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PHP: Fundamentals

Set B

Please answer the following 50 multiple-choice questions to test your knowledge in PHP fundamentals. You must place your answer file in the submission folder. Within the submission/Q4/set_b folder, create a folder called your github_id.

Which of the following is a correct way to start a PHP script?
- a) <?php
- b) <?
- c) <?php start
- d) <script>
What is the correct way to print "Hello, World!" in PHP?
- a) echo "Hello, World!";
- b) print("Hello, World!");
- c) printf("Hello, World!");
- d) console.log("Hello, World!");
Which of the following variables is valid in PHP?
- a) $my_var
- b) %myVar
- c) #myVar
- d) @myVar
How do you concatenate two strings in PHP?
- a) Using the . operator.
- b) Using the + operator.
- c) Using the : operator.
- d) Using the * operator.
What will be the output of the following code snippet?
```
$x = 5;
$y = 10;
$result = $x + $y;
echo $result;
```
- a) 15
- b) "15"
- c) Error
- d) Undefined
How do you comment a single line in PHP?
- a) // Comment
- b) /* Comment */
- c) # Comment
- d) 
Which of the following is the correct way to define a constant in PHP?
- a) define("MY_CONSTANT", 100);
- b) MY_CONSTANT = 100;
- c) const MY_CONSTANT = 100;
- d) $MY_CONSTANT = 100;
What is the correct syntax to include an external PHP file?
- a) include "file.php";
- b) require_once("file.php");
- c) import "file.php";
- d) load "file.php";
What does the $_POST superglobal in PHP represent?
- a) Data sent through a GET request.
- b) Data sent through a POST request.
- c) Server information.
- d) File upload information.
What is the correct way to check if a file exists in PHP?
- a) file_exists("file.txt")
- b) is_file("file.txt")
- c) file_exists("file.txt") && is_file("file.txt")
- d) exists("file.txt")
What is the purpose of the strlen() function in PHP?
- a) To calculate the length of a string.
- b) To convert a string to lowercase.
- c) To remove whitespace from the beginning and end of a string.
- d) To reverse a string.

What will be the output of the following code snippet?

$x = 10;
if ($x > 5) {
    echo "Greater than 5";
} else {
    echo "Less than or equal to 5";
}

a) Greater than 5
b) Less than or equal to 5
c) Error
d) Undefined

Greater than 5

How do you define a function in PHP?
- a) function myFunction() {}
- b) def myFunction() {}
- c) fn myFunction() {}
- d) fun myFunction() {}
What is the purpose of the return statement in a function?
- a) To terminate the execution of the function and return a value.
- b) To restart the execution of the function from the beginning.
- c) To output a message to the browser.
- d) To include another file in the function.
What is the correct way to call a function in PHP?
- a) myFunction();
- b) $myFunction();
- c) call myFunction();
- d) execute myFunction();
What is the purpose of the foreach loop in PHP?
- a) To loop through each element in an array or object.
- b) To repeat a block of code a specific number of times.
- c) To conditionally execute a block of code.
- d) To define a function.
What will be the output of the following code snippet?
```
$x = 1;
while ($x <= 5) {
    echo $x;
    $x++;
}
```
- a) 12345
- b) 54321
- c) 11111
- d) 123456789
What is the purpose of the continue statement in a loop?
- a) To skip the current iteration of the loop and continue to the next iteration.
- b) To exit the loop completely.
- c) To restart the loop from the beginning.
- d) To output a message to the browser.
What is the purpose of the break statement in a loop?
- a) To exit the loop completely.
- b) To skip the current iteration of the loop and continue to the next iteration.
- c) To restart the loop from the beginning.
- d) To output a message to the browser.
What is the purpose of the $_GET superglobal in PHP?
- a) Data sent through a GET request.
- b) Data sent through a POST request.
- c) Server information.
- d) File upload information.
What is the correct way to redirect a user to another page in PHP?
- a) header("Location: newpage.php");
- b) redirect("newpage.php");
- c) goTo("newpage.php");
- d) location.href = "newpage.php";
What is the purpose of the $_SESSION superglobal in PHP?
- a) To store session variables.
- b) To store cookies.
- c) To retrieve form data.
- d) To access server information.
How do you destroy a session in PHP?
- a) session_destroy();
- b) destroy_session();
- c) unset($_SESSION);
- d) delete_session();
What is the purpose of the include_once statement in PHP?
- a) To include an external PHP file only once.
- b) To include an external PHP file multiple times.
- c) To execute a PHP script.
- d) To import functions from another PHP file.
What is the purpose of the require statement in PHP?
- a) To include an external PHP file.
- b) To execute a PHP script.
- c) To import functions from another PHP file.
- d) To define a constant.
What is the purpose of the is_numeric() function in PHP?
- a) To check if a value is a number or a numeric string.
- b) To convert a value to a numeric data type.
- c) To format a number as a string.
- d) To round a number to the nearest integer.
What is the purpose of the str_replace() function in PHP?
- a) To replace occurrences of a substring with another substring in a string.
- b) To convert a string to uppercase.
- c) To remove whitespace from the beginning and end of a string.
- d) To split a string into an array.
What is the purpose of the date() function in PHP?
- a) To format the current date and time.
- b) To retrieve the current timestamp.
- c) To calculate the difference between two dates.
- d) To convert a string to a date object.
What is the purpose of the count() function in PHP?
- a) To count the number of elements in an array.
- b) To calculate the sum of elements in an array.
- c) To find the average of elements in an array.
- d) To sort elements in an array.
What is the purpose of the array_push() function in PHP?
- a) To add one or more elements to the end of an array.
- b) To remove the last element from an array.
- c) To check if an element exists in an array.
- d) To merge two or more arrays.
What is the correct way to open a file in PHP for reading?
- a) fopen("file.txt", "r");
- b) open_file("file.txt", "r");
- c) read_file("file.txt", "r");
- d) file_open("file.txt", "r");
What is the purpose of the feof() function in PHP?
- a) To check if the end of a file has been reached.
- b) To read the contents of a file.
- c) To close a file.
- d) To write data to a file.
What is the purpose of the file_get_contents() function in PHP?
- a) To read the contents of a file into a string.
- b) To write data to a file.
- c) To check if a file exists.
- d) To close a file.
What is the purpose of the file_put_contents() function in PHP?
- a) To write data to a file.
- b) To read the contents of a file into a string.
- c) To check if a file exists.
- d) To close a file.
What is the purpose of the unlink() function in PHP?
- a) To delete a file.
- b) To rename a file.
- c) To copy a file.
- d) To move a file.
What is the purpose of the mysqli_connect() function in PHP?
- a) To establish a connection to a MySQL database.
- b) To execute a SQL query.
- c) To fetch rows from a database result.
- d) To close a database connection.
What is the purpose of the mysqli_query() function in PHP?
- a) To execute a SQL query.
- b) To establish a connection to a MySQL database.
- c) To fetch rows from a database result.
- d) To close a database connection.
What is the purpose of the mysqli_fetch_assoc() function in PHP?
- a) To fetch a row from a database result as an associative array.
- b) To execute a SQL query.
- c) To establish a connection to a MySQL database.
- d) To close a database connection.
What is the purpose of the mysqli_num_rows() function in PHP?
- a) To get the number of rows in a database result.
- b) To execute a SQL query.
- c) To establish a connection to a MySQL database.
- d) To close a database connection.
What is the purpose of the mysqli_close() function in PHP?
- a) To close a database connection.
- b) To execute a SQL query.
- c) To establish a connection to a MySQL database.
- d) To fetch rows from a database result.
What is the purpose of the htmlspecialchars() function in PHP?
- a) To convert special characters to HTML entities.
- b) To sanitize user input to prevent cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks.
- c) To remove whitespace from the beginning and end of a string.
- d) To concatenate two strings.
What is the purpose of the filter_var() function in PHP?
- a) To validate and filter data.
- b) To convert a string to uppercase.
- c) To calculate the length of a string.
- d) To check if a variable is empty.
What is the purpose of the filter_input() function in PHP?
- a) To retrieve external variables and filter them.
- b) To sanitize user input to prevent SQL injection attacks.
- c) To execute a SQL query.
- d) To close a database connection.
What is the purpose of the password_hash() function in PHP?
- a) To hash a password using a specified algorithm.
- b) To encrypt a password using a secret key.
- c) To validate a password against a hashed value.
- d) To generate a random password.
What is the purpose of the password_verify() function in PHP?
- a) To validate a password against a hashed value.
- b) To hash a password using a specified algorithm.
- c) To encrypt a password using a secret key.
- d) To generate a random password.
What is the purpose of the session_start() function in PHP?
- a) To start a new session or resume an existing session.
- b) To retrieve session variables.
- c) To destroy a session.
- d) To close a database connection.
What is the purpose of the $_COOKIE superglobal in PHP?
- a) To retrieve cookie values.
- b) To store session variables.
- c) To access server information.
- d) To manage file uploads.
What is the purpose of the setcookie() function in PHP?
- a) To set a cookie.
- b) To retrieve cookie values.
- c) To store session variables.
- d) To delete a cookie.
What is the purpose of the $_SERVER superglobal in PHP?
- a) To access server information.
- b) To retrieve form data.
- c) To manage file uploads.
- d) To retrieve cookie values.
What is the purpose of the $_POST superglobal in PHP?
- a) To retrieve form data submitted with the POST method.
- b) To retrieve form data submitted with the GET method.
- c) To manage file uploads.
- d) To access server information.

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