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Schematics

A scaffolding library for the modern web.

Description

Schematics are generators that transform an existing filesystem. They can create files, refactor existing files, or move files around.

What distinguishes Schematics from other generators, such as Yeoman or Yarn Create, is that schematics are purely descriptive; no changes are applied to the actual filesystem until everything is ready to be committed. There is no side effect, by design, in Schematics.

Glossary

Term Description
Schematics A generator that executes descriptive code without side effects on an existing file system.
Collection A list of schematics metadata. Schematics can be referred by name inside a collection.
Tool The code using the Schematics library.
Tree A staging area for changes, containing the original file system, and a list of changes to apply to it.
Rule A function that applies actions to a Tree. It returns a new Tree that will contain all transformations to be applied.
Source A function that creates an entirely new Tree from an empty filesystem. For example, a file source could read files from disk and create a Create Action for each of those.
Action An atomic operation to be validated and committed to a filesystem or a Tree. Actions are created by schematics.
Sink The final destination of all Actions.
Task A Task is a way to execute an external command or script in a schematic. A Task can be used to perform actions such as installing dependencies, running tests, or building a project. A Task is created by using the SchematicContext object and can be scheduled to run before or after the schematic Tree is applied.

Tooling

Schematics is a library, and does not work by itself. A reference CLI is available on this repository, and is published on NPM at @angular-devkit/schematics-cli. This document explains the library usage and the tooling API, but does not go into the tool implementation itself.

The tooling is responsible for the following tasks:

  1. Create the Schematic Engine, and pass in a Collection and Schematic loader.
  2. Understand and respect the Schematics metadata and dependencies between collections. Schematics can refer to dependencies, and it's the responsibility of the tool to honor those dependencies. The reference CLI uses NPM packages for its collections.
  3. Create the Options object. Options can be anything, but the schematics can specify a JSON Schema that should be respected. The reference CLI, for example, parses the arguments as a JSON object and validates it with the Schema specified by the collection.
  4. Schematics provides some JSON Schema formats for validation that tooling should add. These validate paths, html selectors and app names. Please check the reference CLI for how these can be added.
  5. Call the schematics with the original Tree. The tree should represent the initial state of the filesystem. The reference CLI uses the current directory for this.
  6. Create a Sink and commit the result of the schematics to the Sink. Many sinks are provided by the library; FileSystemSink and DryRunSink are examples.
  7. Output any logs propagated by the library, including debugging information.

The tooling API is composed of the following pieces:

Engine

The SchematicEngine is responsible for loading and constructing Collections and Schematics. When creating an engine, the tooling provides an EngineHost interface that understands how to create a CollectionDescription from a name, and how to create a SchematicDescription.

Schematics (Generators)

Schematics are generators and part of a Collection.

Collection

A Collection is defined by a collection.json file (in the reference CLI). This JSON defines the following properties:

Prop Name Type Description
name string The name of the collection.
version string Unused field.

Schematic

Operators, Sources and Rules

A Source is a generator of a Tree; it creates an entirely new root tree from nothing. A Rule is a transformation from one Tree to another. A Schematic (at the root) is a Rule that is normally applied on the filesystem.

Operators

FileOperators apply changes to a single FileEntry and return a new FileEntry. The result follows these rules:

  1. If the FileEntry returned is null, a DeleteAction will be added to the action list.
  2. If the path changed, a RenameAction will be added to the action list.
  3. If the content changed, an OverwriteAction will be added to the action list.

It is impossible to create files using a FileOperator.

Provided Operators

The Schematics library provides multiple Operator factories by default that cover basic use cases:

FileOperator Description
contentTemplate<T>(options: T) Apply a content template (see the Templating section)
pathTemplate<T>(options: T) Apply a path template (see the Templating section)

Provided Sources

The Schematics library additionally provides multiple Source factories by default:

Source Description
empty() Creates a source that returns an empty Tree.
source(tree: Tree) Creates a Source that returns the Tree passed in as argument.
url(url: string) Loads a list of files from the given URL and returns a Tree with the files as CreateAction applied to an empty Tree.
apply(source: Source, rules: Rule[]) Apply a list of Rules to a source, and return the resulting Source.

Provided Rules

The schematics library also provides Rule factories by default:

Rule Description
noop() Returns the input Tree as is.
chain(rules: Rule[]) Returns a Rule that's the concatenation of other Rules.
forEach(op: FileOperator) Returns a Rule that applies an operator to every file of the input Tree.
move(root: string) Moves all the files from the input to a subdirectory.
merge(other: Tree) Merge the input Tree with the other Tree.
contentTemplate<T>(options: T) Apply a content template (see the Template section) to the entire Tree.
pathTemplate<T>(options: T) Apply a path template (see the Template section) to the entire Tree.
template<T>(options: T) Apply both path and content templates (see the Template section) to the entire Tree.
filter(predicate: FilePredicate<boolean>) Returns the input Tree with files that do not pass the FilePredicate.

Templating

As referenced above, some functions are based upon a file templating system, which consists of path and content templating.

The system operates on placeholders defined inside files or their paths as loaded in the Tree and fills these in as defined in the following, using values passed into the Rule which applies the templating (i.e. template<T>(options: T)).

Path Templating

Placeholder Description
__variable__ Replaced with the value of variable.
__variable@function__ Replaced with the result of the call function(variable). Can be chained to the left (__variable@function1@function2__ etc).

Content Templating

Placeholder Description
<%= expression %> Replaced with the result of the call of the given expression. This only supports direct expressions, no structural (for/if/...) JavaScript.
<%- expression %> Same as above, but the value of the result will be escaped for HTML when inserted (i.e. replacing '<' with '&lt;')
<% inline code %> Inserts the given code into the template structure, allowing to insert structural JavaScript.
<%# text %> A comment, which gets entirely dropped.

Examples

Simple

An example of a simple Schematics which creates a "hello world" file, using an option to determine its path:

import { Tree } from '@angular-devkit/schematics';

export default function MySchematic(options: any) {
  return (tree: Tree) => {
    tree.create(options.path + '/hi', 'Hello world!');
    return tree;
  };
}

A few things from this example:

  1. The function receives the list of options from the tooling.
  2. It returns a Rule, which is a transformation from a Tree to another Tree.

Templating

A simplified example of a Schematics which creates a file containing a new Class, using an option to determine its name:

// files/__name@dasherize__.ts

export class <%= classify(name) %> {
}
// index.ts

import { strings } from '@angular-devkit/core';
import {
  Rule,
  SchematicContext,
  SchematicsException,
  Tree,
  apply,
  branchAndMerge,
  mergeWith,
  template,
  url,
} from '@angular-devkit/schematics';
import { Schema as ClassOptions } from './schema';

export default function (options: ClassOptions): Rule {
  return (tree: Tree, context: SchematicContext) => {
    if (!options.name) {
      throw new SchematicsException('Option (name) is required.');
    }

    const templateSource = apply(url('./files'), [
      template({
        ...strings,
        ...options,
      }),
    ]);

    return branchAndMerge(mergeWith(templateSource));
  };
}

Additional things from this example:

  1. strings provides the used dasherize and classify functions, among others.
  2. The files are on-disk in the same root directory as the index.ts and loaded into a Tree.
  3. Then the template Rule fills in the specified templating placeholders. For this, it only knows about the variables and functions passed to it via the options-object.
  4. Finally, the resulting Tree, containing the new file, is merged with the existing files of the project which the Schematic is run on.