abstract.tex

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\title{Updating PyRe for Cyclus v1.6.0}
\author{Rhys R. MacMillan,$^{*}$ Nathan S. Ryan,$^{*}$ and Kathryn D. Huff$^{*}$}

\institute{
$^{*}$Advanced Reactors and Fuel Cycles Group, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, rhysrm2@illinois.edu
}

%%%% packages and definitions (optional)
\usepackage{graphicx} % allows inclusion of graphics
\usepackage{booktabs} % nice rules (thick lines) for tables
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\newcommand{\ud}{\mathop{}\!\mathrm{d}} % upright derivative symbol
\newcommand{\cycamore}{\textsc{Cycamore}\xspace}
\newcommand{\cyclus}{\textsc{Cyclus}\xspace}

\begin{document}
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\section{Introduction}
The United States has exclusively operated a once-through civilian fuel cycle, and our many reactors have generated a stockpile of used fuel. Closing the fuel cycle through reprocessing would reduce the volume of high-level waste, and recover valuable fissionable isotopes. To deal with proliferation concerns from reprocessing, researchers at Argonne National Laboratory developed pyroprocessing, a reprocessing method that electrochemically separates used fuel without producing a plutonium material stream. Material can be diverted at several steps in this process, thus it is important to determine which diversions pathways present significant risk.

Pyroprocessing has not been demonstrated at an industrial scale, which provides an opportunity to implement safeguards into the design of any proposed facility. To safeguard facilities, all stages require material tracking to be able to detect any diversions. Limiting the material diverted is of utmost importance, as the amount of material required to produce an explosive device is small compared to the throughput of an industrial reprocessing facility. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) determined the significant quantities shown in Table \ref{tab:sig_quant} such that the “possibility of manufacturing a nuclear explosive device cannot be excluded” \cite{schanfein_iaea_2021}.

\begin{table}[H]
  \centering
  \caption{Significant Quantities.}
  \label{tab:sig_quant}
  \begin{tabular}{l c}
    \hline
    Nuclear Material&Significant Quantities\\
    \hline
    Plutonium (<80\% $^{238}$Pu)&8 kg\\
    $^{233}$U&8 kg\\
    HEU ($^{235}$U > 20\%)&25 kg\\
    LEU&75 kg\\
    Natural U&10 tonnes\\
    Depleted U&20 tonnes\\
    Thorium&20 tonnes\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{table}

One way to test new fuel cycles, such as one that incorporates pyroprocessing, is by using a fuel cycle simulator. The simulator that will be used in this work to model a pyroprocessing fuel cycle is called \cyclus.

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\section{Cyclus}
\label{sec:cyclus}
\cyclus \cite{huff_cyclus_intro_2016} is an open-source nuclear fuel cycle simulation framework that records transactions of commodities between facilities. \cyclus represents facilities as agents that can be configured to interact with each other through the central marketplace, and the \cyclus ecosystem is full of pre-built \textit{archetypal} facilities which users can import into a model to simulate a variety of fuel cycle scenarios. \cyclus is flexible and extensible, allowing users to create custom facilities and commodities to model specific scenarios. The framework also includes a variety of tools for analyzing and visualizing simulation results, making it a powerful tool for researchers and policymakers in the nuclear energy field. Many traditional nuclear fuel cycle facilities have associated archetypes in \cycamore \cite{Carlsen_cycamore_2014}, which is maintained by the \cyclus developers and users.

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\section{PyRe}
The standard \cycamore Separations archetype has a user defined efficiency and material streams, but provides little insight into the operations in the reprocessing facility. PyRe allows users to parameterize sub-processes to track material balance, isotopic buildup, power draw, and other observable values that can be used to detect material diversions \cite{westphal_modeling_2019}.

PyRe is a \cyclus archetype developed by Gregory Westphal that tracks material carefully through the \cyclus Separations archetype. PyRe was made to follow the flow of nuclear material through reprocessing facilities, and to work with data that the IAEA collects so that diversion detection can be more accurately modeled. The PRIDE facility in Korea was modeled to demonstrate the material diversion detection capabilities of PyRe. Detector efficiency at each step is a useful marker of accuracy, and the data gathered with PyRe can be used to help place detectors in optimal locations to more swiftly detect proliferation risks \cite{westphal_pyre_2018}.

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\section{Purpose}

With the release of \cyclus version 1.6.0, the purpose of this work is to update the archetype so that it can be used in \cyclus simulations for future work. To show that the PyRe archetype has been accurately updated, we will replicate the simulations and results shown in "MODELING SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL DIVERSION FROM A PYROPROCESSING FACILITY."

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%\section{Acknowledgments}
%This material is based upon work supported by a Department of Energy Nuclear
%Energy University Programs Graduate Fellowship.

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