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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
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<title>An Investigation of Time-Frequency Representation Discriminators for High-Fidelity Vocoder</title>
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<article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting">
<div class="container pt-5 mt-5 shadow p-5 mb-5 bg-white rounded">
<div class="text-center">
<h1>An Investigation of Time-Frequency Representation Discriminators for High-Fidelity Vocoder </h1>
</div>
<br>
<p class="text-center">
<b>
<a href="https://www.yichenggu.com/" class="plainhref">Yicheng Gu</a>, <a
href="https://www.zhangxueyao.com/" class="plainhref">Xueyao Zhang</a>, <a
href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=KNqxVT0AAAAJ&hl=zh-CN" class="plainhref">Liumeng
Xue</a>,
<a href="https://www.colips.org/~eleliha/" class="plainhref">Haizhou Li</a>,
<a href="https://drwuz.com/" class="plainhref">Zhizheng Wu</a>
</b>
</p>
<p class="text-center">
School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen
</p>
<font size="+1">
<p style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.17161" target="_blank">[Paper]</a>
<a href="https://github.com/open-mmlab/Amphion" target="_blank">[Code]</a>
</p>
</font>
</div>
<div class="container pt-5 mt-5 shadow p-5 mb-5 bg-white rounded">
<h2 id="content-samples" style="text-align: center;">Abstract </h2>
<p>
Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) based vocoders are superior in both inference speed and synthesis
quality when reconstructing an audible waveform from an acoustic representation. This study focuses on
improving the discriminator for GAN-based vocoders. Most existing Time-Frequency Representation (TFR)-based
discriminators are rooted in Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT), which owns a constant Time-Frequency (TF)
resolution, linearly scaled center frequencies, and a fixed decomposition basis, making it incompatible with
signals like singing voices that require dynamic attention for different frequency bands and different time
intervals. Motivated by that, we propose a Multi-Scale Sub-Band Constant-Q Transform CQT (MS-SB-CQT)
discriminator and a Multi-Scale Temporal-Compressed Continuous Wavelet Transform CWT (MS-TC-CWT)
discriminator. Both CQT and CWT have a dynamic TF resolution for different frequency bands. In contrast, CQT
has a better modeling ability in pitch information, and CWT has a better modeling ability in short-time
transients. Experiments conducted on both speech and singing voices confirm the effectiveness of our
proposed discriminators. Moreover, the STFT, CQT, and CWT-based discriminators can be used jointly for
better performance. The proposed discriminators can boost the synthesis quality of various state-of-the-art
GAN-based vocoders, including HiFi-GAN, BigVGAN, and APNet.
</p>
</div>
<div class="container pt-5 mt-5 shadow p-5 mb-5 bg-white rounded">
<h2 id="content-samples" style="text-align: center;">Approach </h2>
<br>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">MS-SB-CQT Discriminator</h3>
<p>As illustrated below, the MS-SB-CQT Discriminator consists of identically structured
sub-discriminators operating on CQT spectrograms with different time-frequency resolution distributions. In
each
sub-discriminator, the real and imaginary parts of the CQT spectrogram will be sent individually to our
proposed
Sub-Band Processing (SBP) module to get their latent representations. These two representations will then be
concatenated and sent to convolutional layers to get the outputs for computing loss.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img src="assets/pics/SBCQTD.png" style="width:80%;" class="toEnlargeImg">
<br>
Architecture of the Sub-Discriminator in MS-SB-CQT Discriminator. Operator ''C'' denotes for concatenation.
SBP means our proposed Sub-Band Processor module. It can be observed that the desynchronized CQT Spectrogram
(bottom-right) has been synchronized (upper-right) after SBP.
</p>
<br>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">MS-MW-CWT Discriminator
</h3>
<p>As illustrated below, the MS-MW-CWT Discriminator consists of identically structured
sub-discriminators operating on CWT spectrograms with different wavelets and different amounts of wavelet
scales.
In each sub-discriminator, the CWT spectrogram will be sent to a series of Conv2d layers that only operate
on the
time dimension to obtain its time-domain compressed representation. The processed representation will then
be sent
to convolutional layers to get the outputs for computing loss.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img src="assets/pics/TCCWTD.png" style="width:80%;" class="toEnlargeImg">
<br>
Architecture of the Sub-Discriminator in MS-TC-CWT Discriminator. Operator ''C'' denotes for concatenation.
TC means our proposed Temporal Compressor module. Comp is a series of temporal-overlapped convolution
layers. K is the total number of frequency bins. It can be observed that the CWT Spectrogram
(bottom-right) can be compressed while maintaining the overall energy distribution over different frequency
bins (upper-right).
</p>
</div>
<div class="container pt-5 mt-5 shadow p-5 mb-5 bg-white rounded">
<h2 id="content-samples" style="text-align: center;">Effectiveness of the Proposed Discriminators and Using
Them Jointly </h2>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img src="assets/pics/exp_1.jpg" width="90%" class="toEnlargeImg">
<br>
Analysis-synthesis results of different discriminators when being integrated into HiFi-GAN. The best and the
second best results of every column (except those from
Ground Truth) in each domain (speech and singing voice) are <b>bold</b> and <i>italic</i>.
"S", "C" and "W" represent MS-STFT, MS-SB-CQT and MS-TC-CWT Discriminators respectively. The MOS scores are
with 95% Confidence Interval (CI).
</p>
<p>
As illustrated above, regarding singing voice, we can observe that:
<br>
<b>(1)</b> HiFi-GAN (+S), HiFi-GAN (+C), and HiFi-GAN (+W) all outperform HiFi-GAN both subjectively and
objectively, confirming the importance of the extra adversarial losses in the frequency domain;
<br>
<b>(2)</b> Both HiFi-GAN (+C) and HiFi-GAN (+W) outperform the HiFi-GAN (+S) objectively and subjectively,
illustrating the effectiveness of utilizing TFRs with dynamic TF resolution;
<br>
<b>(3)</b> HiFi-GAN (+C) outperforms HiFi-GAN (+W) objectively especially on F0-related metrics, showing the
effectiveness of the pitch-aware center frequency distribution. HiFi-GAN (+W) outperforms HiFi-GAN (+C)
subjectively, showing the effectiveness of the diverse energy-centered wavelet basis;
<br>
<b>(4)</b> HiFi-GAN (+S+C+W) outperforms both objectively and subjectively on seen singers while holding
better objective results with a similar subjective score on unseen singers, confirming the effectiveness of
joint training.
<br>
A similar conclusion can be drawn for the unseen speaker evaluation of speech data.
</p>
<p>
Here, we show some representative samples to reveal the effctiveness of our proposed methods and the
complementary role of the discriminators based on different TFRs.
</p>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Representative Samples</h3>
<h4>Seen Singers</h4>
<div class="table-responsive pt-3">
<table class="table table-hover pt-2">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center"></th>
<th style="text-align: center">Ground Truth</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+S)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+C)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+W)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+S+C+W)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#1</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_gt.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_msstftd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_mscqtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_mscwtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_merge.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#2</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_2_gt.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_2_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_2_msstftd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_2_mscqtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_2_mscwtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_2_merge.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#3</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_3_gt.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_3_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_3_msstftd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_3_mscqtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_3_mscwtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_3_merge.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<br>
<br>
<h4>Unseen Singers</h4>
<div class="table-responsive pt-3">
<table class="table table-hover pt-2">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center"></th>
<th style="text-align: center">Ground Truth</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+S)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+C)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+W)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+S+C+W)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#1</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_1_gt.wav" />
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</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_1_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_1_msstftd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_1_mscqtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_1_mscwtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_1_merge.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#2</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_2_gt.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_2_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_2_msstftd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_2_mscqtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_2_mscwtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_2_merge.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#3</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_3_gt.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_3_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_3_msstftd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_3_mscqtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_3_mscwtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_singer_3_merge.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<br>
<br>
<h4>Seen Speakers</h4>
<div class="table-responsive pt-3">
<table class="table table-hover pt-2">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center"></th>
<th style="text-align: center">Ground Truth</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+S)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+C)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+W)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+S+C+W)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#1</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_1_gt.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_1_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_1_msstftd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_1_mscqtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_1_mscwtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_1_merge.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#2</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_2_gt.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_2_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_2_msstftd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_2_mscqtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_2_mscwtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_2_merge.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#3</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_3_gt.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_3_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_3_msstftd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_3_mscqtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_3_mscwtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_speaker_3_merge.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<br>
<br>
<h4>Unseen Speakers</h4>
<div class="table-responsive pt-3">
<table class="table table-hover pt-2">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center"></th>
<th style="text-align: center">Ground Truth</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+S)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+C)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+W)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+S+C+W)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#1</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_1_gt.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_1_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_1_msstftd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_1_mscqtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_1_mscwtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_1_merge.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#2</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_2_gt.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_2_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_2_msstftd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_2_mscqtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_2_mscwtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_2_merge.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#3</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_3_gt.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_3_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_3_msstftd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_3_mscqtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_3_mscwtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/unseen_speaker_3_merge.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<br>
<br>
<!-- <h3 style="text-align: center;"> Case Study</h3> -->
<!-- <p>We visualized the same singing voice utterance synthesized by generators trained with different
discriminator combinations. It can be observed that:</p>
<p><b>(1)</b> With only the time-domain-based discriminators, it is hard for our generator to model
the high-frequency parts. Adding time-frequency-representation-based discriminators, neither
MS-SB-CQT Discriminator (HiFi-GAN (+C)) or MS-STFT Discriminator (HiFi-GAN (+S)), significantly
boosts the quality of high-frequency reconstruction.</p>
<p><b>(2)</b> STFT has a fixed time-frequency resolution across all frequency bands. In the
low-frequency parts, its lack of frequency resolution brings frequency distortions, resulting in
phonemes with artifacts. In the high-frequency parts, its lack of time resolution limits it from
reconstructing harmonic components. CQT has a dynamic resolution trade-off, thus alleviating
these artifacts. However, its lack of time resolution in the low-frequency parts and the lack of
frequency resolution in the high-frequency parts still bring problems like glitches and hissing
noises.</p>
<p><b>(3)</b> Combining STFT-based and CQT-based Discriminators integrates their strengths, thus
attaining a significantly better synthesis quality.</p> -->
<!-- <div class="table-responsive pt-3">
<table class="table table-hover pt-2">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center">Ground Truth</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+S)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+C)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+W)</th>
<th style="text-align: center">HiFi-GAN (+S+C+W)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_gt.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_msstftd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_mscqtd.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_merge.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle">
<picture controls="controls" style="width: 210px;">
<img src="assets/pics/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_gt_drawio.png"
alt="Your browser does not support the img element." class="toEnlargeImg">
</picture>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle">
<picture controls="controls" style="width: 210px;">
<img src="assets/pics/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_orig_drawio.png"
alt="Your browser does not support the img element." class="toEnlargeImg">
</picture>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle">
<picture controls="controls" style="width: 210px;">
<img src="assets/pics/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_msstftd_drawio.png"
alt="Your browser does not support the img element." class="toEnlargeImg">
</picture>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle">
<picture controls="controls" style="width: 210px;">
<img src="assets/pics/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_mscqtd_drawio.png"
alt="Your browser does not support the img element." class="toEnlargeImg">
</picture>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle">
<picture controls="controls" style="width: 210px;">
<img src="assets/pics/effectiveness/seen_singer_1_merge_drawio.png"
alt="Your browser does not support the img element." class="toEnlargeImg">
</picture>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">
能不能给我一首歌的时间
</td>
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">
<b><em>能</em></b>不能给我<b><em>一</em></b>首歌的时间
</td>
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">
能不能给我<b><em>一</em></b>首<b><em>歌</em></b>的<b><em>时</em></b>间
</td>
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">
能不能<b><em>给</em></b>我一首<b><em>歌</em></b>的时间
</td>
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">
能不能给我一首歌的时间
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">
néng bù néng gěi wǒ yī shǒu gē de shí jiān
</td>
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">
<b><em>néng</em></b> bù néng gěi wǒ <b><em>yī</em></b> shǒu gē de shí jiān
</td>
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">
néng bù néng gěi wǒ <b><em>yī</em></b> shǒu <b><em>gē</em></b> de
<b><em>shí</em></b> jiān
</td>
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">
néng bù néng <b><em>gěi</em></b> wǒ yī shǒu <b><em>gē</em></b> de shí jiān
</td>
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">
néng bù néng gěi wǒ yī shǒu gē de shí jiān
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div> -->
</div>
<div class="container pt-5 mt-5 shadow p-5 mb-5 bg-white rounded">
<h2 id="content-samples" style="text-align: center;">Effectiveness of Proposed Training Strategy </h2>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img src="assets/pics/exp_2.jpg" width="90%" class="toEnlargeImg">
<br>
Analysis-synthesis results of our proposed Discriminators when applying on NSF-HiFiGAN, BigVGAN, and APNet
in singing voice datasets. The improvements are shown in
<b>bold</b>. "S", "C" and "W" represent MS-STFT, MS-SB-CQT and MS-TC-CWT Discriminators respectively.
</p>
<p>
Here, we show some representative samples to reveal the effctiveness of joint training
with our proposed discriminators on different generators.
</p>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Representative Samples</h3>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">NSF-HiFiGAN</h4>
<h4>Seen Singers</h4>
<div class="table-responsive pt-3">
<table class="table table-hover pt-2">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center"></th>
<th style="text-align: center">Ground Truth</th>
<th style="text-align: center">NSF-HiFiGAN</th>
<th style="text-align: center">NSF-HiFiGAN (+S+C+W)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#1</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/generalization/nsfhifigan/seen_singer_1_gt.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/generalization/nsfhifigan/seen_singer_1_orig.wav" />
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/generalization/nsfhifigan/seen_singer_1_merge.wav" />
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</audio>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #e7ecec;">
<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 72px">
<b>#2</b>
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<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/generalization/nsfhifigan/seen_singer_2_gt.wav" />
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</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">
<source src="assets/audios/generalization/nsfhifigan/seen_singer_2_orig.wav" />
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</audio>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center">
<audio style="width: 210px;" controls="controls" preload="auto">