feat($compile): add more lifecycle hooks to directive controllers

This change adds in the following new lifecycle hooks, which map in some
way to those in Angular 2:

 * `$onChanges(changesObj)` - Called whenever one-way bindings are updated. The `changesObj` is a hash whose keys
   are the names of the bound properties that have changed, and the values are an object of the form
   `{ currentValue: ..., previousValue: ... }`. Use this hook to trigger updates within a component such as
   cloning the bound value to prevent accidental mutation of the outer value.
 * `$onDestroy` - Called on a controller when its containing scope is destroyed. Use this hook for releasing
   external resources, watches and event handlers.
 * `$postLink` - Called after this controller's element and its children been linked. Similar to the post-link
   function this hook can be used to set up DOM event handlers and do direct DOM manipulation.
   Note that child elements that contain `templateUrl` directives will not have been compiled and linked since
   they are waiting for their template to load asynchronously and their own compilation and linking has been
   suspended until that occurs.

Closes #14127
Closes #14030
Closes #14020
Closes #13991
Closes #14302

Author: petebacondarwin

test/ng/compileSpec.js

@@ -3822,7 +3822,7 @@ describe('$compile', function() {
         inject(function($compile, $rootScope) {
 
           // Setup the directive with two bindings
-          element = $compile('<div><outer prop1="a"></outer>')($rootScope);
+          element = $compile('<outer prop1="a"></outer>')($rootScope);
 
           // There should be no changes initially
           expect(log).toEqual([]);
@@ -3836,6 +3836,33 @@ describe('$compile', function() {
           ]);
         });
       });
+
+
+      it('should throw a RangeError if `$onChanges()` hooks are not stable', function() {
+        function TestController() {}
+        TestController.prototype.$onChanges = function(change) {
+          this.onChange();
+        };
+
+        angular.module('my', [])
+          .component('c1', {
+            controller: TestController,
+            bindings: {'prop': '<', onChange: '&'}
+          });
+
+        module('my');
+        inject(function($compile, $rootScope) {
+
+          // Setup the directive with bindings that will keep updating the bound value forever
+          element = $compile('<c1 prop="a" on-change="a = -a"></outer>')($rootScope);
+
+          // Update val to trigger the unstable onChanges, which will result in a
+          // Range error - maximum call stack size exceeded
+          expect(function() {
+            $rootScope.$apply('a = 42');
+          }).toThrowError();
+        });
+      });
     });
   });