perf(*): use Object.create instead of creating temporary constructors

Closes #10058

Author: jbedard

src/Angular.js

@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ function int(str) {
 
 
 function inherit(parent, extra) {
-  return extend(new (extend(function() {}, {prototype:parent}))(), extra);
+  return extend(Object.create(parent), extra);
 }
 
 /**

src/auto/injector.js

@@ -822,14 +822,11 @@ function createInjector(modulesToLoad, strictDi) {
     }
 
     function instantiate(Type, locals, serviceName) {
-      var Constructor = function() {},
-          instance, returnedValue;
-
       // Check if Type is annotated and use just the given function at n-1 as parameter
       // e.g. someModule.factory('greeter', ['$window', function(renamed$window) {}]);
-      Constructor.prototype = (isArray(Type) ? Type[Type.length - 1] : Type).prototype;
-      instance = new Constructor();
-      returnedValue = invoke(Type, instance, locals, serviceName);
+      // Object creation: http://jsperf.com/create-constructor/2
+      var instance = Object.create((isArray(Type) ? Type[Type.length - 1] : Type).prototype);
+      var returnedValue = invoke(Type, instance, locals, serviceName);
 
       return isObject(returnedValue) || isFunction(returnedValue) ? returnedValue : instance;
     }

src/ng/controller.js

@@ -108,10 +108,10 @@ function $ControllerProvider() {
         //
         // This feature is not intended for use by applications, and is thus not documented
         // publicly.
-        var Constructor = function() {};
-        Constructor.prototype = (isArray(expression) ?
+        // Object creation: http://jsperf.com/create-constructor/2
+        var controllerPrototype = (isArray(expression) ?
           expression[expression.length - 1] : expression).prototype;
-        instance = new Constructor();
+        instance = Object.create(controllerPrototype);
 
         if (identifier) {
           addIdentifier(locals, identifier, instance, constructor || expression.name);

src/ngRoute/route.js

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ var ngRouteModule = angular.module('ngRoute', ['ng']).
  */
 function $RouteProvider() {
   function inherit(parent, extra) {
-    return angular.extend(new (angular.extend(function() {}, {prototype:parent}))(), extra);
+    return angular.extend(Object.create(parent), extra);
   }
 
   var routes = {};