[SPARK-46396][SQL] Timestamp inference should not throw exception

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

When setting `spark.sql.legacy.timeParserPolicy=LEGACY`, Spark will use the LegacyFastTimestampFormatter to infer potential timestamp columns. The inference shouldn't throw exception.

However, when the input is 23012150952, there is exception:

```

For input string: "23012150952"

java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "23012150952"

at java.base/java.lang.NumberFormatException.forInputString(NumberFormatException.java:67)

at java.base/java.lang.Integer.parseInt(Integer.java:668)

at java.base/java.lang.Integer.parseInt(Integer.java:786)

at org.apache.commons.lang3.time.FastDateParser$NumberStrategy.parse(FastDateParser.java:304)

at org.apache.commons.lang3.time.FastDateParser.parse(FastDateParser.java:1045)

at org.apache.commons.lang3.time.FastDateFormat.parse(FastDateFormat.java:651)

at org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.LegacyFastTimestampFormatter.parseOptional(TimestampFormatter.scala:418)

```

This PR is to fix the issue.

### Why are the changes needed?

Bug fix, Timestamp inference should not throw exception
### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?

NO

### How was this patch tested?

New test case + existing tests

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?

No

Closes #44338 from gengliangwang/fixParseOptional.

Authored-by: Gengliang Wang <gengliang@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Gengliang Wang <gengliang@apache.org>
(cherry picked from commit 4a79ae9)
Signed-off-by: Gengliang Wang <gengliang@apache.org>

Author: gengliangwang

sql/api/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/util/TimestampFormatter.scala

@@ -414,10 +414,14 @@ class LegacyFastTimestampFormatter(
 
   override def parseOptional(s: String): Option[Long] = {
     cal.clear() // Clear the calendar because it can be re-used many times
-    if (fastDateFormat.parse(s, new ParsePosition(0), cal)) {
-      Some(extractMicros(cal))
-    } else {
-      None
+    try {
+      if (fastDateFormat.parse(s, new ParsePosition(0), cal)) {
+        Some(extractMicros(cal))
+      } else {
+        None
+      }
+    } catch {
+      case NonFatal(_) => None
     }
   }
 

sql/catalyst/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/util/TimestampFormatterSuite.scala

@@ -502,10 +502,11 @@ class TimestampFormatterSuite extends DatetimeFormatterSuite {
 
     assert(fastFormatter.parseOptional("2023-12-31 23:59:59.9990").contains(1704067199999000L))
     assert(fastFormatter.parseOptional("abc").isEmpty)
+    assert(fastFormatter.parseOptional("23012150952").isEmpty)
 
     assert(simpleFormatter.parseOptional("2023-12-31 23:59:59.9990").contains(1704067208990000L))
     assert(simpleFormatter.parseOptional("abc").isEmpty)
-
+    assert(simpleFormatter.parseOptional("23012150952").isEmpty)
   }
 
   test("SPARK-45424: do not return optional parse results when only prefix match") {