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TODO
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Bugfixes:
* Many manager configuration settings that are only applicable to user
manager or system manager can be always set. It would be better to reject
them when parsing config.
* Jun 01 09:43:02 krowka systemd[1]: Unit user@1000.service has alias user@.service.
Jun 01 09:43:02 krowka systemd[1]: Unit user@6.service has alias user@.service.
Jun 01 09:43:02 krowka systemd[1]: Unit user-runtime-dir@6.service has alias user-runtime-dir@.service.
External:
* Fedora: add an rpmlint check that verifies that all unit files in the RPM are listed in %systemd_post macros.
* dbus:
- natively watch for dbus-*.service symlinks (PENDING)
- teach dbus to activate all services it finds in /etc/systemd/services/org-*.service
* fedora: suggest auto-restart on failure, but not on success and not on coredump. also, ask people to think about changing the start limit logic. Also point people to RestartPreventExitStatus=, SuccessExitStatus=
* neither pkexec nor sudo initialize environ[] from the PAM environment?
* fedora: update policy to declare access mode and ownership of unit files to root:root 0644, and add an rpmlint check for it
* register catalog database signature as file magic
* zsh shell completion:
- <command> <verb> -<TAB> should complete options, but currently does not
- systemctl add-wants,add-requires
- systemctl reboot --boot-loader-entry=
* systemctl status should know about 'systemd-analyze calendar ... --iterations='
* If timer has just OnInactiveSec=..., it should fire after a specified time
after being started.
* write blog stories about:
- hwdb: what belongs into it, lsusb
- enabling dbus services
- how to make changes to sysctl and sysfs attributes
- remote access
- how to pass throw-away units to systemd, or dynamically change properties of existing units
- testing with Harald's awesome test kit
- auto-restart
- how to develop against journal browsing APIs
- the journal HTTP iface
- non-cgroup resource management
- dynamic resource management with cgroups
- refreshed, longer missions statement
- calendar time events
- init=/bin/sh vs. "emergency" mode, vs. "rescue" mode, vs. "multi-user" mode, vs. "graphical" mode, and the debug shell
- how to create your own target
- instantiated apache, dovecot and so on
- hooking a script into various stages of shutdown/early boot
Regularly:
* look for close() vs. close_nointr() vs. close_nointr_nofail()
* check for strerror(r) instead of strerror(-r)
* pahole
* set_put(), hashmap_put() return values check. i.e. == 0 does not free()!
* use secure_getenv() instead of getenv() where appropriate
* link up selected blog stories from man pages and unit files Documentation= fields
Janitorial Clean-ups:
* rework mount.c and swap.c to follow proper state enumeration/deserialization
semantics, like we do for device.c now
* get rid of prefix_roota() and similar, only use chase() and related
calls instead.
* get rid of basename() and replace by path_extract_filename()
* Replace our fstype_is_network() with a call to libmount's mnt_fstype_is_netfs()?
Having two lists is not nice, but maybe it's now worth making a dependency on
libmount for something so trivial.
* drop set_free_free() and switch things over from string_hash_ops to
string_hash_ops_free everywhere, so that destruction is implicit rather than
explicit. Similar, for other special hashmap/set/ordered_hashmap destructors.
* generators sometimes apply C escaping and sometimes specifier escaping to
paths and similar strings they write out. Sometimes both. We should clean
this up, and should probably always apply both, i.e. introduce
unit_file_escape() or so, which applies both.
* xopenat() should pin the parent dir of the inode it creates before doing its
thing, so that it can create, open, label somewhat atomically.
Deprecations and removals:
* Remove any support for booting without /usr pre-mounted in the initrd entirely.
Update INITRD_INTERFACE.md accordingly.
* remove cgroups v1 support EOY 2023. As per
https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2022-July/048120.html
and then rework cgroupsv2 support around fds, i.e. keep one fd per active
unit around, and always operate on that, instead of cgroup fs paths.
* drop support for kernels that lack ambient capabilities support (i.e. make
4.3 new baseline). Then drop support for "!!" modifier for ExecStart= which
is only supported for such old kernels.
* drop support for kernels lacking memfd_create() (i.e. make 3.17 new
baseline), then drop all pipe() based fallbacks.
* drop support for getrandom()-less kernels. (GRND_INSECURE means once kernel
5.6 becomes our baseline). See
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/24101#issuecomment-1193966468 for
details. Maybe before that: at taint-flags/warn about kernels that lack
getrandom()/environments where it is blocked.
* drop support for LOOP_CONFIGURE-less loopback block devices, once kernel
baseline is 5.8.
* drop fd_is_mount_point() fallback mess once we can rely on
STATX_ATTR_MOUNT_ROOT to exist i.e. kernel baseline 5.8
* Remove /dev/mem ACPI FPDT parsing when /sys/firmware/acpi/fpdt is ubiquitous.
That requires distros to enable CONFIG_ACPI_FPDT, and have kernels v5.12 for
x86 and v6.2 for arm.
* Once baseline is 4.13, remove support for INTERFACE_OLD= checks in "udevadm
trigger"'s waiting logic, since we can then rely on uuid-tagged uevents
Features:
* make varlink.h a public API, i.e. give all symbols an sd_ prefix, and rename
header file to sd-varlink.h. This of course also means we have to make json.h
public the same way. Convert the function param checks from assert() to
assert_ret(). Only export the stuff we are sure about, and keep some symbols
internally where things are not clear whether we want other projects to use.
* add a new specifier to unit files that figures out the DDI the unit file is
from, tracing through overlayfs, DM, loopback block device.
* importd/importctl
- import generator
- port tar handling to libarchive
- add varlink interface
- download images into .v/ dirs
* in os-release define a field that can be initialized at build time from
SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH (maybe even under that name?). Would then be used to
initialize the timestamp logic of ConditionNeedsUpdate=.
* ptyfwd: look for window title ANSI sequences and insert colored dot in front
of it while passing it through, to indicate whether we are in privileged, VM,
container terminal sessions.
* nspawn/vmspawn/pid1: add ability to easily insert fully booted VMs/FOSC into
shell pipelines, i.e. add easy to use switch that turns off console status
output, and generates the right credentials for systemd-run-generator so that
a program is invoked, and its output captured, with correct EOF handling and
exit code propagation
* new systemd-analyze "join" verb or so, for debugging services. Would be
nsenter on steroids, i.e invoke a shell or command line in an environment as
close as we can make it for the MainPID of a service. Should be built around
pidfd, so that we can reasonably robustly do this. Would only cover the
execution environment like namespaces, but not the privilege settings.
* varlink: extend varlink IDL macros to include documentation strings
* Introduce a CGroupRef structure, inspired by PidRef. Should contain cgroup
path, cgroup id, and cgroup fd. Use it to continuously pin all v2 cgroups via
a cgroup_ref field in the CGroupRuntime structure. Eventually switch things
over to do all cgroupfs access only via that structure's fd.
* Get rid of the symlinks in /run/systemd/units/* and exclusively use cgroupfs
xattrs to convey info about invocation ids, logging settings and so on.
support for cgroupfs xattrs in the "trusted." namespace was added in linux
3.7, i.e. which we don't pretend to support anymore.
* rewrite bpf-devices in libbpf/C code, rather than home-grown BPF assembly, to
match bpf-restrict-fs, bpf-restrict-ifaces, bpf-socket-bind
* ditto: rewrite bpf-firewall in libbpf/C code
* credentials: if we ever acquire a secure way to derive cgroup id of socket
peers (i.e. SO_PEERCGROUPID), then extend the "scoped" credential logic to
allow cgroup-scoped (i.e. app or service scoped) credentials. Then, as next
step use this to implement per-app/per-service encrypted directories, where
we set up fscrypt on the StateDirectory= with a randomized key which is
stored as xattr on the directory, encrypted as a credential.
* credentials: optionally include a per-user secret in scoped user-credential
encryption keys. should come from homed in some way, derived from the luks
volume key or fscrypt directory key.
* credentials: add a flag to the scoped credentials that if set require PK
reauthentication when unlocking a secret.
* teach systemd --user to properly load credentials off disk, with
/etc/credstore equivalent and similar. Make sure that $CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY=
actually works too when run with user privs.
* extend the smbios11 logic for passing credentials so that instead of passing
the credential data literally it can also just reference an AF_VSOCK CID/port
to read them from. This way the data doesn't remain in the SMBIOS blob during
runtime, but only in the credentials fs.
* machined: make machine registration available via varlink to simplify
nspawn/vmspawn, and to have an extensible way to register VM/machine metadata
* ssh-proxy: add support for "ssh machine/foobar" to automatically connect to
machined registered machine "foobar". Requires updating machined to track CID
and unix-export dir of containers.
* add a new ExecStart= flag that inserts the configured user's shell as first
word in the command line. (maybe use character '.'). Usecase: tool such as
uid0 can use that to spawn the target user's default shell.
* varlink: figure out how to do docs for our varlink interfaces. Idea: install
interface files augmented with docs in /usr/share/ somewhere. And have
functionality in varlinkctl to merge interface info extracted from binaries
with interface info on disk. And store the doc strings only in the latter.
* introduce mntid_t, and make it 64bit, as apparently the kernel switched to
64bit mount ids
* use udev rule networkd ownership property to take ownership of network
interfaces nspawn creates
* add a kernel cmdline switch (and cred?) for marking a system to be
"headless", in which case we never open /dev/console for reading, only for
writing. This would then mean: systemd-firstboot would process creds but not
ask interactively, getty would not be started and so on.
* cryptsetup: new crypttab option to auto-grow a luks device to its backing
partition size. new crypttab option to reencrypt a luks device with a new
volume key.
* we probably should have some infrastructure to acquire sysexts with
drivers/firmware for local hardware automatically. Idea: reuse the modalias
logic of the kernel for this: make the main OS image install a hwdb file
that matches against local modalias strings, and adds properties to relevant
devices listing names of sysexts needed to support the hw. Then provide some
tool that goes through all devices and tries to acquire/download the
specified images.
* repart + cryptsetup: support file systems that are encrypted and use verity
on top. Usecase: confexts that shall be signed by the admin but also be
confidential. Then, add a new --make-ddi=confext-encrypted for this.
* tmpfiles: add new line type for moving files from some source dir to some
target dir. then use that to move sysexts/confexts and stuff from initrd
tmpfs to /run/, so that host can pick things up.
* tiny varlink service that takes a fd passed in and serves it via http. Then
make use of that in networkd, and expose some EFI binary of choice for
DHCP/HTTP base EFI boot.
* bootctl: add reboot-to-disk which takes a block device name, and
automatically sets things up so that system reboots into that device next.
* maybe: in PID1, when we detect we run in an initrd, make superblock read-only
early on, but provide opt-out via kernel cmdline.
* systemd-pcrextend:
- support measuring to nvindex with PCR update semantics ("fake PCRs")
- add api for "allocating" such an nvindex
- once we have that start measuring every sysext we apply, every confext,
every RootImage= we apply, every nspawn and so on. All in separate fake
PCRs.
* vmspawn:
- enable hyperv extension by default (https://www.qemu.org/docs/master/system/i386/hyperv.html)
- register with machined
- run in scope unit when invoked from command line, and machined registration is off
- support --directory= via virtiofs
- sd_notify support
- --ephemeral support
- --read-only support
- automatically suspend/resume the VM if the host suspends. Use logind
suspend inhibitor to implement this. request clean suspend by generating
suspend key presses.
- support for "real" networking via "-n" and --network-bridge=
- automatically run service "at the side" for swtpm
- translate SIGTERM to clean ACPI shutdown event
* systemd-pcrmachine should probably also measure the SMBIOS system UUID.
* sd-boot: allow synthesizing additional type1 entries via SMBIOS vendor strings
* storagetm:
- add USB mass storage device logic, so that all local disks are also exposed
as mass storage devices on systems that have a USB controller that can
operate in device mode
- add NVMe authentication
* add support for activating nvme-oF devices at boot automatically via kernel
cmdline, and maybe even support a syntax such as
root=nvme:<trtype>:<traddr>:<trsvcid>:<nqn>:<partition> to boot directly from
nvme-oF
* pcrlock:
- make signed PCR work together with pcrlock
- add kernel-install plugin that automatically creates UKI .pcrlock file when
UKI is installed, and removes it when it is removed again
- automatically install PE measurement of sd-boot on "bootctl install"
- write generated pcrlock signature files to the ESP as credential, one for
each installed OS & pick up generated pcrlock signature file in sd-stub,
pass it via initrd to OS
- pre-calc sysext + kernel cmdline measurements
- pre-calc cryptsetup root key measurement
- maybe make systemd-repart generate .pcrlock for old and new GPT header in
/run?
- Add support for more than 8 branches per PCR OR
- add "systemd-pcrlock lock-kernel-current" or so which synthesizes .pcrlock
policy from currently booted kernel/event log, to close gap for first boot
for pre-built images
* add a new systemd-project@.service that is very similar to user@.service but
uses DynamicUser=1 and no PAMName= to invoke an unprivileged somewhat
light-weight service manager. Use HOME=/var/lib/systemd/projects/%i as home
dir. Similar for $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR. Start project@%i.target. Use LogField= to
add a field identifying the project.
* in sd-boot and sd-stub measure the SMBIOS vendor strings to some PCR (at
least some subset of them that look like systemd stuff), because apparently
some firmware does not, but systemd honours it. avoid duplicate measurement
by sd-boot and sd-stub by adding LoaderFeatures/StubFeatures flag for this,
so that sd-stub can avoid it if sd-boot already did it.
* cryptsetup: a mechanism that allows signing a volume key with some key that
has to be present in the kernel keyring, or similar, to ensure that confext
DDIs can be encrypted against the local SRK but signed with the admin's key
and thus can authenticated locally before they are decrypted.
* image policy should be extended to allow dictating *how* a disk is unlocked,
i.e. root=encrypted-tpm2+encrypted-fido2 would mean "root fs must be
encrypted and unlocked via fido2 or tpm2, but not otherwise"
* systemd-repart: add support for formatting dm-crypt + dm-integrity file
systems.
* homed: use systemd-storagetm to expose home dirs via nvme-tcp. Then,
teach homed/pam_systemd_homed with a user name such as
lennart%nvme_tcp_192.168.100.77_8787 to log in from any linux host with the
same home dir. Similar maybe for nbd, iscsi? this should then first ask for
the local root pw, to authenticate that logging in like this is ok, and would
then be followed by another password prompt asking for the user's own
password. Also, do something similar for CIFS: if you log in via
lennart%cifs-someserver_someshare, then set up the homed dir for it
automatically. The PAM module should update the user name used for login to
the short version once it set up the user. Some care should be taken, so that
the long version can be still be resolved via NSS afterwards, to deal with
PAM clients that do not support PAM sessions where PAM_USER changes half-way.
* redefine /var/lib/extensions/ as the dir one can place all three of sysext,
confext as well is multi-modal DDIs that qualify as both. Then introduce
/var/lib/sysexts/ which can be used to place only DDIs that shall be used as
sysext
* Varlinkification of the following command line tools, to open them up to
other programs via IPC:
- bootctl
- journalctl (allowing journal read access via IPC)
- coredumpcl
- systemd-bless-boot
- systemd-measure
- systemd-cryptenroll (to allow UIs to enroll FIDO2 keys and such)
- systemd-dissect
- systemd-sysupdate
- systemd-analyze
- kernel-install
- systemd-mount (with PK so that desktop environments could use it to mount disks)
* in the service manager, pick up ERRNO= + BUSERROR= + VARLINKERROR= error
identifiers, and store them along with the exit status of a server and report
via "systemctl status".
* enumerate virtiofs devices during boot-up in a generator, and synthesize
mounts for rootfs, /usr/, /home/, /srv/ and some others from it, depending on
the "tag". (waits for: https://gitlab.com/virtio-fs/virtiofsd/-/issues/128)
* automatically mount one virtiofs during early boot phase to /run/host/,
similar to how we do that for nspawn, based on some clear tag.
* add some service that makes an atomic snapshot of PCR state and event log up
to that point available, possibly even with quote by the TPM.
* encode type1 entries in some UKI section to add additional entries to the
menu.
* Add ACL-based access management to .socket units. i.e. add AllowPeerUser= +
AllowPeerGroup= that installs additional user/group ACL entries on AF_UNIX
sockets.
* systemd-tpm2-setup should probably have a factory reset logic, i.e. when some
kernel command line option is set we reset the TPM (equivalent of tpm2_clear
-c owner? or rather echo 5 >/sys/class/tpm/tpm0/ppi/request?).
* systemd-tpm2-setup should support a mode where we refuse booting if the SRK
changed. (Must be opt-in, to not break systems which are supposed to be
migratable between PCs)
* when systemd-sysext learns mutable /usr/ (and systemd-confext mutable /etc/)
then allow them to store the result in a .v/ versioned subdir, for some basic
snapshot logic
* add a new PE binary section ".mokkeys" or so which sd-stub will insert into
Mok keyring, by overriding/extending whatever shim sets in the EFI
var. Benefit: we can extend the kernel module keyring at ukify time,
i.e. without recompiling the kernel, taking an upstream OS' kernel and adding
a local key to it.
* PidRef conversion work:
- cg_pid_get_xyz()
- pid_from_same_root_fs()
- get_ctty_devnr()
- pid1: sd_notify() receiver should use SCM_PIDFD to authenticate client
- actually wait for POLLIN on pidref's pidfd in service logic
- exec_spawn() + safe_fork()
- openpt_allocate_in_namespace()
- unit_attach_pid_to_cgroup_via_bus()
- cg_attach() – requires new kernel feature
* ddi must be listed as block device fstype
* measure some string via pcrphase whenever we end up booting into emergency
mode.
* homed: add a basic form of secrets management to homed, that stores
secrets in $HOME somewhere, is protected by the accounts own authentication
mechanisms. Should implement something PKCS#11-like that can be used to
implement emulated FIDO2 in unpriv userspace on top (which should happen
outside of homed), emulated PKCS11, and libsecrets support. Operate with a
2nd key derived from volume key of the user, with which to wrap all
keys. maintain keys in kernel keyring if possible.
* use sd-event ratelimit feature optionally for journal stream clients that log
too much
* systemd-mount should only consider modern file systems when mounting, similar
to systemd-dissect
* add another PE section ".fname" or so that encodes the intended filename for
PE file, and validate that when loading add-ons and similar before using
it. This is particularly relevant when we load multiple add-ons and want to
sort them to apply them in a define order. The order should not be under
control of the attacker.
* also include packaging metadata (á la
https://systemd.io/ELF_PACKAGE_METADATA/) in our UEFI PE binaries, using the
same JSON format.
* make "bootctl install" + "bootctl update" useful for installing shim too. For
that introduce new dir /usr/lib/systemd/efi/extra/ which we copy mostly 1:1
into the ESP at install time. Then make the logic smart enough so that we
don't overwrite bootx64.efi with our own if the extra tree already contains
one. Also, follow symlinks when copying, so that shim rpm can symlink their
stuff into our dir (which is safe since the target ESP is generally VFAT and
thus does not have symlinks anyway). Later, teach the update logic to look at
the ELF package metadata (which we also should include in all PE files, see
above) for version info in all *.EFI files, and use it to only update if
newer.
* in sd-stub: optionally add support for a new PE section .keyring or so that
contains additional certificates to include in the Mok keyring, extending
what shim might have placed there. why? let's say I use "ukify" to build +
sign my own fedora-based UKIs, and only enroll my personal lennart key via
shim. Then, I want to include the fedora keyring in it, so that kmods work.
But I might not want to enroll the fedora key in shim, because this would
also mean that the key would be in effect whenever I boot an archlinux UKI
built the same way, signed with the same lennart key.
* resolved: take possession of some IPv6 ULA address (let's say
fd00:5353:5353:5353:5353:5353:5353:5353), and listen on port 53 on it for the
local stubs, so that we can make the stub available via ipv6 too.
* introduce a .microcode PE section for sd-stub which we'll pass as first initrd
to the kernel which will then upload it to the CPU. This should be distinct
from .initrd to guarantee right ordering. also, and maybe more importantly
support .microcode in PE add-ons, so that a microcode update can be shipped
independently of any kernel.
* Maybe add SwitchRootEx() as new bus call that takes env vars to set for new
PID 1 as argument. When adding SwitchRootEx() we should maybe also add a
flags param that allows disabling and enabling whether serialization is
requested during switch root.
* introduce a .acpitable section for early ACPI table override
* add proper .osrel matching for PE addons. i.e. refuse applying an addon
intended for a different OS. Take inspiration from how confext/sysext are
matched against OS.
* figure out what to do about credentials sealed to PCRs in kexec + soft-reboot
scenarios. Maybe insist sealing is done additionally against some keypair in
the TPM to which access is updated on each boot, for the next, or so?
* logind: when logging in, always take an fd to the home dir, to keep the dir
busy, so that autofs release can never happen. (this is generally a good
idea, and specifically works around the fact the autofs ignores busy by mount
namespaces)
* mount most file systems with a restrictive uidmap. e.g. mount /usr/ with a
uidmap that blocks out anything outside 0…1000 (i.e. system users) and similar.
* mount the root fs with MS_NOSUID by default, and then mount /usr/ without
both so that suid executables can only be placed there. Do this already in
the initrd. If /usr/ is not split out create a bind mount automatically.
* fix our various hwdb lookup keys to end with ":" again. The original idea was
that hwdb patterns can match arbitrary fields with expressions like
"*:foobar:*", to wildcard match both the start and the end of the string.
This only works safely for later extensions of the string if the strings
always end in a colon. This requires updating our udev rules, as well as
checking if the various hwdb files are fine with that.
* mount /tmp/ and /var/tmp with a uidmap applied that blocks out "nobody" user
among other things such as dynamic uid ranges for containers and so on. That
way no one can create files there with these uids and we enforce they are only
used transiently, never persistently.
* rework loopback support in fstab: when "loop" option is used, then
instantiate a new systemd-loop@.service for the source path, set the
lo_file_name field for it to something recognizable derived from the fstab
line, and then generate a mount unit for it using a udev generated symlink
based on lo_file_name.
* teach systemd-nspawn the boot assessment logic: hook up vpick's try counters
with success notifications from nspawn payloads. When this is enabled,
automatically support reverting back to older OS version images if newer ones
fail to boot.
* implement new "systemd-fsrebind" tool that works like gpt-auto-generator but
looks at a root dir and then applies vpick on various dirs/images to pick a
root tree, a /usr/ tree, a /home/, a /srv/, a /var/ tree and so on. Dirs
could also be btrfs subvols (combine with btrfs auto-snapshort approach for
creating versions like these automatically).
* remove tomoyo support, it's obsolete and unmaintained apparently
* In .socket units, add ConnectStream=, ConnectDatagram=,
ConnectSequentialPacket= that create a socket, and then *connect to* rather than
listen on some socket. Then, add a new setting WriteData= that takes some
base64 data that systemd will write into the socket early on. This can then
be used to create connections to arbitrary services and issue requests into
them, as long as the data is static. This can then be combined with the
aforementioned journald subscription varlink service, to enable
activation-by-message id and similar.
* .service with invalid Sockets= starts successfully.
* landlock: lock down RuntimeDirectory= via landlock, so that services lose
ability to write anywhere else below /run/. Similar for
StateDirectory=. Benefit would be clear delegation via unit files: services
get the directories they get, and nothing else even if they wanted to.
* landlock: for unprivileged systemd (i.e. systemd --user), use landlock to
implement ProtectSystem=, ProtectHome= and so on. Landlock does not require
privs, and we can implement pretty similar behaviour. Also, maybe add a mode
where ProtectSystem= combined with an explicit PrivateMounts=no could request
similar behaviour for system services, too.
* Add systemd-mount@.service which is instantiated for a block device and
invokes systemd-mount and exits. This is then useful to use in
ENV{SYSTEMD_WANTS} in udev rules, and a bit prettier than using RUN+=
* udevd: extend memory pressure logic: also kill any idle worker processes
* udevadm: to make symlink querying with udevadm nicer:
- do not enable the pager for queries like 'udevadm info -q -r symlink'
- add mode with newlines instead of spaces (for grep)?
* SIGRTMIN+18 and memory pressure handling should still be added to: hostnamed,
localed, oomd, timedated.
* repart/gpt-auto/DDIs: maybe introduce a concept of "extension" partitions,
that have a new type uuid and can "extend" earlier partitions, to work around
the fact that systemd-repart can only grow the last partition defined. During
activation we'd simply set up a dm-linear mapping to merge them again. A
partition that is to be extended would just set a bit in the partition flags
field to indicate that there's another extension partition to look for. The
identifying UUID of the extension partition would be hashed in counter mode
from the uuid of the original partition it extends. Inspiration for this is
the "dynamic partitions" concept of new Android. This would be a minimalistic
concept of a volume manager, with the extents it manages being exposes as GPT
partitions. I a partition is extended multiple times they should probably
grow exponentially in size to ensure O(log(n)) time for finding them on
access.
* Use CLONE_INTO_CGROUP to spawn systemd-executor, once glibc supports it in
posix_spawn().
* Make nspawn to a frontend for systemd-executor, so that we have to ways into
the executor: via unit files/dbus/varlink through PID1 and via cmdline/OCI
through nspawn.
* sd-stub: detect if we are running with uefi console output on serial, and if so
automatically add console= to kernel cmdline matching the same port.
* add a utility that can be used with the kernel's
CONFIG_STATIC_USERMODEHELPER_PATH and then handles them within pid1 so that
security, resource management and cgroup settings can be enforced properly
for all umh processes.
* systemd-shutdown: keep sending sd_notify() status updates immediately before
going down, in particular include the "reboot param" string.
* homed: when resizing an fs don't sync identity beforehand there might simply
not be enough disk space for that. try to be defensive and sync only after
resize.
* homed: if for some reason the partition ended up being much smaller than
whole disk, recover from that, and grow it again.
* timesyncd: when saving/restoring clock try to take boot time into account.
Specifically, along with the saved clock, store the current boot ID. When
starting, check if the boot id matches. If so, don't do anything (we are on
the same boot and clock just kept running anyway). If not, then read
CLOCK_BOOTTIME (which started at boot), and add it to the saved clock
timestamp, to compensate for the time we spent booting. If EFI timestamps are
available, also include that in the calculation. With this we'll then only
miss the time spent during shutdown after timesync stopped and before the
system actually reset.
* systemd-stub: maybe store a "boot counter" in the ESP, and pass it down to
userspace to allow ordering boots (for example in journalctl). The counter
would be monotonically increased on every boot.
* pam_systemd_home: add module parameter to control whether to only accept
only password or only pcks11/fido2 auth, and then use this to hook nicely
into two of the three PAM stacks gdm provides.
See discussion at https://github.com/authselect/authselect/pull/311
* sd-boot: make boot loader spec type #1 accept http urls in "linux"
lines. Then, do the uefi http dance to download kernels and boot them. This
is then useful for network boot, by embedding a cpio with type #1 snippets
in sd-boot, which reference remote kernels.
* maybe prohibit setuid() to the nobody user, to lock things down, via seccomp.
the nobody is not a user any code should run under, ever, as that user would
possibly get a lot of access to resources it really shouldn't be getting
access to due to the userns + nfs semantics of the user. Alternatively: use
the seccomp log action, and allow it.
* sd-boot: add a new PE section .bls or so that carries a cpio with additional
boot loader entries (both type1 and type2). Then when initializing, find this
section, iterate through it and populate menu with it. cpio is simple enough
to make a parser for this reasonably robust. use same path structures as in
the ESP. Similar add one for signature key drop-ins.
* sd-boot: also allow passing in the cpio as in the previous item via SMBIOS
* add a new EFI tool "sd-fetch" or so. It looks in a PE section ".url" for an
URL, then downloads the file from it using UEFI HTTP APIs, and executes it.
Use case: provide a minimal ESP with sd-boot and a couple of these sd-fetch
binaries in place of UKIs, and download them on-the-fly.
* maybe: systemd-loop-generator that sets up loopback devices if requested via kernel
cmdline. use case: include encrypted/verity root fs in UKI.
* systemd-gpt-auto-generator: add kernel cmdline option to override block
device to dissect. also support dissecting a regular file. useccase: include
encrypted/verity root fs in UKI.
* sd-stub: add ".bootcfg" section for kernel bootconfig data (as per
https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/bootconfig.html)
* tpm2: add (optional) support for generating a local signing key from PCR 15
state. use private key part to sign PCR 7+14 policies. stash signatures for
expected PCR7+14 policies in EFI var. use public key part in disk encryption.
generate new sigs whenever db/dbx/mok/mokx gets updated. that way we can
securely bind against SecureBoot/shim state, without having to renroll
everything on each update (but we still have to generate one sig on each
update, but that should be robust/idempotent). needs rollback protection, as
usual.
* Lennart: big blog story about DDIs
* Lennart: big blog story about building initrds
* Lennart: big blog story about "why systemd-boot"
* bpf: see if we can use BPF to solve the syslog message cgroup source problem:
one idea would be to patch source sockaddr of all AF_UNIX/SOCK_DGRAM to
implicitly contain the source cgroup id. Another idea would be to patch
sendto()/connect()/sendmsg() sockaddr on-the-fly to use a different target
sockaddr.
* bpf: see if we can address opportunistic inode sharing of immutable fs images
with BPF. i.e. if bpf gives us power to hook into openat() and return a
different inode than is requested for which we however it has same contents
then we can use that to implement opportunistic inode sharing among DDIs:
make all DDIs ship xattr on all reg files with a SHA256 hash. Then, also
dictate that DDIs should come with a top-level subdir where all reg files are
linked into by their SHA256 sum. Then, whenever an inode is opened with the
xattr set, check bpf table to find dirs with hashes for other prior DDIs and
try to use inode from there.
* extend the verity signature partition to permit multiple signatures for the
same root hash, so that people can sign a single image with multiple keys.
* consider adding a new partition type, just for /opt/ for usage in system
extensions
* gpt-auto-discovery: also use the pkcs7 signature stuff, and pass signature to
kernel. So far we only did this for the various --image= switches, but not
for the root fs or /usr/.
* dissection policy should enforce that unlocking can only take place by
certain means, i.e. only via pw, only via tpm2, or only via fido, or a
combination thereof.
* make the systemd-repart "seed" value provisionable via credentials, so that
confidential computing environments can set it and deterministically
enforce the uuids for partitions created, so that they can calculate PCR 15
ahead of time.
* systemd-repart: also derive the volume key from the seed value, for the
aforementioned purpose.
* in the initrd: derive the default machine ID to pass to the host PID 1 via
$machine_id from the same seed credential.
* Add systemd-sysupdate-initrd.service or so that runs systemd-sysupdate in the
initrd to bootstrap the initrd to populate the initial partitions. Some things
to figure out:
- Should it run on firstboot or on every boot?
- If run on every boot, should it use the sysupdate config from the host on
subsequent boots?
* revisit default PCR bindings in cryptenroll and systemd-creds. Currently they
use PCR 7 which should contain secureboot state db/dbx. Which sounded like a
safe bet, given that it should change only on policy changes, and not
software updates. But that's wrong. Recent fwupd (rightfully) contains code
for updating the dbx denylist. This means even without any active policy
change PCR 7 might change. Hence, better idea might be in systemd-creds to
default to PCR 15 at least if sd-stub is used (i.e. bind to system identity),
and in cryptsetup simply the empty list? Also, PCR 14 almost certainly should
be included as much as PCR 7 (as it contains shim's policy, which is
certainly as relevant as PCR 7 on many systems)
* To mimic the new tpm2-measure-pcr= crypttab option add the same to veritytab
(measuring the root hash) and integritytab (measuring the HMAC key if one is
used)
* We should start measuring all services, containers, and system extensions we
activate. probably into PCR 13. i.e. add --tpm2-measure-pcr= or so to
systemd-nspawn, and MeasurePCR= to unit files. Should contain a measurement
of the activated configuration and the image that is being activated (in case
verity is used, hash of the root hash).
* bootspec: permit graceful "update" from type #2 to type #1. If both a type #1
and a type #2 entry exist under otherwise the exact same name, then use the
type #1 entry, and ignore the type #2 entry. This way, people can "upgrade"
from the UKI with all parameters baked in to a Type #1 .conf file with manual
parametrization, if needed. This matches our usual rule that admin config
should win over vendor defaults.
* write a "search path" spec, that documents the prefixes to search in
(i.e. the usual /etc/, /run/, /usr/lib/ dance, potentially /usr/etc/), how to
sort found entries, how masking works and overriding.
* automatic boot assessment: add one more default success check that just waits
for a bit after boot, and blesses the boot if the system stayed up that long.
* systemd-repart: add support for generating ISO9660 images
* systemd-repart: in addition to the existing "factory reset" mode (which
simply empties existing partitions marked for that). add a mode where
partitions marked for it are entirely removed. Use case: remove secondary OS
copy, and redundant partitions entirely, and recreate them anew.
* systemd-boot: maybe add support for collapsing menu entries of the same OS
into one item that can be opened (like in a "tree view" UI element) or
collapsed. If only a single OS is installed, disable this mode, but if
multiple OSes are installed might make sense to default to it, so that user
is not immediately bombarded with a multitude of Linux kernel versions but
only one for each OS.
* systemd-repart: if the GPT *disk* UUID (i.e. the one global for the entire
disk) is set to all FFFFF then use this as trigger for factory reset, in
addition to the existing mechanisms via EFI variables and kernel command
line. Benefit: works also on non-EFI systems, and can be requested on one
boot, for the next.
* systemd-sysupdate: make transport pluggable, so people can plug casync or
similar behind it, instead of http.
* systemd-tmpfiles: add concept for conditionalizing lines on factory reset
boot, or on first boot.
* in UKIs: add way to define allowlist of additional words that can be added to
the kernel cmdline even in SecureBoot mode
* we probably needs .pcrpkeyrd or so as additional PE section in UKIs,
which contains a separate public key for PCR values that only apply in the
initrd, i.e. in the boot phase "enter-initrd". Then, consumers in userspace
can easily bind resources to just the initrd. Similar, maybe one more for
"enter-initrd:leave-initrd" for resources that shall be accessible only
before unprivileged user code is allowed. (we only need this for .pcrpkey,
not for .pcrsig, since the latter is a list of signatures anyway). With that,
when you enroll a LUKS volume or similar, pick either the .pcrkey (for
coverage through all phases of the boot, but excluding shutdown), the
.pcrpkeyrd (for coverage in the initrd only) and .pcrpkeybt (for coverage
until users are allowed to log in).
* Once the root fs LUKS volume key is measured into PCR 15, default to binding
credentials to PCR 15 in "systemd-creds"
* add support for asymmetric LUKS2 TPM based encryption. i.e. allow preparing
an encrypted image on some host given a public key belonging to a specific
other host, so that only hosts possessing the private key in the TPM2 chip
can decrypt the volume key and activate the volume. Use case: systemd-confext
for a central orchestrator to generate confext images securely that can only
be activated on one specific host (which can be used for installing a bunch
of creds in /etc/credstore/ for example). Extending on this: allow binding
LUKS2 TPM based encryption also to the TPM2 internal clock. Net result:
prepare a confext image that can only be activated on a specific host that
runs a specific software in a specific time window. confext would be
automatically invalidated outside of it.
* maybe add a "systemd-report" tool, that generates a TPM2-backed "report" of
current system state, i.e. a combination of PCR information, local system
time and TPM clock, running services, recent high-priority log
messages/coredumps, system load/PSI, signed by the local TPM chip, to form an
enhanced remote attestation quote. Use case: a simple orchestrator could use
this: have the report tool upload these reports every 3min somewhere. Then
have the orchestrator collect these reports centrally over a 3min time
window, and use them to determine what which node should now start/stop what,
and generate a small confext for each node, that uses Uphold= to pin services
on each node. The confext would be encrypted using the asymmetric encryption
proposed above, so that it can only be activated on the specific host, if the
software is in a good state, and within a specific time frame. Then run a
loop on each node that sends report to orchestrator and then sysupdate to
update confext. Orchestrator would be stateless, i.e. operate on desired
config and collected reports in the last 3min time window only, and thus can
be trivially scaled up since all instances of the orchestrator should come to
the same conclusions given the same inputs of reports/desired workload info.
Could also be used to deliver Wireguard secrets and thus to clients, thus
permitting zero-trust networking: secrets are rolled over via confext updates,
and via the time window TPM logic invalidated if node doesn't keep itself
updated, or becomes corrupted in some way.
* in the initrd, once the rootfs encryption key has been measured to PCR 15,
derive default machine ID to use from it, and pass it to host PID 1.
* tree-wide: convert as much as possible over to use sd_event_set_signal_exit(), instead
of manually hooking into SIGINT/SIGTERM
* tree-wide: convert as much as possible over to SD_EVENT_SIGNAL_PROCMASK
instead of manual blocking.
* sd-boot: for each installed OS, grey out older entries (i.e. all but the
newest), to indicate they are obsolete
* automatically propagate LUKS password credential into cryptsetup from host
(i.e. SMBIOS type #11, …), so that one can unlock LUKS via VM hypervisor
supplied password.
* add ability to path_is_valid() to classify paths that refer to a dir from
those which may refer to anything, and use that in various places to filter
early. i.e. stuff ending in "/", "/." and "/.." definitely refers to a
directory, and paths ending that way can be refused early in many contexts.
* systemd-measure: allow operating with PEM certificates in addition to PEM
public keys when signing PCR values. SecureBoot and our Verity signatures
operate with certificates already, hence I guess we should also just deal for
convenience with certificates for the PCR stuff too.
* systemd-measure: add --pcrpkey-auto as an alternative to --pcrpkey=, where it
would just use the same public key specified with --public-key= (or the one
automatically derived from --private-key=).
* Add "purpose" flag to partition flags in discoverable partition spec that
indicate if partition is intended for sysext, for portable service, for
booting and so on. Then, when dissecting DDI allow specifying a purpose to
use as additional search condition. Use case: images that combined a sysext
partition with a portable service partition in one.
* On boot, auto-generate an asymmetric key pair from the TPM,
and use it for validating DDIs and credentials. Maybe upload it to the kernel
keyring, so that the kernel does this validation for us for verity and kernel
modules
* for systemd-confext: add a tool that can generate suitable DDIs with verity +
sig using squashfs-tools-ng's library. Maybe just systemd-repart called under
a new name with a built-in config?
* lock down acceptable encrypted credentials at boot, via simple allowlist,
maybe on kernel command line:
systemd.import_encrypted_creds=foobar.waldo,tmpfiles.extra to protect locked
down kernels from credentials generated on the host with a weak kernel
* Add support for extra verity configuration options to systemd-repart (FEC,
hash type, etc)
* chase(): take inspiration from path_extract_filename() and return
O_DIRECTORY if input path contains trailing slash.
* chase(): refuse resolution if trailing slash is specified on input,
but final node is not a directory
* document in boot loader spec that symlinks in XBOOTLDR/ESP are not OK even if
non-VFAT fs is used.
* measure credentials picked up from SMBIOS to some suitable PCR
* measure GPT and LUKS headers somewhere when we use them (i.e. in
systemd-gpt-auto-generator/systemd-repart and in systemd-cryptsetup?)
* pick up creds from EFI vars
* Add and pickup tpm2 metadata for creds structure.
* sd-boot: we probably should include all BootXY EFI variable defined boot
entries in our menu, and then suppress ourselves. Benefit: instant
compatibility with all other OSes which register things there, in particular
on other disks. Always boot into them via NextBoot EFI variable, to not
affect PCR values.
* systemd-measure tool:
- pre-calculate PCR 12 (command line) + PCR 13 (sysext) the same way we can precalculate PCR 11
* in sd-boot: load EFI drivers from a new PE section. That way, one can have a
"supercharged" sd-boot binary, that could carry ext4 drivers built-in.
* sd-bus: document that sd_bus_process() only returns messages that non of the
filters/handlers installed on the connection took possession of.
* sd-device: add an API for acquiring list of child devices, given a device
objects (i.e. all child dirents that dirs or symlinks to dirs)
* sd-device: maybe pin the sysfs dir with an fd, during the entire runtime of
an sd_device, then always work based on that.
* maybe add new flags to gpt partition tables for rootfs and usrfs indicating
purpose, i.e. whether something is supposed to be bootable in a VM, on
baremetal, on an nspawn-style container, if it is a portable service image,
or a sysext for initrd, for host os, or for portable container. Then hook
portabled/… up to udev to watch block devices coming up with the flags set, and
use it.
* sd-boot should look for information what to boot in SMBIOS, too, so that VM
managers can tell sd-boot what to boot into and suchlike
* add "systemd-sysext identify" verb, that you can point on any file in /usr/
and that determines from which overlayfs layer it originates, which image, and with
what it was signed.
* systemd-creds: extend encryption logic to support asymmetric
encryption/authentication. Idea: add new verb "systemd-creds public-key"
which generates a priv/pub key pair on the TPM2 and stores the priv key
locally in /var. It then outputs a certificate for the pub part to stdout.
This can then be copied/taken elsewhere, and can be used for encrypting creds
that only the host on its specific hw can decrypt. Then, support a drop-in
dir with certificates that can be used to authenticate credentials. Flow of
operations is then this: build image with owner certificate, then after
boot up issue "systemd-creds public-key" to acquire pubkey of the machine.
Then, when passing data to the machine, sign with privkey belonging to one of
the dropped in certs and encrypted with machine pubkey, and pass to machine.
Machine is then able to authenticate you, and confidentiality is guaranteed.
* building on top of the above, the pub/priv key pair generated on the TPM2
should probably also one you can use to get a remote attestation quote.
* Process credentials in:
• crypttab-generator: allow defining additional crypttab-like volumes via
credentials (similar: verity-generator, integrity-generator). Use
fstab-generator logic as inspiration.
• run-generator: allow defining additional commands to run via a credential
• resolved: allow defining additional /etc/hosts entries via a credential (it
might make sense to then synthesize a new combined /etc/hosts file in /run
and bind mount it on /etc/hosts for other clients that want to read it.
• repart: allow defining additional partitions via credential
• timesyncd: pick NTP server info from credential
• portabled: read a credential "portable.extra" or so, that takes a list of
file system paths to enable on start.
• make systemd-fstab-generator look for a system credential encoding root= or
usr=
• in gpt-auto-generator: check partition uuids against such uuids supplied via
sd-stub credentials. That way, we can support parallel OS installations with
pre-built kernels.
* define a JSON format for units, separating out unit definitions from unit
runtime state. Then, expose it:
1. Add Describe() method to Unit D-Bus object that returns a JSON object
about the unit.
2. Expose this natively via Varlink, in similar style
3. Use it when invoking binaries (i.e. make PID 1 fork off systemd-executor
binary which reads the JSON definition and runs it), to address the cow
trap issue and the fact that NSS is actually forbidden in
forked-but-not-exec'ed children
4. Add varlink API to run transient units based on provided JSON definitions
* Add SUPPORT_END_URL= field to os-release with more *actionable* information
what to do if support ended
* pam_systemd: on interactive logins, maybe show SUPPORT_END information at