ARROW-18083: [C++] Bump vendored zlib version (#14446)

This new version includes a security fix.

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>

Author: pitrou

cpp/thirdparty/versions.txt

@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ ARROW_UTF8PROC_BUILD_VERSION=v2.7.0
 ARROW_UTF8PROC_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=4bb121e297293c0fd55f08f83afab6d35d48f0af4ecc07523ad8ec99aa2b12a1
 ARROW_XSIMD_BUILD_VERSION=9.0.1
 ARROW_XSIMD_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=b1bb5f92167fd3a4f25749db0be7e61ed37e0a5d943490f3accdcd2cd2918cc0
-ARROW_ZLIB_BUILD_VERSION=1.2.12
-ARROW_ZLIB_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=91844808532e5ce316b3c010929493c0244f3d37593afd6de04f71821d5136d9
+ARROW_ZLIB_BUILD_VERSION=1.2.13
+ARROW_ZLIB_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=b3a24de97a8fdbc835b9833169501030b8977031bcb54b3b3ac13740f846ab30
 ARROW_ZSTD_BUILD_VERSION=v1.5.2
 ARROW_ZSTD_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=f7de13462f7a82c29ab865820149e778cbfe01087b3a55b5332707abf9db4a6e