context': \"Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Édouard Wolff (1816–1880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano Études to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand.\",\n",
              "  'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 392, 'text': 'Debussy'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffdaa234ae51400d9c226',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'Who dedicated his 1915 piano Études to Chopin?'},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 612, 'text': 'Jacques Durand'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56cffdaa234ae51400d9c227',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 197, 'text': 'Raoul Koczalski'}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a85259d6e414001468aa',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': \"Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music?\"},\n",
              "   {'answers': [{'answer_start': 7, 'text': \"Chopin's\"}],\n",
              "    'id': '56d3a85259d6e414001468ac',\n",
              "    'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "    'question': 'What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire?'}]}]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 14
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 137
        },
        "id": "rE0cc6Rr6e-j",
        "outputId": "83f7de32-786a-42c0-b2d2-ba5530e01c8a"
      },
      "source": [
        "# next we want to access context into each paragraph:\n",
        "squad_dict['data'][1]['paragraphs'][0]['context']\n",
        "\n",
        "#squad_dict['data'][1]['paragraphs'][2]['context']"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            },
            "text/plain": [
              "'Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: \\u200b[fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 15
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "lydCKI3S9IUo",
        "outputId": "bc9a807a-3107-456b-e37d-904e0a6ff134"
      },
      "source": [
        "for passage in group['paragraphs']:\n",
        "  print(passage['context'])\n"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Before the 20th century, the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound. This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise from its (possibly massless) constituents' motion and interaction energies. Thus, matter does not have a universal definition, nor is it a fundamental concept in physics today. Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substance that makes up all observable physical objects.\n",
            "All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze are composed of atoms. This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particles—usually a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a cloud of orbiting electrons. Typically, science considers these composite particles matter because they have both rest mass and volume. By contrast, massless particles, such as photons, are not considered matter, because they have neither rest mass nor volume. However, not all particles with rest mass have a classical volume, since fundamental particles such as quarks and leptons (sometimes equated with matter) are considered \"point particles\" with no effective size or volume. Nevertheless, quarks and leptons together make up \"ordinary matter\", and their interactions contribute to the effective volume of the composite particles that make up ordinary matter.\n",
            "Matter commonly exists in four states (or phases): solid, liquid and gas, and plasma. However, advances in experimental techniques have revealed other previously theoretical phases, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates. A focus on an elementary-particle view of matter also leads to new phases of matter, such as the quark–gluon plasma. For much of the history of the natural sciences people have contemplated the exact nature of matter. The idea that matter was built of discrete building blocks, the so-called particulate theory of matter, was first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus (~490 BC) and Democritus (~470–380 BC).\n",
            "Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics. For example, mass is a conserved quantity, which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. However, matter is not conserved in such systems, although this is not obvious in ordinary conditions on Earth, where matter is approximately conserved. Still, special relativity shows that matter may disappear by conversion into energy, even inside closed systems, and it can also be created from energy, within such systems. However, because mass (like energy) can neither be created nor destroyed, the quantity of mass and the quantity of energy remain the same during a transformation of matter (which represents a certain amount of energy) into non-material (i.e., non-matter) energy. This is also true in the reverse transformation of energy into matter.\n",
            "Different fields of science use the term matter in different, and sometimes incompatible, ways. Some of these ways are based on loose historical meanings, from a time when there was no reason to distinguish mass and matter. As such, there is no single universally agreed scientific meaning of the word \"matter\". Scientifically, the term \"mass\" is well-defined, but \"matter\" is not. Sometimes in the field of physics \"matter\" is simply equated with particles that exhibit rest mass (i.e., that cannot travel at the speed of light), such as quarks and leptons. However, in both physics and chemistry, matter exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties, the so-called wave–particle duality.\n",
            "In the context of relativity, mass is not an additive quantity, in the sense that one can add the rest masses of particles in a system to get the total rest mass of the system. Thus, in relativity usually a more general view is that it is not the sum of rest masses, but the energy–momentum tensor that quantifies the amount of matter. This tensor gives the rest mass for the entire system. \"Matter\" therefore is sometimes considered as anything that contributes to the energy–momentum of a system, that is, anything that is not purely gravity. This view is commonly held in fields that deal with general relativity such as cosmology. In this view, light and other massless particles and fields are part of matter.\n",
            "The reason for this is that in this definition, electromagnetic radiation (such as light) as well as the energy of electromagnetic fields contributes to the mass of systems, and therefore appears to add matter to them. For example, light radiation (or thermal radiation) trapped inside a box would contribute to the mass of the box, as would any kind of energy inside the box, including the kinetic energy of particles held by the box. Nevertheless, isolated individual particles of light (photons) and the isolated kinetic energy of massive particles, are normally not considered to be matter.[citation needed]\n",
            "A source of definition difficulty in relativity arises from two definitions of mass in common use, one of which is formally equivalent to total energy (and is thus observer dependent), and the other of which is referred to as rest mass or invariant mass and is independent of the observer. Only \"rest mass\" is loosely equated with matter (since it can be weighed). Invariant mass is usually applied in physics to unbound systems of particles. However, energies which contribute to the \"invariant mass\" may be weighed also in special circumstances, such as when a system that has invariant mass is confined and has no net momentum (as in the box example above). Thus, a photon with no mass may (confusingly) still add mass to a system in which it is trapped. The same is true of the kinetic energy of particles, which by definition is not part of their rest mass, but which does add rest mass to systems in which these particles reside (an example is the mass added by the motion of gas molecules of a bottle of gas, or by the thermal energy of any hot object).\n",
            "Since such mass (kinetic energies of particles, the energy of trapped electromagnetic radiation and stored potential energy of repulsive fields) is measured as part of the mass of ordinary matter in complex systems, the \"matter\" status of \"massless particles\" and fields of force becomes unclear in such systems. These problems contribute to the lack of a rigorous definition of matter in science, although mass is easier to define as the total stress–energy above (this is also what is weighed on a scale, and what is the source of gravity).[citation needed]\n",
            "A definition of \"matter\" more fine-scale than the atoms and molecules definition is: matter is made up of what atoms and molecules are made of, meaning anything made of positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and negatively charged electrons. This definition goes beyond atoms and molecules, however, to include substances made from these building blocks that are not simply atoms or molecules, for example white dwarf matter—typically, carbon and oxygen nuclei in a sea of degenerate electrons. At a microscopic level, the constituent \"particles\" of matter such as protons, neutrons, and electrons obey the laws of quantum mechanics and exhibit wave–particle duality. At an even deeper level, protons and neutrons are made up of quarks and the force fields (gluons) that bind them together (see Quarks and leptons definition below).\n",
            "Leptons (the most famous being the electron), and quarks (of which baryons, such as protons and neutrons, are made) combine to form atoms, which in turn form molecules. Because atoms and molecules are said to be matter, it is natural to phrase the definition as: ordinary matter is anything that is made of the same things that atoms and molecules are made of. (However, notice that one also can make from these building blocks matter that is not atoms or molecules.) Then, because electrons are leptons, and protons, and neutrons are made of quarks, this definition in turn leads to the definition of matter as being quarks and leptons, which are the two types of elementary fermions. Carithers and Grannis state: Ordinary matter is composed entirely of first-generation particles, namely the [up] and [down] quarks, plus the electron and its neutrino. (Higher generations particles quickly decay into first-generation particles, and thus are not commonly encountered.)\n",
            "The quark–lepton definition of ordinary matter, however, identifies not only the elementary building blocks of matter, but also includes composites made from the constituents (atoms and molecules, for example). Such composites contain an interaction energy that holds the constituents together, and may constitute the bulk of the mass of the composite. As an example, to a great extent, the mass of an atom is simply the sum of the masses of its constituent protons, neutrons and electrons. However, digging deeper, the protons and neutrons are made up of quarks bound together by gluon fields (see dynamics of quantum chromodynamics) and these gluons fields contribute significantly to the mass of hadrons. In other words, most of what composes the \"mass\" of ordinary matter is due to the binding energy of quarks within protons and neutrons. For example, the sum of the mass of the three quarks in a nucleon is approximately 7001125000000000000♠12.5 MeV/c2, which is low compared to the mass of a nucleon (approximately 7002938000000000000♠938 MeV/c2). The bottom line is that most of the mass of everyday objects comes from the interaction energy of its elementary components.\n",
            "The Standard Model groups matter particles into three generations, where each generation consists of two quarks and two leptons. The first generation is the up and down quarks, the electron and the electron neutrino; the second includes the charm and strange quarks, the muon and the muon neutrino; the third generation consists of the top and bottom quarks and the tau and tau neutrino. The most natural explanation for this would be that quarks and leptons of higher generations are excited states of the first generations. If this turns out to be the case, it would imply that quarks and leptons are composite particles, rather than elementary particles.\n",
            "Baryonic matter is the part of the universe that is made of baryons (including all atoms). This part of the universe does not include dark energy, dark matter, black holes or various forms of degenerate matter, such as compose white dwarf stars and neutron stars. Microwave light seen by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), suggests that only about 4.6% of that part of the universe within range of the best telescopes (that is, matter that may be visible because light could reach us from it), is made of baryonic matter. About 23% is dark matter, and about 72% is dark energy.\n",
            "In physics, degenerate matter refers to the ground state of a gas of fermions at a temperature near absolute zero. The Pauli exclusion principle requires that only two fermions can occupy a quantum state, one spin-up and the other spin-down. Hence, at zero temperature, the fermions fill up sufficient levels to accommodate all the available fermions—and in the case of many fermions, the maximum kinetic energy (called the Fermi energy) and the pressure of the gas becomes very large, and depends on the number of fermions rather than the temperature, unlike normal states of matter.\n",
            "Strange matter is a particular form of quark matter, usually thought of as a liquid of up, down, and strange quarks. It is contrasted with nuclear matter, which is a liquid of neutrons and protons (which themselves are built out of up and down quarks), and with non-strange quark matter, which is a quark liquid that contains only up and down quarks. At high enough density, strange matter is expected to be color superconducting. Strange matter is hypothesized to occur in the core of neutron stars, or, more speculatively, as isolated droplets that may vary in size from femtometers (strangelets) to kilometers (quark stars).\n",
            "In bulk, matter can exist in several different forms, or states of aggregation, known as phases, depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and so forth). These phases include the three familiar ones (solids, liquids, and gases), as well as more exotic states of matter (such as plasmas, superfluids, supersolids, Bose–Einstein condensates, ...). A fluid may be a liquid, gas or plasma. There are also paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials. As conditions change, matter may change from one phase into another. These phenomena are called phase transitions, and are studied in the field of thermodynamics. In nanomaterials, the vastly increased ratio of surface area to volume results in matter that can exhibit properties entirely different from those of bulk material, and not well described by any bulk phase (see nanomaterials for more details).\n",
            "In particle physics and quantum chemistry, antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come into contact with each other, the two annihilate; that is, they may both be converted into other particles with equal energy in accordance with Einstein's equation E = mc2. These new particles may be high-energy photons (gamma rays) or other particle–antiparticle pairs. The resulting particles are endowed with an amount of kinetic energy equal to the difference between the rest mass of the products of the annihilation and the rest mass of the original particle–antiparticle pair, which is often quite large.\n",
            "Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth, except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities (as the result of radioactive decay, lightning or cosmic rays). This is because antimatter that came to exist on Earth outside the confines of a suitable physics laboratory would almost instantly meet the ordinary matter that Earth is made of, and be annihilated. Antiparticles and some stable antimatter (such as antihydrogen) can be made in tiny amounts, but not in enough quantity to do more than test a few of its theoretical properties.\n",
            "There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance of antimatter requires an asymmetry in physical laws called the charge parity (or CP symmetry) violation. CP symmetry violation can be obtained from the Standard Model, but at this time the apparent asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the visible universe is one of the great unsolved problems in physics. Possible processes by which it came about are explored in more detail under baryogenesis.\n",
            "In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory require that this matter have energy and mass, but is not composed of either elementary fermions (as above) OR gauge bosons. The commonly accepted view is that most of the dark matter is non-baryonic in nature. As such, it is composed of particles as yet unobserved in the laboratory. Perhaps they are supersymmetric particles, which are not Standard Model particles, but relics formed at very high energies in the early phase of the universe and still floating about.\n",
            "The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world. Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world. Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless: the Infinite (apeiron). Anaximenes (flourished 585 BC, d. 528 BC) posited that the basic stuff was pneuma or air. Heraclitus (c. 535–c. 475 BC) seems to say the basic element is fire, though perhaps he means that all is change. Empedocles (c. 490–430 BC) spoke of four elements of which everything was made: earth, water, air, and fire. Meanwhile, Parmenides argued that change does not exist, and Democritus argued that everything is composed of minuscule, inert bodies of all shapes called atoms, a philosophy called atomism. All of these notions had deep philosophical problems.\n",
            "For example, a horse eats grass: the horse changes the grass into itself; the grass as such does not persist in the horse, but some aspect of it—its matter—does. The matter is not specifically described (e.g., as atoms), but consists of whatever persists in the change of substance from grass to horse. Matter in this understanding does not exist independently (i.e., as a substance), but exists interdependently (i.e., as a \"principle\") with form and only insofar as it underlies change. It can be helpful to conceive of the relationship of matter and form as very similar to that between parts and whole. For Aristotle, matter as such can only receive actuality from form; it has no activity or actuality in itself, similar to the way that parts as such only have their existence in a whole (otherwise they would be independent wholes).\n",
            "For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthinking, extended substance. They are independent things. In contrast, Aristotle defines matter and the formal/forming principle as complementary principles that together compose one independent thing (substance). In short, Aristotle defines matter (roughly speaking) as what things are actually made of (with a potential independent existence), but Descartes elevates matter to an actual independent thing in itself.\n",
            "Isaac Newton (1643–1727) inherited Descartes' mechanical conception of matter. In the third of his \"Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy\", Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as \"extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia\". Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as \"solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable particles\", which were \"...even so very hard as never to wear or break in pieces\". The \"primary\" properties of matter were amenable to mathematical description, unlike \"secondary\" qualities such as color or taste. Like Descartes, Newton rejected the essential nature of secondary qualities.\n",
            "There is an entire literature concerning the \"structure of matter\", ranging from the \"electrical structure\" in the early 20th century, to the more recent \"quark structure of matter\", introduced today with the remark: Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary physics.[further explanation needed] In this connection, physicists speak of matter fields, and speak of particles as \"quantum excitations of a mode of the matter field\". And here is a quote from de Sabbata and Gasperini: \"With the word \"matter\" we denote, in this context, the sources of the interactions, that is spinor fields (like quarks and leptons), which are believed to be the fundamental components of matter, or scalar fields, like the Higgs particles, which are used to introduced mass in a gauge theory (and that, however, could be composed of more fundamental fermion fields).\"[further explanation needed]\n",
            "In the late 19th century with the discovery of the electron, and in the early 20th century, with the discovery of the atomic nucleus, and the birth of particle physics, matter was seen as made up of electrons, protons and neutrons interacting to form atoms. Today, we know that even protons and neutrons are not indivisible, they can be divided into quarks, while electrons are part of a particle family called leptons. Both quarks and leptons are elementary particles, and are currently seen as being the fundamental constituents of matter.\n",
            "These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics, but despite decades of efforts, gravity cannot yet be accounted for at the quantum level; it is only described by classical physics (see quantum gravity and graviton). Interactions between quarks and leptons are the result of an exchange of force-carrying particles (such as photons) between quarks and leptons. The force-carrying particles are not themselves building blocks. As one consequence, mass and energy (which cannot be created or destroyed) cannot always be related to matter (which can be created out of non-matter particles such as photons, or even out of pure energy, such as kinetic energy). Force carriers are usually not considered matter: the carriers of the electric force (photons) possess energy (see Planck relation) and the carriers of the weak force (W and Z bosons) are massive, but neither are considered matter either. However, while these particles are not considered matter, they do contribute to the total mass of atoms, subatomic particles, and all systems that contain them.\n",
            "The term \"matter\" is used throughout physics in a bewildering variety of contexts: for example, one refers to \"condensed matter physics\", \"elementary matter\", \"partonic\" matter, \"dark\" matter, \"anti\"-matter, \"strange\" matter, and \"nuclear\" matter. In discussions of matter and antimatter, normal matter has been referred to by Alfvén as koinomatter (Gk. common matter). It is fair to say that in physics, there is no broad consensus as to a general definition of matter, and the term \"matter\" usually is used in conjunction with a specifying modifier.\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "8WX0Xhjb9i0U",
        "outputId": "2a69e531-ac24-49e8-aee7-7757d4735f2a"
      },
      "source": [
        "# for each context we have few different questions and answers\n",
        "for qa in passage['qas']:\n",
        "  print(qa)\n",
        "  print(qa['question'])"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "{'plausible_answers': [{'text': 'matter', 'answer_start': 485}], 'question': 'Physics has broadly agreed on the definition of what?', 'id': '5a7e070b70df9f001a875439', 'answers': [], 'is_impossible': True}\n",
            "Physics has broadly agreed on the definition of what?\n",
            "{'plausible_answers': [{'text': 'Alfvén', 'answer_start': 327}], 'question': 'Who coined the term partonic matter?', 'id': '5a7e070b70df9f001a87543a', 'answers': [], 'is_impossible': True}\n",
            "Who coined the term partonic matter?\n",
            "{'plausible_answers': [{'text': 'Gk. common matter', 'answer_start': 350}], 'question': 'What is another name for anti-matter?', 'id': '5a7e070b70df9f001a87543b', 'answers': [], 'is_impossible': True}\n",
            "What is another name for anti-matter?\n",
            "{'plausible_answers': [{'text': 'a specifying modifier', 'answer_start': 529}], 'question': 'Matter usually does not need to be used in conjunction with what?', 'id': '5a7e070b70df9f001a87543c', 'answers': [], 'is_impossible': True}\n",
            "Matter usually does not need to be used in conjunction with what?\n",
            "{'plausible_answers': [{'text': 'physics', 'answer_start': 37}], 'question': 'What field of study has a variety of unusual contexts?', 'id': '5a7e070b70df9f001a87543d', 'answers': [], 'is_impossible': True}\n",
            "What field of study has a variety of unusual contexts?\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "ykNTHmyx_Oz8",
        "outputId": "0f8be8c7-4f2b-449d-a369-a1d0495a76e0"
      },
      "source": [
        "# after extracting questions we need to extract answers\n",
        "# answer comes as an list\n",
        "if 'plausible_answers' in qa.keys():\n",
        "  access = 'plausible_answers'\n",
        "else:\n",
        "  access = 'answers'\n",
        "for answer in qa[access]:\n",
        "  print(answer)\n"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "{'text': 'physics', 'answer_start': 37}\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "fhGxS7WtA3jW"
      },
      "source": [
        "# so we will do all the thigs into a loop\n",
        "contexts = []\n",
        "questions = []\n",
        "answers = []\n",
        "for group in squad_dict['data']: # squad_dict has 2 keys, version and data\n",
        "  for passage in group['paragraphs']: # accessing paragraphs of data\n",
        "    context = passage['context'] \n",
        "    for qa in passage['qas']:\n",
        "      question = qa['question']\n",
        "      if 'plausible_answers' in qa.keys():\n",
        "        access = 'plausible_answers'\n",
        "      else:\n",
        "        access = 'answers'\n",
        "      for answer in qa[access]:\n",
        "        contexts.append(context) # appending context, question and answer into our lists\n",
        "        questions.append(question)\n",
        "        answers.append(answer)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "a6eR5WgrChs8",
        "outputId": "adbc69b1-8dec-40ed-b8d7-2cbf6548ad61"
      },
      "source": [
        "contexts[:5]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "['Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (/biːˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny\\'s Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world\\'s best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé\\'s debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\".',\n",
              " 'Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (/biːˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny\\'s Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world\\'s best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé\\'s debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\".',\n",
              " 'Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (/biːˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny\\'s Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world\\'s best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé\\'s debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\".',\n",
              " 'Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (/biːˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny\\'s Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world\\'s best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé\\'s debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\".',\n",
              " 'Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (/biːˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny\\'s Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world\\'s best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé\\'s debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\".']"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 20
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "DxmcIDn4C6fM",
        "outputId": "9fb755dc-a3cf-471f-b5bc-c7bd83391f23"
      },
      "source": [
        "questions[:5]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "['When did Beyonce start becoming popular?',\n",
              " 'What areas did Beyonce compete in when she was growing up?',\n",
              " \"When did Beyonce leave Destiny's Child and become a solo singer?\",\n",
              " 'In what city and state did Beyonce  grow up? ',\n",
              " 'In which decade did Beyonce become famous?']"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 21
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "Jiynw12GC621",
        "outputId": "7b2e589b-a2a5-4315-afe0-2ccc5163abe7"
      },
      "source": [
        "answers[:5]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[{'answer_start': 269, 'text': 'in the late 1990s'},\n",
              " {'answer_start': 207, 'text': 'singing and dancing'},\n",
              " {'answer_start': 526, 'text': '2003'},\n",
              " {'answer_start': 166, 'text': 'Houston, Texas'},\n",
              " {'answer_start': 276, 'text': 'late 1990s'}]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 22
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "0jGzH7Zy4_Cb",
        "outputId": "1f73b9e0-4f72-4438-c1c9-5c4054bcd5a0"
      },
      "source": [
        "# Now just to see a random data from our dictionary\n",
        "squad_dict['data'][1]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'paragraphs': [{'context': 'Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: \\u200b[fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 182, 'text': 'Polish and French'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd2356d243a140015ed66',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was Frédéric's nationalities?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 276, 'text': 'Romantic era'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd2356d243a140015ed67',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what era was Frédéric active in?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 318, 'text': 'solo piano'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd2356d243a140015ed68',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'For what instrument did Frédéric write primarily for?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 559, 'text': 'Duchy of Warsaw'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd2356d243a140015ed69',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what area was Frédéric born in?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 777, 'text': '20'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd2356d243a140015ed6a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'At what age did Frédéric depart from Poland?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 113, 'text': '1810'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year was Chopin born?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 276, 'text': 'Romantic era'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What era was Chopin active during?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 568, 'text': 'Warsaw'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin grow up?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 318, 'text': 'solo piano'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What instrument did he mostly compose for?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 777, 'text': '20'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0a3762d2951400fa69da',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'At what age did Chopin  leave Poland?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 120, 'text': '17 October 1849'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf54a2aab44d1400b89006',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin die?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 143, 'text': 'Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf54a2aab44d1400b89008',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was Chopin's full name?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 318, 'text': 'solo piano'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf54a2aab44d1400b89009',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 276, 'text': 'Romantic era'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf54a2aab44d1400b8900a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin was active during what era?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 113, 'text': '1810'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what year was Chopin born?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 568, 'text': 'Warsaw'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what city was Chopin born and raised?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 777, 'text': '20'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How old was Chopin when he left Poland?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 276, 'text': 'Romantic'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1ca30e7d4791d009021aa',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what era of music did Chopin compose?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 131, 'text': '1849'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1ca30e7d4791d009021ab',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year did Chopin die?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'At the age of 21 he settled in Paris. Thereafter, during the last 18 years of his life, he gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries, including Robert Schumann. In 1835 he obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska, from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer George Sand. A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838–39 was one of his most productive periods of composition. In his last years, he was financially supported by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. Through most of his life, Chopin suffered from poor health. He died in Paris in 1849, probably of tuberculosis.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 14, 'text': '21'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd2f96d243a140015ed70',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'At what age did Frédéric move to Paris?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 106, 'text': '30'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd2f96d243a140015ed71',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many public performances was Frédéric estimated to have given during the remainder of his life?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': '1835'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd2f96d243a140015ed72',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what year did Frédéric obtain citizenship in France?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 626, 'text': 'Majorca'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd2f96d243a140015ed73',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"In what area had Frédéric's most productive period of composition taken place?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 939, 'text': 'tuberculosis'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd2f96d243a140015ed74',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was Frédéric's most likely cause of death?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 31, 'text': 'Paris'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0d8662d2951400fa69e8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did he end up living when he was 21?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 106, 'text': '30'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0d8662d2951400fa69e9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many public shows did he perform during the last years of his life?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 318, 'text': 'Franz Liszt'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0d8662d2951400fa69ea',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': '1835'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0d8662d2951400fa69eb',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year did he gain citizenship in France?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 481, 'text': 'Maria Wodzińska'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0d8662d2951400fa69ec',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is the name of the woman he had a relationship with from 1837-847?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 14, 'text': '21'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5734aab44d1400b89079',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'At what age did Chopin move to Paris?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 106, 'text': '30'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5734aab44d1400b8907a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'During the last 18 years he lived about how many times did Chopin perform in public?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': '1835'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5734aab44d1400b8907c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year did Chopin become a citizen of France?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 773, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5734aab44d1400b8907d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In the last years of his life who was the person that supported him financially?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': '1835'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 773, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who gave Chopin money in the last years of his life?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 939, 'text': 'tuberculosis'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the likely cause of death for Chopin?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics. His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade. His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, études, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only after his death. Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, the music of all of whom he admired, as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, musical form, and harmony, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 41, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What instrument did every composition by Frédéric include?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 340, 'text': 'instrumental ballade'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What concept was Frédéric credited with creating?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 620,\n",
              "       'text': 'J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Whose music did Frédéric admire the most and thus provide influence on his work?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 285, 'text': 'nuance and sensitivity'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What features marked Frédéric's performance style and made them unique?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 705, 'text': 'Paris salons'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What establishments did Frédéric frequently visit in Paris that influenced his career?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 41, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0f42aab44d1400b8841e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which instrument do every one of his compositions include?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 340, 'text': 'instrumental ballade'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0f42aab44d1400b8841f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What concept did Chopin create?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 285, 'text': 'nuance and sensitivity'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0f42aab44d1400b88420',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What are two things Chopin's performances were known for?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 620,\n",
              "       'text': 'J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0f42aab44d1400b88421',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What three composers influenced Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 155, 'text': 'Polish'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce0f42aab44d1400b88422',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin wrote some music to lyrics, what language were the lyrics?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 41, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf582eaab44d1400b8909b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What instrument is involved in all of Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 155, 'text': 'Polish'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf582eaab44d1400b8909c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin composed several songs to lyrics of what language?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 285, 'text': 'nuance and sensitivity'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf582eaab44d1400b8909d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin's performances were known for what?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 620,\n",
              "       'text': 'J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf582eaab44d1400b8909e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What three composers did Chopin take inspiration from?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 41, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1cf80e7d4791d00902211',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What instrument was all of Chopin's compositions written for?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 155, 'text': 'Polish'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1cf80e7d4791d00902212',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What language were some songs written in that Chopin wrote music for?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 705, 'text': 'Paris salons'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1cf80e7d4791d00902215',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Of what venue was Chopin an often invited guest?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 173, 'text': 'indirect'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd8c66d243a140015ed85',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the degree of Frédéric's association with political insurrection?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 212,\n",
              "       'text': 'his love life and his early death'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd8c66d243a140015ed86',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What parts of Frédéric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 314, 'text': 'Romantic era'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd8c66d243a140015ed87',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In which era was Frédéric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 394, 'text': 'films and biographies'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbd8c66d243a140015ed88',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what forms of media has Frédéric been the subject of?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 25, 'text': 'France'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce1138aab44d1400b88428',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 14, 'text': 'Poland'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce1138aab44d1400b88429',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin is a native of what country?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 188, 'text': 'political insurrection'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce1138aab44d1400b8842a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'He had a non-direct association with what?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 314, 'text': 'Romantic era'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce1138aab44d1400b8842b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin is closely associated with what era?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 25, 'text': 'France'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890dd',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin create most of his works?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 188, 'text': 'political insurrection'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890de',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin was indirectly related to what?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 314, 'text': 'Romantic era'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890df',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 2] which is now generally accepted as the correct date.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 28, 'text': 'Żelazowa Wola'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbda8d6d243a140015ed8e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what village was Frédéric born in?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 212, 'text': '22 February 1810'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbda8d6d243a140015ed8f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'On what date was Frédéric born on?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 393, 'text': '1 March'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbda8d6d243a140015ed90',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal, what date is given by the composer and his family instead?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 274, 'text': 'Fridericus Franciscus'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbda8d6d243a140015ed91',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the latin form of Frédéric's full name?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 58, 'text': '29'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbda8d6d243a140015ed92',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many miles was the village Frédéric born in located to the west of Warsaw?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 28, 'text': 'Żelazowa Wola'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce1225aab44d1400b88430',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where was Chopin born?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 152, 'text': 'Napoleon'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce1225aab44d1400b88431',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who was responsible for the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 212, 'text': '22 February 1810'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce1225aab44d1400b88432',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When was his birthday recorded as being?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 393, 'text': '1 March'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce1225aab44d1400b88433',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What birth date is now considered as his actual birthday?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 274, 'text': 'Fridericus Franciscus'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56ce1225aab44d1400b88434',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin's given names in Latin are what?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 152, 'text': 'Napoleon'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5b40aab44d1400b890fe',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 212, 'text': '22 February 1810'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5b40aab44d1400b890ff',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin's birth is recorded as when?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 393, 'text': '1 March'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5b40aab44d1400b89100',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 274, 'text': 'Fridericus Franciscus'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5b40aab44d1400b89101',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is the Latin form of Chopin's name?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 28, 'text': 'Żelazowa Wola'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1d330e7d4791d0090224d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 152, 'text': 'Napoleon'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1d330e7d4791d0090224e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What famous French leader had established the Polish state at this time?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Fryderyk's father, Nicolas Chopin, was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen. Nicolas tutored children of the Polish aristocracy, and in 1806 married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative of the Skarbeks, one of the families for whom he worked. Fryderyk was baptized on Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810, in the same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. His eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom he was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Chopin. Fryderyk was the couple's second child and only son; he had an elder sister, Ludwika (1807–55), and two younger sisters, Izabela (1811–81) and Emilia (1812–27). Nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland, and insisted on the use of the Polish language in the household.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 196, 'text': 'Justyna Krzyżanowska'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdbf36d243a140015ed99',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who did Frédéric's father marry in 1806?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 331, 'text': '23 April 1810'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdbf36d243a140015ed9a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'On what date was Frédéric baptised?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 156, 'text': 'Polish'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdbf36d243a140015ed9c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What language did Frédéric's father, Nicolas, insist on using in the household?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 19, 'text': 'Nicolas'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89111',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the given name of Chopin's father?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 56, 'text': 'Lorraine'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89112',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Where was Chopin's father from?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 196, 'text': 'Justyna Krzyżanowska'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89113',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin's father married who?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 468, 'text': 'Fryderyk Skarbek'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89114',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is the name of Chopin's godfather?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 590, 'text': 'Ludwika'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89115',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is the name of Chopin's eldest sister?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 19, 'text': 'Nicolas'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1d3fee7d4791d00902263',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was Chopin's father's first name?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 56, 'text': 'Lorraine'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1d3fee7d4791d00902264',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"From where id Chopin's father emigrate from?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 590, 'text': 'Ludwika'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1d3fee7d4791d00902266',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is Chopin's older sister's name?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': 'October'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdcd16d243a140015eda2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'During what month did Frédéric move to Warsaw with his family?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 122, 'text': 'French'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdcd16d243a140015eda3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What language did Frédéric's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 218, 'text': 'the Palace grounds'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdcd16d243a140015eda4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Frédéric live with his family while they were in Warsaw?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 260, 'text': 'flute and violin'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdcd16d243a140015eda5',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What two instruments did Frédéric's father play during this time?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 445, 'text': 'illnesses'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdcd16d243a140015eda6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was Frédéric prone to during early childhood as a result of his slight build?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': 'October 1810'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5e35aab44d1400b89147',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"When did Chopin's family move to Warsaw?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 136, 'text': 'Warsaw Lyceum'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5e35aab44d1400b89148',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Where did Chopin's father get a teaching position?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 260, 'text': 'flute and violin'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5e35aab44d1400b89149',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What instruments did Chopin's father play?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 300, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5e35aab44d1400b8914a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What instrument did Chopin's mother teach?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 17, 'text': 'six months'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902275',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How old was Chopin when his family moved to Warsaw?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 122, 'text': 'French'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902276',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What language did Chopin's father teach?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 260, 'text': 'flute and violin'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902277',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What two instruments did Chopin's father play?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 300, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902278',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What instrument did Chopin's mother teach at the boarding house?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 170, 'text': 'Saxon Palace.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902279',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin live with his family in Warsaw?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 143, 'text': 'Wojciech Żywny'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdea66d243a140015edac',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was Frédéric's first professional teacher in music?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 176, 'text': 'Ludwika'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdea66d243a140015edad',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which sister did Frédéric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 391, 'text': '7'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdea66d243a140015edae',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'At what age did Frédéric start giving public concerts?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 405, 'text': 'two polonaises'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdea66d243a140015edaf',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Frédéric compose during the year of 1817?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 465,\n",
              "       'text': 'a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdea66d243a140015edb0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Frédéric?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 143, 'text': 'Wojciech Żywny'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf609aaab44d1400b89185',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 176, 'text': 'Ludwika'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf609aaab44d1400b89186',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 391, 'text': '7'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf609aaab44d1400b89187',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'At what age did Chopin start playing publicly?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 388, 'text': '1817'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf609aaab44d1400b89188',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year did Chopin compose his first work?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 107, 'text': '1816 to 1821'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf609aaab44d1400b89189',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'During what years did Chopin receive instruction from  Żywny?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 143, 'text': 'Wojciech Żywny'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d20a6ae7d4791d00902618',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 176, 'text': 'Ludwika'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d20a6ae7d4791d00902619',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 391, 'text': '7'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d20a6ae7d4791d0090261a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 143, 'text': 'Wojciech Żywny'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d20a6ae7d4791d0090261b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw\\'s Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"Nasze Przebiegi\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin\\'s\" popularity.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': '1817'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what year was the Saxon Palace taken by the Russian governor for use regarding the military?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 178, 'text': 'Warsaw University'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 137, 'text': 'Kazimierz Palace'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What building was Frédéric's new home adjacent to?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 357, 'text': 'Belweder Palace'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What palace was Frédéric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler's son?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 566, 'text': 'Nasze Przebiegi'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbdfbf6d243a140015edba',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What short poem spoke of Frédéric's popularity as a child?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': '1817'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 137, 'text': 'Kazimierz Palace'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 428, 'text': 'Grand Duke Constantine'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a5',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 498, 'text': 'a march'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin create for Grand Duke Constantine?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 515, 'text': 'Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 357, 'text': 'Belweder Palace'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d20bf6e7d4791d00902622',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 428, 'text': 'Grand Duke Constantine'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d20bf6e7d4791d00902623',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 498, 'text': 'a march'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d20bf6e7d4791d00902624',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend's ruling father?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 515, 'text': 'Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d20bf6e7d4791d00902625',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition.[n 3] Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ, the \"eolomelodicon\", and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\".',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 15, 'text': '1823 to 1826'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe1996d243a140015edc0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'During what years did Frédéric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 236, 'text': 'Józef Elsner'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe1996d243a140015edc1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who was Frédéric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 497, 'text': 'eolomelodicon'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe1996d243a140015edc2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the name of the mechanical organ Frédéric performed on during 1825?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 725, 'text': 'Alexander I'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe1996d243a140015edc3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which tsar did Frédéric perform for due to his success in previous concerts?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 848, 'text': '10 June 1825'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe1996d243a140015edc4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"On what date was Frédéric's first performance that earned international esteem?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 119, 'text': 'Wilhelm Würfel'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf63b4aab44d1400b891bd',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who taught Chopin to play the organ?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 236, 'text': 'Józef Elsner'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf63b4aab44d1400b891be',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin had three years of lessons with whom?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 497, 'text': 'eolomelodicon'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf63b4aab44d1400b891bf',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 793, 'text': 'diamond ring'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf63b4aab44d1400b891c0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 883, 'text': 'Rondo Op. 1'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf63b4aab44d1400b891c1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown? \"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 119, 'text': 'Wilhelm Würfel'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d22055e7d4791d00902683',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 236, 'text': 'Józef Elsner'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d22055e7d4791d00902684',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 497, 'text': 'eolomelodicon'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d22055e7d4791d00902685',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 791, 'text': 'a diamond ring.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d22055e7d4791d00902686',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 883, 'text': 'Rondo Op. 1.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d22055e7d4791d00902687',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is the title of his first commercially successful work?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster\\'s literary gift.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 139, 'text': 'Dominik Dziewanowski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcb',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who was Frédéric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 110, 'text': 'Szafarnia'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcc',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In which village did Frédéric first experience rural Polish folk music?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 390, 'text': 'his family'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcd',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'To whom did Frédéric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 428, 'text': 'Warsaw newspapers'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe2fd6d243a140015edce',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Frédéric write parodies of in his letters?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 139, 'text': 'Dominik Dziewanowski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf64e34df3c31400b0d6f9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 228, 'text': 'Polish rural folk music'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf64e34df3c31400b0d6fa',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 139, 'text': 'Dominik Dziewanowski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d2211ae7d4791d00902693',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 314, 'text': 'The Szafarnia Courier'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d2211ae7d4791d00902694',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 110, 'text': 'Szafarnia'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d2211ae7d4791d00902695',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 6] Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (Salonik Chopinów) became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.[n 7]\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': '1827'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe5df6d243a140015edd4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"During what year did Frédéric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 256, 'text': 'Krakowskie Przedmieście'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe5df6d243a140015edd5',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What street did Frédéric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 329, 'text': '1830'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe5df6d243a140015edd6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year did Frédéric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasiński Palace?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 467, 'text': 'a museum'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe5df6d243a140015edd7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 516, 'text': 'Ambroży Mieroszewski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe5df6d243a140015edd8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which artist created the first known portrait of Frédéric?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': '1827'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf66734df3c31400b0d713',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 329, 'text': '1830'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf66734df3c31400b0d714',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 381,\n",
              "       'text': 'boarding house for male students'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf66734df3c31400b0d715',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the Chopin family's business?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 516, 'text': 'Ambroży Mieroszewski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf66734df3c31400b0d717',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What artist painted the Chopin family?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 51, 'text': 'sister Emilia'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3123b59d6e41400146204',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 329, 'text': '1830'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3123b59d6e41400146205',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 419, 'text': 'Chopin Family Parlour'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3123b59d6e41400146206',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 516, 'text': 'Ambroży Mieroszewski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3123b59d6e41400146207',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 400, 'text': 'male'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3123b59d6e41400146208',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Four boarders at his parents\\' apartments became Chopin\\'s intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw\\'s young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja Gładkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (Larghetto) of his Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her – \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\"',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 116,\n",
              "       'text': 'Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe9436d243a140015eddf',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Of the individuals that became intimate with Frédéric during their stay at the family apartments, which two became part of Frédéric's social environment in Paris?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 392, 'text': 'Konstancja Gładkowska'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbe9436d243a140015ede0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which singer was cited specifically as someone Frédéric was attracted to?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 68,\n",
              "       'text': 'Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What four boys from his family's boarding house became friends with Chopin?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 392, 'text': 'Konstancja Gładkowska'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which singer did Chopin become fascinated with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 633,\n",
              "       'text': 'Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Which of Chopin's works was unknowingly dedicated to Gladkowska?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 799, 'text': 'July 1829'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf67c74df3c31400b0d730',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin receive his last Conservatory report?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 116,\n",
              "       'text': 'Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d313b559d6e4140014620e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Which two of Chopin's friends became part of his Paris milieu?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 392, 'text': 'Konstancja Gładkowska'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d313b559d6e4140014620f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the name of the singing student Chopin was attracted to?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 68, 'text': 'Tytus Woyciechowski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d313b559d6e41400146210',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'To whom did Chopin reveal in letters which parts of his work were about the singing student he was infatuated with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 633,\n",
              "       'text': 'Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d313b559d6e41400146211',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What musical piece had a Larghetto dedicated to the female singing student Chopin was infatuated with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Four'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d313b559d6e41400146212',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"How many boarders of his family's boarding house became intimate friends with Chopin?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 96, 'text': 'Feliks Jarocki'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbeb396d243a140015ede8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Frédéric visit Berlin with in September 1828?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 140, 'text': 'Gaspare Spontini'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbeb396d243a140015ede9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which opera director did Frédéric see works of during his stay in Berlin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 299, 'text': 'Prince Antoni Radziwiłł'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbeb396d243a140015edeb',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who was Frédéric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 479,\n",
              "       'text': 'Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbeb396d243a140015edec',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What piece did Frédéric create specifically for the prince and the prince's daughter, Wanda?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': 'September 1828'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf69144df3c31400b0d745',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin visit Berlin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 96, 'text': 'Feliks Jarocki'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf69144df3c31400b0d746',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'With whom did Chopin go to Berlin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 140, 'text': 'Gaspare Spontini'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf69144df3c31400b0d747',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'While in Berlin he saw the operatic work of who?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 299, 'text': 'Prince Antoni Radziwiłł'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf69144df3c31400b0d748',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In 1829 on a trip back to Berlin Chopin was a guest of who?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 479,\n",
              "       'text': 'Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf69144df3c31400b0d749',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What piece did Chopin create for Prince Antoni?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 13, 'text': '1828'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3148359d6e41400146218',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year did Chopin visit Berlin while still a student?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 96, 'text': 'Feliks Jarocki'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3148359d6e41400146219',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin go to Berlin with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 86, 'text': 'zoologist'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3148359d6e4140014621a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did the person who Chopin went with to Berlin do for his work?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 140, 'text': 'Gaspare Spontini'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3148359d6e4140014621b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who directed the operas they enjoyed in Berlin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 253, 'text': '1829'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3148359d6e4140014621c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year did Chopin return to Berlin?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first Études, (1829–32), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews—in addition to some commenting (in Chopin\\'s own words) that he was \"too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists\". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on Là ci darem la mano, Op. 2 (variations on an aria from Mozart\\'s opera Don Giovanni) for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 107, 'text': 'Souvenir de Paganini'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbedde6d243a140015edf2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Frédéric compose after hearing Niccolò Paganini perform on the violin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 286, 'text': 'August'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbedde6d243a140015edf4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'During what month did Frédéric make his first appearance in Vienna?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 400, 'text': 'two'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbedde6d243a140015edf5',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many piano concerts did Frédéric perform in Vienna during this time?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 871, 'text': '17 March 1830'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbedde6d243a140015edf6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'On what date did Frédéric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 107, 'text': 'Souvenir de Paganini'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6af94df3c31400b0d761',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin compose after hearing Niccolo Paganini?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 384, 'text': 'Vienna'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6af94df3c31400b0d762',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin debut after completing his studies?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 828,\n",
              "       'text': 'Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6af94df3c31400b0d763',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What piece did Chopin debut after returning to Warsaw?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 789, 'text': 'September 1829'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6af94df3c31400b0d764',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin return to Warsaw?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 547,\n",
              "       'text': 'accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6af94df3c31400b0d765',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Why did some critics say that Chopin was too delicate?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 39, 'text': 'Niccolò Paganini'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d315d159d6e41400146222',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin hear play violin in 1829 that prompted him to write a composisition?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 384, 'text': 'Vienna'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d315d159d6e41400146223',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin make his debut after completing his education?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 400, 'text': 'two'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d315d159d6e41400146224',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many public performances did Chopin do where he made his debut after completing his education?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 294, 'text': 'three'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d315d159d6e41400146225',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many weeks after completing school was it before Chopin made his public debut?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Chopin\\'s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are there, and yet you do not take vengeance!\" Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer\\'s maturing \"into an inspired national bard who intuited the past, present and future of his native Poland.\"',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 97, 'text': '2 November 1830'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbef3a6d243a140015edfc',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'On what date did Frédéric begin his journey into Western Europe?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 263, 'text': 'Austria'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbef3a6d243a140015edfd',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which country did Frédéric go to first after setting out for Western Europe?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 343, 'text': '1830'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbef3a6d243a140015edfe',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what year did his companion Woyciechowski depart to Poland to enlist for the uprising in Warsaw?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 142, 'text': 'Zdzisław Jachimecki'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbef3a6d243a140015ee00',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What historian commented that the events involving Frédéric's friend in Poland contributed to his maturing?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 142, 'text': 'Zdzisław Jachimecki'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d777',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who said that Chopin set out \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever?\"'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 234, 'text': 'Woyciechowski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d778',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin leave for Austria with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 294, 'text': 'Italy'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d779',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin intend to go after Austria?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 330, 'text': 'the November 1830 Uprising'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d77a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Woyciechowski left Chopin to enlist in what?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 66, 'text': 'western Europe'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3171959d6e4140014622c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What geographicla region was opened for Chopin due to his composing and performances?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 234, 'text': 'Woyciechowski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3171959d6e4140014622d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When Chopin started to take his music to the world, what is the last name of the person who went with him to Austria?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 108, 'text': '1830'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3171959d6e4140014622e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year did the uprising begin in Warsaw?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 500,\n",
              "       'text': '\"I curse the moment of my departure.\"'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3171959d6e4140014622f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 556, 'text': '1831'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3171959d6e41400146230',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year did Chopin learn that the uprising in Warsaw was crushed?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 122,\n",
              "       'text': 'the Polish Great Emigration'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf12a6d243a140015ee06',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What event was Frédéric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 173, 'text': 'French'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf12a6d243a140015ee07',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What version of Frédéric's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 251, 'text': '1835'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf12a6d243a140015ee08',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what year did Frédéric officially acquire French citizenship?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 355, 'text': 'friends and confidants'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf12a6d243a140015ee09',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Frédéric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 126, 'text': 'Polish'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf12a6d243a140015ee0a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What nationality is stated as the one Frédéric felt most identified by?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 32, 'text': 'September 1831'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d781',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin reach Paris?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 126, 'text': 'Polish Great Emigration'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d782',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 251, 'text': '1835'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d783',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 451, 'text': 'Adam Zamoyski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d784',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is the name of Chopin's biographer?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 73, 'text': 'Poland'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d318f359d6e41400146236',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'After 1831, what country did Chopin never return to?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 154, 'text': 'France'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d318f359d6e41400146237',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What country's passport did he have from 1835?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 173, 'text': 'French'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d318f359d6e41400146238',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 451, 'text': 'Adam Zamoyski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d318f359d6e41400146239',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 126, 'text': 'Polish Great Emigration'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d318f359d6e4140014623a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': 'Paris'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf37e6d243a140015ee10',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what city did Frédéric achieve celebrity status?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 368, 'text': 'Adam Mickiewicz'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf37e6d243a140015ee12',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Frédéric became acquainted with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 458, 'text': 'songs'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf37e6d243a140015ee13',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Frédéric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 368, 'text': 'Adam Mickiewicz'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6e0d4df3c31400b0d789',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 225,\n",
              "       'text': 'Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6e0d4df3c31400b0d78a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What people did Chopin meet while in Paris?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 368, 'text': 'Adam Mickiewicz'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d319d459d6e41400146240',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 385,\n",
              "       'text': 'principal of the Polish Literary Society'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d319d459d6e41400146241',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin\\'s life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin\\'s adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" Fontana was to become, in the words of Michałowski and Samson, Chopin\\'s \"general factotum and copyist\".',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 133, 'text': 'Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf5106d243a140015ee18',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which friend of Frédéric failed to achieve success in England?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 218, 'text': 'Albert Grzymała'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf5106d243a140015ee19',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was Frédéric's trusted adviser while in Paris?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 368, 'text': 'elder brother'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf5106d243a140015ee1a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What familial role was Albert Grzymała compared to in regards to Frédéric?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 133, 'text': 'Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf5106d243a140015ee1b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Frédéric?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 4, 'text': 'Polish'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf5106d243a140015ee1c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Frédéric's life while in Paris?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 209, 'text': 'England'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf6f874df3c31400b0d796',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 209, 'text': 'England'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31b3759d6e41400146244',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 218, 'text': 'Albert Grzymała'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31b3759d6e41400146245',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 218, 'text': 'Albert Grzymała'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31b3759d6e41400146246',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 133, 'text': 'Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31b3759d6e41400146247',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 112, 'text': 'Warsaw Conservatory'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31b3759d6e41400146248',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where were Chopin and Fontana students together?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale: \"Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ...\" After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 102, 'text': 'Robert Schumann'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf7d16d243a140015ee22',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who gave Frédéric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 275, 'text': '26 February 1832'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf7d16d243a140015ee23',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'On what date did Frédéric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 683, 'text': 'intimate keyboard technique'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf7d16d243a140015ee24',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is stated as a hindrance for Frédéric's ability to perform in large concert spaces?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1166, 'text': 'his father'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbf7d16d243a140015ee25',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Frédéric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 102, 'text': 'Robert Schumann'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf70c74df3c31400b0d799',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 275, 'text': '26 February 1832'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf70c74df3c31400b0d79a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 802, 'text': 'Rothschild'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf70c74df3c31400b0d79c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 14, 'text': '1831'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31bfb59d6e4140014624e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 692, 'text': 'keyboard technique'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31bfb59d6e41400146250',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1244,\n",
              "       'text': 'publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31bfb59d6e41400146252',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that \"As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances—few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime.\" The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan\\'s teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan\\'s arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven\\'s 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt\\'s Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini\\'s theme. Chopin\\'s music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 218,\n",
              "       'text': 'his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbfa0e6d243a140015ee2d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was Frédéric's favorite environment to perform in?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 738, 'text': 'pianos'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbfa0e6d243a140015ee2e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What instrument did Frédéric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 107, 'text': 'Salle Pleyel'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin gave a yearly performance where?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1080, 'text': 'Hexameron'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1234, 'text': 'Maurice Schlesinger'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 850, 'text': 'Adolphe Gutmann'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 232, 'text': 'apartment'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31dcb59d6e41400146259',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 707, 'text': 'Liszt and Hiller'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31dcb59d6e4140014625b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1234, 'text': 'Maurice Schlesinger'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31dcb59d6e4140014625c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis. He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier, when she was eleven. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl\\'s portrait of the composer is considered, along with Delacroix\\'s, as among Chopin\\'s best likenesses. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck and Felix Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him \"a perfect musician\". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodziński family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 137, 'text': 'Felix Mendelssohn'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee36',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Frédéric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 326,\n",
              "       'text': 'playing and discussing music'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee37',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What two activities did Frédéric do while visiting for a day in Düsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 377, 'text': 'Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee38',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Frédéric met while in Düsseldorf?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 540, 'text': 'Carlsbad'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee39',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Where were Frédéric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 39,\n",
              "       'text': 'the Lower Rhenish Music Festival'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d81f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 96, 'text': 'Hiller'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d820',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 540, 'text': 'Carlsbad'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d821',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1268, 'text': 'July 1836'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d822',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodziński?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1405, 'text': 'Countess Wodzińska'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d823',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was Maria's mother?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 137, 'text': 'Felix Mendelssohn'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31f8a59d6e41400146262',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 194, 'text': 'Düsseldorf'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31f8a59d6e41400146263',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 404,\n",
              "       'text': 'director of the Academy of Art'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31f8a59d6e41400146264',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 749, 'text': 'Maria'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d31f8a59d6e41400146266',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that \"I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.—also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc.\" Liszt was in attendance at Chopin\\'s Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: \"The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\"',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 145, 'text': 'Woyciechowski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbfcda6d243a140015ee40',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was the recipient of Frédéric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 274, 'text': 'Herz, Liszt, Hiller'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbfcda6d243a140015ee41',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What are the three names stated in Frédéric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 55, 'text': 'Liszt'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbfcda6d243a140015ee42',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who is stated as being in attendance of Frédéric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 355, 'text': '26 February 1832'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf75c64df3c31400b0d7d9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 145, 'text': 'Woyciechowski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3202159d6e4140014626d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 375, 'text': 'the Salle Pleyel'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3202159d6e4140014626f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 88,\n",
              "       'text': \"38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbff116d243a140015ee46',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What address did Frédéric live at during his stay in Paris?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 172, 'text': 'a few blocks'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbff116d243a140015ee47',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How far down the road did Liszt live from Frédéric during this time?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 218, 'text': 'seven'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbff116d243a140015ee48',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many times did Frédéric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 382, 'text': 'Harriet Smithson'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbff116d243a140015ee49',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 709,\n",
              "       'text': 'Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cbff116d243a140015ee4a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 271, 'text': '2 April 1833'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf7c234df3c31400b0d832',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 665,\n",
              "       'text': 'the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf7c234df3c31400b0d834',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 709,\n",
              "       'text': 'Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf7c234df3c31400b0d835',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 132,\n",
              "       'text': 'the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d320bf59d6e41400146274',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When Liszt lived close to Chopin, where did he call home?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 218, 'text': 'seven'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d320bf59d6e41400146276',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 382, 'text': 'Harriet Smithson'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d320bf59d6e41400146277',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a \"tinge of jealousy and spite\" towards Liszt\\'s virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt\\'s theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin\\'s Op. 10 Études, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, \"I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.\" However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men\\'s romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d\\'Agoult\\'s obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt\\'s growing relationship with George Sand.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 128,\n",
              "       'text': 'love-hate relationship'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc02376d243a140015ee50',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Frédéric and Liszt?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 346,\n",
              "       'text': 'theatricality, showmanship and success'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc02376d243a140015ee51',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Frédéric?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 805, 'text': 'an apology'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc02376d243a140015ee52',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Frédéric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 983, 'text': 'my friend Liszt'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc02376d243a140015ee53',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Frédéric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 422, 'text': 'Op. 10 Études'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdb3e234ae51400d9bf7d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1168, 'text': \"Marie d'Agoult\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdb3e234ae51400d9bf7f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the name of Liszt's mistress?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 243, 'text': 'Liszt'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3227259d6e4140014627e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 Études to?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 243, 'text': 'Liszt'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3227259d6e4140014627f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1168, 'text': \"Marie d'Agoult\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3227259d6e41400146280',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the name of Liszt's mistress?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 499, 'text': 'Hiller'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3227259d6e41400146281',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1302, 'text': 'George Sand'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3227259d6e41400146282',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d\\'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska\\'s mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d\\'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin\\'s relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria\\'s side, was over.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 30, 'text': \"Marie d'Agoult\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc06496d243a140015ee5a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who was the host of the gathering where Frédéric was introduced to George Sand?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 713, 'text': 'My tragedy'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc06496d243a140015ee5d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What did Frédéric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 747, 'text': 'Grzymała'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc06496d243a140015ee5e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Frédéric?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 75, 'text': 'George Sand'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 503, 'text': 'his poor health'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 713, 'text': 'My tragedy'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 30, 'text': \"Marie d'Agoult\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3234159d6e41400146288',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 327, 'text': '1837'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3234159d6e41400146289',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What year did Maria Wodzińska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 713, 'text': 'My tragedy'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3234159d6e4140014628b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 747, 'text': 'Grzymała'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3234159d6e4140014628c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest, and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: \"I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ...\" The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand\\'s two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand\\'s 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand\\'s former lover Félicien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 28, 'text': 'London'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc07886d243a140015ee64',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What city did Frédéric visit in June 1837?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 214,\n",
              "       'text': 'his association with Sand began in earnest'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc07886d243a140015ee65',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What event occurred on Frédéric's return to Paris?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 324, 'text': 'six'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc07886d243a140015ee66',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many years older was George Sand compared to Frédéric?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 660, 'text': 'miserable'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc07886d243a140015ee67',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What adjective is used to describe Frédéric and Sand's time together during the winter of 1838?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1194, 'text': 'Valldemossa'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc07886d243a140015ee68',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Frédéric and Sand venture to after Majorca became unlivable when it was discovered they were not married?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 86, 'text': 'Camille Pleyel'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf97',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'With whom did Chopin go to London with in 1837?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 161, 'text': 'piano maker'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf98',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was James Broadwood's occupation?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 324, 'text': 'six years'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf99',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How much older was George Sands than Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 932, 'text': 'Félicien Mallefille'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf9a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"During Sands and Chopin's visit to Majorca who were they fleeing?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1161,\n",
              "       'text': 'a former Carthusian monastery'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf9b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 276, 'text': 'June 1838'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d323fb59d6e41400146292',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin and Sand become lovers?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 680, 'text': 'Majorca'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d323fb59d6e41400146293',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin and Sand go between November 1838 and February 1839?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 748, 'text': \"Sand's two children\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d323fb59d6e41400146294',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who joined Chopin and Sand on their trip to Majorca?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 932, 'text': 'Félicien Mallefille.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d323fb59d6e41400146295',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'One of the reasons Chopin and Sand went to Majorca was to escape the threats of who?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 1161,\n",
              "       'text': 'a former Carthusian monastery'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d323fb59d6e41400146296',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin and Sand stay in Valldemossa?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about to die.\" He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. It finally arrived from Paris in December. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: \"I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs.\" Chopin was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 103, 'text': 'Three'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc08eb6d243a140015ee6e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many doctors saw Frédéric by the 3rd of December?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 272, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc08eb6d243a140015ee6f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Frédéric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 475, 'text': 'best possible condition'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc08eb6d243a140015ee70',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What condition did Frédéric describe the piano that arrived to him through many dangerous obstacles?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 3, 'text': '3'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfddc4234ae51400d9bfa1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many doctors visited Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 5, 'text': 'December'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfddc4234ae51400d9bfa2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What month did Chopin's piano arrive?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 39, 'text': 'his bad health'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d347fb59d6e4140014629c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin compalin about?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 261, 'text': 'his Pleyel piano'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d347fb59d6e4140014629d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 5, 'text': 'December'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d347fb59d6e4140014629f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What month did Chopin's Pleyel piano arrive in Majorca?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 265, 'text': 'Pleyel'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d347fb59d6e414001462a0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin send his Preludes to?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 8] The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orléans, living in adjacent buildings.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 46, 'text': 'bad weather'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc0d816d243a140015ee78',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is stated as having a negative effect on Frédéric's health during this productive time?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 232, 'text': 'Canuts'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc0d816d243a140015ee79',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 292, 'text': 'Marseilles'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc0d816d243a140015ee7a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What city did the group travel to in order to help Frédéric recover?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 424, 'text': 'Nohant'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc0d816d243a140015ee7b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Where was Sand's estate located where they stayed for the summers until 1846?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 726, 'text': \"Square d'Orléans\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc0d816d243a140015ee7c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Frédéric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 228, 'text': 'the Canuts'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who did Sand sell Chopin's piano to?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 292, 'text': 'Marseilles'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did the group travel to after Barcelona?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 424, 'text': 'Nohant'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Where was Sand's home?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 536, 'text': '5 rue Tronchet'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfde92234ae51400d9bfba',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"After returning to Paris where was Chopin's apartment?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 726, 'text': \"Square d'Orléans\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfde92234ae51400d9bfbb',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 42, 'text': 'the bad weather'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d34c7c59d6e414001462a6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What had a negative effect on Chopin's health?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 228, 'text': 'the Canuts.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d34c7c59d6e414001462a7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Sand sell the piano to?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 292, 'text': 'Marseilles'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d34c7c59d6e414001462a8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 726, 'text': \"Square d'Orléans\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d34c7c59d6e414001462a9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 424, 'text': 'Nohant'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d34c7c59d6e414001462aa',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did they spend most summers until 1846?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne. On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 240,\n",
              "       'text': \"Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc0f056d243a140015ee83',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What event were Chopin and Sand at on 26 July 1840?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 318, 'text': 'tenth'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc0f056d243a140015ee84',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What anniversary was the July Revolution that Sand and Chopin were present at a dress rehearsal for?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 28, 'text': 'Adolphe Nourrit'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'At whose funeral did Chopin play in 1839?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 99, 'text': 'organ'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What instrument did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 133,\n",
              "       'text': \"Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What piece did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 28, 'text': 'Adolphe Nourrit'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d34dea59d6e414001462b0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin attended the funeral of who in 1839?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 133,\n",
              "       'text': \"Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne.\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d34dea59d6e414001462b1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin play at the funeral?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 240,\n",
              "       'text': \"Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d34dea59d6e414001462b3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the dress rehearsal for?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 339, 'text': 'the July Revolution.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d34dea59d6e414001462b4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'It was in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of what?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839–43, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842:',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 152,\n",
              "       'text': 'Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc100b6d243a140015ee8a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is the example given of a work produced by Frédéric during calm summers at Nohant?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 253, 'text': 'Pauline Viardot'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc100b6d243a140015ee8c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 393, 'text': '7 June 1842'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc100b6d243a140015ee8d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'On what date did Delacroix write a letter based on his visit at Nohant?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 297,\n",
              "       'text': 'piano technique and composition'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfdf7b234ae51400d9bfd6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin help Pauline Viardot with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 221,\n",
              "       'text': 'Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d34ffe59d6e414001462bb',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who were two visitors to Chopin while in Nohant?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 297,\n",
              "       'text': 'piano technique and composition.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d34ffe59d6e414001462bc',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What two things did Chopin advise Viardot on?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 221, 'text': 'Delacroix'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d34ffe59d6e414001462bd',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who wrote a letter on June 7, 1842 about a stay in Nohant?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: \"I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much.\" He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard\\'s on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him \"hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain\", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin\\'s health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 5, 'text': '1842'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc12376d243a140015ee92',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In which year did Chopin begin experiencing a serious decline in health?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 122, 'text': 'Grzymała'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc12376d243a140015ee93',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'To whom did Chopin write a letter on 21 February 1842 about his agonizing pain?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 324,\n",
              "       'text': \"Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc12376d243a140015ee94',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What performance was Chopin forced to decline due to his increasing ill health?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 591, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc12376d243a140015ee95',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What instrument did Chopin play for Charles Hallé when the latter visited him?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 786, 'text': 'temporal lobe epilepsy'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc12376d243a140015ee96',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What has current day research suggested that Chopin was suffering from alongside his other illnesses?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 5, 'text': '1842'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfd9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Starting in what year did Chopin start showing evidence of very bad health?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 324,\n",
              "       'text': 'Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfda',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 786, 'text': 'temporal lobe epilepsy'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfdb',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What specific illness does modern evidence point to Chopin having?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'From 1842 onwards'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3536159d6e414001462c2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin show signs of serious illness?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 171, 'text': 'mouth and tonsils'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3536159d6e414001462c3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin wrote in 1842 that he had to lie in bed all day because what ached so much?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 272, 'text': 'Alkan'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3536159d6e414001462c4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin had to decline who's invitation in 1843 to particpate in a performance at Erard's?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 405, 'text': 'Charles Hallé'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3536159d6e414001462c5',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who visited Chopin in 1844 and wrote about his inability to move?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 786, 'text': 'temporal lobe epilepsy.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3536159d6e414001462c6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Modern medicine indicates Chopin may have suffered from what condition?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Chopin\\'s relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange\\'s fiancé, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger. The composer frequently took Solange\\'s side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand\\'s son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand\\'s radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer\\'s illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters—a rich actress and a prince in weak health—could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer\\'s galleys. In 1847 he did not visit Nohant, and he quietly ended their ten-year relationship following an angry correspondence which, in Sand\\'s words, made \"a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship.\" The two would never meet again.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 149, 'text': 'Auguste Clésinger'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc13956d243a140015ee9c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the name of Sand's daughter's fiance that contributed to deteriorating the relationship between Sand and Chopin?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 330, 'text': 'radical political pursuits'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc13956d243a140015ee9d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the interest Sand had that Chopin showed apathy towards?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 535, 'text': 'third child'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc13956d243a140015ee9e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Sand begin referring to Chopin as as his illness got worse?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 731, 'text': 'Lucrezia Floriani'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc13956d243a140015ee9f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the name of Sand's novel she published in reference to her situation with Chopin?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 701, 'text': '1847'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc13956d243a140015eea0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what year did Chopin and Sand ultimately bring their relationship to a close?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 44, 'text': '1846'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe169234ae51400d9bfeb',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"When did Chopin's relationship with Sand start to deteriorate?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 149, 'text': 'Auguste Clésinger'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe169234ae51400d9bfec',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Whom did Sand's daughter Solange become engaged to?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 731, 'text': 'Lucrezia Floriani'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe169234ae51400d9bfed',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What novel did Sand write in 1847?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 149, 'text': 'Auguste Clésinger.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d354c659d6e414001462cd',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was the fortune hunter engaged to Sand's daughter?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 497, 'text': 'nurse'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d354c659d6e414001462ce',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 731, 'text': 'Lucrezia Floriani'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d354c659d6e414001462cf',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the name of Sand's book where the main characters can be interpreted as Sand and Chopin?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 701, 'text': '1847'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d354c659d6e414001462d0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin end his relationship with Sand?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Chopin\\'s output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski opines that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\"',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 222, 'text': 'Op. 58 sonata'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc15956d243a140015eea8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the name of the single piece of work he wrote in 1844?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 315,\n",
              "       'text': 'more refined than many of his earlier compositions'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc15956d243a140015eea9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 119, 'text': 'a dozen'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many pieces did Chopin write in 1841?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 139, 'text': 'six'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 222, 'text': 'Op. 58 sonata'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What piece did Chopin compose in 1844?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 139, 'text': 'six'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e41',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many works did Chopin write in 1842?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 168, 'text': 'six shorter pieces'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e42',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many works did Chopin write in 1843?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 264, 'text': 'three mazurkas'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e44',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many works did Chopin write in 1845?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 202, 'text': 'February 1848'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc16bb6d243a140015eeb1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 234, 'text': 'Auguste Franchomme'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cc16bb6d243a140015eeb2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'With whom did Chopin perform his final concert?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 202, 'text': 'February 1848'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe20f234ae51400d9c003',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin last perform?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 234, 'text': 'Auguste Franchomme'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe20f234ae51400d9c004',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin last perform with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 177, 'text': 'struggle financially.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Plitical strife, popularity decline, instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 234, 'text': 'Auguste Franchomme'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 324, 'text': 'Cello'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Chopin's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin – The Women Behind The Music (2010), and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 31, 'text': 'BBC'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cea7efaab44d1400b888f5',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What television station made a documentary on Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 132,\n",
              "       'text': 'Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cea7efaab44d1400b888f6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What two people created a documentary on Chopin for Italian tv?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 59, 'text': 'The Women Behind The Music'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cea7efaab44d1400b888f7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the title of the documentary the BBC released?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 31, 'text': 'BBC'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f80',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What television station released a documentary on Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 50,\n",
              "       'text': 'Chopin – The Women Behind The Music'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f81',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the name of the documentary released by the BBC?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 132,\n",
              "       'text': 'Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f82',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What are the names of the two people that created a documentary for Italian tele vision?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 132,\n",
              "       'text': 'Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ad7a2ccc5a1400d82e2f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who did a work for Italian television about Chopin's life?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: La valse de l'adieu (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; Impromptu (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; La note bleue (1991); and Chopin: Desire for Love (2002).\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 119, 'text': 'A Song to Remember'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f90',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the name of the 1945 movie released about Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 145, 'text': 'Cornel Wilde'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f91',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is the name of the actor who received and Oscar nomination for his role as Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 301, 'text': '1928'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f92',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What year was  La valse de l'adieu released?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 384, 'text': 'Hugh Grant'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f93',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who starred as Chopin in Impromptu?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 37, 'text': 'George Sand'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f94',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopins relations with whom have been fictionalized in movies?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 119, 'text': 'A Song to Remember'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e24',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What 1945 film was a fictionalized accounting of the relationship between Chopin and Sand?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 145, 'text': 'Cornel Wilde'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e25',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who portrayed Chopin in A Song to Remember?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 330, 'text': 'Pierre Blanchar'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e27',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who portrayed Chopin in the 1928 film, La valse de l'adieu?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 384, 'text': 'Hugh Grant'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e28',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who portrayed Chopin in the 1991 film, Impromptu?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 188, 'text': '1901'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fac',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"When was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 179, 'text': 'Milan'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fad',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Where was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life created?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 147, 'text': 'Giacomo Orefice'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fae',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 56, 'text': 'Chopin'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is thought to be the first fictionalized work about Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 85, 'text': 'opera'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What style is the fictionalized \"Chopin\" in?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 147, 'text': 'Giacomo Orefice'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who wrote the fictionalized \"Chopin?\"'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 188, 'text': '1901.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 179, 'text': 'Milan'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these).',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 205, 'text': 'Leon Ulrich'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbd',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'An 1830 sonnet was written about Chopin by what man?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 275,\n",
              "       'text': 'Marcel Proust and André Gide'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbe',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Aside from George Sands what two French authors have written about Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 185, 'text': 'sonnet'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbf',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Leon Ulrich wrote about Chopin in what format?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 185,\n",
              "       'text': 'sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e02',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is the earliest sighting of Chopin in Polish Literature?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 180, 'text': '1830'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e03',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 422, 'text': 'English'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e04',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In addition to Polish and French, what other language has numerous biogrpahies of Chopin?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of The New York Times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman. The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 449, 'text': 'every five years.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'The Warsaw Chopin Society holds the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin how often?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 379,\n",
              "       'text': 'Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc5',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is the name of the event that The Warsaw Chopin Society holds?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 115, 'text': 'The New York Times'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"On Chopin's 200th anniversary critics of what publication made recommendations on recordings of Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 339, 'text': 'The Warsaw Chopin Society'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfc',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 449, 'text': 'every five years.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfd',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How often is the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings held?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 115, 'text': 'The New York Times'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfe',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Upon Chopin's bicentenary, who recommended a list of who should perform Chopin?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'The British Library notes that \"Chopin\\'s works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era.\" The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Vladimir Horowitz, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Paderewski, Arthur Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka and many others. A select discography of recordings of Chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from Chopin is given by Methuen-Campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 145, 'text': '1895'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5284aab44d1400b88fca',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year was the earliest Chopin recording created?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 183,\n",
              "       'text': 'Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5284aab44d1400b88fcb',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is the title of the earliest known recording of Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 165, 'text': 'Paul Pabst'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5284aab44d1400b88fcc',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'The British Library'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82dea',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What has stated that every pianist in the recording era has used Chopin's music?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 145, 'text': '1895'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82dec',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Pabst record his Chopin performance?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 586, 'text': 'Methuen-Campbell'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82ded',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who has given a discography of pianists' representation of Chopin's pedagogic style?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty societies world-wide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube as of January 2014.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 152,\n",
              "       'text': 'International Chopin Piano Competition'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5376aab44d1400b88fd8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is the name of the oldest music essay competition?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 203, 'text': '1927'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5376aab44d1400b88fd9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year was the International Chopin Piano Competition founded?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 237, 'text': 'Warsaw'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5376aab44d1400b88fda',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 217, 'text': 'every five years'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5376aab44d1400b88fdb',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How often is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': '1,500'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5376aab44d1400b88fdc',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland includes approximately how many recordings of Chopin's work from Youtube?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 148,\n",
              "       'text': 'the International Chopin Piano Competition'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is the world's oldest monographic music competition?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 203, 'text': '1927'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When was the International Chopin Piano Competition established?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 245,\n",
              "       'text': 'The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'There are over 80 societies throughout the world that have been established because of Chopin and his music according to who?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 408, 'text': 'nearly 1,500'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de5',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"How many known works of Chopin's music were on YouTube up to the beginning of 2014?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 43, 'text': 'Chopiniana'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5433aab44d1400b88fee',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is the name of the ballet that included Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 72, 'text': 'Michel Fokine'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5433aab44d1400b88fef',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin's work?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 297, 'text': 'Les Sylphides'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopiniana later went by a different name, what is that name?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 106, 'text': 'Alexander Glazunov'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who orchestrated Chopiniana?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 31, 'text': '1909'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year was the Chopiniana released?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 43, 'text': 'Chopiniana'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82dda',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Which 1909 ballet used Chopin's music?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 72, 'text': 'Michel Fokine'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddb',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who choreographed Chopiniana?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 106, 'text': 'Alexander Glazunov.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddc',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who orchestrated Chopiniana?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 297, 'text': 'Les Sylphides.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddd',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Sergei Diaghilev obtained additional orchestrations for subsequent productions, using which title?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 62, 'text': 'London'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe4a4234ae51400d9c015',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 206, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe4a4234ae51400d9c016',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 62, 'text': 'London'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3711659d6e414001463ce',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 206,\n",
              "       'text': 'Jane Stirling and her elder sister'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3711659d6e414001463cf',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What two people suggested the 1848 tour?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 206, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3711659d6e414001463d0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 21, 'text': 'Revolution'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3711659d6e414001463d1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was happening in April 1848 in Paris?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 191, 'text': 'Scottish'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3711659d6e414001463d2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was Jane Stirling's national heritage?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea (£1.05 in present British currency) per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 34, 'text': 'Dover Street'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Chopin stay while in London?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 66, 'text': 'Broadwood'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What company provided Chopin with a piano while in London?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 147, 'text': 'Stafford House'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Where was Chopin's initial performance?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 185,\n",
              "       'text': 'Queen Victoria and Prince Albert'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What two notable guests were present during his premiere performance at Stafford House?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 647, 'text': '7 July'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What date did he perform with Viardot?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 34, 'text': 'Dover Street'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d372e959d6e41400146401',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What steet did Chopin stay on in London?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 94, 'text': 'a grand piano.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d372e959d6e41400146402',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Broadway provide for Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 185,\n",
              "       'text': 'Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d372e959d6e41400146403',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What two dignitaries where at his first performance in London?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 463, 'text': 'piano lessons'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d372e959d6e41400146404',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In addition to hearing him play, what else did people seek from Chopin in London?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 682, 'text': 'Viardot'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d372e959d6e41400146405',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who sang chopin arrangements on July 7 of the year Chopin was in London?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling\\'s family. She clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so. He wrote at this time to Grzymała \"My Scottish ladies are kind, but such bores\", and responding to a rumour about his involvement, answered that he was \"closer to the grave than the nuptial bed.\" He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote out his last will and testament—\"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere\", he wrote to Grzymała.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 56, 'text': 'Scotland'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe792234ae51400d9c05b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did Jane Stirling invite Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 777, 'text': 'Adam Łyszczyński'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe792234ae51400d9c05c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What doctor was with Chopin when he wrote out his will?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 56, 'text': 'Scotland'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3740c59d6e41400146423',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where was Chopin invited to in late summer?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 554, 'text': 'Glasgow'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3740c59d6e41400146426',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What city did Chopin perform at on September 27?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 817, 'text': 'will'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3740c59d6e41400146427',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin write while staying with Doctor Adam Łyszczyński?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 86, 'text': '16 November 1848'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe7f4234ae51400d9c05f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin last appear in public?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 73, 'text': 'Guildhall'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe7f4234ae51400d9c060',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Where was Chopin's last public performance?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 169, 'text': 'Polish refugees.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d375b859d6e41400146468',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 329, 'text': 'terminal'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d375b859d6e41400146469',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 64, 'text': \"London's Guildhall\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d375b859d6e4140014646b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Where was Chopin's last public performance?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 241, 'text': 'Delfina Potocka'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin play for while she sang?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 340, 'text': 'Chaillot'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In 1849 where did Chopin live?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 439, 'text': 'Princess Obreskoff'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was anonymously paying for Chopin's apartment?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 14, 'text': 'November'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d381b459d6e41400146591',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Chopin return to Paris?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 241, 'text': 'Delfina Potocka'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d381b459d6e41400146592',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin accompanied which singer for friends?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 340, 'text': 'Chaillot'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d381b459d6e41400146593',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where did his friends found Chopin an apartment in 1849?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 439, 'text': 'Princess Obreskoff.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d381b459d6e41400146594',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who paid for Chopin's apartment in Chaillot?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 467, 'text': 'June 1849'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d381b459d6e41400146595',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vendôme 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with him, although Viardot remarked sardonically that \"all the grand Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room.\"',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 91, 'text': 'June 1849'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe911234ae51400d9c085',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When did his sister come to stay with Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 247, 'text': 'Place Vendôme 12'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe911234ae51400d9c086',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In September 1849 where did Chopin take up residence?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 101, 'text': 'his sister'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3823659d6e414001465b6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which family member came to Paris in June 1849?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 139, 'text': 'her husband and daughter'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3823659d6e414001465b7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who accompanied Chopin's sister to Paris?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 208, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3823659d6e414001465b8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who gave Chopin a loan in September for an apartment?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 493, 'text': 'to faint'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3823659d6e414001465b9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What did Parisian ladies consider proper etiquette when in Chopin's room?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin requested that his body be opened after death (for fear of being buried alive) and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross. He also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan for completion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. \"No longer\", he replied. He died a few minutes before two o\\'clock in the morning. Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand\\'s daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange\\'s husband Clésinger made Chopin\\'s death mask and a cast of his left hand.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 167,\n",
              "       'text': 'fear of being buried alive'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Why did Chopin request being cut open after his death?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 492, 'text': '\"No longer\"'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 781, 'text': 'Clésinger'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who made Chopin's death mask?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 167, 'text': 'fear of being buried alive'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38a4a59d6e414001466bb',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Why did Chopin want his body opened when he died?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 820, 'text': 'a cast of his left hand.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38a4a59d6e414001466bf',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What did Solange's husband make hours after Chopin's death along with his death mask?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. However, the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved. Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 124, 'text': 'tuberculosis'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is listed as Chopin's official cause of death?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 157, 'text': 'Jean Cruveilhier'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the name of Chopin's doctor?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 450, 'text': 'DNA testing'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b5',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What has the Polish government not allowed to find true cause of death?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 124, 'text': 'tuberculosis'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38ac959d6e414001466cf',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the cause of death on Chopin's death certificate?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 157, 'text': 'Jean Cruveilhier'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38ac959d6e414001466d0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was Chopin's physician?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 279, 'text': 'cystic fibrosis'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38ac959d6e414001466d1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Other possiblities for Chopin's death include cirrhosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and what?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 518, 'text': 'the Polish government.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38ac959d6e414001466d2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 25,\n",
              "       'text': 'Church of the Madeleine'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0b9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Where was Chopin's funeral held?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 78, 'text': 'two weeks'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0ba',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 189, 'text': 'Over 3,000'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0bb',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"How many people arrived for Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 21,\n",
              "       'text': 'the Church of the Madeleine in Paris'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38ba459d6e414001466e7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Where was Chopin's funeral held?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 78, 'text': 'two weeks'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38ba459d6e414001466e8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 189, 'text': 'Over 3,000'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38ba459d6e414001466eb',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many people arrived without an invitation?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The funeral procession to Père Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': \"Mozart's Requiem\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0bf',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What song was sung at Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 291, 'text': 'Louis Lefébure-Wély'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was the organist at Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 422, 'text': 'Prince Adam Czartoryski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who led Chopin's funeral procession?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 537,\n",
              "       'text': \"Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was played at his graveside?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': \"Mozart's Requiem\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38c2b59d6e41400146703',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What Mozart song was sung at Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 291, 'text': 'Louis Lefébure-Wély'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38c2b59d6e41400146704',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was the organist for Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 338, 'text': 'Père Lachaise Cemetery'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38c2b59d6e41400146705',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which cemetery was Chopin buried in?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 422, 'text': 'Prince Adam Czartoryski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38c2b59d6e41400146706',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who led the funeral procession?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 533,\n",
              "       'text': \"the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38c2b59d6e41400146707',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was played at Chopin's graveside?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's heart in an urn, preserved in alcohol, back to Poland in 1850.[n 9] She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who seems to have destroyed them.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 115, 'text': 'Clésinger'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cd',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who sculpted Chopin's tombstone?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 49, 'text': 'Euterpe'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0ce',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin's tombstone?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 181, 'text': '5,000 francs'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cf',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"How much did Chopin's funeral cost?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 211, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who paid for Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 351, 'text': 'alcohol'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 115, 'text': 'Clésinger.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38cc659d6e4140014672b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who designed Chopin's tombstone?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 181, 'text': '5,000 francs'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38cc659d6e4140014672c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"How much did Chopin's funeral and monument cost?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 211, 'text': 'Jane Stirling'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38cc659d6e4140014672d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who paid for Chopin's funeral?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 273, 'text': 'sister'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38cc659d6e4140014672e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who took Chopin's heart to Poland?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 444, 'text': 'Sand'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38cc659d6e4140014672f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Over 230'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"How many of Chopin's works still exist?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 121, 'text': 'piano'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'All of his pieces include what instrument?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Over 230'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38cfe59d6e4140014673b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many Chopin pieces are known to have survived?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 210, 'text': 'chamber music.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38cfe59d6e4140014673c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Only a few of Chopin's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi\\'s piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel\\'s development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin\\'s early works are in the style of the \"brilliant\" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for example, his fioriture) is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 69, 'text': 'Clementi'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfed0f234ae51400d9c0db',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 69, 'text': 'Clementi'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38d6559d6e4140014674f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 235, 'text': 'Bach and Mozart'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38d6559d6e41400146750',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 51, 'text': 'Haydn'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38d6559d6e41400146751',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert étude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837).',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 80, 'text': 'John Field'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who is credited with creating the nocturne?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 155, 'text': 'ballades and scherzi'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 39, 'text': 'nocturne'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38fa059d6e41400146771',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What new genre di John Field invent?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 155, 'text': 'ballades and scherzi'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38fa059d6e41400146772',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin was first in writing what for concerts?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 370, 'text': 'concert étude'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38fa059d6e41400146773',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What musical concept did Chopin exploit?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 435,\n",
              "       'text': 'Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d38fa059d6e41400146774',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What three other musicians were developing the new genre?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin\\'s mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op. 26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form. His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 363, 'text': 'seven'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': 'nine'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many polonaises were published after Chopin died?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 96, 'text': 'mazurkas'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 660, 'text': 'faster tempos'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0fa',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 47,\n",
              "       'text': 'greater range of melody and expression.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d390b559d6e41400146789',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 243, 'text': 'concert hall'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d390b559d6e4140014678a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 307, 'text': 'the mazurka'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d390b559d6e4140014678b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 415, 'text': 'nine'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d390b559d6e4140014678c',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 545, 'text': 'waltzes'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d390b559d6e4140014678d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the Revolutionary Étude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The Funeral March, the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 77,\n",
              "       'text': 'the Revolutionary Étude'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is another title Op. 10, No. 12 has garnered? '},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 192, 'text': 'Funeral March'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 623, 'text': 'Sonata No. 2'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'The Funeral March was written as part of what piece?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 650, 'text': 'one'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3913859d6e41400146793',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many instrumental works did Chopin give a descriptive name to?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 81, 'text': 'Revolutionary Étude'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3913859d6e41400146795',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What descriptive name was Op. 10, No. 12 given?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 127, 'text': 'Minute Waltz'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3913859d6e41400146796',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What descriptive name was Op. 64, No. 1 given?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66–73), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 50, 'text': '65'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff00f234ae51400d9c113',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 259, 'text': 'Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff00f234ae51400d9c115',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was Chopin's musical executor?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 283, 'text': '23'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff00f234ae51400d9c116',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 402, 'text': '17'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff00f234ae51400d9c117',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 50, 'text': '65'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3929359d6e4140014679d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is the last opus number that Chopin used?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 259, 'text': 'Julian Fontana'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3929359d6e4140014679f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp. 66-73 in 1855?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 396, 'text': '1857'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3929359d6e414001467a1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'When was Op. 74 published?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 285, 'text': 'Krystyna Kobylańska'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff0c3234ae51400d9c123',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'The Kobylańska Catalogue was named for who?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 22, 'text': '1857'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff0c3234ae51400d9c124',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Pieces published after what year stopped receiving opus numbers?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 41,\n",
              "       'text': 'alternative catalogue designations'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3946659d6e414001467af',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What have pieces published after 1857 been given rather than opus numbers?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 168, 'text': 'the Kobylańska Catalogue'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3946659d6e414001467b0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is the current musicologist reference for Chopin's pieces?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 231, 'text': 'KK'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3946659d6e414001467b1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What is the shortened reference for the Kobylańska Catalogue?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 285, 'text': 'Krystyna Kobylańska.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3946659d6e414001467b2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who compiled the Kobylańska Catalogue?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Chopin\\'s original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin\\'s works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish \"National Edition\", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 187, 'text': 'Breitkopf & Härtel'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff179234ae51400d9c131',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who released the first collection of Chopin's works?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 403, 'text': 'Jan Ekier'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff179234ae51400d9c133',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who edited the Polish \"National Edition\" of Chopin\\'s works?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 9, 'text': 'original publishers'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3971459d6e414001467cd',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel were what to Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 112,\n",
              "       'text': 'popular 19th-century piano anthologies.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3971459d6e414001467ce',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Where did Chopin's work start t oshow up?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 303, 'text': 'Paderewski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3971459d6e414001467cf',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin's work form 1937 to 1966?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 403, 'text': 'Jan Ekier'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3971459d6e414001467d0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who edited the Polish National Edition?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin\\'s creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that \"improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience\\'s expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form.\" The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be \"merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative\". After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello; \"instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure.\" Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin\\'s individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Improvisation'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff256234ae51400d9c145',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is central to Chopin's process?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 879, 'text': 'the four-bar phrase'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff256234ae51400d9c146',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Improvisation'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d398a859d6e414001467e5',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is central to Chopin's creativeness?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 116, 'text': 'Nicholas Temperley'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d398a859d6e414001467e6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who wrote that \"improvisation is designed for an audience\"?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 854,\n",
              "       'text': 'his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d398a859d6e414001467e7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'J. Barrie Jones suggests that \"amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme\", and adds that \"the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin\\'s rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody.\" Temperley opines that these works, which contain \"immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail\", are based on an extended \"departure and return\" form; \"the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes.\"',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 154,\n",
              "       'text': 'the Barcarolle Op. 60'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff2e0234ae51400d9c14b',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin's palette?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 87,\n",
              "       'text': 'the four ballades and four scherzos'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3997e59d6e414001467ed',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 426, 'text': 'departure and return'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3997e59d6e414001467ef',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What form does Temperley feel that Chopin's ballades and scherzos are based on?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 135, 'text': 'folk features'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff351234ae51400d9c14d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? \"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 41,\n",
              "       'text': 'straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39a6a59d6e414001467f3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 9, 'text': 'mazurkas'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39a6a59d6e414001467f4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 241, 'text': 'drone bass'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39a6a59d6e414001467f5',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What type of bass do Chopin's mazurkas exhibit?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 344,\n",
              "       'text': \"a canon at one beat's distance\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39a6a59d6e414001467f6',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 193, 'text': 'triple time'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff390234ae51400d9c151',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What time are Chopin's polonaises written in?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 127, 'text': 'Elsner'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39abf59d6e414001467fd',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 229, 'text': 'martial'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39abf59d6e414001467fe',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 345, 'text': 'formidable'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39abf59d6e414001467ff',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 4, 'text': '21'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff3f4234ae51400d9c153',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many nocturnes did Chopin compose?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 177, 'text': 'agitated expression'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff3f4234ae51400d9c154',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What is it about the middle of Chopin's nocturnes that increases their drama?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 84, 'text': 'Field'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39bdf59d6e41400146807',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin's nocturnes were more structured than who?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 110, 'text': '1833'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39bdf59d6e41400146808',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What year did Chopin meet Field?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 7, 'text': 'nocturnes'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39bdf59d6e41400146809',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Which type of Chopin's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Chopin's études are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing—for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No.  7).\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 9, 'text': 'études'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff427234ae51400d9c157',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 31, 'text': 'straightforward ternary'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39c5359d6e4140014680d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What form are most of Chopin's études in?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 9, 'text': 'études'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39c5359d6e4140014680e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as \"the beginnings of studies\". Inspired by J.S. Bach\\'s The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin\\'s preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach\\'s chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality. The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the Étude Op. 10 No. 5.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 211,\n",
              "       'text': 'The Well-Tempered Clavier'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff49a234ae51400d9c161',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 588, 'text': 'Kenneth Hamilton'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff49a234ae51400d9c162',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'The preludes'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39cea59d6e41400146811',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was described as \"the beginning of studies\" by Schumann?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 199,\n",
              "       'text': \"J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39cea59d6e41400146812',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What inspired Chopin for his preludes?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 506,\n",
              "       'text': 'generic preludes to others of his pieces'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39cea59d6e41400146813',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 643, 'text': 'Ferruccio Busoni'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39cea59d6e41400146814',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who did a recording where Étude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique—\"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the German sonata principle\". The last movement, a brief (75-bar) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout, was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries, including Schumann. The Op. 58 sonata is closer to the German tradition, including many passages of complex counterpoint, \"worthy of Brahms\" according to the music historians Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 104, 'text': 'four'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff536234ae51400d9c165',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many movements are No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58 in?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 693,\n",
              "       'text': 'Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff536234ae51400d9c166',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What two people claimed that Op 58 was \"worthy of Brahms\"?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 104, 'text': 'four'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39ed559d6e41400146825',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'How many movements are in No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 349, 'text': 'The last movement'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39ed559d6e41400146826',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which movement was found lacking in musicality by Schumann?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 72, 'text': 'Op. 58'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39ed559d6e41400146827',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'According to music historians, which sonata is similar to German tradition and worthy of Brahms?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Chopin\\'s harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works \"novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment\", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key (neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths), or by sudden shifts to remote keys. Chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality of later composers such as Claude Debussy, as does Chopin\\'s use of modal harmony.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 512, 'text': 'Claude Debussy'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff5a8234ae51400d9c173',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 9, 'text': 'harmonic innovations'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39fa059d6e41400146831',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What likely arose due to Chopin's technique with keyboards?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 96, 'text': 'Temperley'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d39fa059d6e41400146832',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who wrote about Chopin\\'s \"novel harmonic effects\"?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'In 1841, Léon Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, \"One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace.\" Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique. In his Projet de méthode he wrote: \"Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm.\" He further stated: \"One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity.\" The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin\\'s music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of grace notes, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 523,\n",
              "       'text': 'independent finger technique'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff635234ae51400d9c184',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What was Chopin's style based upon?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 9, 'text': 'Léon Escudier'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a0d159d6e41400146835',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 556, 'text': 'his Projet de méthode'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a0d159d6e41400146837',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his \"one worthy successor\" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin\\'s use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous études and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin\\'s works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martinů, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 183, 'text': 'Karol Szymanowski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff6f3234ae51400d9c191',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 392, 'text': 'national modes and idioms'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff6f3234ae51400d9c192',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 584, 'text': 'Nikolai Zverev'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff6f3234ae51400d9c193',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 183, 'text': 'Karol Szymanowski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc8',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 419, 'text': 'Alexander Scriabin'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc9',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who was devoted to the music of Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 584, 'text': 'Nikolai Zverev'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dca',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the \"conservatory\" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin\\'s more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that \"concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art.\" Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as \"always crescendo to a high note\", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin \"has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn\". Hiller wrote that \"What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers.\"',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Jonathan Bellman'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff817234ae51400d9c1a3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin's preference of intimate performances?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 500, 'text': 'rigid procedures'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff817234ae51400d9c1a4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin tend to avoid?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 566,\n",
              "       'text': '\"always crescendo to a high note\"'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff817234ae51400d9c1a5',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What has been falsely credited to Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 378,\n",
              "       'text': 'hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a1e959d6e41400146841',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What did Chopin tell a student is given up in concerts?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 699, 'text': 'Berlioz'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a1e959d6e41400146842',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who wrote about Chopin\\'s \"chromatic embroidery\"?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 944, 'text': 'Hiller'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a1e959d6e41400146843',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who wrote that Chopin\\'s music, when played by him, became a \"colorful wreath of flowers\"?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Chopin\\'s music is frequently played with rubato, \"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, \\'robbing\\' some note-values for expressive effect\". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that \"most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ... An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin\\'s pupil, Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice.\"',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 41, 'text': 'rubato'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff885234ae51400d9c1b3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Chopin's compositions are often played with what?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 50,\n",
              "       'text': 'the practice in performance of disregarding strict time'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff885234ae51400d9c1b4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What does rubato mean?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 41, 'text': 'rubato'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a2cd59d6e41400146849',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 366, 'text': 'mazurkas'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a2cd59d6e4140014684a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Friederike Müller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: \"[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was \\'He—or she—does not know how to join two notes together.\\' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced rubatos, as well as exaggerated ritardandos ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.\"',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Friederike Müller'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cff905234ae51400d9c1b7',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 0, 'text': 'Friederike Müller'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a32259d6e4140014684f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 364, 'text': 'rhythm.'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a32259d6e41400146851',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'According to Friederike Müller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer\\'s strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that \"Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November 1830 rising], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know that in Chopin\\'s works, in the simple strains of his mazurkas, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopin\\'s works are cannon buried in flowers!\" The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt (but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein) claims that Chopin \"must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation.\"',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 91, 'text': 'sense of nationalism'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1cf',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin was noted as introducing music to what?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 130, 'text': '1836'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d0',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What year did Schumann review Chopin's piano concertos?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 224, 'text': 'Poland'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"In his review Schumann made note of Chopin's emotions for what?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 293,\n",
              "       'text': 'the failure of the November 1830'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 730,\n",
              "       'text': 'Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"A biography on Chopin released under Franz Liszt's name was likely written by who?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 22, 'text': 'polonaises'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a3df59d6e4140014685f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Chopin was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 113, 'text': 'Schumann'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a3df59d6e41400146860',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who wrote a glowing review of Chopin's love for his country through his music in 1836?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 623, 'text': 'flowers'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a3df59d6e41400146861',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Schumann described Chopin's music as cannons buried in what?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 730,\n",
              "       'text': 'Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a3df59d6e41400146862',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Though Franz Liszt is credited with Chopin's 1863 biography, who probably actually wrote it?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin\\'s primacy as a \"nationalist\" or \"patriotic\" composer. George Golos refers to earlier \"nationalist\" composers in Central Europe, including Poland\\'s Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin\\'s experience of Polish music came more from \"urbanised\" Warsaw versions than from folk music, and that attempts (by Jachimecki and others) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis. Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann\\'s attitude toward Chopin\\'s works as patronizing and comments that Chopin \"felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely\" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 300, 'text': 'Barbara Milewski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who said that Chopin\\'s familiarity with Polish music was more \"urbanised\"  than true folk music?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 212,\n",
              "       'text': 'Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? \"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 543, 'text': 'Richard Taruskin'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a46a59d6e41400146869',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who said Chopin's works were modeled after Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field?\"}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: \"Undoubtedly [Chopin\\'s] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom. Although Chopin\\'s music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ...\"',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 443, 'text': 'intuitive'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffba5234ae51400d9c1f1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"William Atwood suggested that Chopin's music wasn't purposely patriotic but what?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 386, 'text': 'freedom'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a51459d6e41400146877',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 249, 'text': 'Europe and the New World'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a51459d6e41400146878',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Where were Poles scattered to?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': 'Jones comments that \"Chopin\\'s unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned.\" He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—\"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons\"—and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that \"his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional\" among his romantic contemporaries, such as Liszt and Henri Herz.',\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 716, 'text': 'Byronic flamboyance'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffc2b234ae51400d9c1ff',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 838, 'text': 'Liszt and Henri Herz'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffc2b234ae51400d9c200',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 214, 'text': 'Paris'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a65259d6e41400146888',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 670, 'text': 'Arthur Hutchings'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a65259d6e4140014688a',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 138, 'text': 'Carnaval'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20d',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 179, 'text': 'Ballade No. 2 in F major'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20e',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? \"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 324, 'text': 'six'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20f',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"How many of Chopin's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 389, 'text': 'Alkan'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffcf3234ae51400d9c210',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 9,\n",
              "       'text': 'qualities as a pianist and composer'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a74159d6e414001468a1',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 138, 'text': 'Carnaval'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a74159d6e414001468a2',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 179, 'text': 'Ballade No. 2 in F major'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a74159d6e414001468a3',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 269, 'text': 'Liszt'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a74159d6e414001468a4',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work?'}]},\n",
              "  {'context': \"Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Édouard Wolff (1816–1880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano Études to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand.\",\n",
              "   'qas': [{'answers': [{'answer_start': 392, 'text': 'Debussy'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffdaa234ae51400d9c226',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'Who dedicated his 1915 piano Études to Chopin?'},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 612, 'text': 'Jacques Durand'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56cffdaa234ae51400d9c227',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 197, 'text': 'Raoul Koczalski'}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a85259d6e414001468aa',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': \"Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music?\"},\n",
              "    {'answers': [{'answer_start': 7, 'text': \"Chopin's\"}],\n",
              "     'id': '56d3a85259d6e414001468ac',\n",
              "     'is_impossible': False,\n",
              "     'question': 'What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire?'}]}],\n",
              " 'title': 'Frédéric_Chopin'}"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 23
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "MSW1ShgZ05Wq"
      },
      "source": [
        "# the previous loop is needed to be done for both the datasets\n",
        "def read_squad(path):\n",
        "  with open(path, 'rb') as f: # reading binary\n",
        "    squad_dict = json.load(f)\n",
        "  \n",
        "  contexts = []\n",
        "  questions = []\n",
        "  answers = []\n",
        "  for group in squad_dict['data']: # squad_dict has 2 keys, version and data\n",
        "    for passage in group['paragraphs']: # accessing paragraphs of data\n",
        "      context = passage['context'] \n",
        "      for qa in passage['qas']:\n",
        "        question = qa['question']\n",
        "        if 'plausible_answers' in qa.keys():\n",
        "          access = 'plausible_answers'\n",
        "        else:\n",
        "          access = 'answers'\n",
        "        for answer in qa[access]:\n",
        "          contexts.append(context) # appending context, question and answer into our lists\n",
        "          questions.append(question)\n",
        "          answers.append(answer)\n",
        "  return contexts, questions, answers"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8aoLEV7vDrDp"
      },
      "source": [
        "train_contexts, train_questions, train_answers = read_squad('/content/drive/MyDrive/Dataset/squad/train-v2.0.json') # train dataset\n",
        "val_contexts, val_questions, val_answers = read_squad('/content/drive/MyDrive/Dataset/squad/dev-v2.0.json') # validation dataset"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "fV6BF0v4PdqB",
        "outputId": "9e425d70-7d80-405e-90a7-0ca18ee644d0"
      },
      "source": [
        "train_answers[0]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'answer_start': 269, 'text': 'in the late 1990s'}"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 27
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "VUt2c7fDO5e-"
      },
      "source": [
        "We already have answer start, we need answer end"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "sY18BoVcO9X7"
      },
      "source": [
        "def add_end_index(answers, contexts):\n",
        "  for answer, context in zip(answers, contexts):\n",
        "    gold_text = answer['text'] # answer we are looking for\n",
        "    start_idx = answer['answer_start']\n",
        "    end_idx = start_idx + len(gold_text)\n",
        "\n",
        "    # if both the text are equal then we have our actual end index\n",
        "    if context[start_idx : end_idx] == gold_text:\n",
        "      answer['answer_end'] = end_idx\n",
        "    else:\n",
        "      # position is off by 1 or 2 character\n",
        "      for n in [1, 2]:\n",
        "        if context[start_idx-n : end_idx-n] == gold_text:\n",
        "          answer['answer_start'] = start_idx - n\n",
        "          answer['answer_end'] = end_idx - n"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "pM9UCa3sRCaS"
      },
      "source": [
        "Now we can apply it to our train and validation dataset"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ChS9iKOKRGgp"
      },
      "source": [
        "add_end_index(train_answers, train_contexts)\n",
        "add_end_index(val_answers, val_contexts)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "mchxMY9xRWXM"
      },
      "source": [
        "Viewing our changes"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "1dPcTW7ZRTYx",
        "outputId": "ff1fc323-92b6-4b77-cd24-38dfbed41bc1"
      },
      "source": [
        "train_answers[:5]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[{'answer_end': 286, 'answer_start': 269, 'text': 'in the late 1990s'},\n",
              " {'answer_end': 226, 'answer_start': 207, 'text': 'singing and dancing'},\n",
              " {'answer_end': 530, 'answer_start': 526, 'text': '2003'},\n",
              " {'answer_end': 180, 'answer_start': 166, 'text': 'Houston, Texas'},\n",
              " {'answer_end': 286, 'answer_start': 276, 'text': 'late 1990s'}]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 30
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ouoHa-DwbbAx"
      },
      "source": [
        "---\n",
        "## Tokenize/Encoding"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 232,
          "referenced_widgets": [
            "fb459601ea1744e68246540f6115cf48",
            "469c03151e124e5eb5d5d1d3550f3681",
            "7ae2adc27b5f4d2aa039e2322bc23f44",
            "6129bd0e698c412f8fe46b2b80c6108a",
            "22512098745e4813826977e65c5bb135",
            "cc40c23c708e4779aa39ff190fb56758",
            "ba1a23b779d4461882938881aa7673fe",
            "b9a8d0c8e65241098b6240bfcdba5927",
            "780f39689c6249e9b7c4d498699bbdad",
            "baa3d977042e420d902813faec58100b",
            "076b3321f2de4d0e9cd67c3415bdfcc6",
            "600e8ada760c4a33ae98aaaf6fbc977b",
            "c54dd94e5610419b93c532d44d2d3576",
            "8c256a7a9e4a4066b734c09688efc243",
            "f304e629aa7649519456c1b75e975d24",
            "3946b209e46c47beada5fc02a69319b0",
            "389227ee5c754273b62d5bdf32909f8e",
            "8ff3ad44ef3c4f049e46f943e458783a",
            "1247e08127194aa198b00be390ccacd1",
            "707b2b3c8922441280db219ef54dbabc",
            "618542e7dd494f1fa8dbaf9d97aed10d",
            "62ccd72837754a6ba71b47c1396f4d7c",
            "c87a852a7e5745899101301c347e7d94",
            "8fa8e163d6794b13a802b152074315fb"
          ]
        },
        "id": "d8nActz4blCp",
        "outputId": "cd7679eb-79f6-4d6f-e2a0-33228de21ab9"
      },
      "source": [
        "!pip install transformers --quiet\n",
        "from transformers import DistilBertTokenizerFast # smaller version of BERT, quicker, faster\n",
        "\n",
        "# initialize tokenizer\n",
        "tokenizer = DistilBertTokenizerFast.from_pretrained('distilbert-base-uncased')"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "\u001b[K     |████████████████████████████████| 2.1MB 19.6MB/s \n",
            "\u001b[K     |████████████████████████████████| 870kB 47.5MB/s \n",
            "\u001b[K     |████████████████████████████████| 3.3MB 48.4MB/s \n",
            "\u001b[?25h  Building wheel for sacremoses (setup.py) ... \u001b[?25l\u001b[?25hdone\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        },
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "data": {
            "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
              "model_id": "fb459601ea1744e68246540f6115cf48",
              "version_minor": 0,
              "version_major": 2
            },
            "text/plain": [
              "HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='Downloading', max=231508.0, style=ProgressStyle(descripti…"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          }
        },
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        },
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "data": {
            "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
              "model_id": "780f39689c6249e9b7c4d498699bbdad",
              "version_minor": 0,
              "version_major": 2
            },
            "text/plain": [
              "HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='Downloading', max=466062.0, style=ProgressStyle(descripti…"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          }
        },
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        },
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "data": {
            "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
              "model_id": "389227ee5c754273b62d5bdf32909f8e",
              "version_minor": 0,
              "version_major": 2
            },
            "text/plain": [
              "HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='Downloading', max=28.0, style=ProgressStyle(description_w…"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          }
        },
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ZgWGKVcIcxJg"
      },
      "source": [
        "# tokenize, truncation means \n",
        "train_encodings = tokenizer(train_contexts, train_questions, truncation=True, padding=True)\n",
        "val_encodings = tokenizer(val_contexts, val_questions, truncation=True, padding=True)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "KDOrvoN-dwZl",
        "outputId": "37264f19-a188-4f8f-c3bd-09ecbc659268"
      },
      "source": [
        "train_encodings.keys()"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "dict_keys(['input_ids', 'attention_mask'])"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 33
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "Bkn8uPZ0J0DN",
        "outputId": "05ad99b9-8fba-400f-9978-e6a2e6de4aab"
      },
      "source": [
        "len(train_encodings['input_ids'])"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "130319"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 34
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 154
        },
        "id": "3P9NWZcsMAam",
        "outputId": "cc9e632c-29d0-43e7-e979-61d22cb67eca"
      },
      "source": [
        "# decoding an input id\n",
        "# BERT is expecting 512 tokens for every example, if it doesn't get, it will fulfilled all remainning token with [PAD]->padding\n",
        "tokenizer.decode(train_encodings['input_ids'][0])"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            },
            "text/plain": [
              "'[CLS] beyonce giselle knowles - carter ( / biːˈjɒnseɪ / bee - yon - say ) ( born september 4, 1981 ) is an american singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. born and raised in houston, texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of r & b girl - group destiny\\'s child. managed by her father, mathew knowles, the group became one of the world\\'s best - selling girl groups of all time. their hiatus saw the release of beyonce\\'s debut album, dangerously in love ( 2003 ), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five grammy awards and featured the billboard hot 100 number - one singles \" crazy in love \" and \" baby boy \". [SEP] when did beyonce start becoming popular? [SEP] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD] [PAD]'"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 35
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "6ro2cBt6a8jo"
      },
      "source": [
        "The tokenizer is great, but it doesn’t produce our answer start-end token positions. Only produced: `'input_ids' & 'attention_mask'` For that, we define a custom add_token_positions function. "
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "yeUas04oMSdc",
        "outputId": "89725454-97c3-4861-f5eb-e4b18d4c4135"
      },
      "source": [
        "train_answers[0]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'answer_end': 286, 'answer_start': 269, 'text': 'in the late 1990s'}"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 36
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "SpXqUEyZkTIs",
        "outputId": "c614d2ed-fad5-4991-cb70-ae25bd537733"
      },
      "source": [
        "train_answers[0]['answer_start']"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "269"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 37
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "PcAjhQeJmSs7",
        "outputId": "0ffc0c16-3628-4db1-b156-295498768a4d"
      },
      "source": [
        "train_encodings.char_to_token(0, train_answers[0]['answer_start'])"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "67"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 38
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "9IOISMpfmdpt"
      },
      "source": [
        "train_encodings.char_to_token(0, train_answers[0]['answer_end']) # space returned, this is a limitations of this model\n",
        "# so we need to add some extra logics to handle this"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "18fuYBWtmg-_"
      },
      "source": [
        "def add_token_postions(encodings, answers):\n",
        "  # as we are collecting all the positions we need a list\n",
        "  start_positions = []\n",
        "  end_positions = []\n",
        "\n",
        "  for i in range(len(answers)):\n",
        "    start_positions.append(encodings.char_to_token(i, answers[i]['answer_start']))\n",
        "    end_positions.append(encodings.char_to_token(i, answers[i]['answer_end'])) \n",
        "\n",
        "    # Handling the space problem \n",
        "    go_back = 1\n",
        "    while end_positions[-1] is None:\n",
        "      end_positions[-1] = encodings.char_to_token(i, answers[i]['answer_end']-go_back)\n",
        "      go_back +=1\n",
        "    # this problem can appair into starting positions also, if both questions and answers don't fit within token length\n",
        "    if start_positions[-1] is None:\n",
        "      start_positions[-1] = tokenizer.model_max_length \n",
        "  # added the positions into our dictionary\n",
        "  encodings.update({\n",
        "      'start_positions' : start_positions,\n",
        "      'end_positions' : end_positions\n",
        "  })"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "FuBeClsFqYen"
      },
      "source": [
        "# adding this token positions into our training and testing dataset\n",
        "add_token_postions(train_encodings, train_answers)\n",
        "add_token_postions(val_encodings, val_answers)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "hUeRaBdYqwvY",
        "outputId": "f0727e82-d2f6-4197-f26a-dbe7d2af1bc0"
      },
      "source": [
        "# now let's look at the keys again\n",
        "train_encodings.keys()"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "dict_keys(['input_ids', 'attention_mask', 'start_positions', 'end_positions'])"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 42
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "GRB5cbmMq-N7",
        "outputId": "76aa2070-8aee-41d1-f6ae-cd12043bd527"
      },
      "source": [
        "train_encodings['start_positions'][:10]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[67, 55, 128, 47, 69, 81, 124, 91, 69, 72]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 43
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "-1X6nBdZrgIy",
        "outputId": "bdcfec35-cc95-421d-a133-3f8806ff5fdf"
      },
      "source": [
        "train_encodings['end_positions'][:10]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[70, 57, 129, 50, 70, 85, 126, 93, 70, 73]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 44
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "R2G-heBhvgBK"
      },
      "source": [
        "We’ve now prepared our data, and we have everything we need — we just need to transform it into the correct format for training with PyTorch.\n",
        "For this, we need to build a dataset object: `SquadDataset`"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "udQJ28GDvhVt"
      },
      "source": [
        "import torch\n",
        "class SquadDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):\n",
        "    def __init__(self, encodings):\n",
        "        self.encodings = encodings\n",
        "\n",
        "    def __getitem__(self, idx):\n",
        "        return {key: torch.tensor(val[idx]) for key, val in self.encodings.items()}\n",
        "\n",
        "    def __len__(self):\n",
        "        return len(self.encodings.input_ids)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "PPeK-qVIvjM-"
      },
      "source": [
        "# applying this to our datasets\n",
        "train_dataset = SquadDataset(train_encodings)\n",
        "val_dataset = SquadDataset(val_encodings)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ZVPC5mEOxuaJ"
      },
      "source": [
        "---\n",
        "## Fine-tune"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "4VKMYM5LxzrL"
      },
      "source": [
        "Our data is now wholly ready for use by our model. All we do now is set up our PyTorch environment, initialize the DataLoader which we will be using to load data during training "
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 220,
          "referenced_widgets": [
            "0d275e041f884585b25afedc411d6e88",
            "dbd0e695cf20407489980144c762cf49",
            "b0b8c1c11c9c44008b559281b8ba8d05",
            "301e4afaf2e7409e983d7f31383f35c6",
            "95c34bc8f65c472fa886129be6bf37e9",
            "39848a49030a4c50a5d4ae075ed36121",
            "d046989220b9443eaf4cc1f172f50222",
            "0f4d58c4d1404c8f8b0c865bfbafb23e",
            "c901f0ae1297435db9ea25b8432d78a7",
            "8bbbee39fdbf43e583552e6a3f2836e4",
            "4ca97ff3488d4d819340ba5d5a5a1b5c",
            "ef6f06b66cf74952af40b7c160caa690",
            "536b8e904153476aa95f1fae32757422",
            "23fd740b2e414cc8948c027fb574d874",
            "2f5fe3cb92a6453d984a854dade49cb4",
            "f5f08212a0fa4451851ef172bd69fd11"
          ]
        },
        "id": "rGzUyS2r3guV",
        "outputId": "fd049971-6878-4caa-f90a-dd893e05482a"
      },
      "source": [
        "from transformers import DistilBertForQuestionAnswering\n",
        "model = DistilBertForQuestionAnswering.from_pretrained(\"distilbert-base-uncased\")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "data": {
            "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
              "model_id": "0d275e041f884585b25afedc411d6e88",
              "version_minor": 0,
              "version_major": 2
            },
            "text/plain": [
              "HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='Downloading', max=442.0, style=ProgressStyle(description_…"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          }
        },
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        },
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "data": {
            "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
              "model_id": "c901f0ae1297435db9ea25b8432d78a7",
              "version_minor": 0,
              "version_major": 2
            },
            "text/plain": [
              "HBox(children=(FloatProgress(value=0.0, description='Downloading', max=267967963.0, style=ProgressStyle(descri…"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          }
        },
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        },
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Some weights of the model checkpoint at distilbert-base-uncased were not used when initializing DistilBertForQuestionAnswering: ['vocab_transform.weight', 'vocab_transform.bias', 'vocab_layer_norm.weight', 'vocab_layer_norm.bias', 'vocab_projector.weight', 'vocab_projector.bias']\n",
            "- This IS expected if you are initializing DistilBertForQuestionAnswering from the checkpoint of a model trained on another task or with another architecture (e.g. initializing a BertForSequenceClassification model from a BertForPreTraining model).\n",
            "- This IS NOT expected if you are initializing DistilBertForQuestionAnswering from the checkpoint of a model that you expect to be exactly identical (initializing a BertForSequenceClassification model from a BertForSequenceClassification model).\n",
            "Some weights of DistilBertForQuestionAnswering were not initialized from the model checkpoint at distilbert-base-uncased and are newly initialized: ['qa_outputs.weight', 'qa_outputs.bias']\n",
            "You should probably TRAIN this model on a down-stream task to be able to use it for predictions and inference.\n"
          ],
          "name": "stderr"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "BI8k2ZmSx0QI"
      },
      "source": [
        "from torch.utils.data import DataLoader\n",
        "from transformers import AdamW\n",
        "from tqdm import tqdm # progressbar"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "krvaKAw32MwZ",
        "outputId": "6286e174-d61a-4597-b66f-ba9caa16a515"
      },
      "source": [
        "# defining device type, using gpu if available, otherwise use cpu\n",
        "device = torch.device('cuda') if torch.cuda.is_available() else torch.device('cpu')\n",
        "if torch.cuda.is_available():\n",
        "  device = torch.device(\"cuda:0\")\n",
        "  print(\"GPU Allocated\")\n",
        "else:\n",
        "  torch.device('cpu')\n",
        "  print(\"CPU Allocated\")\n",
        "\n",
        "model.to(device)\n",
        "model.train()\n",
        "\n",
        "# initializing optimizer, learning rate\n",
        "optim = AdamW(model.parameters(), lr=5e-5)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "GPU Allocated\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "RllJ_WA93xfR"
      },
      "source": [
        "train_loader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=16, shuffle=True)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "1wrlf9sa5s0w",
        "outputId": "347f2101-f805-4716-c64a-05a7dab81e6c"
      },
      "source": [
        "train_encodings.keys()"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "dict_keys(['input_ids', 'attention_mask', 'start_positions', 'end_positions'])"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 51
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "ERquie004OT2",
        "outputId": "bc40a701-2da4-4ed8-e828-d747b40298a7"
      },
      "source": [
        "# 3 epoch\n",
        "for epoch in range(3):\n",
        "    loop = tqdm(train_loader)\n",
        "    for batch in loop: # for each batch within loop\n",
        "        optim.zero_grad()\n",
        "        \n",
        "        input_ids = batch['input_ids'].to(device)\n",
        "        attention_mask = batch['attention_mask'].to(device)\n",
        "        start_positions = batch['start_positions'].to(device)\n",
        "        end_positions = batch['end_positions'].to(device)\n",
        "        \n",
        "        # feeding them into our model for train\n",
        "        outputs = model(input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask, start_positions=start_positions, end_positions=end_positions)\n",
        "        \n",
        "        # from our training batch, we extracting the loss by calculating the loss for every parameter\n",
        "        loss = outputs[0]\n",
        "        \n",
        "        # updating the gradient\n",
        "        loss.backward()\n",
        "        optim.step() \n",
        "\n",
        "        # for visualizing\n",
        "        loop.set_description(f'Epoch {epoch}')\n",
        "        loop.set_postfix(loss=loss.item())\n",
        "    \n",
        "    # saving Epoch\n",
        "    \n",
        "\n",
        "#model.eval()"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Epoch 0: 100%|██████████| 8145/8145 [1:46:28<00:00,  1.28it/s, loss=1.02]\n",
            "Epoch 1: 100%|██████████| 8145/8145 [1:46:32<00:00,  1.27it/s, loss=0.808]\n",
            "Epoch 2: 100%|██████████| 8145/8145 [1:46:31<00:00,  1.27it/s, loss=0.632]\n"
          ],
          "name": "stderr"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "NemieQPaHsXE",
        "outputId": "d4806420-1f04-4f7c-a1d5-3ef9a4e421e6"
      },
      "source": [
        "model_path = '/content/drive/MyDrive/Dataset/squad/DistilBert Trained Model'\n",
        "model.save_pretrained(model_path) # saving the model\n",
        "tokenizer.save_pretrained(model_path) # saving tokenizer"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "('/content/drive/MyDrive/Dataset/squad/DistilBert Trained Model/tokenizer_config.json',\n",
              " '/content/drive/MyDrive/Dataset/squad/DistilBert Trained Model/special_tokens_map.json',\n",
              " '/content/drive/MyDrive/Dataset/squad/DistilBert Trained Model/vocab.txt',\n",
              " '/content/drive/MyDrive/Dataset/squad/DistilBert Trained Model/added_tokens.json')"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 53
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "h9opun9PWk_C",
        "outputId": "0b890af8-ed5f-48b3-9384-34f242e4f395"
      },
      "source": [
        "model.eval() # switching to trainning mode"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "DistilBertForQuestionAnswering(\n",
              "  (distilbert): DistilBertModel(\n",
              "    (embeddings): Embeddings(\n",
              "      (word_embeddings): Embedding(30522, 768, padding_idx=0)\n",
              "      (position_embeddings): Embedding(512, 768)\n",
              "      (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
              "      (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              "    )\n",
              "    (transformer): Transformer(\n",
              "      (layer): ModuleList(\n",
              "        (0): TransformerBlock(\n",
              "          (attention): MultiHeadSelfAttention(\n",
              "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              "            (q_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (k_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (v_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (out_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "          )\n",
              "          (sa_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
              "          (ffn): FFN(\n",
              "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              "            (lin1): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)\n",
              "            (lin2): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "          )\n",
              "          (output_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
              "        )\n",
              "        (1): TransformerBlock(\n",
              "          (attention): MultiHeadSelfAttention(\n",
              "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              "            (q_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (k_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (v_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (out_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "          )\n",
              "          (sa_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
              "          (ffn): FFN(\n",
              "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              "            (lin1): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)\n",
              "            (lin2): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "          )\n",
              "          (output_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
              "        )\n",
              "        (2): TransformerBlock(\n",
              "          (attention): MultiHeadSelfAttention(\n",
              "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              "            (q_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (k_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (v_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (out_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "          )\n",
              "          (sa_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
              "          (ffn): FFN(\n",
              "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              "            (lin1): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)\n",
              "            (lin2): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "          )\n",
              "          (output_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
              "        )\n",
              "        (3): TransformerBlock(\n",
              "          (attention): MultiHeadSelfAttention(\n",
              "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              "            (q_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (k_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (v_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (out_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "          )\n",
              "          (sa_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
              "          (ffn): FFN(\n",
              "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              "            (lin1): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)\n",
              "            (lin2): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "          )\n",
              "          (output_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
              "        )\n",
              "        (4): TransformerBlock(\n",
              "          (attention): MultiHeadSelfAttention(\n",
              "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              "            (q_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (k_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (v_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (out_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "          )\n",
              "          (sa_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
              "          (ffn): FFN(\n",
              "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              "            (lin1): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)\n",
              "            (lin2): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "          )\n",
              "          (output_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
              "        )\n",
              "        (5): TransformerBlock(\n",
              "          (attention): MultiHeadSelfAttention(\n",
              "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              "            (q_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (k_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (v_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "            (out_lin): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "          )\n",
              "          (sa_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
              "          (ffn): FFN(\n",
              "            (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              "            (lin1): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)\n",
              "            (lin2): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)\n",
              "          )\n",
              "          (output_layer_norm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)\n",
              "        )\n",
              "      )\n",
              "    )\n",
              "  )\n",
              "  (qa_outputs): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=2, bias=True)\n",
              "  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)\n",
              ")"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 54
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Na4XSSlhBfKb"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Model Validation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "uI33i_w9JNdh",
        "outputId": "7037830c-851c-4f9a-9e54-95f029b56b05"
      },
      "source": [
        "val_loader = DataLoader(val_dataset, batch_size=16)\n",
        "\n",
        "acc = [] # accuracy\n",
        "\n",
        "loop = tqdm(val_loader)\n",
        "for batch in loop: # for each batch within loop\n",
        "    with torch.no_grad(): \n",
        "      input_ids = batch['input_ids'].to(device)\n",
        "      attention_mask = batch['attention_mask'].to(device)\n",
        "      start_true = batch['start_positions'].to(device) # true values\n",
        "      end_true = batch['end_positions'].to(device) # true values\n",
        "      \n",
        "      # feeding them into our model for validation\n",
        "      outputs = model(input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask)\n",
        "      start_pred = torch.argmax(outputs['start_logits'], dim=1) # predicted values\n",
        "      end_pred = torch.argmax(outputs['end_logits'], dim=1) # predicted values\n",
        "\n",
        "      # checking true values are equal with predicted values\n",
        "      # calcualating batch accuracy and appending it within list\n",
        "      acc.append(((start_pred == start_true).sum()/len(start_pred)).item())\n",
        "      acc.append(((end_pred == end_true).sum()/len(end_pred)).item())\n",
        "      "
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "100%|██████████| 1640/1640 [07:02<00:00,  3.88it/s]\n"
          ],
          "name": "stderr"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "NbWYVlB7oNzQ",
        "outputId": "83a1b31f-cd40-4637-87cd-11947d0298c2"
      },
      "source": [
        "outputs"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "QuestionAnsweringModelOutput([('start_logits',\n",
              "                               tensor([[-10.7700,  -1.8402,  -0.1913,  ..., -13.7909, -13.7782, -13.8991],\n",
              "                                       [-10.7700,  -1.8402,  -0.1913,  ..., -13.7909, -13.7782, -13.8991],\n",
              "                                       [-10.7700,  -1.8402,  -0.1913,  ..., -13.7909, -13.7782, -13.8991],\n",
              "                                       ...,\n",
              "                                       [ -9.9024,   2.5822,   3.8301,  ..., -13.6726, -13.6707, -13.7631],\n",
              "                                       [ -8.7607,   2.2173,   2.8455,  ..., -13.7040, -13.7118, -13.7065],\n",
              "                                       [-10.6318,   0.0849,   1.2742,  ..., -13.8317, -13.8203, -13.8625]],\n",
              "                                      device='cuda:0')),\n",
              "                              ('end_logits',\n",
              "                               tensor([[ -9.1727,  -5.2830,  -3.2011,  ..., -12.5255, -12.5294, -12.3281],\n",
              "                                       [ -9.1727,  -5.2830,  -3.2011,  ..., -12.5255, -12.5294, -12.3281],\n",
              "                                       [ -9.1727,  -5.2830,  -3.2011,  ..., -12.5255, -12.5294, -12.3281],\n",
              "                                       ...,\n",
              "                                       [ -8.6366,  -3.0321,  -1.1682,  ..., -12.6910, -12.6921, -12.4918],\n",
              "                                       [ -6.9937,  -1.6799,  -0.8872,  ..., -12.5010, -12.5176, -12.5209],\n",
              "                                       [ -9.1462,  -3.7355,  -2.7288,  ..., -12.5622, -12.5772, -12.5025]],\n",
              "                                      device='cuda:0'))])"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 56
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "o4pj5nLy3DBv",
        "outputId": "80b0c866-8686-48e3-8487-212b9f18f426"
      },
      "source": [
        "# this is just for one batch, we need to do it for every single batch\n",
        "outputs['start_logits'] # highest value of start_logits represents our start token's highest probability\n",
        "torch.argmax(outputs['start_logits'], dim=1) # returns higest value's index, dim returns that batch of highest value's index\n"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "tensor([66, 66, 66, 66,  2, 17, 49, 99], device='cuda:0')"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 57
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "htJFrVt0BjK3"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Checking Accuracy"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "-myRg4ft7ch1",
        "outputId": "72366cce-e5e0-45ef-be88-620fa2b81bda"
      },
      "source": [
        "# checking match\n",
        "(start_pred == start_true)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "tensor([False, False, False, False,  True, False, False, False],\n",
              "       device='cuda:0')"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 58
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "ImqwGv6N709U",
        "outputId": "d742fc66-d092-4df1-dbd7-9cc62ab8f0ca"
      },
      "source": [
        "# calculating accuracy\n",
        "(start_pred == start_true).sum()/len(start_pred) # it will give us accuracy within tensor"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "tensor(0.1250, device='cuda:0')"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 59
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "Jqa8AbHg8EvO",
        "outputId": "8c97e4b7-20d8-460e-b4f8-5184be334656"
      },
      "source": [
        "((start_pred == start_true).sum()/len(start_pred)).item() # taking out values from tensor\n",
        "\n",
        "# very poor accuracy on final batch"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "0.125"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 60
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "d72Nli-38zWw",
        "outputId": "169a68f5-aa91-4a86-9666-66fe9d853e59"
      },
      "source": [
        "# printing accuracy list\n",
        "acc"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
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              " ...]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 61
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "g_DKRwFQ83pA",
        "outputId": "921027c8-0665-48c1-ec9d-b3011fb7b151"
      },
      "source": [
        "sum(acc)/len(acc) # printing overall acc"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "0.6387576219512195"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 63
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "IBGikKXf9M9A"
      },
      "source": [
        "So we got 63% exact match accuracy. What does mean by that?"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "YMBdbRvl9bJn",
        "outputId": "b40d8274-c34f-4d6f-cbfe-02eb741301f5"
      },
      "source": [
        "# for last batch\n",
        "start_true"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "tensor([158, 158, 158, 158,   2,  18,  50, 100], device='cuda:0')"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 64
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "UPYbd__t9kiN",
        "outputId": "1000c8c1-d370-48ec-a53c-1986c04c88f8"
      },
      "source": [
        "start_pred"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "tensor([66, 66, 66, 66,  2, 17, 49, 99], device='cuda:0')"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 65
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "pgUOa5db90EE"
      },
      "source": [
        "In last batch, our acc was 12.5%, but still the model can predic values closely, which is not perfect but still the model is pretty well. It gives 63% exact acc."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "uOu_7KKWxHXu"
      },
      "source": [
        ""
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    }
  ]
}