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Table of Contents

What is this?

This is a fork of GEF with 3 major improvements.

  1. Added many heuristic commands for kernel debugging WITHOUT a symbolized vmlinux (for qemu-system; linux kernel 3.x ~ 6.11.x).
  2. Added support for many architectures (for qemu-user).
  3. Added some heap dump commands for various allocators.

Many other commands have been added and improved. Enjoy!

Setup

Supported environment

  • Tested on ubuntu 24.04.
  • It may work on ubuntu 22.04 - 23.10.
  • It might work on ubuntu 20.04 - 21.10, but not recommended.

Install

  • Run following commands as root user. 
    # Ubuntu 23.04 or later restrict global installation of python packages with pip3.
# So you need --break-system-packages option.
wget -q https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bata24/gef/dev/install.sh -O- | sed -e 's/pip3 install/pip3 install --break-system-packages/g' | sh

# Ubuntu 22.10 or before
wget -q https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bata24/gef/dev/install.sh -O- | sh
  • Note
    • To simplify the installation script, GEF (gef.py) is installed to a fixed path (/root/.gdbinit-gef.py).
    • Also, it registers the GEF path to /root/.gdbinit.
    • If you want to change the location or user, please modify both yourself.
    • See docs/FAQ.md for more information and other install options.
      • There is a way to install it using venv.
      • There is a minimum installation that reduces installation as much as possible.

Upgrade

python3 /root/.gdbinit-gef.py --upgrade

Uninstall

rm -f /root/.gdbinit-gef.py /root/.gef.rc
sed -i -e '/source \/root\/.gdbinit-gef.py/d' /root/.gdbinit

Dependency

See install.sh or install-minimal.sh.

Added / improved features

Supported mode

  • Normal debugging
  • Attach to the process
  • Attach to the process in another namespace (e.g. attaching from outside of docker)
  • Connect to gdbserver
  • Connect to the gdb stub of qemu-system
  • Connect to the gdb stub of qemu-user
  • Connect to the gdb stub of Intel Pin
  • Connect to the gdb stub of Intel SDE
  • Connect to the gdb stub of qiling framework
  • Connect to the gdb stub of KGDB (need gdb 12~)
  • Connect to the gdb stub of VMWare
  • Connect to the gdb stub of wine
  • Record and replay debugging (rr replay)

See docs/SUPPORTED-MODE.md for detail.

Qemu-system cooperation

  • pagewalk: scans physical memory, parses page tables, and displays memory maps.
    • x64 (Supported: 4-Level/5-Level Paging)
    • x86 (Supported: PAE/Non-PAE)
    • ARM64 (Supported: only Cortex-A, EL0-EL3, stage1-2)
      • ARM v8.7 base. 32bit mode is NOT supported.
      • Here is a sample of each level pagewalk from HITCON CTF 2018 super_hexagon.
      • Secure memory scanning is also supported, but you have to break in the secure world.
      • Pseudo memory map without detailed flags and permission can be output even in the normal world (when OP-TEE).
    • ARM (Supported: only Cortex-A, LPAE/Non-LPAE, PL0/PL1)
      • ARM v7 base. PL2 is NOT supported.
      • Secure memory scanning is also supported, and you don't have to break in the secure world (unlike ARM64).
  • pagewalk-with-hints: prints pagetables with description.
  • v2p/p2v: displays transformation virtual address <-> physical address.
  • xp: is a shortcut for physical memory dump.
  • qreg: displays the register values from qemu-monitor (allows to get like $cs even under qemu 2.x).
    • It is shortcut for monitor info registers.
    • It also prints the details of the each bit of the system register when x64/x86.
  • sysreg: pretty prints system registers.
    • It is the result of info registers with filtering general registers.
  • msr: reads/writes MSR (Model Specific Registers) value by embedding/executing dynamic assembly.
    • Supported on only x64 and x86.
  • kbase: displays the kernel base address.
  • kversion: displays the kernel version.
  • kcmdline: displays the kernel cmdline used at boot time.
  • kcurrent: displays current task address.
  • ksymaddr-remote: displays kallsyms information from scanning kernel memory.
    • Supported kernel versions: 3.x to 6.11.x.
  • ksymaddr-remote-apply/vmlinux-to-elf-apply: applies kallsyms information obtained by ksymaddr-remote or vmlinux-to-elf to gdb.
    • Once you get symboled pseudo ELF file, you can reuse and apply it automatically even after rebooting qemu-system.
    • vmlinux-to-elf-apply and ksymaddr-remote-apply provide almost the same functionality.
      • vmlinux-to-elf-apply: Requires installation of external tools. Create vmlinux with symbols.
      • ksymaddr-remote-apply: Requires no external tools. Create an blank ELF with only embedded symbols.
  • slub-dump: dumps slub free-list.
    • Supported on x64/x86/ARM64/ARM + SLUB + no-symbol + kASLR.
    • Supported on both CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED is y or n.
    • It supports to dump partial pages (-v) and NUMA node pages (-vv).
    • Since page_to_virt is difficult to implement, it will heuristically determine the virtual address from the free-list.
  • slab-dump: dumps slab free-list.
    • Supported on x64/x86/ARM64/ARM + SLAB + no-symbol + kASLR.
  • slob-dump: dumps slob free-list.
    • Supported on x64/x86/ARM64/ARM + SLOB + no-symbol + kASLR.
  • slub-tiny-dump: dumps slub-tiny free-list.
    • Supported on x64/x86/ARM64/ARM + SLUB-TINY + no-symbol + kASLR.
  • slab-contains: resolves which kmem_cache certain address (object) belongs to (for SLUB/SLUB-TINY/SLAB).
    • For SLUB/SLUB-TINY, if all chunks belonging to a certain page are in use, they will not be displayed by slub-dump/slub-tiny-dump command.
    • Even with such an address (object), this command may be able to resolve kmem_cache.
  • buddy-dump: dumps zone of page allocator (buddy allocator) free-list.
  • vmalloc-dump: dumps vmalloc used-list and freed-list.
  • page: displays transformation struct page <-> virtual/physical address.
    • There are shortcuts: virt2page, page2virt, phys2page and page2phys.
  • kchecksec: checks kernel security.
  • kmagic: displays useful addresses in kernel.
  • kconfig: dumps kernel config if available.
  • syscall-table-view: displays system call table.
    • It also dumps ia32/x32 syscall table under x64.
    • It also dumps compat syscall table under ARM64.
  • ksysctl: dumps sysctl parameters.
  • ktask: displays each task address.
    • It also displays the memory map of the userland process.
    • It also displays the register values saved on kstack of the userland process.
    • It also displays the file descriptors of the userland process.
    • It also displays the signal handlers of the userland process.
    • It also displays the namespaces of the userland process.
    • It also displays the seccomp-filter.
  • kmod: displays each module address.
    • It also displays each module symbols.
  • kload: loads vmlinux without loaded address.
    • It is useful if you have a vmlinux with debuginfo at hand.
  • kmod-load: loads the kernel module without loaded address.
    • It is useful if you have a kernel module with debuginfo at hand.
  • kops: displays each operations member.
  • kcdev: displays each character device information.
  • kbdev: displays each block device information.
    • If there are too many block devices, detection will not be successful.
    • This is because block devices are not managed in one place, so I use the list of bdev_cache obtained from the slub-dump results.
  • kfilesystems: dumps supported file systems.
  • kclock-source: dumps clocksource list.
  • kdmesg: dumps the ring buffer of dmesg area.
  • kpipe: displays each pipe information.
  • kbpf: dumps bpf information.
  • ktimer: dumps timer.
  • kpcidev: dumps PCI devices.
  • kipcs: dumps IPCs information (System V semaphore, message queue and shared memory).
  • kdevio: dumps I/O-port and I/O-memory information.
  • kdmabuf: dumps DMA-BUF information.
  • kirq: dumps irq information.
  • knetdev: displays net devices.
  • ksearch-code-ptr: searches the code pointer in kernel data area.
  • thunk-tracer: collects and displays the thunk function addresses that are called automatically (only x64/x86).
    • If this address comes from RW area, this is useful for getting RIP.
  • usermodehelper-tracer: collects and displays the information that is executed by call_usermodehelper_setup.
  • kmalloc-tracer: collects and displays information when kmalloc/kfree.
  • kmalloc-allocated-by: calls a predefined set of system calls and prints structures allocated by kmalloc or freed by kfree.
  • ktrace: traces kernel functions and arguments.
  • xsm: dumps secure memory when gdb is in normal world.
    • Supported on only ARM64 and ARM.
  • wsm: writes the value to secure memory when gdb is in normal world.
    • Supported on only ARM64 and ARM.
  • bsm: sets the breakpoint to secure memory when gdb is in normal world.
    • Supported on only ARM64 and ARM.
  • optee-break-ta: sets the breakpoint to the offset of OPTEE-Trusted-App when gdb is in normal world.
    • Supported on only ARM64 and ARM.
  • pac-keys: pretty prints ARM64 PAC keys.
    • Supported on only ARM64.
  • uefi-ovmf-info: dumps addresses of some important structures in each boot phase of UEFI when OVMF is used.
    • Supported on only x64.
  • qemu-device-info: dumps device information for qemu-escape (WIP).

Qemu-user cooperation

  • si/ni: are the wrapper for native si/ni if OpenRISC 1000 or CRIS.
    • On OpenRISC 1000 architecture, branch operations don't work well, so GEF uses breakpoints to simulate.
    • On CRIS architecture, stepi/nexti commands don't work well, so GEF uses breakpoints to simulate.
    • If you want to use native si/ni, use the full form stepi/nexti.
  • c: is the wrapper for native c if gdb is connected to qemu-user or Intel Pin.
    • When connecting to gdb stub of qemu-user or Intel Pin, gdb does not trap SIGINT during continue.
    • If you want to trap, you need to issue SIGTRAP on the qemu-user or pin side, but switching screens is troublesome.
    • This command realizes a pseudo SIGTRAP trap by trapping SIGINT on the python side and throwing SIGTRAP back to qemu-user or Intel Pin.
    • It works only local qemu-user or Intel Pin.
    • If you want to use native c, use the full form continue.

Heap dump features

  • Glibc heap commands are improved.
    • It changes the color and print symbol if exists.
    • They print bins information if the chunk is in free-list.
    • It supports new modes heap arenas, heap top, heap bins-simple and heap try-free.
    • Thread arena is supported for all heap commands.
      • Use -a option.
    • find-fake-fast: searches for a memory with a size-like value that can be linked to the fastbin free-list.
    • visual-heap: is colorized heap viewer.
    • extract-heap-addr: analyzes tcache-protected-fd introduced from glibc-2.32.
    • calc-protected-fd: calculates a valid value as protected fd.
  • uClibc heap commands are added.
    • uclibc-ng-heap-dump: dumps uClibc-ng heap chunks.
      • Supported on x64/x86, based on uClibc-ng v1.0.42 malloc-standard.
      • How to test (x64):
        • Download and extract x86-64--uclibc--stable-2024.05-1.tar.bz2 from https://toolchains.bootlin.com/
        • Add /PATH/TO/x86_64-buildroot-linux-uclibc/bin to $PATH, then build as x86_64-linux-gcc test.c.
        • Fix interpreter by patchelf --set-interpreter /PATH/TO/x86_64-buildroot-linux-uclibc/sysroot/lib/ld64-uClibc.so.0 a.out.
    • uclibc-ng-visual-heap: is colorized heap viewer for uClibc-ng.
  • partition-alloc-dump: dumps partition-alloc free-list for chromium.
  • tcmalloc-dump: dumps tcmalloc free-list.
    • Supported on only x64, based on gperftools-2.9.1 (named libgoogle-perftools{4,-dev})
    • How to test:
      • Execute as LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtcmalloc.so ./a.out.
  • musl-heap-dump: dumps musl-libc heap chunks.
    • Supported on x64/x86, based on musl-libc v1.2.5.
    • How to test:
      • Get and extract latest source from https://musl.libc.org/
      • Build with ./configure && make install.
      • Build as /usr/local/musl/bin/musl-gcc test.c.
  • go-heap-dump: dumps go language v1.22.2 mheap (only x64).
  • tlsf-heap-dump: dumps TLSF (Two-Level Segregated Fit) v2.4.6 free-list (only x64).
    • How to test (x64):
      • Get and extract latest source from http://www.gii.upv.es/tlsf/
      • Build with cd TLSF-2.4.6/src && make && cd ../examples && make then use test1 etc.
  • hoard-heap-dump: dumps Hoard v3.13 free-list (only x64).
  • mimalloc-heap-dump: dumps mimalloc free-list (only x64).
  • optee-bget-dump: dumps bget allocator of OPTEE-Trusted-App.

Improved features

  • vmmap: is improved.
    • It displays the memory map information even when connecting to gdb stub like qemu-user.
    • Intel Pin is supported.
    • Intel SDE is supported.
    • It is redirected to pagewalk when connecting to gdb stub of qemu-system.
    • It supports detection and coloring of Writable, ReadOnly, None and RWX regions.
    • It shows the area each register points to.
  • registers: is improved.
    • It also shows raw values of flag register, current ring, exception level, secure state, etc.
  • context: is improved.
    • It supports automatic display of system call arguments when calling a system call.
    • It supports new modes:
      • context on
      • context off
    • It supports automatic display of address and value when accessing memory.
    • It supports smart symbol printing for C++ function.
      • ex: std::map<int, std::map<int, int>> will be replaced by std::map<...>.
      • command: gef config context.smart_cpp_function_name true or smart-cpp-function-name (later is used to toggle).
  • telescope: is improved.
    • It displays ordinal numbers as well as offsets.
    • It displays if there are canary and return address on the target area.
    • It supports blacklist address features (to avoid dying when touching the address mapped to the serial device).
    • It also shows the symbol if available.
    • It supports some new options:
      • --is-addr
      • --is-not-addr
      • --zero
      • --non-zero
      • --tag
      • --uniq
      • --depth
      • --phys
      • --list-head
      • --slab-contains
      • --slab-contains-unaligned
  • proc-info: is improved.
    • It displays some additional information.
  • elf-info: is improved.
    • It displays Program Header and Section Header.
    • It supports parsing from memory.
    • It supports parsing remote binary (if download feature is available).
  • xinfo: is improved.
    • It shows more information.
    • It also supports kernel debugging.
  • checksec: is improved.
    • It shows additional information.
      • Static or Dynamic or Static-PIE
      • Stripped or not
      • Debuginfo or not
      • Intel CET IBT/SHSTK
      • ARMv8 PAC, ARMv8 MTE
      • RPATH, RUNPATH
      • Clang CFI/SafeStack
      • System-ASLR, GDB ASLR setting
    • It supports parsing remote binary (if download feature is available).
  • got: is improved.
    • It displays not only GOT address but also PLT address.
    • It scans .plt.sec section if Intel CET is enabled.
    • It can also display the GOT of the library.
    • It can also display type, offset, reloc_arg, section and permission.
  • canary: is improved.
    • It displays all canary positions in memory.
  • edit-flags: is improved.
    • It displays the meaning of each bit if -v option is provided.
  • unicorn-emulate: is improved.
    • It reads and writes correctly to the address pointed to by $fs/$gs.
    • It supports a new mode to stop after executing N instructions (-g).
    • It shows changed memories.
  • ropper: is improved.
    • It does not reset autocomplete settings after calling imported ropper.
  • hexdump: is improved.
    • It supports physical memory if under qemu-system.
    • It will retry with adjusting read size when failed reading memory.
    • By default, the same line is omitted.
  • patch: is improved.
    • It supports physical memory if under qemu-system.
    • Added some new modes:
      • patch hex
      • patch pattern
      • patch nop
      • patch inf
      • patch trap
      • patch ret
      • patch syscall
      • patch history
      • patch revert
    • nop command has been integrated into patch command.
  • search-pattern: is improved.
    • It supports when under qemu-system (in short, it works without /proc/self/maps)
    • It supports some new options:
      • --hex
      • --hex-regex
      • --aligned
      • --perm
      • --interval
      • --limit
      • --max-region-size
      • --phys
    • It also searches UTF-16 string if target string is ASCII.
  • mprotect: is improved.
    • Rewritten to use call-syscall.
  • hijack-fd: is improved.
    • It supports more architectures.
  • format-string-helper is improved.
    • It supports more printf-like functions.
  • theme is improved.
    • Supports many colors.
  • reset-cache is improved.
    • The cache structure within GEF has changed significantly. This command corresponds to them.

Added features

  • pid/tid: prints pid and tid.
  • filename: prints filename.
  • fds: shows opened file descriptors.
  • auxv: pretty prints ELF auxiliary vector.
    • Supported also under qemu-user.
  • argv/envp: pretty prints argv and envp.
  • dumpargs: dumps arguments of current function.
  • vdso: disassembles the text area of vdso smartly.
  • vvar: dumps the area of vvar.
    • This area is mapped to userland, but cannot be accessed from gdb.
    • Therefore, it executes the assembly code and retrieve the contents.
  • gdtinfo: pretty prints GDT entries. If userland, show sample entries.
  • idtinfo: pretty prints IDT entries. If userland, show sample entries.
  • tls: pretty prints TLS area. Requires glibc.
  • fsbase/gsbase: pretty prints $fs_base, $gs_base.
  • libc/ld/heapbase/codebase: displays each of the base address.
  • got-all: shows got entries for all libraries.
  • break-rva: sets a breakpoint at relative offset from codebase.
  • command-break: sets a breakpoint which executes user defined command if hit.
  • main-break: sets a breakpoint at main with or without symbols, then continue.
    • This is useful when you just want to run to main under using qemu-user or pin, or debugging no-symbol ELF.
  • load-break: breaks if something is loaded.
  • regdump-break: sets a breakpoint which dumps specified registers if hit.
  • break-if-taken/break-if-not-taken: sets a breakpoint which breaks if branch is taken (or not taken).
  • distance: calculates the offset from its base address.
  • fpu/mmx/sse/avx: pretty prints FPU/MMX/SSE/AVX registers.
  • xmmset: sets the value to xmm/ymm register simply.
  • mmxset: sets the value to mm register simply.
  • exec-until: executes until specified operation.
    • Supported following patterns of detection.
      • call
      • jmp
      • syscall
      • ret
      • indirect-branch (only x64/x86)
      • all-branch (call || jmp || ret)
      • memory-access (detect just [...])
      • specified-keyword-regex
      • specified-condition (expressions using register or memory values)
      • user-code
      • libc-code
      • secure-world
  • xuntil: executes until specified address.
    • It is slightly easier to use than the original until command.
  • add-symbol-temporary: adds symbol information from command-line.
  • errno: displays errno list or specified errno.
  • u2d: shows cast/convert u64 <-> double/float.
  • unsigned: shows unsigned value.
  • convert: shows various conversion.
  • addressify: converts reverse-order hex values to address.
  • walk-link-list: walks the link list.
  • hexdump-flexible: displays the hexdump with user defined format.
  • hash: calculates various hashes.
  • crc: calculates various CRCs.
  • base-n-decode/base-n-encode: decodes/encodes various baseN.
  • morse-decode/morse-encode: decodes/encodes morse code.
  • saveo/diffo: saves and diffs the command outputs.
  • memcmp: compares the contents of the address A and B, whether virtual or physical.
  • memset: sets the value to the memory range, whether virtual or physical.
  • memcpy: copies the contents from the address A to B, whether virtual or physical.
  • memswap: swaps the contents of the address A and B, whether virtual or physical.
  • meminsert: inserts the contents of the address A to B, whether virtual or physical.
  • strlen: detects the length of the string.
  • is-mem-zero: checks the contents of address range is all 0x00 or 0xff or not.
  • seq-length: detects consecutive length of the same sequence.
  • strings: searches ASCII string from specific location.
  • xs: dumps string like x/s command, but with hex-string style.
  • xc: dumps address like x/x command, but with coloring at some intervals.
  • ii: is a shortcut for x/50i $pc with opcode bytes.
    • It prints the value if it is memory access operation.
  • version: shows software versions that gef used.
  • arch-info: shows architecture information used in gef.
  • context-extra: manages user specified command to execute when each step.
  • comment: manages user specified temporary comment.
  • seccomp: invokes seccomp-tools.
  • onegadget: invokes one_gadget.
  • rp: invokes rp++ with commonly used options.
  • call-syscall: calls system call with specified values.
  • mmap: allocates a new memory by call-syscall.
  • killthreads: kill specific or all pthread.
  • constgrep: invokes grep under /usr/include/.
  • proc-dump: dumps each file under /proc/PID/.
  • up/down: are the wrapper for native up/down.
    • It shows also backtrace.
  • time: measures the time of the GDB command.
  • multi-line: executes multiple GDB commands in sequence.
  • cpuid: shows the result of cpuid(eax=0,1,2...).
  • read-system-register: reads system register for old qemu-system-arm.
  • read-control-register: reads control register for kgdb.
  • capability: shows the capabilities of the debugging process.
  • dasm: disassembles the code by capstone.
  • asm-list: lists up instructions. (only x64/x86)
  • syscall-search: searches system call by regex.
  • dwarf-exception-handler: dumps the DWARF exception handler information.
  • magic: displays useful addresses in glibc etc.
  • dynamic: dumps the _DYNAMIC area.
  • link-map: dumps useful members of link_map with iterating.
  • dtor-dump: dumps some destructor functions list.
  • ptr-mangle: shows the mangled value will be mangled by PTR_MANGLE.
  • ptr-demangle: shows the demangled value of the value mangled by PTR_MANGLE.
  • search-mangled-ptr: searches the mangled value from RW memory.
  • follow: changes follow-fork-mode setting.
  • smart-cpp-function-name: toggles context.smart_cpp_function_name setting.
  • ret2dl-hint: shows the structure used by return-to-dl-resolve as hint.
  • srop-hint: shows the code for sigreturn-oriented-programming as hint.
  • sigreturn: displays stack values for sigreturn syscall.
  • smart-memory-dump: dumps all regions of the memory to each file.
  • search-cfi-gadgets: searches CFI-valid (for CET IBT) and controllable generally gadgets from executable area.
  • symbols: lists up all symbols with coloring.
  • types: lists up all types with compaction.
  • dt: makes it easier to use ptype /ox TYPE and p ((TYPE*) ADDRESS)[0].
    • This command is designed for several purposes.
      1. When displaying very large struct, you may want to go through a pager because the results will not fit on one screen. However, using a pager, the color information disappears. This command calls the pager with preserving colors.
      2. When ptype /ox TYPE, interpreting member type recursively often result is too long and difficult to read. This command keeps result compact by displaying only top-level members.
      3. When p ((TYPE*) ADDRESS)[0] for large struct, the setting of max-value-size is too small to display. This command adjusts it automatically.
      4. When debugging a binary written in the golang, the offset information of the type is not displayed. This command also displays the offset.
      5. When debugging a binary written in the golang, the p ((TYPE*) ADDRESS)[0] command will be broken. Because the golang helper script is automatically loaded and overwrites the behavior of p command. This command creates the display results on the python side, so we can display it without any problems.
  • v8: displays v8 tagged object.
    • It also loads more commands from latest gdbinit for v8.
  • mte-tags: displays the MTE tags for the specified address.
    • Supported on only ARM64.
  • iouring-dump: dumps the area of iouring (only x64).
    • This area is mapped to userland, but cannot be accessed from gdb.
    • Therefore, it executes the assembly code and retrieve the contents.
  • reset-bp: shows and resets all breakpoints.
  • gef arch-list: displays defined architecture information.
  • gef pyobj-list: displays defined global python object.
  • gef avail-comm-list: displays a list of commands which are available or not for the current architecture and gdb execution mode.
  • gef set-arch: sets a specific architecture to gef.
  • gef check-update: checks for gef updates.
  • binwalk-memory: scans memory by binwalk.
  • filetype-memory: scans memory by file and magika.
  • sixel-memory: shows image to terminal by imagemagick.
  • stdio-dump: dumps members of stdin/stdout/stderr.
  • peek-pageframe: reads page frame data.
  • peek-pageflags: reads page flags of a page frame.
  • angr: finds simple constraints by angr.

Other

  • The category is introduced in gef help.
  • Combined into one file (from gef-extra). The following are moved from gef-extras.
    • current-stack-frame, xref-telescope, bytearray, and bincompare.
    • This is because a single file is more attractive than ease of maintenance.
  • The system-call table used by syscall-args is moved from gef-extras.
    • It was updated up to linux kernel 6.11.0 for each architecture.
  • Removed some features I don't use.
    • $
    • ida-interact
    • gef-remote
    • pie
    • pcustom
    • ksymaddr
    • trace-run
    • bufferize
    • output redirect
    • shellcode
  • Many bugs fix / formatting / made it easy for me to use.

FAQ