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CCN-lite

Table Of Contents:

## Introduction

This tutorial explains and demonstrates three scenarios for Content-Centric-Networking (CCN) use cases.

As of 2014, there exist mainly three different CCN implementations and packet formats. a) The original CCNx software and its CCNb encoding, as well as the currently evolving b) Named-Data Networking (NDN) software and c) the new CCNx1.0 implementation.

CCN-lite is a forth implementation: It is a lightweight and cross-compatible implementation of Content Centric Networking which "speaks" all three dialects. It is written in pure C and (optionally) runs in the Linux kernel space. Moreover, it contains an extension to CCN called Named-Function-Networking, which is also covered in this tutorial.

alt text

The first three scenarios of this tutorial demonstrate static content lookup in a CCN network. We let a client send interests into a network that consists of heterogeneous CCN implementations (our CCN-lite as well as the NDN testbed). The interest will be fulfilled by either a content store within the network or a producer of content. Note that although CCN-lite handles all packet formats, the client has to pick one format and can only access content that is encoded (and made routable) in that chosen format.

scenario function call

 ## Scenario 1: Simple content-lookup

content-lookup-simple

This scenario consists of a topology of two nodes A and B each running an instance of the CCN-lite relay. The cache of relay B is populated with some content and a forwarding rule is setup from node A to node B. Interests are send to node A.

0. Installing CCN-lite

Install CCN-lite by following the Unix readme.

1. Producing content

ccn-lite-mkC creates an (unsigned) content object in a specified wire format, subject to the maximum packet size of 4 KiB. ccn-lite-mkC currently supports five wire formats. We use ndn2013 in the following, ccnb, and ccnx2015 are also available. ccn-lite-mkC converts input from stdin, so type something and press Enter after executing the following line:

$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-mkC -s ndn2013 "/ndn/test/mycontent" > $CCNL_HOME/test/ndntlv/mycontent.ndntlv

2. Starting ccn-lite-relay for node A

ccn-lite-relay is a ccn network router (or forwarder). Type ccn-lite-relay -h to see all available options. We will use the following:

  • -v indicates the loglevel.
  • -u sets the relay to listen on UDP port 9998.
  • -x sets up a Unix socket, we will use this socket to send management commands to the relay.
$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-relay -v trace -s ndn2013 -u 9998 -x /tmp/mgmt-relay-a.sock

3. Starting ccn-lite-relay for node B

We start the relay for B similarly to relay A but on a different port. Additional, with -d we add all content objects from a directory to the cache of the relay. Currently the relay expects all files to have the file extension .ndntlv, .ccnb, or .ccntlv respectively. Open a new terminal window for relay B:

$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-relay -v trace -s ndn2013 -u 9999 -x /tmp/mgmt-relay-b.sock \
  -d $CCNL_HOME/test/ndntlv

4. Add a forwarding rule

The two relays are not yet connected to each other. We want to add a forwarding rule from node A to node B which is a mapping of a prefix to an outgoing face. Thus, we first need to create the face on relay A followed by defining the forwarding rule for /ndn.

ccn-lite-ctrl provides a set of management commands to configure and maintain a relay. These management commands are based on a request-reply protocol using interest and content objects. Again, type ccn-lite-ctrl -h to see all available options.

Currently the ctrl tool is hardwired for the ccnb format (but the relay still handles packets in all other formats, too). To decode the reply of the ctrl tool we use ccn-lite-ccnb2xml.

Finally, because faces are identified by dynamically assigned numbers, we need to extract the face id from the reply of the create face command. When defining the forwarding rule we can then refer to this face id.

For creating the face at node A, open a new terminal window:

FACEID=`$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ctrl -x /tmp/mgmt-relay-a.sock newUDPface any 127.0.0.1 9999 \
  | $CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ccnb2xml | grep FACEID | sed -e 's/^[^0-9]*\([0-9]\+\).*/\1/'`

For defining the namespace that should become reachable through this face, we have to configure a forwarding rule. We choose /ndn as namespace (prefix) pattern because our test content as well as all objects in ./test/ndntlv have a name starting with /ndn. Later, all interest which match with the longest prefix on this name will be forwarded to this face.

In other words: Relay A is technically connected to relay B through the UDP face, but logically, relay A does not yet have the necessary forwarding state to reach B. To create a forwarding rule (/ndn ---> B), we execute:

$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ctrl -x /tmp/mgmt-relay-a.sock prefixreg /ndn $FACEID ndn2013 \
  | $CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ccnb2xml

You might want to verify a relay's configuration through the built-in HTTP server. Just point your browser to http://127.0.0.1:6363/.

This ends the configuration part and we are ready to use the two-node setup for experiments.

5. Send Interest for Name /ndn/test/mycontent/ to A

The ccn-lite-peek utility encodes the specified name in a interest with the according suite and sends it to a socket. In this case we want ccn-lite-peek to send an interest to relay A. Relay A will receive the interest, forward it to node B which will in turn respond with our initially created content object to relay A. Relay A sends the content objects back to peek, which prints it to stdout. Here, we pipe the output to ccn-lite-pktdump which detects the encoded format (here ndn2013) and prints the wire format-encoded packet in a somehow readable format.

$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-peek -s ndn2013 -u 127.0.0.1/9998 "/ndn/test/mycontent" \
  | $CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-pktdump

If you want to see only the content use the -f 2 output format option:

$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-peek -s ndn2013 -u 127.0.0.1/9998 "/ndn/test/mycontent" \
  | $CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-pktdump -f 2
## Scenario 2: Content lookup from NDN Testbed

content-lookup-NDNTestbed

Similar to Scenario 1, but this time the network consists of the NDN Testbed instead of a set of CCN-lite relays.

Peek sends the interest directly to a node in the NDN Testbed. -w sets the timeout of peek to 10 seconds.

$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-peek -s ndn2013 -u 192.43.193.111/6363 -w 10 "/ndn/edu/ucla/ping" \
  | $CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-pktdump

Note: /ndn/edu/ucla/ping dynamically creates a new content packet with a limited lifetime and random name extension. Due to the network level caching, repeating the above command might return a copy instead of triggering a new response. Try it out!

 ## Scenario 3: Connecting a CCN-lite relay to the NDN Testbed

content-lookup-CCNL-NDNTestbed

Scenario 3 combines Scenario 1 and 2 by connecting a (local) CCN-lite relay to the NDN Testbed and sending interests to it. The relay will forward the interests to the testbed.

1. Shutdown relay B

To properly shutdown a relay we can use ccn-lite-ctrl:

$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ctrl -x /tmp/mgmt-relay-b.sock debug halt | $CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ccnb2xml

2. Remove face to B

To see the current configuration of the face, use:

$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ctrl -x /tmp/mgmt-relay-a.sock debug dump | $CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ccnb2xml

Now we can destroy the face:

$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ctrl -x /tmp/mgmt-relay-a.sock destroyface $FACEID \
  | $CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ccnb2xml

Check again if the face was actually removed.

3. Connecting node A directly to the NDN Testbed

Connect to the NDN testbed server of the University of Basel by creating a new UDP face to the NFD of Basel and then registering the prefix /ndn:

FACEID=`$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ctrl -x /tmp/mgmt-relay-a.sock newUDPface any 192.43.193.111 6363 \
  | $CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ccnb2xml | grep FACEID | sed -e 's/^[^0-9]*\([0-9]\+\).*/\1/'`
$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ctrl -x /tmp/mgmt-relay-a.sock prefixreg /ndn $FACEID ndn2013 \
  | $CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-ccnb2xml

4. Send interest to A

Request data from the Testbed system of the UCLA. The interest will be transmitted over the Testbed server of the University of Basel to the Testbed system of the UCLA:

$CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-peek -s ndn2013 -u 127.0.0.1/9998 -w 10 "/ndn/edu/ucla" \
  | $CCNL_HOME/build/bin/ccn-lite-pktdump