GH-43519: [Python][CI] Add Python 3.13 conda test build (#44192)

### Rationale for this change

When adding Python 3.13 support (#43539), conda was not yet ready to support Python 3.13. But over the last weeks most conda packages having being updated, so trying again.

* GitHub Issue: #43519

Authored-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>

Author: jorisvandenbossche

Diff for: ci/docker/conda-python.dockerfile

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ COPY ci/conda_env_python.txt \
 RUN mamba install -q -y \
         --file arrow/ci/conda_env_python.txt \
         $([ "$python" == $(gdb --batch --eval-command 'python import sys; print(f"{sys.version_info.major}.{sys.version_info.minor}")') ] && echo "gdb") \
-        "python=${python}.*=*_cpython" \
+        "python=${python}.*=*_cp*" \
         nomkl && \
     mamba clean --all
 

Diff for: dev/tasks/tasks.yml

@@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ tasks:
         UBUNTU: 22.04
       image: ubuntu-cpp-emscripten
 
-{% for python_version in ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"] %}
+{% for python_version in ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"] %}
   test-conda-python-{{ python_version }}:
     ci: github
     template: docker-tests/github.linux.yml