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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="pandoc" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=EDGE" />
<title>R Markdown Hints</title>
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.main-container {
max-width: 940px;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
}
img {
max-width:100%;
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.tabbed-pane {
padding-top: 12px;
}
.html-widget {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
button.code-folding-btn:focus {
outline: none;
}
summary {
display: list-item;
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details > summary > p:only-child {
display: inline;
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pre code {
padding: 0;
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float: right;
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float: none;
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var dropdown = menuAnchor.closest('li.dropdown');
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margin: 25px 0px 20px 0px;
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@media (max-width: 768px) {
#TOC {
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/* see https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/issues/4434 */
float: right;
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}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container-fluid main-container">
<!-- setup 3col/9col grid for toc_float and main content -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-3">
<div id="TOC" class="tocify">
</div>
</div>
<div class="toc-content col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-md-9">
<div class="navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top" role="navigation">
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</button>
<a class="navbar-brand" href="index.html">Statistics Notebook</a>
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Describing Data
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Making Inference
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<a href="./Analyses/StudentHousingPOOR.html">Poor Example Analysis</a>
</li>
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<a href="./Analyses/Rent.html">Rent</a>
</li>
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<a href="./Analyses/Stephanie.html">Stephanie</a>
</li>
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<a href="./Analyses/t Tests/HighSchoolSeniors.html">High School Seniors (T-Test)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./Analyses/Wilcoxon Tests/RecallingWords.html">Recalling Words (Wilcoxon)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./Analyses/ANOVA/Examples/DayCare.html">Day Care (Anova)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./Analyses/ANOVA/HighSchoolSeniors2.html">Anova High School Seniors 2</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./Analyses/Kruskal-Wallis Test/Food.html">Food (KW)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./Analyses/Linear Regression/MySimpleLinearRegression.html">My Simple Linear Regression</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./Analyses/Linear Regression/CarPrices.html">Car Prices</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./Analyses/Logistic Regression/MyLogisticRegression.html">Logistic Regression</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./Analyses/Chi Squared Tests/MyChiSquaredTest.html">Chi-sqaured Test</a>
</li>
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<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
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<li>
<a href="./Wrangling and Vis/Health-Mortality/W5CS.html">Small Multiple, Month Sort, Proportion Conver</a>
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</li>
<li>
<a href="./Wrangling and Vis/Health-Mortality/W5T2.html">Shape/Spread Comparisons</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./Wrangling and Vis/StringReGex/">String and ReGex Wrangling (empty)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./Wrangling and Vis/BarplotsVis/">All about Barplots (empty)</a>
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<li>
<a href="./Wrangling and Vis/TimeDate/Stocks/W10CS.html">TimeDate Data</a>
</li>
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</li>
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<li>
<a href="./Economics-Extras/Regression/Multiple-Regression-IO.html">Airline Multiple 3D Regression</a>
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<a href="./Economics-Extras/Final/Final_Paper.html">Final paper (PDF)</a>
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<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
Interactivity (WIP)
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<li>
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Applied Linear Regression
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<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
</ul>
</div><!--/.nav-collapse -->
</div><!--/.container -->
</div><!--/.navbar -->
<div id="header">
<h1 class="title toc-ignore">R Markdown Hints</h1>
</div>
<p>Think of an <code>R Markdown File</code>, or <code>Rmd</code> for
short, as a command center. You write commands, then Knit the file, and
an html output file is created according to your commands.</p>
<div id="overview" class="section level1">
<h1>Overview</h1>
<div id="section"
class="section level2 tabset tabset-pills tabset-fade">
<h2 class="tabset tabset-pills tabset-fade"></h2>
<div id="click-here-to-learn-more" class="section level3">
<h3>Click Here to Learn More</h3>
<p>Carefully read through all parts of this image to learn...</p>
<p><img src="Images/Rmd2html.png" /></p>
</div>
<div id="close" class="section level3">
<h3>Close</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div id="section-1" class="section level2">
<h2></h2>
<hr />
<p>The above tabs (blue bottons that read "Click Here to Learn More" and
"Close") were created with the code:</p>
<pre><code>## {.tabset .tabset-pills .tabset-fade}
### Click Here to Learn More
Carefully read through all parts of this image to learn...
### Close
##</code></pre>
<hr />
</div>
</div>
<div id="creating-links" class="section level1">
<h1>Creating Links</h1>
<p>To make a link use the code
<code>[Name of Link](addressForLink)</code>.</p>
<p>Linking to parts of your textbook:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>[Numerical Summaries](NumericalSummaries.html)</code>
<em>becomes</em> <a href="NumericalSummaries.html">Numerical
Summaries</a></li>
<li><code>[Boxplots](GraphicalSummaries.html#boxplots)</code>
<em>becomes</em> <a
href="GraphicalSummaries.html#boxplots">Boxplots</a></li>
<li><code>[R Commands](RCommands.html)</code> <em>becomes</em> <a
href="RCommands.html">R Commands</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Linking to outside resources:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>[R Colors](http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~tzheng/files/Rcolor.pdf)</code>
<em>becomes</em> <a
href="http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~tzheng/files/Rcolor.pdf">R
Colors</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="creating-headers" class="section level1">
<h1>Creating Headers</h1>
<p>There are six available sizes of headings you can use in an Rmd file
(left in image) that show up as shown below (right in image).</p>
<p><img src="Images/Rmd2html_Headers.png" /></p>
<p><br /></p>
</div>
<div id="emphasizing-words" class="section level1">
<h1>Emphasizing Words</h1>
<p>To <em>italisize</em> a word use the asterisk (Shift 8)
<code>*italisize*</code>. To <strong>bold</strong> a word use the double
asterisk <code>**bold**</code>. The back tic <code></code>
<code>can be used to</code>highlight<code>words by placing back tics on each side of a word:</code>
<code></code> highlight <code></code> `.</p>
<p><br /></p>
</div>
<div id="bullet-points" class="section level1">
<h1>Bullet Points</h1>
<div id="simple-lists" class="section level2">
<h2>Simple Lists</h2>
<div style="float:left;width:300px;">
<p>To achieve the result:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>This is the first item.</p></li>
<li><p>This is the second.</p></li>
<li><p>This is the third.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="padding-left:350px;">
<p>Use the code:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>To achieve the result<span class="sc">:</span></span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">*</span> This is the first item.</span>
<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">*</span> This is the second.</span>
<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">*</span> This is the third.</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
</div>
<div id="numbered-lists" class="section level2">
<h2>Numbered Lists</h2>
<div style="float:left;width:300px;">
<p>To achieve the result:</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li><p>This is the first item.</p></li>
<li><p>This is the second.</p></li>
<li><p>This is the third.</p></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="padding-left:350px;">
<p>Use the code:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>To achieve the result<span class="sc">:</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fl">1.</span> This is the first item.</span>
<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fl">2.</span> This is the second.</span>
<span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fl">3.</span> This is the third.</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
</div>
<div id="lettered-lists" class="section level2">
<h2>Lettered Lists</h2>
<div style="float:left;width:300px;">
<p>To achieve the result:</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha">
<li><p>This is the first item.</p></li>
<li><p>This is the second.</p></li>
<li><p>This is the third.</p></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="padding-left:350px;">
<p>Use the code:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>To achieve the result<span class="sc">:</span></span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A<span class="er">)</span> This is the first item.</span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B<span class="er">)</span> This is the second.</span>
<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb4-7"><a href="#cb4-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>C<span class="er">)</span> This is the third.</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
</div>
<div id="nested-lists" class="section level2">
<h2>Nested Lists</h2>
<div style="float:left;width:300px;">
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li><p>What is <span class="math inline">\(2+2\)</span>?</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
<li><p><strong>4</strong></p></li>
<li><p>8</p></li>
</ol></li>
<li><p>What is <span class="math inline">\(3\times5\)</span>?</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
<li><p>14</p></li>
<li><p><strong>15</strong></p></li>
</ol></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="padding-left:350px;">
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fl">1.</span> What is <span class="sc">$</span><span class="dv">2</span><span class="sc">+</span><span class="dv">2</span><span class="sc">$</span>?</span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> a. <span class="sc">**</span><span class="dv">4</span><span class="sc">**</span></span>
<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> b. <span class="dv">8</span></span>
<span id="cb5-6"><a href="#cb5-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb5-7"><a href="#cb5-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fl">2.</span> What is <span class="sc">$</span><span class="dv">3</span>\times5<span class="sc">$</span>?</span>
<span id="cb5-8"><a href="#cb5-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-9"><a href="#cb5-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> a. <span class="dv">14</span></span>
<span id="cb5-10"><a href="#cb5-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb5-11"><a href="#cb5-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> b. <span class="sc">**</span><span class="dv">15</span><span class="sc">**</span></span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="math-equations" class="section level1">
<h1>Math Equations</h1>
<p>Use the dollar signs <code>$x=5$</code> to write <span
class="math inline">\(x=5\)</span> or
<code>$z=\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}$</code> to write <span
class="math inline">\(z=\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}\)</span>. For a nicely
centered equation use the double dollar signs <code>$$ $$</code> on
separate lines</p>
<pre><code>$$
z = \frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}}
$$</code></pre>
<p>to get <span class="math display">\[
z = \frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}}
\]</span></p>
<p>Or</p>
<pre><code>$$
H_0: \mu_\text{Group 1} = \mu_\text{Group 2}
$$
$$
H_a: \mu_\text{Group 1} \neq \mu_\text{Group 2}
$$</code></pre>
<p>to get <span class="math display">\[
H_0: \mu_{\text{Group 1}} = \mu_{\text{Group 2}}
\]</span> <span class="math display">\[
H_a: \mu_{\text{Group 1}} \neq \mu_{\text{Group 2}}
\]</span></p>
<p>Symbol list:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Symbol</th>
<th>LaTeX Math Code</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="math inline">\(\alpha\)</span></td>
<td><code>$\alpha$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span class="math inline">\(\beta\)</span></td>
<td><code>$\beta$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span></td>
<td><code>$\sigma$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span class="math inline">\(\epsilon\)</span></td>
<td><code>$\epsilon$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="math inline">\(\bar{x}\)</span></td>
<td><code>$\bar{x}$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span class="math inline">\(\hat{Y}\)</span></td>
<td><code>$\hat{Y}$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="math inline">\(=\)</span></td>
<td><code>$=$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span class="math inline">\(\ne\)</span></td>
<td><code>$\ne$</code> or <code>$\neq$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="math inline">\(>\)</span></td>
<td><code>$>$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span class="math inline">\(<\)</span></td>
<td><code>$<$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="math inline">\(\ge\)</span></td>
<td><code>$\ge$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span class="math inline">\(\le\)</span></td>
<td><code>$\le$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span class="math inline">\(\{ \}\)</span></td>
<td><code>$\{ \}$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span class="math inline">\(\text{Type just text}\)</span></td>
<td><code>$\text{Type just text}$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><span
class="math inline">\(\overbrace{Y_i}^\text{label}\)</span></td>
<td><code>$\overbrace{Y_i}^\text{label}$</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><span
class="math inline">\(\underbrace{Y_i}_\text{label}\)</span></td>
<td><code>$\underbrace{Y_i}_\text{label}$</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Here is a list of <a
href="http://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/input/tex/macros/index.html#tex-commands"><em>all</em>
supported LaTeX commands</a>.</p>
<p><br /></p>
</div>
<div id="insert-a-picture" class="section level1">
<h1>Insert a Picture</h1>
<p>To add a picture to your document, say some notes you took down on
paper from class,</p>
<p>Use the code: <code></code> to
get...</p>
<p><img src="Images/insertPictureNotes.jpg" /></p>
<p><br /></p>
</div>
<div id="tables" class="section level1">
<h1>Tables</h1>
<p>There are many ways to <a
href="http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/authoring_pandoc_markdown.html#tables">make
tables</a> in R Markdown. Here is a simple way to make a "pipe"
table.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">|</span> Name <span class="sc">|</span> Age <span class="sc">|</span> Gender <span class="sc">|</span> </span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">|</span><span class="sc">---------------</span><span class="er">|</span><span class="sc">---------------</span><span class="er">|</span><span class="sc">--------------</span><span class="er">|</span></span>
<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">|</span> Jill <span class="sc">|</span> <span class="dv">8</span> <span class="sc">|</span> Female <span class="sc">|</span></span>
<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">|</span> Jack <span class="sc">|</span> <span class="dv">9</span> <span class="sc">|</span> Male <span class="sc">|</span></span></code></pre></div>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
<th>Gender</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Jill</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>Female</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Jack</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>Male</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br /></p>
</div>
<div id="themes" class="section level1">
<h1>Themes</h1>
<p>Notice in the YAML (at the top of the RMD file) there is a line that
reads:</p>
<p>"theme: cerulean"</p>
<p>Other possible themes are</p>
<ul>
<li>"default", "cerulean", "journal", "flatly", "readable", "spacelab",
"united", and "cosmo".</li>