hash.d

/**
 * Written in the D programming language.
 * This module provides functions to uniform calculating hash values for different types
 *
 * Copyright: Copyright Igor Stepanov 2013-2013.
 * License:   $(HTTP www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt, Boost License 1.0).
 * Authors:   Igor Stepanov
 * Source: $(DRUNTIMESRC core/internal/_hash.d)
 */
module core.internal.hash;

import core.internal.traits : Unconst;

// If true ensure that positive zero and negative zero have the same hash.
// Historically typeid(float).getHash did this but hashOf(float) did not.
private enum floatCoalesceZeroes = true;
// If true ensure that all NaNs of the same floating point type have the same hash.
// Historically typeid(float).getHash didn't do this but hashOf(float) did.
private enum floatCoalesceNaNs = true;

// If either of the above are true then no struct or array that contains the
// representation of a floating point number may be hashed with `bytesHash`.

@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
{
    static if (floatCoalesceZeroes)
        assert(hashOf(+0.0) == hashOf(-0.0)); // Same hash for +0.0 and -0.0.
    static if (floatCoalesceNaNs)
        assert(hashOf(double.nan) == hashOf(-double.nan)); // Same hash for different NaN.
}

private enum hasCallableToHash(T) = __traits(compiles,
    {
        size_t hash = ((T* x) => (*x).toHash())(null);
    });

@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
{
    static struct S { size_t toHash() { return 4; } }
    assert(hasCallableToHash!S);
    assert(!hasCallableToHash!(shared const S));
}

private enum isFinalClassWithAddressBasedHash(T) = __traits(isFinalClass, T)
    // Use __traits(compiles, ...) in case there are multiple overloads of `toHash`.
    && __traits(compiles, {static assert(&Object.toHash is &T.toHash);});

@nogc nothrow pure @safe unittest
{
    static class C1 {}
    final static class C2 : C1 {}
    final static class C3 : C1 { override size_t toHash() const nothrow { return 1; }}
    static assert(!isFinalClassWithAddressBasedHash!Object);
    static assert(!isFinalClassWithAddressBasedHash!C1);
    static assert(isFinalClassWithAddressBasedHash!C2);
    static assert(!isFinalClassWithAddressBasedHash!C3);
}

private template isCppClassWithoutHash(T)
{
    static if (!is(T == class) && !is(T == interface))
        enum isCppClassWithoutHash = false;
    else
        enum bool isCppClassWithoutHash = __traits(getLinkage, T) == "C++"
            && !is(immutable T* : immutable Object*) && !hasCallableToHash!T;
}

/+
Is it valid to calculate a hash code for T based on the bits of its
representation? Always false for interfaces, dynamic arrays, and
associative arrays. False for all classes except final classes that do
not override `toHash`.

Note: according to the spec as of
https://github.com/dlang/dlang.org/commit/d66eff16491b0664c0fc00ba80a7aa291703f1f2
the contents of unnamed paddings between fields is undefined. Currently
this hashing implementation assumes that the padding contents (if any)
for all instances of `T` are the same. The correctness of this
assumption is yet to be verified.
+/
private template canBitwiseHash(T)
{
    static if (is(T EType == enum))
        enum canBitwiseHash = .canBitwiseHash!EType;
    else static if (__traits(isFloating, T))
        enum canBitwiseHash = !(floatCoalesceZeroes || floatCoalesceNaNs);
    else static if (__traits(isScalar, T))
        enum canBitwiseHash = true;
    else static if (is(T == class))
    {
        enum canBitwiseHash = isFinalClassWithAddressBasedHash!T || isCppClassWithoutHash!T;
    }
    else static if (is(T == interface))
    {
        enum canBitwiseHash = isCppClassWithoutHash!T;
    }
    else static if (is(T == struct))
    {
        static if (hasCallableToHash!T || __traits(isNested, T))
            enum canBitwiseHash = false;
        else
        {
            import core.internal.traits : allSatisfy;
            enum canBitwiseHash = allSatisfy!(.canBitwiseHash, typeof(T.tupleof));
        }
    }
    else static if (is(T == union))
    {
        // Right now we always bytewise hash unions that lack callable `toHash`.
        enum canBitwiseHash = !hasCallableToHash!T;
    }
    else static if (is(T E : E[]))
    {
        static if (__traits(isStaticArray, T))
            enum canBitwiseHash = (T.length == 0) || .canBitwiseHash!E;
        else
            enum canBitwiseHash = false;
    }
    else static if (__traits(isAssociativeArray, T))
    {
        enum canBitwiseHash = false;
    }
    else
    {
        static assert(is(T == delegate) || is(T : void) || is(T : typeof(null)),
            "Internal error: unanticipated type "~T.stringof);
        enum canBitwiseHash = true;
    }
}

//enum hash. CTFE depends on base type
size_t hashOf(T)(auto ref T val, size_t seed = 0)
if (is(T == enum) && !__traits(isScalar, T))
{
    static if (is(T EType == enum)) {} //for EType
    return hashOf(cast(EType) val, seed);
}

//CTFE ready (depends on base type).
size_t hashOf(T)(scope const auto ref T val, size_t seed = 0)
if (!is(T == enum) && __traits(isStaticArray, T) && canBitwiseHash!T)
{
    import core.internal.convert : toUbyte;
    // FIXME:
    // We would like to to do this:
    //
    //static if (T.length == 0)
    //    return seed;
    //else static if (T.length == 1)
    //    return hashOf(val[0], seed);
    //else
    //    return bytesHashWithExactSizeAndAlignment!T(toUbyte(val), seed);
    //
    // ... but that's inefficient when using a runtime TypeInfo (introduces a branch)
    // and PR #2243 wants typeid(T).getHash(&val) to produce the same result as
    // hashOf(val).
    static if (T.length == 0)
    {
        return bytesHashAlignedBy!size_t((ubyte[]).init, seed);
    }
    static if (is(typeof(toUbyte(val)) == const(ubyte)[]))
    {
        return bytesHashAlignedBy!T(toUbyte(val), seed);
    }
    else //Other types. CTFE unsupported
    {
        assert(!__ctfe, "unable to compute hash of "~T.stringof~" at compile time");
        return bytesHashAlignedBy!T((cast(const(ubyte)*) &val)[0 .. T.sizeof], seed);
    }
}

//CTFE ready (depends on base type).
size_t hashOf(T)(auto ref T val, size_t seed = 0)
if (!is(T == enum) && __traits(isStaticArray, T) && !canBitwiseHash!T)
{
    // FIXME:
    // We would like to to do this:
    //
    //static if (T.length == 0)
    //    return seed;
    //else static if (T.length == 1)
    //    return hashOf(val[0], seed);
    //else
    //    /+ hash like a dynamic array +/
    //
    // ... but that's inefficient when using a runtime TypeInfo (introduces a branch)
    // and PR #2243 wants typeid(T).getHash(&val) to produce the same result as
    // hashOf(val).
    return hashOf(val[], seed);
}

//dynamic array hash
size_t hashOf(T)(scope const T val, size_t seed = 0)
if (is(T == S[], S) && (__traits(isScalar, S) || canBitwiseHash!S)) // excludes enum types
{
    import core.internal.convert : toUbyte;
    alias ElementType = typeof(val[0]);
    static if (!canBitwiseHash!ElementType)
    {
        size_t hash = seed;
        foreach (ref o; val)
        {
            hash = hashOf(hashOf(o), hash); // double hashing to match TypeInfo.getHash
        }
        return hash;
    }
    else static if (is(typeof(toUbyte(val)) == const(ubyte)[]))
    //ubyteble array (arithmetic types and structs without toHash) CTFE ready for arithmetic types and structs without reference fields
    {
        return bytesHashAlignedBy!ElementType(toUbyte(val), seed);
    }
    else //Other types. CTFE unsupported
    {
        assert(!__ctfe, "unable to compute hash of "~T.stringof~" at compile time");
        return bytesHashAlignedBy!ElementType((cast(const(ubyte)*) val.ptr)[0 .. ElementType.sizeof*val.length], seed);
    }
}

//dynamic array hash
size_t hashOf(T)(T val, size_t seed = 0)
if (is(T == S[], S) && !(__traits(isScalar, S) || canBitwiseHash!S)) // excludes enum types
{
    size_t hash = seed;
    foreach (ref o; val)
    {
        hash = hashOf(hashOf(o), hash); // double hashing because TypeInfo.getHash doesn't allow to pass seed value
    }
    return hash;
}

// Indicates if F is a built-in complex number type.
private F coalesceFloat(F)(const F val)
if (__traits(isFloating, val) && !is(F == __vector) && !is(F : creal))
{
    static if (floatCoalesceZeroes)
        if (val == cast(F) 0)
            return cast(F) 0;
    static if (floatCoalesceNaNs)
        if (val != val)
            return F.nan;
    return val;
}

//scalar type hash
@trusted @nogc nothrow pure
size_t hashOf(T)(scope const T val) if (__traits(isScalar, T) && !is(T == __vector))
{
    static if (is(T V : V*))
    {
        if (__ctfe)
        {
            if (val is null) return 0;
            assert(0, "Unable to calculate hash of non-null pointer at compile time");
        }
        size_t result = cast(size_t) val;
        return result ^ (result >> 4);
    }
    else static if (is(T EType == enum) && is(typeof(val[0])))
    {
        // Enum type whose base type is vector.
        return hashOf(cast(EType) val);
    }
    else static if (__traits(isIntegral, T))
    {
        static if (T.sizeof <= size_t.sizeof)
            return val;
        else
            return cast(size_t) (val ^ (val >>> (size_t.sizeof * 8)));
    }
    else static if (is(T : creal))
    {
        return hashOf(coalesceFloat(val.re), hashOf(coalesceFloat(val.im)));
    }
    else
    {
        static assert(__traits(isFloating, T));
        auto data = coalesceFloat(val);
        static if (T.sizeof == float.sizeof && T.mant_dig == float.mant_dig)
            return *cast(const uint*) &data;
        else static if (T.sizeof == double.sizeof && T.mant_dig == double.mant_dig)
            return hashOf(*cast(const ulong*) &data);
        else
        {
            import core.internal.convert : floatSize, toUbyte;
            return bytesHashWithExactSizeAndAlignment!T(toUbyte(data)[0 .. floatSize!T], 0);
        }
    }
}

//scalar type hash
@trusted @nogc nothrow pure
size_t hashOf(T)(scope const T val, size_t seed) if (__traits(isScalar, T) && !is(T == __vector))
{
    static if (is(T V : V*))
    {
        if (__ctfe)
        {
            if (val is null) return hashOf(size_t(0), seed);
            assert(0, "Unable to calculate hash of non-null pointer at compile time");
        }
        return hashOf(cast(size_t) val, seed);
    }
    else static if (is(T EType == enum) && is(typeof(val[0])))
    {
        // Enum type whose base type is vector.
        return hashOf(cast(EType) val, seed);
    }
    else static if (__traits(isIntegral, val) && T.sizeof <= size_t.sizeof)
    {
        static if (size_t.sizeof < ulong.sizeof)
        {
            //MurmurHash3 32-bit single round
            enum uint c1 = 0xcc9e2d51;
            enum uint c2 = 0x1b873593;
            enum uint c3 = 0xe6546b64;
            enum uint r1 = 15;
            enum uint r2 = 13;
        }
        else
        {
            //Half of MurmurHash3 64-bit single round
            //(omits second interleaved update)
            enum ulong c1 = 0x87c37b91114253d5;
            enum ulong c2 = 0x4cf5ad432745937f;
            enum ulong c3 = 0x52dce729;
            enum uint r1 = 31;
            enum uint r2 = 27;
        }
        size_t h = c1 * val;
        h = (h << r1) | (h >>> (size_t.sizeof * 8 - r1));
        h = (h * c2) ^ seed;
        h = (h << r2) | (h >>> (size_t.sizeof * 8 - r2));
        return h * 5 + c3;
    }
    else static if (__traits(isIntegral, val) && T.sizeof > size_t.sizeof)
    {
        static foreach (i; 0 .. T.sizeof / size_t.sizeof)
            seed = hashOf(cast(size_t) (val >>> (size_t.sizeof * 8 * i)), seed);
        return seed;
    }
    else static if (is(T : creal))
    {
        return hashOf(val.re, hashOf(val.im, seed));
    }
    else static if (__traits(isFloating, T))
    {
        auto data = coalesceFloat(val);
        static if (T.sizeof == float.sizeof && T.mant_dig == float.mant_dig)
            return hashOf(*cast(const uint*) &data, seed);
        else static if (T.sizeof == double.sizeof && T.mant_dig == double.mant_dig)
            return hashOf(*cast(const ulong*) &data, seed);
        else
        {
            import core.internal.convert : floatSize, toUbyte;
            return bytesHashWithExactSizeAndAlignment!T(toUbyte(data)[0 .. floatSize!T], seed);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        static assert(0);
    }
}

size_t hashOf(T)(scope const T val, size_t seed = 0) @safe @nogc nothrow pure
if (is(T == __vector)) // excludes enum types
{
    static if (__traits(isFloating, T) && (floatCoalesceZeroes || floatCoalesceNaNs))
    {
        if (__ctfe)
        {
            // Workaround for CTFE bug.
            static if (is(immutable typeof(val[0]) == immutable E, E)) {} // Get E.
            E[T.sizeof / E.sizeof] array;
            foreach (i; 0 .. T.sizeof / E.sizeof)
                array[i] = val[i];
            return hashOf(array, seed);
        }
        return hashOf(val.array, seed);
    }
    else
    {
        import core.internal.convert : toUbyte;
        return bytesHashAlignedBy!T(toUbyte(val), seed);
    }
}

//typeof(null) hash. CTFE supported
@trusted @nogc nothrow pure
size_t hashOf(T)(scope const T val) if (!is(T == enum) && is(T : typeof(null)))
{
    return 0;
}

//typeof(null) hash. CTFE supported
@trusted @nogc nothrow pure
size_t hashOf(T)(scope const T val, size_t seed) if (!is(T == enum) && is(T : typeof(null)))
{
    return hashOf(size_t(0), seed);
}

private enum _hashOfStruct =
q{
    enum bool isChained = is(typeof(seed) : size_t);
    static if (!isChained) enum size_t seed = 0;
    static if (hasCallableToHash!(typeof(val))) //CTFE depends on toHash()
    {
        static if (!__traits(isSame, typeof(val), __traits(parent, val.toHash))
            && is(typeof(val is null)))
        {
            static if (isChained)
                return hashOf(__traits(getMember, val, __traits(getAliasThis, typeof(val))), seed);
            else
                return hashOf(__traits(getMember, val, __traits(getAliasThis, typeof(val))));
        }
        else
        {
            static if (isChained)
                return hashOf(cast(size_t) val.toHash(), seed);
            else
                return val.toHash();
        }
    }
    else
    {
        import core.internal.convert : toUbyte;
        static if (__traits(hasMember, T, "toHash") && is(typeof(T.toHash) == function))
        {
            // TODO: in the future maybe this should be changed to a static
            // assert(0), because if there's a `toHash` the programmer probably
            // expected it to be called and a compilation failure here will
            // expose a bug in his code.
            //   In the future we also might want to disallow non-const toHash
            // altogether.
            pragma(msg, "Warning: struct "~__traits(identifier, T)
                ~" has method toHash, however it cannot be called with "
                ~typeof(val).stringof~" this.");
            static if (__traits(compiles, __traits(getLocation, T.toHash)))
            {
                enum file = __traits(getLocation, T.toHash)[0];
                enum line = __traits(getLocation, T.toHash)[1].stringof;
                pragma(msg, "  ",__traits(identifier, T),".toHash defined here: ",file,"(",line,")");
            }
        }

        static if (T.tupleof.length == 0)
        {
            return seed;
        }
        else static if ((is(T == struct) && !canBitwiseHash!T) || T.tupleof.length == 1)
        {
            static if (isChained) size_t h = seed;
            static foreach (i, F; typeof(val.tupleof))
            {
                static if (__traits(isStaticArray, F))
                {
                    static if (i == 0 && !isChained) size_t h = 0;
                    static if (F.sizeof > 0 && canBitwiseHash!F)
                        // May use smallBytesHash instead of bytesHash.
                        h = bytesHashWithExactSizeAndAlignment!F(toUbyte(val.tupleof[i]), h);
                    else
                        // We can avoid the "double hashing" the top-level version uses
                        // for consistency with TypeInfo.getHash.
                        foreach (ref e; val.tupleof[i])
                            h = hashOf(e, h);
                }
                else static if (is(F == struct) || is(F == union))
                {
                    static if (hasCallableToHash!F)
                    {
                        static if (!__traits(isSame, F, __traits(parent, val.tupleof[i].toHash))
                            && is(typeof(val.tupleof[i] is null)))
                        {
                            static if (i == 0 && !isChained)
                                size_t h = hashOf(__traits(getMember, val.tupleof[i], __traits(getAliasThis, F)));
                            else
                                h = hashOf(__traits(getMember, val.tupleof[i], __traits(getAliasThis, F)), h);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            static if (i == 0 && !isChained)
                                size_t h = val.tupleof[i].toHash();
                            else
                                h = hashOf(cast(size_t) val.tupleof[i].toHash(), h);
                        }
                    }
                    else static if (F.tupleof.length == 1)
                    {
                        // Handle the single member case separately to avoid unnecessarily using bytesHash.
                        static if (i == 0 && !isChained)
                            size_t h = hashOf(val.tupleof[i].tupleof[0]);
                        else
                            h = hashOf(val.tupleof[i].tupleof[0], h);
                    }
                    else static if (canBitwiseHash!F)
                    {
                        // May use smallBytesHash instead of bytesHash.
                        static if (i == 0 && !isChained) size_t h = 0;
                        h = bytesHashWithExactSizeAndAlignment!F(toUbyte(val.tupleof[i]), h);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // Nothing special happening.
                        static if (i == 0 && !isChained)
                            size_t h = hashOf(val.tupleof[i]);
                        else
                            h = hashOf(val.tupleof[i], h);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    // Nothing special happening.
                    static if (i == 0 && !isChained)
                        size_t h = hashOf(val.tupleof[i]);
                    else
                        h = hashOf(val.tupleof[i], h);
                }
            }
            return h;
        }
        else static if (is(typeof(toUbyte(val)) == const(ubyte)[]))//CTFE ready for structs without reference fields
        {
            // Not using bytesHashWithExactSizeAndAlignment here because
            // the result may differ from typeid(T).hashOf(&val).
            return bytesHashAlignedBy!T(toUbyte(val), seed);
        }
        else // CTFE unsupported
        {
            assert(!__ctfe, "unable to compute hash of "~T.stringof~" at compile time");
            const(ubyte)[] bytes = (() @trusted => (cast(const(ubyte)*)&val)[0 .. T.sizeof])();
            // Not using bytesHashWithExactSizeAndAlignment here because
            // the result may differ from typeid(T).hashOf(&val).
            return bytesHashAlignedBy!T(bytes, seed);
        }
    }
};

//struct or union hash
size_t hashOf(T)(scope const auto ref T val, size_t seed = 0)
if (!is(T == enum) && (is(T == struct) || is(T == union))
    && !is(T == const) && !is(T == immutable)
    && canBitwiseHash!T)
{
    mixin(_hashOfStruct);
}

//struct or union hash
size_t hashOf(T)(auto ref T val)
if (!is(T == enum) && (is(T == struct) || is(T == union))
    && !canBitwiseHash!T)
{
    mixin(_hashOfStruct);
}

//struct or union hash
size_t hashOf(T)(auto ref T val, size_t seed)
if (!is(T == enum) && (is(T == struct) || is(T == union))
    && !canBitwiseHash!T)
{
    mixin(_hashOfStruct);
}

//struct or union hash - https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=19332 (support might be removed in future)
size_t hashOf(T)(scope auto ref T val, size_t seed = 0)
if (!is(T == enum) && (is(T == struct) || is(T == union))
    && (is(T == const) || is(T == immutable))
    && canBitwiseHash!T && !canBitwiseHash!(Unconst!T))
{
    mixin(_hashOfStruct);
}

//delegate hash. CTFE only if null.
@trusted @nogc nothrow pure
size_t hashOf(T)(scope const T val, size_t seed = 0) if (!is(T == enum) && is(T == delegate))
{
    if (__ctfe)
    {
        if (val is null) return hashOf(size_t(0), hashOf(size_t(0), seed));
        assert(0, "unable to compute hash of "~T.stringof~" at compile time");
    }
    return hashOf(val.ptr, hashOf(cast(void*) val.funcptr, seed));
}

//address-based class hash. CTFE only if null.
@nogc nothrow pure @trusted
size_t hashOf(T)(scope const T val)
if (!is(T == enum) && (is(T == interface) || is(T == class))
    && canBitwiseHash!T)
{
    if (__ctfe) if (val is null) return 0;
    return hashOf(cast(const void*) val);
}

//address-based class hash. CTFE only if null.
@nogc nothrow pure @trusted
size_t hashOf(T)(scope const T val, size_t seed)
if (!is(T == enum) && (is(T == interface) || is(T == class))
    && canBitwiseHash!T)
{
    if (__ctfe) if (val is null) return hashOf(size_t(0), seed);
    return hashOf(cast(const void*) val, seed);
}

//class or interface hash. CTFE depends on toHash
size_t hashOf(T)(T val)
if (!is(T == enum) && (is(T == interface) || is(T == class))
    && !canBitwiseHash!T)
{
    static if (__traits(compiles, {size_t h = val.toHash();}))
    {
        static if (is(__traits(parent, val.toHash) P) && !is(immutable T* : immutable P*)
                && is(typeof((ref P p) => p is null)))
            return val ? hashOf(__traits(getMember, val, __traits(getAliasThis, T))) : 0;
        else
            return val ? val.toHash() : 0;
    }
    else
        return val ? (cast(Object)val).toHash() : 0;
}

//class or interface hash. CTFE depends on toHash
size_t hashOf(T)(T val, size_t seed)
if (!is(T == enum) && (is(T == interface) || is(T == class))
    && !canBitwiseHash!T)
{
    static if (__traits(compiles, {size_t h = val.toHash();}))
    {
        static if (is(__traits(parent, val.toHash) P) && !is(immutable T* : immutable P*)
                && is(typeof((ref P p) => p is null)))
            return hashOf(val ? hashOf(__traits(getMember, val, __traits(getAliasThis, T)))
                              : size_t(0), seed);
        else
            return hashOf(val ? cast(size_t) val.toHash() : size_t(0), seed);
    }
    else
        return hashOf(val ? (cast(Object)val).toHash() : 0, seed);
}

//associative array hash. CTFE depends on base types
size_t hashOf(T)(T aa) if (!is(T == enum) && __traits(isAssociativeArray, T))
{
    static if (is(typeof(aa) : V[K], K, V)) {} // Put K & V in scope.
    static if (__traits(compiles, (ref K k, ref V v) nothrow => .hashOf(k) + .hashOf(v)))
        scope (failure) assert(0); // Allow compiler to infer nothrow.

    if (!aa.length) return 0;
    size_t h = 0;

    // The computed hash is independent of the foreach traversal order.
    foreach (ref key, ref val; aa)
        h += hashOf(hashOf(val), hashOf(key));
    return h;
}

//associative array hash. CTFE depends on base types
size_t hashOf(T)(T aa, size_t seed) if (!is(T == enum) && __traits(isAssociativeArray, T))
{
    return hashOf(hashOf(aa), seed);
}

// MurmurHash3 was written by Austin Appleby, and is placed in the public
// domain. The author hereby disclaims copyright to this source code.

// This overload is for backwards compatibility.
@system pure nothrow @nogc
size_t bytesHash()(scope const(void)* buf, size_t len, size_t seed)
{
    return bytesHashAlignedBy!ubyte((cast(const(ubyte)*) buf)[0 .. len], seed);
}

private template bytesHashAlignedBy(AlignType)
{
    static if (size_t.sizeof == 4)
        alias bytesHashAlignedBy = bytesHash32!(
            AlignType.alignof >= uint.alignof ? uint.alignof :
            ubyte.alignof);
    else
        alias bytesHashAlignedBy = bytesHash64!(
            AlignType.alignof >= ulong.alignof ? ulong.alignof :
            AlignType.alignof >= uint.alignof ? uint.alignof :
            ubyte.alignof);
}

private template bytesHashWithExactSizeAndAlignment(SizeAndAlignType)
{
    static if (SizeAndAlignType.sizeof <= 3 || size_t.sizeof <= 4 &&
             SizeAndAlignType.sizeof <= (SizeAndAlignType.alignof < uint.alignof ? 12 : 10))
        alias bytesHashWithExactSizeAndAlignment = smallBytesHash;
    else
        alias bytesHashWithExactSizeAndAlignment = bytesHashAlignedBy!SizeAndAlignType;
}

// Fowler/Noll/Vo hash. http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/
private size_t fnv()(scope const(ubyte)[] bytes, size_t seed) @nogc nothrow pure @safe
{
    static if (size_t.max <= uint.max)
        enum prime = (1U << 24) + (1U << 8) + 0x93U;
    else static if (size_t.max <= ulong.max)
        enum prime = (1UL << 40) + (1UL << 8) + 0xb3UL;
    else
        enum prime = (size_t(1) << 88) + (size_t(1) << 8) + size_t(0x3b);
    foreach (b; bytes)
        seed = (seed ^ b) * prime;
    return seed;
}
private alias smallBytesHash = fnv;

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Block read - if your platform needs to do endian-swapping or can only
// handle aligned reads, do the conversion here
private uint get32bits()(scope const(ubyte)* x) @nogc nothrow pure @system
{
    version (BigEndian)
    {
        return ((cast(uint) x[0]) << 24) | ((cast(uint) x[1]) << 16) | ((cast(uint) x[2]) << 8) | (cast(uint) x[3]);
    }
    else
    {
        return ((cast(uint) x[3]) << 24) | ((cast(uint) x[2]) << 16) | ((cast(uint) x[1]) << 8) | (cast(uint) x[0]);
    }
}

private ulong get64bits()(scope const(ubyte)* x) @nogc nothrow pure @system
{
    version (BigEndian)
    {
        return ((cast(ulong) x[0]) << 56) |
               ((cast(ulong) x[1]) << 48) |
               ((cast(ulong) x[2]) << 40) |
               ((cast(ulong) x[3]) << 32) |
               ((cast(ulong) x[4]) << 24) |
               ((cast(ulong) x[5]) << 16) |
               ((cast(ulong) x[6]) << 8)  |
                (cast(ulong) x[7]);    }
    else
    {
        return ((cast(ulong) x[7]) << 56) |
               ((cast(ulong) x[6]) << 48) |
               ((cast(ulong) x[5]) << 40) |
               ((cast(ulong) x[4]) << 32) |
               ((cast(ulong) x[3]) << 24) |
               ((cast(ulong) x[2]) << 16) |
               ((cast(ulong) x[1]) << 8)  |
                (cast(ulong) x[0]);
    }
}

static if (size_t.sizeof == 4)
@nogc nothrow pure @trusted
private uint bytesHash32(uint alignment)(scope const(ubyte)[] bytes, size_t seed)
{
    // MurmurHash3_x86_32.
    auto len = bytes.length;
    auto data = bytes.ptr;
    auto nblocks = len / 4;

    uint h1 = cast(uint)seed;

    enum uint c1 = 0xcc9e2d51;
    enum uint c2 = 0x1b873593;
    enum uint c3 = 0xe6546b64;

    //----------
    // body
    auto end_data = data+nblocks*uint.sizeof;
    for (; data!=end_data; data += uint.sizeof)
    {
        static if (alignment == uint.alignof)
            uint k1 = __ctfe ? get32bits(data) : *(cast(const uint*) data);
        else static if (alignment == ubyte.alignof)
            uint k1 = get32bits(data);
        else
            static assert(0, "Do not create unnecessary template instantiations.");
        k1 *= c1;
        k1 = (k1 << 15) | (k1 >> (32 - 15));
        k1 *= c2;

        h1 ^= k1;
        h1 = (h1 << 13) | (h1 >> (32 - 13));
        h1 = h1*5+c3;
    }

    //----------
    // tail
    uint k1 = 0;

    switch (len & 3)
    {
        case 3: k1 ^= data[2] << 16; goto case;
        case 2: k1 ^= data[1] << 8;  goto case;
        case 1: k1 ^= data[0];
                k1 *= c1; k1 = (k1 << 15) | (k1 >> (32 - 15)); k1 *= c2; h1 ^= k1;
                goto default;
        default:
    }

    //----------
    // finalization
    h1 ^= len;
    // Force all bits of the hash block to avalanche.
    h1 = (h1 ^ (h1 >> 16)) * 0x85ebca6b;
    h1 = (h1 ^ (h1 >> 13)) * 0xc2b2ae35;
    h1 ^= h1 >> 16;
    return h1;
}

static if (size_t.sizeof == 8)
@nogc nothrow pure @trusted
private ulong bytesHash64(uint alignment)(scope const ubyte[] bytes, ulong seed)
{
    // MurmurHash3_x86_32 modified to be 64-bit using constants from MurmurHash3_x64_128.
    alias h1 = seed;

    enum ulong c1 = 0x87c37b91114253d5;
    enum ulong c2 = 0x4cf5ad432745937f;
    enum uint  c3 = 0x52dce729;

    const(ubyte)* data = bytes.ptr;
    //----------
    // body
    for (const end_data = bytes.ptr + (bytes.length & ~7);
         data !is end_data;
         data += 8)
    {
        static if (alignment == ulong.alignof)
            auto k1 = __ctfe ? get64bits(data) : *cast(ulong*) data;
        else static if (alignment == uint.alignof)
        {
            version (BigEndian)
                auto k1 = __ctfe ? get64bits(data) : (((cast(ulong) *cast(uint*) data) << 32) | *cast(uint*) (data + 4));
            else
                auto k1 = __ctfe ? get64bits(data) : (((cast(ulong) *cast(uint*) (data + 4)) << 32) | *cast(uint*) data);
        }
        else static if (alignment == ubyte.alignof)
            auto k1 = get64bits(data);
        else
            static assert(0, "Do not create unnecessary template instantiations.");

        k1 *= c1;
        k1 = (k1 << 31) | (k1 >> (64 - 31));
        k1 *= c2;

        h1 ^= k1;
        h1 = (h1 << 27) | (h1 >> (64 - 27));
        h1 = h1*5+c3;
    }

    //----------
    // tail
    ulong k1 = 0;

    switch (bytes.length & 7)
    {
    case 7: k1 ^= (cast(ulong) data[6]) << 48; goto case;
    case 6: k1 ^= (cast(ulong) data[5]) << 40; goto case;
    case 5: k1 ^= (cast(ulong) data[4]) << 32; goto case;
    case 4: k1 ^= (cast(ulong) data[3]) << 24; goto case;
    case 3: k1 ^= (cast(ulong) data[2]) << 16; goto case;
    case 2: k1 ^= (cast(ulong) data[1]) <<  8; goto case;
    case 1: k1 ^= (cast(ulong) data[0]);
            k1 *= c1; k1 = (k1 << 31) | (k1 >> (64 - 31)); k1 *= c2; h1 ^= k1;
            goto default;
    default:
    }

    //----------
    // finalization
    h1 ^= bytes.length;
    // Force all bits of the hash block to avalanche.
    h1 = (h1 ^ (h1 >> 33)) * 0xff51afd7ed558ccd;
    h1 = (h1 ^ (h1 >> 33)) * 0xc4ceb9fe1a85ec53;
    return h1 ^= h1 >> 33;
}

//  Check that bytesHash works with CTFE
pure nothrow @system @nogc unittest
{
    size_t ctfeHash(string x)
    {
        return bytesHash(x.ptr, x.length, 0);
    }

    enum test_str = "Sample string";
    enum size_t hashVal = ctfeHash(test_str);
    assert(hashVal == bytesHash(&test_str[0], test_str.length, 0));

    // Detect unintended changes to bytesHash on unaligned and aligned inputs.
    version (BigEndian)
    {
        const ubyte[7] a = [99, 4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 88];
        const uint[2] b = [0x04_03_02_01, 0x05_ff_ff_ff];
        const ulong[1] c = [0x04_03_02_01_05_ff_ff_ff];
    }
    else
    {
        const ubyte[7] a = [99, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 88];
        const uint[2] b = [0x04_03_02_01, 0xff_ff_ff_05];
        const ulong[1] c = [0xff_ff_ff_05_04_03_02_01];
    }
    // It is okay to change the below values if you make a change
    // that you expect to change the result of bytesHash.
    enum expectedResult = size_t.sizeof == 4 ? 2727459272U : 10677742034643552556UL;
    assert(bytesHash(&a[1], a.length - 2, 0) == expectedResult);
    assert(bytesHash(&b, 5, 0) == expectedResult);
    assert(bytesHashAlignedBy!uint((cast(const ubyte*) &b)[0 .. 5], 0) == expectedResult);
    assert(bytesHashAlignedBy!ulong((cast(const ubyte*) &c)[0 .. 5], 0) == expectedResult);
    assert(bytesHashAlignedBy!ulong((cast(const ubyte*) &c)[0 .. c.sizeof], 0) ==
        (size_t.sizeof == 4 ? 2948526704 : 7625915911016357963));
}