在前面的分析中提到了Cosmos有几个重要的机制，其中一个就是Staking。在分析这个模块之前，需要把一些相关的术语说明一下：
Atom ：Cosmsos原生权益代币（另外有一个费用代币Photon）。
Atom holder：Atom代币所有者。
Candidate：Validator的候选人，全节点的Atom代币所有者。
Validator（验证人）：由Candidate选举出来，负责对 Tendermint 共识中的消息进行签名。
Delegator（ 代理人）：把自己的Atom代币交由其它Validator（或Candidate）的持有并拥有其权益。
Bonding Atoms（绑定Atom）：Atom锁定机制（使Atom受共识协议的控制），Atoms只能通过Validator或Candidate进行绑定，如果Validator作恶，那么他绑定的Atom就会受到损失。如果在一个解绑时限内没有被惩罚，Atom持有者就可以重获对他绑定的Atom的支配权。
Unbonding period（解绑时限）：从解绑操作到Atom持有者重获对这些Atom支配权的缓冲时间。
Inflationary provisions（通货膨胀）：Cosmos Hub周期性的创建Atom，并根据规则分发给绑定Atom的持有者，用于鼓励Atom的有者尽可能多的绑定他们的Atom代币。
Transaction fees（交易费）：指包含在一个Cosmos Hub的交易中的手续费，由Validator取得，并根据Validator和Delegator绑定的Atom数量进行分配。
Commission fee （佣金）：Validator为他所提供的服务从交易费中收取佣金。
stake的源码在x/stake中，代码老大一片，稳住。
// Pool - dynamic parameters of the current state
type Pool struct {
LooseUnbondedTokens int64 `json:"loose_unbonded_tokens"` // tokens not associated with any validator
UnbondedTokens int64 `json:"unbonded_tokens"` // reserve of unbonded tokens held with validators
UnbondingTokens int64 `json:"unbonding_tokens"` // tokens moving from bonded to unbonded pool
BondedTokens int64 `json:"bonded_tokens"` // reserve of bonded tokens
UnbondedShares sdk.Rat `json:"unbonded_shares"` // sum of all shares distributed for the Unbonded Pool
UnbondingShares sdk.Rat `json:"unbonding_shares"` // shares moving from Bonded to Unbonded Pool
BondedShares sdk.Rat `json:"bonded_shares"` // sum of all shares distributed for the Bonded Pool
InflationLastTime int64 `json:"inflation_last_time"` // block which the last inflation was processed // TODO make time
Inflation sdk.Rat `json:"inflation"` // current annual inflation rate
DateLastCommissionReset int64 `json:"date_last_commission_reset"` // unix timestamp for last commission accounting reset (daily)
// Fee Related
PrevBondedShares sdk.Rat `json:"prev_bonded_shares"` // last recorded bonded shares - for fee calcualtions
}
type PoolShares struct {
Status sdk.BondStatus `json:"status"`
Amount sdk.Rat `json:"amount"` // total shares of type ShareKind
}
// Validator defines the total amount of bond shares and their exchange rate to
// coins. Accumulation of interest is modelled as an in increase in the
// exchange rate, and slashing as a decrease. When coins are delegated to this
// validator, the validator is credited with a Delegation whose number of
// bond shares is based on the amount of coins delegated divided by the current
// exchange rate. Voting power can be calculated as total bonds multiplied by
// exchange rate.
type Validator struct {
Owner sdk.Address `json:"owner"` // sender of BondTx - UnbondTx returns here
PubKey crypto.PubKey `json:"pub_key"` // pubkey of validator
Revoked bool `json:"revoked"` // has the validator been revoked from bonded status?
PoolShares PoolShares `json:"pool_shares"` // total shares for tokens held in the pool
DelegatorShares sdk.Rat `json:"delegator_shares"` // total shares issued to a validator's delegators
Description Description `json:"description"` // description terms for the validator
BondHeight int64 `json:"bond_height"` // earliest height as a bonded validator
BondIntraTxCounter int16 `json:"bond_intra_tx_counter"` // block-local tx index of validator change
ProposerRewardPool sdk.Coins `json:"proposer_reward_pool"` // XXX reward pool collected from being the proposer
Commission sdk.Rat `json:"commission"` // XXX the commission rate of fees charged to any delegators
CommissionMax sdk.Rat `json:"commission_max"` // XXX maximum commission rate which this validator can ever charge
CommissionChangeRate sdk.Rat `json:"commission_change_rate"` // XXX maximum daily increase of the validator commission
CommissionChangeToday sdk.Rat `json:"commission_change_today"` // XXX commission rate change today, reset each day (UTC time)
// fee related
PrevBondedShares sdk.Rat `json:"prev_bonded_shares"` // total shares of a global hold pools
}
// keeper of the staking store
type Keeper struct {
storeKey sdk.StoreKey
cdc *wire.Codec
coinKeeper bank.Keeper
// codespace
codespace sdk.CodespaceType
}上面列举了几个关键的数据结构，特别是最后一个，在前面分析时提到过，Keeper实际上是数据库上层抽象的一个数据结构体。在Cosmos中，Pool是整个全局状态的管理空间。它能够跟踪所有帐户持有的Atomic的状态，包括移动和通化膨胀信息等。
也就是说它是一个Atom的集合，在Cosmos中有两个全局的pool，绑定池和解绑池。需要说明的是，这个Pool是一个逻辑上的概念，Share是Atom分配的一个单位，通过一些计算公式可以得到Atom，这个有一点类似于以太坊的Gas。但用途有些不同。当然，它的好处在于，可以用于非侵入式的修改相关者的Atom的数量，类似于一个动态的汇率管制机制。
// equivalent amount of shares if the shares were bonded
func (s PoolShares) ToBonded(p Pool) PoolShares {
var amount sdk.Rat
switch s.Status {
case sdk.Bonded:
amount = s.Amount
case sdk.Unbonding:
exRate := p.unbondingShareExRate().Quo(p.bondedShareExRate()) // (tok/ubshr)/(tok/bshr) = bshr/ubshr
amount = s.Amount.Mul(exRate) // ubshr*bshr/ubshr = bshr
case sdk.Unbonded:
exRate := p.unbondedShareExRate().Quo(p.bondedShareExRate()) // (tok/ubshr)/(tok/bshr) = bshr/ubshr
amount = s.Amount.Mul(exRate) // ubshr*bshr/ubshr = bshr
}
return NewUnbondedShares(amount)
}
//_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
// get the equivalent amount of tokens contained by the shares
func (s PoolShares) Tokens(p Pool) sdk.Rat {
switch s.Status {
case sdk.Bonded:
return p.unbondedShareExRate().Mul(s.Amount) // (tokens/shares) * shares
case sdk.Unbonding:
return p.unbondedShareExRate().Mul(s.Amount)
case sdk.Unbonded:
return p.unbondedShareExRate().Mul(s.Amount)
default:
panic("unknown share kind")
}
}对于代理人同样也适用这个算法来进行Atom的管理。
// Delegation represents the bond with tokens held by an account. It is
// owned by one delegator, and is associated with the voting power of one
// pubKey.
// TODO better way of managing space
type Delegation struct {
DelegatorAddr sdk.Address `json:"delegator_addr"`
ValidatorAddr sdk.Address `json:"validator_addr"`
Shares sdk.Rat `json:"shares"`
Height int64 `json:"height"` // Last height bond updated
}通货膨胀也是Cosmos一个机制：
var hrsPerYrRat = sdk.NewRat(hrsPerYr) // as defined by a julian year of 365.25 days
// process provisions for an hour period
func (k Keeper) processProvisions(ctx sdk.Context) Pool {
pool := k.GetPool(ctx)
pool.Inflation = k.nextInflation(ctx)
// Because the validators hold a relative bonded share (`GlobalStakeShare`), when
// more bonded tokens are added proportionally to all validators the only term
// which needs to be updated is the `BondedPool`. So for each previsions cycle:
provisions := pool.Inflation.Mul(sdk.NewRat(pool.TokenSupply())).Quo(hrsPerYrRat).Evaluate()
pool.BondedTokens += provisions
return pool
}
// get the next inflation rate for the hour
func (k Keeper) nextInflation(ctx sdk.Context) (inflation sdk.Rat) {
params := k.GetParams(ctx)
pool := k.GetPool(ctx)
// The target annual inflation rate is recalculated for each previsions cycle. The
// inflation is also subject to a rate change (positive of negative) depending or
// the distance from the desired ratio (67%). The maximum rate change possible is
// defined to be 13% per year, however the annual inflation is capped as between
// 7% and 20%.
// (1 - bondedRatio/GoalBonded) * InflationRateChange
inflationRateChangePerYear := sdk.OneRat().Sub(pool.bondedRatio().Quo(params.GoalBonded)).Mul(params.InflationRateChange)
inflationRateChange := inflationRateChangePerYear.Quo(hrsPerYrRat)
// increase the new annual inflation for this next cycle
inflation = pool.Inflation.Add(inflationRateChange)
if inflation.GT(params.InflationMax) {
inflation = params.InflationMax
}
if inflation.LT(params.InflationMin) {
inflation = params.InflationMin
}
return inflation.Round(precision)
}它还是比较好理解的，增加一个系数来处理。
Staking模块是主要的资金管理模块，具体的技术问题没有什么，主要还是一些规则的制定，明白了这些规则，在理解分析Cosmos时会省不少的时间。