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vicav_dict_encoding__v003.xml
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vicav_dict_encoding__v003.xml
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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" version="5.0">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title>VICAV Dictionary Encoding Guidelines</title>
<author>Charly Moerth</author>
<author>Stephan Procházka</author>
</titleStmt>
<editionStmt>
<edition>1.0 (Alpha)</edition>
</editionStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<distributor>Karlheinz Moerth</distributor>
<pubPlace>Vienna</pubPlace>
<date>2017 - 2019</date>
<availability status="restricted">
<p>
<ref type="license" target="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"/>
</p>
</availability>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<bibl xml:id="egyptDict">A Machine-readable Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic</bibl>
<bibl xml:id="rabatDict">A Machine-readable Dictionary of Rabat Arabic </bibl>
<bibl xml:id="tunisDict">A Digital Dictionary of Tunis Arabic</bibl>
<bibl xml:id="damascDict">A Digital Dictionary of Damascus Arabic</bibl>
<bibl xml:id="msaDict">A Machine-readable Dictionary of Modern Standard Arabic</bibl>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<text>
<body>
<div>
<head>VICAV Dictionary Encoding Guidelines</head>
<div xml:id="generalities">
<head>Introduction</head>
<p>Most of the examples in the following guidelines are taken from dictionaries that are being produced
as part of the VICAV programme. These are
<hi rend="italic">A Machine-readable Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic</hi>,
<hi rend="italic">A Machine-readable Dictionary of Rabat Arabic</hi>,
<hi rend="italic">A Digital Dictionary of Tunis Arabic</hi>,
<hi rend="italic">A Digital Dictionary of Damascus Arabic</hi> and
<hi rend="italic">A Machine-readable Dictionary of Modern Standard Arabic</hi>. Some examples are also taken from the <hi rend="italic">Dictionary of Modern Persian</hi>.</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="basicStructure">
<head>Basic dictionary structure</head>
<p>The VICAV dictionaries are encoded according to the Guidelines of the
Text Encoding Initiative (P5). They are conceptualised as a specific
type of text and are therefore encoded with <code>text</code> elements.
Each dictionary starts with a <code>teiHeader</code> element which contains
the metadata of the dictionary.</p>
<p>The lexicographic data are placed in typed
<code>div</code> elements. Thus, our TEI dictionaries basically look like this:</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
<TEI version="5.0">
<teiHeader>
...
</teiHeader>
<text>
<body>
<div type="entries">
<entry>...</entry>
<entry>...</entry>
<entry>...</entry>
...
...
...
</div>
</body>
</text>
</TEI>
</egXML>
<p>The <code>body</code> of the VICAV dictionaries can not only contain simple entries
but also examples which are encoded in <code>cit/quote</code> constructs. The rationale
behind keeping example sentences outside the entries is to be able to
reuse them in different parts of the dictionary (See below: Examples
and Creating examples).</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
<body>
<div type="entries">
<entry>...</entry>
<entry>...</entry>
<entry>...</entry>
...
...
...
</div>
<div type="examples">
<cit type="example">...</cit>
<cit type="example">...</cit>
<cit type="example">...</cit>
...
...
...
</div>
</body>
</egXML>
</div>
<div xml:id="characterEncoding">
<head>Character encoding and Transcription</head>
<p>Character encoding is based on Unicode (UTF-8). The transcription follows
a system which is widely applied in Arabic studies and also used in reference works such as the
Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics (Leiden: Brill, 2006-2009).</p>
<p xml:space="preserve">Following a widespread convention in Arabic dialectology, the data
is presented in in a broad phonological transcription that does not indicate allophones. The following
list represents most of the signs used in this application.</p>
<table rend="tbQueryExamples">
<row role="label">
<cell rend="tdQuery">VICAV</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">IPA</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">arabic</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">DIN</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">chat</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Sound Description</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Unicode Character Name</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ʔ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ʔ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ء,أ,إ,آ,ئ,ؤ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ʾ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">2</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Glottal stop</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ā</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">aː</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ا,ى</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ā</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">a</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Long vowel a</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ḅ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">bˤ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ب</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">b</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">b</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Pharyngealized voiced bilabial stop</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH DOT BELOW</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ʕ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ʕ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ع</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ʿ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">3</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Pharyngal voiced fricative</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ḏ̣</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ðˤ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ض,ظ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ḍ,ẓ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">dh,d,6,9</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Pharyngealized voiced dental fricative</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH LINE BELOW + COMBINING DOT BELOW</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ḏ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ð</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ذ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ḏ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">dh</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Voiced dental fricative</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH LINE BELOW</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ē</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">eː</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ي</cell>
<cell/>
<cell rend="tdQuery">e,é</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Long vowel e</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ġ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ɣ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">غ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ġ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">gh,3</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Voiced velar fricative</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ǧ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">d͡ʒ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ج</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ǧ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">dj</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Voiced palato-alveolar affricate</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CARON</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ḥ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ħ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ح</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ḥ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">7</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Voiceless pharyngeal fricative</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DOT BELOW</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ī</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">iː</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ي</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ī</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">i,ee</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Long vowel i</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ᴵ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ə</cell>
<cell/>
<cell/>
<cell/>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Short Schwa vowel</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL I</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ə</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ə</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery"/>
<cell rend="tdQuery"/>
<cell rend="tdQuery"/>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Schwa vowel</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ᵊ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ə</cell>
<cell/>
<cell/>
<cell/>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Short Schwa vowel</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL SCHWA</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ḷ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">lˤ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ل</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">l</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">l</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ṃ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">mˤ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">م</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">m</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">m</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Pharyngealized bilabial nasal</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH DOT BELOW</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ō</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">oː</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">و</cell>
<cell/>
<cell rend="tdQuery">o</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Long vowel o</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ṛ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ʁˁ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ر</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">r</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">r</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Pharyngealized voiced uvular fricative</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ṣ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">sˤ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ص</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ṣ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">9</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Pharyngealized voiceless alveolar sibilant</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">š</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ʃ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ش</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">š</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">sh,ch</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ṭ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">tˤ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ش</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ṭ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">t,6</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">pharyngealized voiceless alveolar stop</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOW</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ṯ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">θ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ث</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ṯ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">th,s</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH LINE BELOW</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ū</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">uː</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">و</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ū</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">oo,ou,u</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Long vowel u</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ẓ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">zˤ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ز,ظ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">z,ẓ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">z</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Pharyngealized voiced alveolar sibilant</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT BELOW</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ž</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ʒ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ج</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">ǧ</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">j</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant</cell>
<cell rend="tdQuery">LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON</cell>
</row>
</table>
</div>
<div xml:id="dictEntries">
<head>Dictionary entries</head>
<p>There are three types of entries: <hi rend="italic">lemmas</hi>, <hi rend="italic">multi-word units (MWUs)</hi> and <hi rend="italic">illustrative sentences (examples)</hi>.</p>
<div xml:id="entryTypes">
<head>Lemmas and MWUs</head>
<p>Lemmas and MWUs basically have the same structure.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
<entry xml:id="kitaab_001">
<form type="lemma">
<orth xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">kitāb</orth>
</form>
...
</entry>
</egXML>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
<entry xml:id="fi_0">
<form type="multiWordUnit">
<orth xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">fi baḥr</orth>
</form>
...
</entry>
</egXML>
</div>
<div xml:id="examples">
<head>Illustrative sentences (Examples)</head>
<p>In TEI (P5) illustrative sentences are encoded making use of a <code>cit/quote</code> construction.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
<cit xml:id="yibqa_ustaz_001" type="example">
<quote xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">ḥayibʔa ustāz in šāʔ allāh.</quote>
...
</cit>
</egXML>
<p>Ideally, examples should consist in complete sentences. Examples
should be concise, but can also contain several sentences. If dialogical models
are involved, sentences are to be separated by a dash.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
...
<quote xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">tislam idēki. - ʔaḷḷāh yisallimak.</quote>
...
</egXML>
</div>
<div xml:id="proverbs">
<head>Proverbs</head>
<p>Proverbs are a subtype of example.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
<cit xml:id="il_cagala_min_ish_shitaan_001" type="example" subtype="proverb">
<quote xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">il-ʕagala min iš-šiṭān.</quote>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>Haste makes waste.</quote>
</cit>
</cit>
</egXML>
</div>
<div xml:id="ids">
<head>Identifiers (IDs)</head>
<p>As can be seen in the examples above, entries are assigned a unique identifier.
In the VICAV dictionaries, these are made up of characters that are restricted
to letters in the ASCII range. Usually, the IDs are created by pressing
<hi rend="italic">Ctrl + I</hi>. If VLE (the editor tool) creates an ID already
existing in the database, the entry can not be saved. In such cases, the user
has to modify the ID manually by e.g. increasing the number at the end of
the ID.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:id="wordForms">
<head>Word forms</head>
<p>There are two types of <code>form</code> elements: <hi rend="italic">lemmas</hi> and <hi rend="italic">wordforms</hi>.
Nominals are usually furnished with plural forms, verbs with the third person singular present tense.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
<entry xml:id="balad_0">
<form type="lemma">
<orth xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">balad</orth>
</form>
...
<form type="inflected" ana="#n_pl">
<orth xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">bilād</orth>
</form>
...
</entry>
</egXML>
<div xml:id="morphoAnots">
<head>Morphosyntactic annotations</head>
<p>The different morphological forms are encoded through labels in the <code>ana</code> “analytic” attribute.
Examples of frequent labels are:</p>
<table>
<row>
<cell>
<hi rend="bold">Value</hi>
</cell>
<cell>
<hi rend="bold">Meaning</hi>
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>#adj_f</cell>
<cell>feminine form of an adjective</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>#adj_pl</cell>
<cell>plural of an adjective</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>#n_constructState</cell>
<cell>construct state of a noun</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>#n_pl</cell>
<cell>plural of a noun</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>#n_unit</cell>
<cell>nomen unitatis</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>#v_pres_sg_p3</cell>
<cell>3rd person singular present tense</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>#v_vn</cell>
<cell>verbal noun</cell>
</row>
</table>
<p>An example with a verb:</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#damascDict">
...
<form type="inflected" ana="#v_pres_sg_p3">
<orth xml:lang="ar-apc-x-damascus-vicTrans">yǝnšor</orth>
</form>
...</egXML>
<p>The <hi rend="italic">status constructus </hi> of a noun can be registered like this:</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
...
<form type="lemma">
<orth xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">mara</orth>
</form>
<gramGrp>
<gram type="pos">noun</gram>
<gram type="root" xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">mrʔ</gram>
</gramGrp>
<form type="inflected" ana="#n_constructState">
<orth xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">mirāt</orth>
</form>
...</egXML>
</div>
<div xml:id="variants">
<head>Variants</head>
<p>Only headwords are marked up as <hi rend="italic">variants</hi>.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#damascDict">
...
<form type="lemma">
<orth xml:lang="ar-apc-x-damascus-vicTrans">tžawwaz</orth>
</form>
<form type="lemmaVariant">
<orth xml:lang="ar-apc-x-damascus-vicTrans">dzawwaž</orth>
</form>
...</egXML>
<p>This is the only position where the <code>form</code> element may have the
<code>type="lemmaVariant"</code> attribute. All other variants are simply listed but
not classified. In the following example two competing morphological forms
are listed.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#damascDict">
...
<form type="inflected" ana="#v_pres_sg_p3">
<orth xml:lang="ar-apc-x-damascus-vicTrans">yǝṣal</orth>
</form>
<form type="inflected" ana="#v_pres_sg_p3">
<orth xml:lang="ar-apc-x-damascus-vicTrans">yūṣal</orth>
</form>
...</egXML>
<p>The next example shows alternative plural forms.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#damascDict">
...
<form type="inflected" ana="#n_pl">
<orth xml:lang="ar-apc-x-damascus-vicTrans">kǝnaz</orth>
</form>
<form type="inflected" ana="#n_pl">
<orth xml:lang="ar-apc-x-damascus-vicTrans">kanzāt</orth>
</form>
...</egXML>
<p>Variants can be assigned usage labels indicating e.g. a particular register.
The more frequent variant should precede less frequent ones.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:id="transEquivs">
<head>Translation equivalents</head>
<div xml:id="transEquivsLemmasMWUs">
<head>Translating lemmas and multi-word units</head>
<p>Translations of lemmas and MWUs are given in <code>sense</code> elements.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
<entry xml:id="bard_0">
<form type="lemma">
<orth xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">bard</orth>
</form>
...
<sense>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>coldness</quote>
</cit>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="de">
<quote>Kälte</quote>
</cit>
</sense>
...
</entry>
</egXML>
<p>Semantically unrelated homophones or items with clearly differing semantics
have to be documented with several <code>sense</code> elements. In the following
example, the Egyptian lemma <hi rend="italic">balad</hi> is represented with
two senses.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
...
<sense>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>country</quote>
</cit>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>land</quote>
</cit>
...
</sense>
<sense>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>city</quote>
</cit>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>town</quote>
</cit>
...
</sense>
...</egXML>
<p>Another example is <hi rend="italic">rās</hi>:</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
...
<sense>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="de">
<quote>Kopf</quote>
</cit>
</sense>
<sense>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="de">
<quote>Anfang</quote>
</cit>
</sense>
...</egXML>
</div>
<div xml:id="selectionRestrictions">
<head>Selection restrictions</head>
<p>Ambiguous translations are often made explicit by additional information narrowing down the semantic scope of the particular item.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
...
<form type="lemma">
<orth xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vcvTrans">kibīr</orth>
</form>
<sense>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>big</quote>
</cit>
</sense>
<sense>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>old
<seg type="hint">of persons</seg>
</quote>
</cit>
</sense>
...</egXML>
</div>
<div xml:id="translatingExamples">
<head>Translating examples</head>
<p>Translation equivalents of examples are indicated in <code>cit/quote</code> constructions.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
<cit xml:id="tislam_ideeki__001" type="example">
<quote xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">tislam idēki! - ʔaḷḷāh yisallimak.</quote>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>Thank you! - Not at all.</quote>
</cit>
</cit>
</egXML>
<p>Sometimes it is necessary to add literal translations. This is handled in
analogous manner.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
<cit xml:id="tislam_ideeki__001" type="example">
<quote xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">tislam idēki! - ʔaḷḷāh yisallimak.</quote>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>Thank you! - Not at all.</quote>
</cit>
<cit type="literalTranslation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>May your hands be healthy! - May God keep you healthy.</quote>
</cit>
</cit>
</egXML>
</div>
<div xml:id="transEquivsExplanations">
<head>Definitions</head>
<p>When the translation of a term is not very common or easily understandable
in the target language, it is common practise to explain the item instead of or
in addition to the translation. Explanations can be understood as same language
‛translations’. In TEI, the <code>def</code> “definition” element is used to encode
this part of a dictionary entry.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
...
<sense>
<def xml:lang="en">a sweet dessert made of semolina, butter, sugar and rosewater</def>
<def xml:lang="de">Süßigkeit aus Gries, Butter, Zucker und Rosenwasser</def>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>Basbusa</quote>
</cit>
</sense>
...</egXML>
<p>Very often lexical items are particular to the culture of the source language and
do not have adequate equivalents in a target language. In such cases, it is important not to enter
definitions or explanations in the <code>cit/quote</code> element. Wherever possible,
we have tried to furnish translations (very often transliterations) even though
they might not be very common in the target language. Explanations have to
go into the <code>def</code> element.</p>
<p>The above example shows such a case. In principle, <code>def</code> can
be used to encode any information related to ‛meaning’ that does not qualify
as a translation in the narrower sense. In the following example
the <code>def</code> element simply explains what the place name stands for.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
...
<sense>
<def xml:lang="en">the southernmost of Egypt’s western oases</def>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>Kharga</quote>
</cit>
...
</sense>
...</egXML>
</div>
<div xml:id="names">
<head>Names</head>
<p>How to write/transliterate place names and person names is an age-old problem. When several
graphematic variants exist, we attempt to choose the most common one.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
...
<form type="lemma">
<orth xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">šubra</orth>
</form>
...
<sense>
<def xml:lang="en">a residential area in Cairo</def>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>Shubra</quote>
</cit>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="de">
<quote>Schubra</quote>
</cit>
</sense>
...</egXML>
</div>
<div xml:id="synonyms">
<head>Synonyms</head>
<p>Synonyms are encoded as pointers to other entries in the dictionary. They have always to
be encoded inside <code>sense</code> elements.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
...
<form type="lemma">
<orth xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">ʔaṣl-an</orth>
</form>
...
<sense>
<xr type="syn">
<ref xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">fi l-ʔaṣl</ref>
</xr>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>initially</quote>
</cit>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="en">
<quote>originally</quote>
</cit>
</sense>
...</egXML>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:id="gramInf">
<head>Grammatical information</head>
<p>The <code>gramGrp</code> element can accomodate a wide range of
grammatical information such as word class (=pos: part-of-speech), the
consonantal root and/or the verb class.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
<entry xml:id="badal_001">
<form type="lemma">
<orth xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">badal</orth>
</form>
<gramGrp>
<gram type="pos">verb</gram>
<gram type="root">bdl</gram>
<gram type="derivedVerbClass">III</gram>
</gramGrp>
...
</entry>
</egXML>
<p>The <code>gramGrp</code> element can appear in two places: when the information
refers to the lemma it is put after the <code>form[@type=lemma]</code> element.
In many cases, the grammatical information only refers to particular senses.
It is then placed inside the <code>sense</code> element as the first item. For the second
case have a look at chapters <hi rend="italic">Arguments</hi> and <hi rend="italic">Constructions</hi>.</p>
<div xml:id="wordClass">
<head>Word class information</head>
<p>The most common POS labels are listed in the following table. Most of them are self-explanatory.</p>
<table>
<row>
<cell>
<hi rend="bold">Label</hi>
</cell>
<cell>
<hi rend="bold">explanation</hi>
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>adjective</cell>
<cell>Adjective</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>noun</cell>
<cell>Noun</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>ordinal</cell>
<cell>Ordinal number</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>particle</cell>
<cell>verb</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>pluralNoun</cell>
<cell>A plural noun that has an entry of its own. This does not necessarily mean that the singular does not exist, but that the plural displays semantic particularities.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>verb</cell>
<cell>verb</cell>
</row>
</table>
<p>The labels ideally correspond to ISOcat concepts. However, there are exceptions:</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#damascDict">
...
<form type="lemma">
<orth xml:lang="ar-apc-x-damascus-vicTrans">ʕarabi</orth>
</form>
<gramGrp>
<gram type="pos">glottonym</gram>
<gram type="root" xml:lang="ar-apc-x-damascus-vicTrans">ʕrb</gram>
</gramGrp>
...</egXML>
</div>
<div xml:id="roots">
<head>Roots</head>
<p>Roots are indicated in accordance with etymology. The root of the Arabic
equivalent of ‘to yawn’ is encoded like this:</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#egyptDict">
...
<form type="lemma">
<orth xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">ʔittāwib</orth>
</form>
<gramGrp>
<gram type="pos">verb</gram>
<gram type="derivedVerbClass">I-t</gram>
<gram type="root" xml:lang="ar-arz-x-cairo-vicav">ṯʔb</gram>
</gramGrp>
...</egXML>
<p>Loans of the structure CāC(a) are invariably assigned CʔC.</p>
<table>
<row>
<cell>
<hi rend="bold">Word</hi>
</cell>
<cell>
<hi rend="bold">Root</hi>
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>bāṣ</cell>
<cell>bʔṣ</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>ḍāma</cell>
<cell>ḍʔm </cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>kār</cell>
<cell>kʔr</cell>
</row>
</table>
<p>Other loans are reduced to their consonantal skeleton.</p>
<p>In multi-word units the single items are separated by blanks.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" source="#damascDict">
...
<form type="multiWordUnit">
<orth xml:lang="ar-apc-x-damascus-vicTrans">rās ǝž-žabal</orth>
</form>
<gramGrp>
<gram type="root" xml:lang="ar-apc-x-damascus-vicTrans">rʔs ǧbl</gram>
</gramGrp>
...</egXML>
<p>The following table contains a list of special cases.</p>
<table>
<row>
<cell>
<hi rend="bold">Word</hi>
</cell>
<cell>
<hi rend="bold">Root</hi>
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>mayy, mayye, māyya, mā ...</cell>
<cell>mwh</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>sana ‘year’</cell>
<cell>sn</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>istanna</cell>
<cell>ʔny</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>kam</cell>
<cell>km</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>qaddēš, ʔaddēš, ...</cell>
<cell>qdr</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>ʔayn, wēn, fēn, ...</cell>
<cell>ʔyn</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>ʔēmta, ʔimta, ...</cell>
<cell>mty</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>šī, šuwayy ...</cell>
<cell>šyʔ</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>walla ‘or’</cell>
<cell>w ʔly</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>ʔillā</cell>
<cell>ʔly</cell>
</row>
</table>
<p>Prepositions are dealt with in the following manner:</p>
<table>
<row>
<cell>
<hi rend="bold">Word</hi>
</cell>
<cell>
<hi rend="bold">Root</hi>
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>bi</cell>
<cell>b</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>li</cell>
<cell>l</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>ʔilā</cell>
<cell>ʔly</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>ʕalā</cell>
<cell>ʕly</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>maʕa</cell>
<cell>mʕ</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>fī</cell>
<cell>fy</cell>