HttpRequest.java

package cz.tomucha.gae.proxy;

import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_BAD_REQUEST;
import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_CREATED;
import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR;
import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NO_CONTENT;
import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_FOUND;
import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED;
import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK;
import static java.net.Proxy.Type.HTTP;

import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.Closeable;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.Flushable;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.io.Reader;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.Proxy;
import java.net.URI;
import java.net.URISyntaxException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.CharBuffer;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;

import javax.net.ssl.HostnameVerifier;
import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLSession;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;

/**
 * This class is copied from Kevin Sawicki's HttpRequest project:
 *
 * https://github.com/kevinsawicki/http-request
 *
 *
 * A fluid interface for making HTTP requests using an underlying
 * {@link HttpURLConnection} (or sub-class).
 * <p>
 * Each instance supports making a single request and cannot be reused for
 * further requests.
 */
public class HttpRequest {

	/**
	 * 'UTF-8' charset name
	 */
	public static final String CHARSET_UTF8 = "UTF-8";

	/**
	 * 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content type header value
	 */
	public static final String CONTENT_TYPE_FORM = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";

	/**
	 * 'application/json' content type header value
	 */
	public static final String CONTENT_TYPE_JSON = "application/json";

	/**
	 * 'gzip' encoding header value
	 */
	public static final String ENCODING_GZIP = "gzip";

	/**
	 * 'Accept' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_ACCEPT = "Accept";

	/**
	 * 'Accept-Charset' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_ACCEPT_CHARSET = "Accept-Charset";

	/**
	 * 'Accept-Encoding' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_ACCEPT_ENCODING = "Accept-Encoding";

	/**
	 * 'Authorization' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_AUTHORIZATION = "Authorization";

	/**
	 * 'Cache-Control' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_CACHE_CONTROL = "Cache-Control";

	/**
	 * 'Content-Encoding' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_CONTENT_ENCODING = "Content-Encoding";

	/**
	 * 'Content-Length' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_CONTENT_LENGTH = "Content-Length";

	/**
	 * 'Content-Type' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE = "Content-Type";

	/**
	 * 'Date' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_DATE = "Date";

	/**
	 * 'ETag' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_ETAG = "ETag";

	/**
	 * 'Expires' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_EXPIRES = "Expires";

	/**
	 * 'If-None-Match' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_IF_NONE_MATCH = "If-None-Match";

	/**
	 * 'Last-Modified' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_LAST_MODIFIED = "Last-Modified";

	/**
	 * 'Location' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_LOCATION = "Location";

	/**
	 * 'Proxy-Authorization' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_PROXY_AUTHORIZATION = "Proxy-Authorization";

	/**
	 * 'Referer' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_REFERER = "Referer";

	/**
	 * 'Server' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_SERVER = "Server";

	/**
	 * 'User-Agent' header name
	 */
	public static final String HEADER_USER_AGENT = "User-Agent";

	/**
	 * 'DELETE' request method
	 */
	public static final String METHOD_DELETE = "DELETE";

	/**
	 * 'GET' request method
	 */
	public static final String METHOD_GET = "GET";

	/**
	 * 'HEAD' request method
	 */
	public static final String METHOD_HEAD = "HEAD";

	/**
	 * 'OPTIONS' options method
	 */
	public static final String METHOD_OPTIONS = "OPTIONS";

	/**
	 * 'POST' request method
	 */
	public static final String METHOD_POST = "POST";

	/**
	 * 'PUT' request method
	 */
	public static final String METHOD_PUT = "PUT";

	/**
	 * 'TRACE' request method
	 */
	public static final String METHOD_TRACE = "TRACE";

	/**
	 * 'charset' header value parameter
	 */
	public static final String PARAM_CHARSET = "charset";

	private static final String BOUNDARY = "00content0boundary00";

	private static final String CONTENT_TYPE_MULTIPART = "multipart/form-data; boundary="
			+ BOUNDARY;

	private static final String CRLF = "\r\n";

	private static final String[] EMPTY_STRINGS = new String[0];

	private static SSLSocketFactory TRUSTED_FACTORY;

	private static HostnameVerifier TRUSTED_VERIFIER;

	private static String getValidCharset(final String charset) {
		if (charset != null && charset.length() > 0)
			return charset;
		else
			return CHARSET_UTF8;
	}

	private static SSLSocketFactory getTrustedFactory()
			throws HttpRequestException {
		if (TRUSTED_FACTORY == null) {
			final TrustManager[] trustAllCerts = new TrustManager[] { new X509TrustManager() {

				public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
					return new X509Certificate[0];
				}

				public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) {
					// Intentionally left blank
				}

				public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) {
					// Intentionally left blank
				}
			} };
			try {
				SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
				context.init(null, trustAllCerts, new SecureRandom());
				TRUSTED_FACTORY = context.getSocketFactory();
			} catch (GeneralSecurityException e) {
				IOException ioException = new IOException(
						"Security exception configuring SSL context");
				ioException.initCause(e);
				throw new HttpRequestException(ioException);
			}
		}

		return TRUSTED_FACTORY;
	}

	private static HostnameVerifier getTrustedVerifier() {
		if (TRUSTED_VERIFIER == null)
			TRUSTED_VERIFIER = new HostnameVerifier() {

				public boolean verify(String hostname, SSLSession session) {
					return true;
				}
			};

		return TRUSTED_VERIFIER;
	}

	private static StringBuilder addPathSeparator(final String baseUrl,
	                                              final StringBuilder result) {
		// Add trailing slash if the base URL doesn't have any path segments.
		//
		// The following test is checking for the last slash not being part of
		// the protocol to host separator: '://'.
		if (baseUrl.indexOf(':') + 2 == baseUrl.lastIndexOf('/'))
			result.append('/');
		return result;
	}

	private static StringBuilder addParamPrefix(final String baseUrl,
	                                            final StringBuilder result) {
		// Add '?' if missing and add '&' if params already exist in base url
		final int queryStart = baseUrl.indexOf('?');
		final int lastChar = result.length() - 1;
		if (queryStart == -1)
			result.append('?');
		else if (queryStart < lastChar && baseUrl.charAt(lastChar) != '&')
			result.append('&');
		return result;
	}

	/**
	 * Creates {@link HttpURLConnection HTTP connections} for
	 * {@link URL urls}.
	 */
	public interface ConnectionFactory {
		/**
		 * Open an {@link HttpURLConnection} for the specified {@link URL}.
		 *
		 * @throws IOException
		 */
		HttpURLConnection create(URL url) throws IOException;

		/**
		 * Open an {@link HttpURLConnection} for the specified {@link URL}
		 * and {@link Proxy}.
		 *
		 * @throws IOException
		 */
		HttpURLConnection create(URL url, Proxy proxy) throws IOException;

		/**
		 * A {@link ConnectionFactory} which uses the built-in
		 * {@link URL#openConnection()}
		 */
		ConnectionFactory DEFAULT = new ConnectionFactory() {
			public HttpURLConnection create(URL url) throws IOException {
				return (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
			}

			public HttpURLConnection create(URL url, Proxy proxy) throws IOException {
				return (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection(proxy);
			}
		};
	}

	private static ConnectionFactory CONNECTION_FACTORY = ConnectionFactory.DEFAULT;

	/**
	 * Specify the {@link ConnectionFactory} used to create new requests.
	 */
	public static void setConnectionFactory(final ConnectionFactory connectionFactory) {
		if (connectionFactory == null)
			CONNECTION_FACTORY = ConnectionFactory.DEFAULT;
		else
			CONNECTION_FACTORY = connectionFactory;
	}

	/**
	 * Callback interface for reporting upload progress for a request.
	 */
	public interface UploadProgress {
		/**
		 * Callback invoked as data is uploaded by the request.
		 *
		 * @param uploaded The number of bytes already uploaded
		 * @param total The total number of bytes that will be uploaded or -1 if
		 *              the length is unknown.
		 */
		void onUpload(long uploaded, long total);

		UploadProgress DEFAULT = new UploadProgress() {
			public void onUpload(long uploaded, long total) {
			}
		};
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Encodes and decodes to and from Base64 notation.
	 * </p>
	 * <p>
	 * I am placing this code in the Public Domain. Do with it as you will. This
	 * software comes with no guarantees or warranties but with plenty of
	 * well-wishing instead! Please visit <a
	 * href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a> periodically
	 * to check for updates or to contribute improvements.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @author Robert Harder
	 * @author rob@iharder.net
	 * @version 2.3.7
	 */
	public static class Base64 {

		/** The equals sign (=) as a byte. */
		private final static byte EQUALS_SIGN = (byte) '=';

		/** Preferred encoding. */
		private final static String PREFERRED_ENCODING = "US-ASCII";

		/** The 64 valid Base64 values. */
		private final static byte[] _STANDARD_ALPHABET = { (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B',
				(byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G', (byte) 'H',
				(byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N',
				(byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T',
				(byte) 'U', (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z',
				(byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f',
				(byte) 'g', (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l',
				(byte) 'm', (byte) 'n', (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r',
				(byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u', (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x',
				(byte) 'y', (byte) 'z', (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3',
				(byte) '4', (byte) '5', (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9',
				(byte) '+', (byte) '/' };

		/** Defeats instantiation. */
		private Base64() {
		}

		/**
		 * <p>
		 * Encodes up to three bytes of the array <var>source</var> and writes the
		 * resulting four Base64 bytes to <var>destination</var>. The source and
		 * destination arrays can be manipulated anywhere along their length by
		 * specifying <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>. This method
		 * does not check to make sure your arrays are large enough to accomodate
		 * <var>srcOffset</var> + 3 for the <var>source</var> array or
		 * <var>destOffset</var> + 4 for the <var>destination</var> array. The
		 * actual number of significant bytes in your array is given by
		 * <var>numSigBytes</var>.
		 * </p>
		 * <p>
		 * This is the lowest level of the encoding methods with all possible
		 * parameters.
		 * </p>
		 *
		 * @param source
		 *          the array to convert
		 * @param srcOffset
		 *          the index where conversion begins
		 * @param numSigBytes
		 *          the number of significant bytes in your array
		 * @param destination
		 *          the array to hold the conversion
		 * @param destOffset
		 *          the index where output will be put
		 * @return the <var>destination</var> array
		 * @since 1.3
		 */
		private static byte[] encode3to4(byte[] source, int srcOffset,
		                                 int numSigBytes, byte[] destination, int destOffset) {

			byte[] ALPHABET = _STANDARD_ALPHABET;

			int inBuff = (numSigBytes > 0 ? ((source[srcOffset] << 24) >>> 8) : 0)
					| (numSigBytes > 1 ? ((source[srcOffset + 1] << 24) >>> 16) : 0)
					| (numSigBytes > 2 ? ((source[srcOffset + 2] << 24) >>> 24) : 0);

			switch (numSigBytes) {
				case 3:
					destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
					destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
					destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 6) & 0x3f];
					destination[destOffset + 3] = ALPHABET[(inBuff) & 0x3f];
					return destination;

				case 2:
					destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
					destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
					destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 6) & 0x3f];
					destination[destOffset + 3] = EQUALS_SIGN;
					return destination;

				case 1:
					destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
					destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
					destination[destOffset + 2] = EQUALS_SIGN;
					destination[destOffset + 3] = EQUALS_SIGN;
					return destination;

				default:
					return destination;
			}
		}

		/**
		 * Encode string as a byte array in Base64 annotation.
		 *
		 * @param string
		 * @return The Base64-encoded data as a string
		 */
		public static String encode(String string) {
			byte[] bytes;
			try {
				bytes = string.getBytes(PREFERRED_ENCODING);
			} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
				bytes = string.getBytes();
			}
			return encodeBytes(bytes);
		}

		/**
		 * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
		 *
		 * @param source
		 *          The data to convert
		 * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
		 * @throws NullPointerException
		 *           if source array is null
		 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
		 *           if source array, offset, or length are invalid
		 * @since 2.0
		 */
		public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source) {
			return encodeBytes(source, 0, source.length);
		}

		/**
		 * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
		 *
		 * @param source
		 *          The data to convert
		 * @param off
		 *          Offset in array where conversion should begin
		 * @param len
		 *          Length of data to convert
		 * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
		 * @throws NullPointerException
		 *           if source array is null
		 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
		 *           if source array, offset, or length are invalid
		 * @since 2.0
		 */
		public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source, int off, int len) {
			byte[] encoded = encodeBytesToBytes(source, off, len);
			try {
				return new String(encoded, PREFERRED_ENCODING);
			} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException uue) {
				return new String(encoded);
			}
		}

		/**
		 * Similar to {@link #encodeBytes(byte[], int, int)} but returns a byte
		 * array instead of instantiating a String. This is more efficient if you're
		 * working with I/O streams and have large data sets to encode.
		 *
		 *
		 * @param source
		 *          The data to convert
		 * @param off
		 *          Offset in array where conversion should begin
		 * @param len
		 *          Length of data to convert
		 * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String if there is an error
		 * @throws NullPointerException
		 *           if source array is null
		 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
		 *           if source array, offset, or length are invalid
		 * @since 2.3.1
		 */
		public static byte[] encodeBytesToBytes(byte[] source, int off, int len) {

			if (source == null)
				throw new NullPointerException("Cannot serialize a null array.");

			if (off < 0)
				throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot have negative offset: "
						+ off);

			if (len < 0)
				throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot have length offset: " + len);

			if (off + len > source.length)
				throw new IllegalArgumentException(
						String
								.format(
										"Cannot have offset of %d and length of %d with array of length %d",
										off, len, source.length));

			// Bytes needed for actual encoding
			int encLen = (len / 3) * 4 + (len % 3 > 0 ? 4 : 0);

			byte[] outBuff = new byte[encLen];

			int d = 0;
			int e = 0;
			int len2 = len - 2;
			for (; d < len2; d += 3, e += 4)
				encode3to4(source, d + off, 3, outBuff, e);

			if (d < len) {
				encode3to4(source, d + off, len - d, outBuff, e);
				e += 4;
			}

			if (e <= outBuff.length - 1) {
				byte[] finalOut = new byte[e];
				System.arraycopy(outBuff, 0, finalOut, 0, e);
				return finalOut;
			} else
				return outBuff;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * HTTP request exception whose cause is always an {@link IOException}
	 */
	public static class HttpRequestException extends RuntimeException {

		private static final long serialVersionUID = -1170466989781746231L;

		/**
		 * Create a new HttpRequestException with the given cause
		 *
		 * @param cause
		 */
		public HttpRequestException(final IOException cause) {
			super(cause);
		}

		/**
		 * Get {@link IOException} that triggered this request exception
		 *
		 * @return {@link IOException} cause
		 */
		@Override
		public IOException getCause() {
			return (IOException) super.getCause();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Operation that handles executing a callback once complete and handling
	 * nested exceptions
	 *
	 * @param <V>
	 */
	protected static abstract class Operation<V> implements Callable<V> {

		/**
		 * Run operation
		 *
		 * @return result
		 * @throws HttpRequestException
		 * @throws IOException
		 */
		protected abstract V run() throws HttpRequestException, IOException;

		/**
		 * Operation complete callback
		 *
		 * @throws IOException
		 */
		protected abstract void done() throws IOException;

		public V call() throws HttpRequestException {
			boolean thrown = false;
			try {
				return run();
			} catch (HttpRequestException e) {
				thrown = true;
				throw e;
			} catch (IOException e) {
				thrown = true;
				throw new HttpRequestException(e);
			} finally {
				try {
					done();
				} catch (IOException e) {
					if (!thrown)
						throw new HttpRequestException(e);
				}
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Class that ensures a {@link Closeable} gets closed with proper exception
	 * handling.
	 *
	 * @param <V>
	 */
	protected static abstract class CloseOperation<V> extends Operation<V> {

		private final Closeable closeable;

		private final boolean ignoreCloseExceptions;

		/**
		 * Create closer for operation
		 *
		 * @param closeable
		 * @param ignoreCloseExceptions
		 */
		protected CloseOperation(final Closeable closeable,
		                         final boolean ignoreCloseExceptions) {
			this.closeable = closeable;
			this.ignoreCloseExceptions = ignoreCloseExceptions;
		}

		@Override
		protected void done() throws IOException {
			if (closeable instanceof Flushable)
				((Flushable) closeable).flush();
			if (ignoreCloseExceptions)
				try {
					closeable.close();
				} catch (IOException e) {
					// Ignored
				}
			else
				closeable.close();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Class that and ensures a {@link Flushable} gets flushed with proper
	 * exception handling.
	 *
	 * @param <V>
	 */
	protected static abstract class FlushOperation<V> extends Operation<V> {

		private final Flushable flushable;

		/**
		 * Create flush operation
		 *
		 * @param flushable
		 */
		protected FlushOperation(final Flushable flushable) {
			this.flushable = flushable;
		}

		@Override
		protected void done() throws IOException {
			flushable.flush();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Request output stream
	 */
	public static class RequestOutputStream extends BufferedOutputStream {

		private final CharsetEncoder encoder;

		/**
		 * Create request output stream
		 *
		 * @param stream
		 * @param charset
		 * @param bufferSize
		 */
		public RequestOutputStream(final OutputStream stream, final String charset,
		                           final int bufferSize) {
			super(stream, bufferSize);

			encoder = Charset.forName(getValidCharset(charset)).newEncoder();
		}

		/**
		 * Write string to stream
		 *
		 * @param value
		 * @return this stream
		 * @throws IOException
		 */
		public RequestOutputStream write(final String value) throws IOException {
			final ByteBuffer bytes = encoder.encode(CharBuffer.wrap(value));

			super.write(bytes.array(), 0, bytes.limit());

			return this;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Encode the given URL as an ASCII {@link String}
	 * <p>
	 * This method ensures the path and query segments of the URL are properly
	 * encoded such as ' ' characters being encoded to '%20' or any UTF-8
	 * characters that are non-ASCII. No encoding of URLs is done by default by
	 * the {@link HttpRequest} constructors and so if URL encoding is needed this
	 * method should be called before calling the {@link HttpRequest} constructor.
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return encoded URL
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static String encode(final CharSequence url)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		URL parsed;
		try {
			parsed = new URL(url.toString());
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}

		String host = parsed.getHost();
		int port = parsed.getPort();
		if (port != -1)
			host = host + ':' + Integer.toString(port);

		try {
			String encoded = new URI(parsed.getProtocol(), host, parsed.getPath(),
					parsed.getQuery(), null).toASCIIString();
			int paramsStart = encoded.indexOf('?');
			if (paramsStart > 0 && paramsStart + 1 < encoded.length())
				encoded = encoded.substring(0, paramsStart + 1)
						+ encoded.substring(paramsStart + 1).replace("+", "%2B");
			return encoded;
		} catch (URISyntaxException e) {
			IOException io = new IOException("Parsing URI failed");
			io.initCause(e);
			throw new HttpRequestException(io);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Append given map as query parameters to the base URL
	 * <p>
	 * Each map entry's key will be a parameter name and the value's
	 * {@link Object#toString()} will be the parameter value.
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @param params
	 * @return URL with appended query params
	 */
	public static String append(final CharSequence url, final Map<?, ?> params) {
		final String baseUrl = url.toString();
		if (params == null || params.isEmpty())
			return baseUrl;

		final StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(baseUrl);

		addPathSeparator(baseUrl, result);
		addParamPrefix(baseUrl, result);

		Entry<?, ?> entry;
		Object value;
		Iterator<?> iterator = params.entrySet().iterator();
		entry = (Entry<?, ?>) iterator.next();
		result.append(entry.getKey().toString());
		result.append('=');
		value = entry.getValue();
		if (value != null)
			result.append(value);

		while (iterator.hasNext()) {
			result.append('&');
			entry = (Entry<?, ?>) iterator.next();
			result.append(entry.getKey().toString());
			result.append('=');
			value = entry.getValue();
			if (value != null)
				result.append(value);
		}

		return result.toString();
	}

	/**
	 * Append given name/value pairs as query parameters to the base URL
	 * <p>
	 * The params argument is interpreted as a sequence of name/value pairs so the
	 * given number of params must be divisible by 2.
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @param params
	 *          name/value pairs
	 * @return URL with appended query params
	 */
	public static String append(final CharSequence url, final Object... params) {
		final String baseUrl = url.toString();
		if (params == null || params.length == 0)
			return baseUrl;

		if (params.length % 2 != 0)
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(
					"Must specify an even number of parameter names/values");

		final StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(baseUrl);

		addPathSeparator(baseUrl, result);
		addParamPrefix(baseUrl, result);

		Object value;
		result.append(params[0]);
		result.append('=');
		value = params[1];
		if (value != null)
			result.append(value);

		for (int i = 2; i < params.length; i += 2) {
			result.append('&');
			result.append(params[i]);
			result.append('=');
			value = params[i + 1];
			if (value != null)
				result.append(value);
		}

		return result.toString();
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'GET' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest get(final CharSequence url)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_GET);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'GET' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest get(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_GET);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'GET' request to the given URL along with the query params
	 *
	 * @param baseUrl
	 * @param params
	 *          The query parameters to include as part of the baseUrl
	 * @param encode
	 *          true to encode the full URL
	 *
	 * @see #append(CharSequence, Map)
	 * @see #encode(CharSequence)
	 *
	 * @return request
	 */
	public static HttpRequest get(final CharSequence baseUrl,
	                              final Map<?, ?> params, final boolean encode) {
		String url = append(baseUrl, params);
		return get(encode ? encode(url) : url);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'GET' request to the given URL along with the query params
	 *
	 * @param baseUrl
	 * @param encode
	 *          true to encode the full URL
	 * @param params
	 *          the name/value query parameter pairs to include as part of the
	 *          baseUrl
	 *
	 * @see #append(CharSequence, String...)
	 * @see #encode(CharSequence)
	 *
	 * @return request
	 */
	public static HttpRequest get(final CharSequence baseUrl,
	                              final boolean encode, final Object... params) {
		String url = append(baseUrl, params);
		return get(encode ? encode(url) : url);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'POST' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest post(final CharSequence url)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_POST);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'POST' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest post(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_POST);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'POST' request to the given URL along with the query params
	 *
	 * @param baseUrl
	 * @param params
	 *          the query parameters to include as part of the baseUrl
	 * @param encode
	 *          true to encode the full URL
	 *
	 * @see #append(CharSequence, Map)
	 * @see #encode(CharSequence)
	 *
	 * @return request
	 */
	public static HttpRequest post(final CharSequence baseUrl,
	                               final Map<?, ?> params, final boolean encode) {
		String url = append(baseUrl, params);
		return post(encode ? encode(url) : url);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'POST' request to the given URL along with the query params
	 *
	 * @param baseUrl
	 * @param encode
	 *          true to encode the full URL
	 * @param params
	 *          the name/value query parameter pairs to include as part of the
	 *          baseUrl
	 *
	 * @see #append(CharSequence, String...)
	 * @see #encode(CharSequence)
	 *
	 * @return request
	 */
	public static HttpRequest post(final CharSequence baseUrl,
	                               final boolean encode, final Object... params) {
		String url = append(baseUrl, params);
		return post(encode ? encode(url) : url);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'PUT' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest put(final CharSequence url)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_PUT);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'PUT' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest put(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_PUT);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'PUT' request to the given URL along with the query params
	 *
	 * @param baseUrl
	 * @param params
	 *          the query parameters to include as part of the baseUrl
	 * @param encode
	 *          true to encode the full URL
	 *
	 * @see #append(CharSequence, Map)
	 * @see #encode(CharSequence)
	 *
	 * @return request
	 */
	public static HttpRequest put(final CharSequence baseUrl,
	                              final Map<?, ?> params, final boolean encode) {
		String url = append(baseUrl, params);
		return put(encode ? encode(url) : url);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'PUT' request to the given URL along with the query params
	 *
	 * @param baseUrl
	 * @param encode
	 *          true to encode the full URL
	 * @param params
	 *          the name/value query parameter pairs to include as part of the
	 *          baseUrl
	 *
	 * @see #append(CharSequence, String...)
	 * @see #encode(CharSequence)
	 *
	 * @return request
	 */
	public static HttpRequest put(final CharSequence baseUrl,
	                              final boolean encode, final Object... params) {
		String url = append(baseUrl, params);
		return put(encode ? encode(url) : url);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'DELETE' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest delete(final CharSequence url)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_DELETE);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'DELETE' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest delete(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_DELETE);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'DELETE' request to the given URL along with the query params
	 *
	 * @param baseUrl
	 * @param params
	 *          The query parameters to include as part of the baseUrl
	 * @param encode
	 *          true to encode the full URL
	 *
	 * @see #append(CharSequence, Map)
	 * @see #encode(CharSequence)
	 *
	 * @return request
	 */
	public static HttpRequest delete(final CharSequence baseUrl,
	                                 final Map<?, ?> params, final boolean encode) {
		String url = append(baseUrl, params);
		return delete(encode ? encode(url) : url);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'DELETE' request to the given URL along with the query params
	 *
	 * @param baseUrl
	 * @param encode
	 *          true to encode the full URL
	 * @param params
	 *          the name/value query parameter pairs to include as part of the
	 *          baseUrl
	 *
	 * @see #append(CharSequence, String...)
	 * @see #encode(CharSequence)
	 *
	 * @return request
	 */
	public static HttpRequest delete(final CharSequence baseUrl,
	                                 final boolean encode, final Object... params) {
		String url = append(baseUrl, params);
		return delete(encode ? encode(url) : url);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'HEAD' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest head(final CharSequence url)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_HEAD);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'HEAD' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest head(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_HEAD);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'HEAD' request to the given URL along with the query params
	 *
	 * @param baseUrl
	 * @param params
	 *          The query parameters to include as part of the baseUrl
	 * @param encode
	 *          true to encode the full URL
	 *
	 * @see #append(CharSequence, Map)
	 * @see #encode(CharSequence)
	 *
	 * @return request
	 */
	public static HttpRequest head(final CharSequence baseUrl,
	                               final Map<?, ?> params, final boolean encode) {
		String url = append(baseUrl, params);
		return head(encode ? encode(url) : url);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'GET' request to the given URL along with the query params
	 *
	 * @param baseUrl
	 * @param encode
	 *          true to encode the full URL
	 * @param params
	 *          the name/value query parameter pairs to include as part of the
	 *          baseUrl
	 *
	 * @see #append(CharSequence, String...)
	 * @see #encode(CharSequence)
	 *
	 * @return request
	 */
	public static HttpRequest head(final CharSequence baseUrl,
	                               final boolean encode, final Object... params) {
		String url = append(baseUrl, params);
		return head(encode ? encode(url) : url);
	}

	/**
	 * Start an 'OPTIONS' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest options(final CharSequence url)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_OPTIONS);
	}

	/**
	 * Start an 'OPTIONS' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest options(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_OPTIONS);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'TRACE' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest trace(final CharSequence url)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_TRACE);
	}

	/**
	 * Start a 'TRACE' request to the given URL
	 *
	 * @param url
	 * @return request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public static HttpRequest trace(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
		return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_TRACE);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'http.keepAlive' property to the given value.
	 * <p>
	 * This setting will apply to all requests.
	 *
	 * @param keepAlive
	 */
	public static void keepAlive(final boolean keepAlive) {
		setProperty("http.keepAlive", Boolean.toString(keepAlive));
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'http.maxConnections' property to the given value.
	 * <p>
	 * This setting will apply to all requests.
	 *
	 * @param maxConnections
	 */
	public static void maxConnections(final int maxConnections) {
		setProperty("http.maxConnections", Integer.toString(maxConnections));
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'http.proxyHost' & 'https.proxyHost' properties to the given host
	 * value.
	 * <p>
	 * This setting will apply to all requests.
	 *
	 * @param host
	 */
	public static void proxyHost(final String host) {
		setProperty("http.proxyHost", host);
		setProperty("https.proxyHost", host);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'http.proxyPort' & 'https.proxyPort' properties to the given port
	 * number.
	 * <p>
	 * This setting will apply to all requests.
	 *
	 * @param port
	 */
	public static void proxyPort(final int port) {
		final String portValue = Integer.toString(port);
		setProperty("http.proxyPort", portValue);
		setProperty("https.proxyPort", portValue);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'http.nonProxyHosts' property to the given host values.
	 * <p>
	 * Hosts will be separated by a '|' character.
	 * <p>
	 * This setting will apply to all requests.
	 *
	 * @param hosts
	 */
	public static void nonProxyHosts(final String... hosts) {
		if (hosts != null && hosts.length > 0) {
			StringBuilder separated = new StringBuilder();
			int last = hosts.length - 1;
			for (int i = 0; i < last; i++)
				separated.append(hosts[i]).append('|');
			separated.append(hosts[last]);
			setProperty("http.nonProxyHosts", separated.toString());
		} else
			setProperty("http.nonProxyHosts", null);
	}

	/**
	 * Set property to given value.
	 * <p>
	 * Specifying a null value will cause the property to be cleared
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param value
	 * @return previous value
	 */
	private static String setProperty(final String name, final String value) {
		final PrivilegedAction<String> action;
		if (value != null)
			action = new PrivilegedAction<String>() {

				public String run() {
					return System.setProperty(name, value);
				}
			};
		else
			action = new PrivilegedAction<String>() {

				public String run() {
					return System.clearProperty(name);
				}
			};
		return AccessController.doPrivileged(action);
	}

	private HttpURLConnection connection = null;

	private final URL url;

	private final String requestMethod;

	private RequestOutputStream output;

	private boolean multipart;

	private boolean form;

	private boolean ignoreCloseExceptions = true;

	private boolean uncompress = false;

	private int bufferSize = 8192;

	private long totalSize = -1;

	private long totalWritten = 0;

	private String httpProxyHost;

	private int httpProxyPort;

	private UploadProgress progress = UploadProgress.DEFAULT;

	/**
	 * Create HTTP connection wrapper
	 *
	 * @param url Remote resource URL.
	 * @param method HTTP request method (e.g., "GET", "POST").
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest(final CharSequence url, final String method)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		try {
			this.url = new URL(url.toString());
		} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
		this.requestMethod = method;
	}

	/**
	 * Create HTTP connection wrapper
	 *
	 * @param url Remote resource URL.
	 * @param method HTTP request method (e.g., "GET", "POST").
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest(final URL url, final String method)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		this.url = url;
		this.requestMethod = method;
	}

	private Proxy createProxy() {
		return new Proxy(HTTP, new InetSocketAddress(httpProxyHost, httpProxyPort));
	}

	private HttpURLConnection createConnection() {
		try {
			final HttpURLConnection connection;
			if (httpProxyHost != null)
				connection = CONNECTION_FACTORY.create(url, createProxy());
			else
				connection = CONNECTION_FACTORY.create(url);
			connection.setRequestMethod(requestMethod);
			return connection;
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
	}

	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return method() + ' ' + url();
	}

	/**
	 * Get underlying connection
	 *
	 * @return connection
	 */
	public HttpURLConnection getConnection() {
		if (connection == null)
			connection = createConnection();
		return connection;
	}

	/**
	 * Set whether or not to ignore exceptions that occur from calling
	 * {@link Closeable#close()}
	 * <p>
	 * The default value of this setting is <code>true</code>
	 *
	 * @param ignore
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest ignoreCloseExceptions(final boolean ignore) {
		ignoreCloseExceptions = ignore;
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Get whether or not exceptions thrown by {@link Closeable#close()} are
	 * ignored
	 *
	 * @return true if ignoring, false if throwing
	 */
	public boolean ignoreCloseExceptions() {
		return ignoreCloseExceptions;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the status code of the response
	 *
	 * @return the response code
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public int code() throws HttpRequestException {
		try {
			closeOutput();
			return getConnection().getResponseCode();
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Set the value of the given {@link AtomicInteger} to the status code of the
	 * response
	 *
	 * @param output
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest code(final AtomicInteger output)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		output.set(code());
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Is the response code a 200 OK?
	 *
	 * @return true if 200, false otherwise
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public boolean ok() throws HttpRequestException {
		return HTTP_OK == code();
	}

	/**
	 * Is the response code a 201 Created?
	 *
	 * @return true if 201, false otherwise
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public boolean created() throws HttpRequestException {
		return HTTP_CREATED == code();
	}

	/**
	 * Is the response code a 204 No Content?
	 *
	 * @return true if 204, false otherwise
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public boolean noContent() throws HttpRequestException {
		return HTTP_NO_CONTENT == code();
	}

	/**
	 * Is the response code a 500 Internal Server Error?
	 *
	 * @return true if 500, false otherwise
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public boolean serverError() throws HttpRequestException {
		return HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR == code();
	}

	/**
	 * Is the response code a 400 Bad Request?
	 *
	 * @return true if 400, false otherwise
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public boolean badRequest() throws HttpRequestException {
		return HTTP_BAD_REQUEST == code();
	}

	/**
	 * Is the response code a 404 Not Found?
	 *
	 * @return true if 404, false otherwise
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public boolean notFound() throws HttpRequestException {
		return HTTP_NOT_FOUND == code();
	}

	/**
	 * Is the response code a 304 Not Modified?
	 *
	 * @return true if 304, false otherwise
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public boolean notModified() throws HttpRequestException {
		return HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED == code();
	}

	/**
	 * Get status message of the response
	 *
	 * @return message
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public String message() throws HttpRequestException {
		try {
			closeOutput();
			return getConnection().getResponseMessage();
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Disconnect the connection
	 *
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest disconnect() {
		getConnection().disconnect();
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Set chunked streaming mode to the given size
	 *
	 * @param size
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest chunk(final int size) {
		getConnection().setChunkedStreamingMode(size);
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Set the size used when buffering and copying between streams
	 * <p>
	 * This size is also used for send and receive buffers created for both char
	 * and byte arrays
	 * <p>
	 * The default buffer size is 8,192 bytes
	 *
	 * @param size
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest bufferSize(final int size) {
		if (size < 1)
			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Size must be greater than zero");
		bufferSize = size;
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the configured buffer size
	 * <p>
	 * The default buffer size is 8,192 bytes
	 *
	 * @return buffer size
	 */
	public int bufferSize() {
		return bufferSize;
	}

	/**
	 * Set whether or not the response body should be automatically uncompressed
	 * when read from.
	 * <p>
	 * This will only affect requests that have the 'Content-Encoding' response
	 * header set to 'gzip'.
	 * <p>
	 * This causes all receive methods to use a {@link GZIPInputStream} when
	 * applicable so that higher level streams and readers can read the data
	 * uncompressed.
	 * <p>
	 * Setting this option does not cause any request headers to be set
	 * automatically so {@link #acceptGzipEncoding()} should be used in
	 * conjunction with this setting to tell the server to gzip the response.
	 *
	 * @param uncompress
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest uncompress(final boolean uncompress) {
		this.uncompress = uncompress;
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Create byte array output stream
	 *
	 * @return stream
	 */
	protected ByteArrayOutputStream byteStream() {
		final int size = contentLength();
		if (size > 0)
			return new ByteArrayOutputStream(size);
		else
			return new ByteArrayOutputStream();
	}

	/**
	 * Get response as {@link String} in given character set
	 * <p>
	 * This will fall back to using the UTF-8 character set if the given charset
	 * is null
	 *
	 * @param charset
	 * @return string
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public String body(final String charset) throws HttpRequestException {
		final ByteArrayOutputStream output = byteStream();
		try {
			copy(buffer(), output);
			return output.toString(getValidCharset(charset));
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Get response as {@link String} using character set returned from
	 * {@link #charset()}
	 *
	 * @return string
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public String body() throws HttpRequestException {
		return body(charset());
	}

	/**
	 * Get the response body as a {@link String} and set it as the value of the
	 * given reference.
	 *
	 * @param output
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest body(final AtomicReference<String> output) throws HttpRequestException {
		output.set(body());
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the response body as a {@link String} and set it as the value of the
	 * given reference.
	 *
	 * @param output
	 * @param charset
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest body(final AtomicReference<String> output, final String charset) throws HttpRequestException {
		output.set(body(charset));
		return this;
	}


	/**
	 * Is the response body empty?
	 *
	 * @return true if the Content-Length response header is 0, false otherwise
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public boolean isBodyEmpty() throws HttpRequestException {
		return contentLength() == 0;
	}

	/**
	 * Get response as byte array
	 *
	 * @return byte array
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public byte[] bytes() throws HttpRequestException {
		final ByteArrayOutputStream output = byteStream();
		try {
			copy(buffer(), output);
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
		return output.toByteArray();
	}

	/**
	 * Get response in a buffered stream
	 *
	 * @see #bufferSize(int)
	 * @return stream
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public BufferedInputStream buffer() throws HttpRequestException {
		return new BufferedInputStream(stream(), bufferSize);
	}

	/**
	 * Get stream to response body
	 *
	 * @return stream
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public InputStream stream() throws HttpRequestException {
		InputStream stream;
		if (code() < HTTP_BAD_REQUEST)
			try {
				stream = getConnection().getInputStream();
			} catch (IOException e) {
				throw new HttpRequestException(e);
			}
		else {
			stream = getConnection().getErrorStream();
			if (stream == null)
				try {
					stream = getConnection().getInputStream();
				} catch (IOException e) {
					if (contentLength() > 0)
						throw new HttpRequestException(e);
					else
						stream = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
				}
		}

		if (!uncompress || !ENCODING_GZIP.equals(contentEncoding()))
			return stream;
		else
			try {
				return new GZIPInputStream(stream);
			} catch (IOException e) {
				throw new HttpRequestException(e);
			}
	}

	/**
	 * Get reader to response body using given character set.
	 * <p>
	 * This will fall back to using the UTF-8 character set if the given charset
	 * is null
	 *
	 * @param charset
	 * @return reader
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public InputStreamReader reader(final String charset)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		try {
			return new InputStreamReader(stream(), getValidCharset(charset));
		} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Get reader to response body using the character set returned from
	 * {@link #charset()}
	 *
	 * @return reader
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public InputStreamReader reader() throws HttpRequestException {
		return reader(charset());
	}

	/**
	 * Get buffered reader to response body using the given character set r and
	 * the configured buffer size
	 *
	 *
	 * @see #bufferSize(int)
	 * @param charset
	 * @return reader
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public BufferedReader bufferedReader(final String charset)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return new BufferedReader(reader(charset), bufferSize);
	}

	/**
	 * Get buffered reader to response body using the character set returned from
	 * {@link #charset()} and the configured buffer size
	 *
	 * @see #bufferSize(int)
	 * @return reader
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public BufferedReader bufferedReader() throws HttpRequestException {
		return bufferedReader(charset());
	}

	/**
	 * Stream response body to file
	 *
	 * @param file
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest receive(final File file) throws HttpRequestException {
		final OutputStream output;
		try {
			output = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(file), bufferSize);
		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
		return new CloseOperation<HttpRequest>(output, ignoreCloseExceptions) {

			@Override
			protected HttpRequest run() throws HttpRequestException, IOException {
				return receive(output);
			}
		}.call();
	}

	/**
	 * Stream response to given output stream
	 *
	 * @param output
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest receive(final OutputStream output)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		try {
			return copy(buffer(), output);
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Stream response to given print stream
	 *
	 * @param output
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest receive(final PrintStream output)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return receive((OutputStream) output);
	}

	/**
	 * Receive response into the given appendable
	 *
	 * @param appendable
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest receive(final Appendable appendable)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		final BufferedReader reader = bufferedReader();
		return new CloseOperation<HttpRequest>(reader, ignoreCloseExceptions) {

			@Override
			public HttpRequest run() throws IOException {
				final CharBuffer buffer = CharBuffer.allocate(bufferSize);
				int read;
				while ((read = reader.read(buffer)) != -1) {
					buffer.rewind();
					appendable.append(buffer, 0, read);
					buffer.rewind();
				}
				return HttpRequest.this;
			}
		}.call();
	}

	/**
	 * Receive response into the given writer
	 *
	 * @param writer
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest receive(final Writer writer) throws HttpRequestException {
		final BufferedReader reader = bufferedReader();
		return new CloseOperation<HttpRequest>(reader, ignoreCloseExceptions) {

			@Override
			public HttpRequest run() throws IOException {
				return copy(reader, writer);
			}
		}.call();
	}

	/**
	 * Set read timeout on connection to given value
	 *
	 * @param timeout
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest readTimeout(final int timeout) {
		getConnection().setReadTimeout(timeout);
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Set connect timeout on connection to given value
	 *
	 * @param timeout
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest connectTimeout(final int timeout) {
		getConnection().setConnectTimeout(timeout);
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Set header name to given value
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param value
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest header(final String name, final String value) {
		getConnection().setRequestProperty(name, value);
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Set header name to given value
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param value
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest header(final String name, final Number value) {
		return header(name, value != null ? value.toString() : null);
	}

	/**
	 * Set all headers found in given map where the keys are the header names and
	 * the values are the header values
	 *
	 * @param headers
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest headers(final Map<String, String> headers) {
		if (!headers.isEmpty())
			for (Entry<String, String> header : headers.entrySet())
				header(header);
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Set header to have given entry's key as the name and value as the value
	 *
	 * @param header
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest header(final Entry<String, String> header) {
		return header(header.getKey(), header.getValue());
	}

	/**
	 * Get a response header
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @return response header
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public String header(final String name) throws HttpRequestException {
		closeOutputQuietly();
		return getConnection().getHeaderField(name);
	}

	/**
	 * Get all the response headers
	 *
	 * @return map of response header names to their value(s)
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public Map<String, List<String>> headers() throws HttpRequestException {
		closeOutputQuietly();
		return getConnection().getHeaderFields();
	}

	/**
	 * Get a date header from the response falling back to returning -1 if the
	 * header is missing or parsing fails
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @return date, -1 on failures
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public long dateHeader(final String name) throws HttpRequestException {
		return dateHeader(name, -1L);
	}

	/**
	 * Get a date header from the response falling back to returning the given
	 * default value if the header is missing or parsing fails
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param defaultValue
	 * @return date, default value on failures
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public long dateHeader(final String name, final long defaultValue)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		closeOutputQuietly();
		return getConnection().getHeaderFieldDate(name, defaultValue);
	}

	/**
	 * Get an integer header from the response falling back to returning -1 if the
	 * header is missing or parsing fails
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @return header value as an integer, -1 when missing or parsing fails
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public int intHeader(final String name) throws HttpRequestException {
		return intHeader(name, -1);
	}

	/**
	 * Get an integer header value from the response falling back to the given
	 * default value if the header is missing or if parsing fails
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param defaultValue
	 * @return header value as an integer, default value when missing or parsing
	 *         fails
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public int intHeader(final String name, final int defaultValue)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		closeOutputQuietly();
		return getConnection().getHeaderFieldInt(name, defaultValue);
	}

	/**
	 * Get all values of the given header from the response
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @return non-null but possibly empty array of {@link String} header values
	 */
	public String[] headers(final String name) {
		final Map<String, List<String>> headers = headers();
		if (headers == null || headers.isEmpty())
			return EMPTY_STRINGS;

		final List<String> values = headers.get(name);
		if (values != null && !values.isEmpty())
			return values.toArray(new String[values.size()]);
		else
			return EMPTY_STRINGS;
	}

	/**
	 * Get parameter with given name from header value in response
	 *
	 * @param headerName
	 * @param paramName
	 * @return parameter value or null if missing
	 */
	public String parameter(final String headerName, final String paramName) {
		return getParam(header(headerName), paramName);
	}

	/**
	 * Get all parameters from header value in response
	 * <p>
	 * This will be all key=value pairs after the first ';' that are separated by
	 * a ';'
	 *
	 * @param headerName
	 * @return non-null but possibly empty map of parameter headers
	 */
	public Map<String, String> parameters(final String headerName) {
		return getParams(header(headerName));
	}

	/**
	 * Get parameter values from header value
	 *
	 * @param header
	 * @return parameter value or null if none
	 */
	protected Map<String, String> getParams(final String header) {
		if (header == null || header.length() == 0)
			return Collections.emptyMap();

		final int headerLength = header.length();
		int start = header.indexOf(';') + 1;
		if (start == 0 || start == headerLength)
			return Collections.emptyMap();

		int end = header.indexOf(';', start);
		if (end == -1)
			end = headerLength;

		Map<String, String> params = new LinkedHashMap<String, String>();
		while (start < end) {
			int nameEnd = header.indexOf('=', start);
			if (nameEnd != -1 && nameEnd < end) {
				String name = header.substring(start, nameEnd).trim();
				if (name.length() > 0) {
					String value = header.substring(nameEnd + 1, end).trim();
					int length = value.length();
					if (length != 0)
						if (length > 2 && '"' == value.charAt(0)
								&& '"' == value.charAt(length - 1))
							params.put(name, value.substring(1, length - 1));
						else
							params.put(name, value);
				}
			}

			start = end + 1;
			end = header.indexOf(';', start);
			if (end == -1)
				end = headerLength;
		}

		return params;
	}

	/**
	 * Get parameter value from header value
	 *
	 * @param value
	 * @param paramName
	 * @return parameter value or null if none
	 */
	protected String getParam(final String value, final String paramName) {
		if (value == null || value.length() == 0)
			return null;

		final int length = value.length();
		int start = value.indexOf(';') + 1;
		if (start == 0 || start == length)
			return null;

		int end = value.indexOf(';', start);
		if (end == -1)
			end = length;

		while (start < end) {
			int nameEnd = value.indexOf('=', start);
			if (nameEnd != -1 && nameEnd < end
					&& paramName.equals(value.substring(start, nameEnd).trim())) {
				String paramValue = value.substring(nameEnd + 1, end).trim();
				int valueLength = paramValue.length();
				if (valueLength != 0)
					if (valueLength > 2 && '"' == paramValue.charAt(0)
							&& '"' == paramValue.charAt(valueLength - 1))
						return paramValue.substring(1, valueLength - 1);
					else
						return paramValue;
			}

			start = end + 1;
			end = value.indexOf(';', start);
			if (end == -1)
				end = length;
		}

		return null;
	}

	/**
	 * Get 'charset' parameter from 'Content-Type' response header
	 *
	 * @return charset or null if none
	 */
	public String charset() {
		return parameter(HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE, PARAM_CHARSET);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'User-Agent' header to given value
	 *
	 * @param userAgent
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest userAgent(final String userAgent) {
		return header(HEADER_USER_AGENT, userAgent);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Referer' header to given value
	 *
	 * @param referer
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest referer(final String referer) {
		return header(HEADER_REFERER, referer);
	}

	/**
	 * Set value of {@link HttpURLConnection#setUseCaches(boolean)}
	 *
	 * @param useCaches
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest useCaches(final boolean useCaches) {
		getConnection().setUseCaches(useCaches);
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Accept-Encoding' header to given value
	 *
	 * @param acceptEncoding
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest acceptEncoding(final String acceptEncoding) {
		return header(HEADER_ACCEPT_ENCODING, acceptEncoding);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Accept-Encoding' header to 'gzip'
	 *
	 * @see #uncompress(boolean)
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest acceptGzipEncoding() {
		return acceptEncoding(ENCODING_GZIP);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Accept-Charset' header to given value
	 *
	 * @param acceptCharset
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest acceptCharset(final String acceptCharset) {
		return header(HEADER_ACCEPT_CHARSET, acceptCharset);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the 'Content-Encoding' header from the response
	 *
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public String contentEncoding() {
		return header(HEADER_CONTENT_ENCODING);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the 'Server' header from the response
	 *
	 * @return server
	 */
	public String server() {
		return header(HEADER_SERVER);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the 'Date' header from the response
	 *
	 * @return date value, -1 on failures
	 */
	public long date() {
		return dateHeader(HEADER_DATE);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the 'Cache-Control' header from the response
	 *
	 * @return cache control
	 */
	public String cacheControl() {
		return header(HEADER_CACHE_CONTROL);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the 'ETag' header from the response
	 *
	 * @return entity tag
	 */
	public String eTag() {
		return header(HEADER_ETAG);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the 'Expires' header from the response
	 *
	 * @return expires value, -1 on failures
	 */
	public long expires() {
		return dateHeader(HEADER_EXPIRES);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the 'Last-Modified' header from the response
	 *
	 * @return last modified value, -1 on failures
	 */
	public long lastModified() {
		return dateHeader(HEADER_LAST_MODIFIED);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the 'Location' header from the response
	 *
	 * @return location
	 */
	public String location() {
		return header(HEADER_LOCATION);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Authorization' header to given value
	 *
	 * @param authorization
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest authorization(final String authorization) {
		return header(HEADER_AUTHORIZATION, authorization);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Proxy-Authorization' header to given value
	 *
	 * @param proxyAuthorization
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest proxyAuthorization(final String proxyAuthorization) {
		return header(HEADER_PROXY_AUTHORIZATION, proxyAuthorization);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Authorization' header to given values in Basic authentication
	 * format
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param password
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest basic(final String name, final String password) {
		return authorization("Basic " + Base64.encode(name + ':' + password));
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Proxy-Authorization' header to given values in Basic authentication
	 * format
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param password
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest proxyBasic(final String name, final String password) {
		return proxyAuthorization("Basic " + Base64.encode(name + ':' + password));
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'If-Modified-Since' request header to the given value
	 *
	 * @param ifModifiedSince
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest ifModifiedSince(final long ifModifiedSince) {
		getConnection().setIfModifiedSince(ifModifiedSince);
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'If-None-Match' request header to the given value
	 *
	 * @param ifNoneMatch
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest ifNoneMatch(final String ifNoneMatch) {
		return header(HEADER_IF_NONE_MATCH, ifNoneMatch);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Content-Type' request header to the given value
	 *
	 * @param contentType
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest contentType(final String contentType) {
		return contentType(contentType, null);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Content-Type' request header to the given value and charset
	 *
	 * @param contentType
	 * @param charset
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest contentType(final String contentType, final String charset) {
		if (charset != null && charset.length() > 0) {
			final String separator = "; " + PARAM_CHARSET + '=';
			return header(HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE, contentType + separator + charset);
		} else
			return header(HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE, contentType);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the 'Content-Type' header from the response
	 *
	 * @return response header value
	 */
	public String contentType() {
		return header(HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the 'Content-Length' header from the response
	 *
	 * @return response header value
	 */
	public int contentLength() {
		return intHeader(HEADER_CONTENT_LENGTH);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Content-Length' request header to the given value
	 *
	 * @param contentLength
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest contentLength(final String contentLength) {
		return contentLength(Integer.parseInt(contentLength));
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Content-Length' request header to the given value
	 *
	 * @param contentLength
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest contentLength(final int contentLength) {
		getConnection().setFixedLengthStreamingMode(contentLength);
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Accept' header to given value
	 *
	 * @param accept
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest accept(final String accept) {
		return header(HEADER_ACCEPT, accept);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the 'Accept' header to 'application/json'
	 *
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest acceptJson() {
		return accept(CONTENT_TYPE_JSON);
	}

	/**
	 * Copy from input stream to output stream
	 *
	 * @param input
	 * @param output
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws IOException
	 */
	protected HttpRequest copy(final InputStream input, final OutputStream output)
			throws IOException {
		return new CloseOperation<HttpRequest>(input, ignoreCloseExceptions) {

			@Override
			public HttpRequest run() throws IOException {
				final byte[] buffer = new byte[bufferSize];
				int read;
				while ((read = input.read(buffer)) != -1) {
					output.write(buffer, 0, read);
					totalWritten += read;
					progress.onUpload(totalWritten, totalSize);
				}
				return HttpRequest.this;
			}
		}.call();
	}

	/**
	 * Copy from reader to writer
	 *
	 * @param input
	 * @param output
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws IOException
	 */
	protected HttpRequest copy(final Reader input, final Writer output)
			throws IOException {
		return new CloseOperation<HttpRequest>(input, ignoreCloseExceptions) {

			@Override
			public HttpRequest run() throws IOException {
				final char[] buffer = new char[bufferSize];
				int read;
				while ((read = input.read(buffer)) != -1) {
					output.write(buffer, 0, read);
					totalWritten += read;
					progress.onUpload(totalWritten, -1);
				}
				return HttpRequest.this;
			}
		}.call();
	}

	/**
	 * Set the UploadProgress callback for this request
	 *
	 * @param callback
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest progress(final UploadProgress callback) {
		if (callback == null)
			progress = UploadProgress.DEFAULT;
		else
			progress = callback;
		return this;
	}

	private HttpRequest incrementTotalSize(final long size) {
		if (totalSize == -1)
			totalSize = 0;
		totalSize += size;
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Close output stream
	 *
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 * @throws IOException
	 */
	protected HttpRequest closeOutput() throws IOException {
		progress(null);
		if (output == null)
			return this;
		if (multipart)
			output.write(CRLF + "--" + BOUNDARY + "--" + CRLF);
		if (ignoreCloseExceptions)
			try {
				output.close();
			} catch (IOException ignored) {
				// Ignored
			}
		else
			output.close();
		output = null;
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Call {@link #closeOutput()} and re-throw a caught {@link IOException}s as
	 * an {@link HttpRequestException}
	 *
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	protected HttpRequest closeOutputQuietly() throws HttpRequestException {
		try {
			return closeOutput();
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Open output stream
	 *
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws IOException
	 */
	protected HttpRequest openOutput() throws IOException {
		if (output != null)
			return this;
		getConnection().setDoOutput(true);
		final String charset = getParam(
				getConnection().getRequestProperty(HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE), PARAM_CHARSET);
		output = new RequestOutputStream(getConnection().getOutputStream(), charset,
				bufferSize);
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Start part of a multipart
	 *
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws IOException
	 */
	protected HttpRequest startPart() throws IOException {
		if (!multipart) {
			multipart = true;
			contentType(CONTENT_TYPE_MULTIPART).openOutput();
			output.write("--" + BOUNDARY + CRLF);
		} else
			output.write(CRLF + "--" + BOUNDARY + CRLF);
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Write part header
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param filename
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws IOException
	 */
	protected HttpRequest writePartHeader(final String name, final String filename)
			throws IOException {
		return writePartHeader(name, filename, null);
	}

	/**
	 * Write part header
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param filename
	 * @param contentType
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws IOException
	 */
	protected HttpRequest writePartHeader(final String name,
	                                      final String filename, final String contentType) throws IOException {
		final StringBuilder partBuffer = new StringBuilder();
		partBuffer.append("form-data; name=\"").append(name);
		if (filename != null)
			partBuffer.append("\"; filename=\"").append(filename);
		partBuffer.append('"');
		partHeader("Content-Disposition", partBuffer.toString());
		if (contentType != null)
			partHeader(HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE, contentType);
		return send(CRLF);
	}

	/**
	 * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param part
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String part) {
		return part(name, null, part);
	}

	/**
	 * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param filename
	 * @param part
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String filename,
	                        final String part) throws HttpRequestException {
		return part(name, filename, null, part);
	}

	/**
	 * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param filename
	 * @param contentType
	 *          value of the Content-Type part header
	 * @param part
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String filename,
	                        final String contentType, final String part) throws HttpRequestException {
		try {
			startPart();
			writePartHeader(name, filename, contentType);
			output.write(part);
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param part
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest part(final String name, final Number part)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return part(name, null, part);
	}

	/**
	 * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param filename
	 * @param part
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String filename,
	                        final Number part) throws HttpRequestException {
		return part(name, filename, part != null ? part.toString() : null);
	}

	/**
	 * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param part
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest part(final String name, final File part)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return part(name, null, part);
	}

	/**
	 * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param filename
	 * @param part
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String filename,
	                        final File part) throws HttpRequestException {
		return part(name, filename, null, part);
	}

	/**
	 * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param filename
	 * @param contentType
	 *          value of the Content-Type part header
	 * @param part
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String filename,
	                        final String contentType, final File part) throws HttpRequestException {
		final InputStream stream;
		try {
			stream = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(part));
			incrementTotalSize(part.length());
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
		return part(name, filename, contentType, stream);
	}

	/**
	 * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param part
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest part(final String name, final InputStream part)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return part(name, null, null, part);
	}

	/**
	 * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param filename
	 * @param contentType
	 *          value of the Content-Type part header
	 * @param part
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String filename,
	                        final String contentType, final InputStream part)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		try {
			startPart();
			writePartHeader(name, filename, contentType);
			copy(part, output);
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Write a multipart header to the response body
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param value
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest partHeader(final String name, final String value)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return send(name).send(": ").send(value).send(CRLF);
	}

	/**
	 * Write contents of file to request body
	 *
	 * @param input
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest send(final File input) throws HttpRequestException {
		final InputStream stream;
		try {
			stream = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(input));
			incrementTotalSize(input.length());
		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
		return send(stream);
	}

	/**
	 * Write byte array to request body
	 *
	 * @param input
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest send(final byte[] input) throws HttpRequestException {
		if (input != null)
			incrementTotalSize(input.length);
		return send(new ByteArrayInputStream(input));
	}

	/**
	 * Write stream to request body
	 * <p>
	 * The given stream will be closed once sending completes
	 *
	 * @param input
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest send(final InputStream input) throws HttpRequestException {
		try {
			openOutput();
			copy(input, output);
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Write reader to request body
	 * <p>
	 * The given reader will be closed once sending completes
	 *
	 * @param input
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest send(final Reader input) throws HttpRequestException {
		try {
			openOutput();
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
		final Writer writer = new OutputStreamWriter(output,
				output.encoder.charset());
		return new FlushOperation<HttpRequest>(writer) {

			@Override
			protected HttpRequest run() throws IOException {
				return copy(input, writer);
			}
		}.call();
	}

	/**
	 * Write char sequence to request body
	 * <p>
	 * The charset configured via {@link #contentType(String)} will be used and
	 * UTF-8 will be used if it is unset.
	 *
	 * @param value
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest send(final CharSequence value) throws HttpRequestException {
		try {
			openOutput();
			output.write(value.toString());
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Create writer to request output stream
	 *
	 * @return writer
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public OutputStreamWriter writer() throws HttpRequestException {
		try {
			openOutput();
			return new OutputStreamWriter(output, output.encoder.charset());
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Write the values in the map as form data to the request body
	 * <p>
	 * The pairs specified will be URL-encoded in UTF-8 and sent with the
	 * 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content-type
	 *
	 * @param values
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest form(final Map<?, ?> values) throws HttpRequestException {
		return form(values, CHARSET_UTF8);
	}

	/**
	 * Write the key and value in the entry as form data to the request body
	 * <p>
	 * The pair specified will be URL-encoded in UTF-8 and sent with the
	 * 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content-type
	 *
	 * @param entry
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest form(final Entry<?, ?> entry) throws HttpRequestException {
		return form(entry, CHARSET_UTF8);
	}

	/**
	 * Write the key and value in the entry as form data to the request body
	 * <p>
	 * The pair specified will be URL-encoded and sent with the
	 * 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content-type
	 *
	 * @param entry
	 * @param charset
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest form(final Entry<?, ?> entry, final String charset)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return form(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue(), charset);
	}

	/**
	 * Write the name/value pair as form data to the request body
	 * <p>
	 * The pair specified will be URL-encoded in UTF-8 and sent with the
	 * 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content-type
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param value
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest form(final Object name, final Object value)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		return form(name, value, CHARSET_UTF8);
	}

	/**
	 * Write the name/value pair as form data to the request body
	 * <p>
	 * The values specified will be URL-encoded and sent with the
	 * 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content-type
	 *
	 * @param name
	 * @param value
	 * @param charset
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest form(final Object name, final Object value, String charset)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		final boolean first = !form;
		if (first) {
			contentType(CONTENT_TYPE_FORM, charset);
			form = true;
		}
		charset = getValidCharset(charset);
		try {
			openOutput();
			if (!first)
				output.write('&');
			output.write(URLEncoder.encode(name.toString(), charset));
			output.write('=');
			if (value != null)
				output.write(URLEncoder.encode(value.toString(), charset));
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new HttpRequestException(e);
		}
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Write the values in the map as encoded form data to the request body
	 *
	 * @param values
	 * @param charset
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest form(final Map<?, ?> values, final String charset)
			throws HttpRequestException {
		if (!values.isEmpty())
			for (Entry<?, ?> entry : values.entrySet())
				form(entry, charset);
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Configure HTTPS connection to trust all certificates
	 * <p>
	 * This method does nothing if the current request is not a HTTPS request
	 *
	 * @return this request
	 * @throws HttpRequestException
	 */
	public HttpRequest trustAllCerts() throws HttpRequestException {
		final HttpURLConnection connection = getConnection();
		if (connection instanceof HttpsURLConnection)
			((HttpsURLConnection) connection)
					.setSSLSocketFactory(getTrustedFactory());
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Configure HTTPS connection to trust all hosts using a custom
	 * {@link HostnameVerifier} that always returns <code>true</code> for each
	 * host verified
	 * <p>
	 * This method does nothing if the current request is not a HTTPS request
	 *
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest trustAllHosts() {
		final HttpURLConnection connection = getConnection();
		if (connection instanceof HttpsURLConnection)
			((HttpsURLConnection) connection)
					.setHostnameVerifier(getTrustedVerifier());
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the {@link URL} of this request's connection
	 *
	 * @return request URL
	 */
	public URL url() {
		return getConnection().getURL();
	}

	/**
	 * Get the HTTP method of this request
	 *
	 * @return method
	 */
	public String method() {
		return getConnection().getRequestMethod();
	}

	/**
	 * Configure an HTTP proxy on this connection. Use {{@link #proxyBasic(String, String)} if
	 * this proxy requires basic authentication.
	 *
	 * @param proxyHost
	 * @param proxyPort
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest useProxy(final String proxyHost, final int proxyPort) {
		if (connection != null)
			throw new IllegalStateException("The connection has already been created. This method must be called before reading or writing to the request.");

		this.httpProxyHost = proxyHost;
		this.httpProxyPort = proxyPort;
		return this;
	}

	/**
	 * Set whether or not the underlying connection should follow redirects in
	 * the response.
	 *
	 * @param followRedirects - true fo follow redirects, false to not.
	 * @return this request
	 */
	public HttpRequest followRedirects(final boolean followRedirects) {
		getConnection().setInstanceFollowRedirects(followRedirects);
		return this;
	}
}