Formalise Adapt framework, plugin, data and schema API

[oliverfoster]

Subject of the issue

Currently the data structures, schemas which represent them, the way the plugins extend the structures and the way these pieces function in Adapt Framework must be inferred from the grunt tasks.

We should formalise these behaviours in code, such that they are easier to understand, critique and develop.

A boundary can be created between the file data on disk (JSON, schema, package and bower JSON) and the compilation processes which utilise this data.