-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathindex.html
946 lines (720 loc) · 67.8 KB
/
index.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- saved from url=(0031)https://www.poverty-action.org/ -->
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# book: http://ogp.me/ns/book# profile: http://ogp.me/ns/profile# video: http://ogp.me/ns/video# product: http://ogp.me/ns/product# content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" class="js backgroundblendmode"><!--<![endif]--><!--[if IE 9]> <html class="no-js ie9"> <![endif]--><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<!-- From Elliott -->
<!--PLOTLY-->
<script src="https://cdn.plot.ly/plotly-latest.min.js"></script>
<!-- Graph Styles -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="templates/main.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="./ipa_files/403e7d0768"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="./ipa_files/pd.js"></script><script src="./ipa_files/nr-1167.min.js"></script><script async="" src="./ipa_files/analytics.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"403e7d0768",applicationID:"107235586"};window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(e,n,t){function r(t){if(!n[t]){var i=n[t]={exports:{}};e[t][0].call(i.exports,function(n){var i=e[t][1][n];return r(i||n)},i,i.exports)}return n[t].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var i=0;i<t.length;i++)r(t[i]);return r}({1:[function(e,n,t){function r(){}function i(e,n,t){return function(){return o(e,[u.now()].concat(f(arguments)),n?null:this,t),n?void 0:this}}var o=e("handle"),a=e(4),f=e(5),c=e("ee").get("tracer"),u=e("loader"),s=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=s);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",d=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(e,n){s[n]=i(l+n,!0,"api")}),s.addPageAction=i(l+"addPageAction",!0),s.setCurrentRouteName=i(l+"routeName",!0),n.exports=newrelic,s.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(e,n){var t={},r=this,i="function"==typeof n;return o(d+"tracer",[u.now(),e,t],r),function(){if(c.emit((i?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[u.now(),r,i],t),i)try{return n.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],t),e}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[u.now()],t)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(e,n){m[n]=i(d+n)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(e,n){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),o("err",[e,u.now(),!1,n])}},{}],2:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n){var t=e.getEntries();t.forEach(function(e){"first-paint"===e.name?c("timing",["fp",Math.floor(e.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===e.name&&c("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(e.startTime)])})}function i(e,n){var t=e.getEntries();t.length>0&&c("lcp",[t[t.length-1]])}function o(e){if(e instanceof s&&!l){var n,t=Math.round(e.timeStamp);n=t>1e12?Date.now()-t:u.now()-t,l=!0,c("timing",["fi",t,{type:e.type,fid:n}])}}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var a,f,c=e("handle"),u=e("loader"),s=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){a=new PerformanceObserver(r),f=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{a.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]}),f.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(p){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var l=!1,d=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];d.forEach(function(e){document.addEventListener(e,o,!1)})}}},{}],3:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n){if(!i)return!1;if(e!==i)return!1;if(!n)return!0;if(!o)return!1;for(var t=o.split("."),r=n.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==t[a])return!1;return!0}var i=null,o=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var f=navigator.userAgent,c=f.match(a);c&&f.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&f.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(i="Safari",o=c[1])}n.exports={agent:i,version:o,match:r}},{}],4:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n){var t=[],r="",o=0;for(r in e)i.call(e,r)&&(t[o]=n(r,e[r]),o+=1);return t}var i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;n.exports=r},{}],5:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n,t){n||(n=0),"undefined"==typeof t&&(t=e?e.length:0);for(var r=-1,i=t-n||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++r<i;)o[r]=e[n+r];return o}n.exports=r},{}],6:[function(e,n,t){n.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(e,n,t){function r(){}function i(e){function n(e){return e&&e instanceof r?e:e?c(e,f,o):o()}function t(t,r,i,o){if(!l.aborted||o){e&&e(t,r,i);for(var a=n(i),f=v(t),c=f.length,u=0;u<c;u++)f[u].apply(a,r);var p=s[y[t]];return p&&p.push([b,t,r,a]),a}}function d(e,n){h[e]=v(e).concat(n)}function m(e,n){var t=h[e];if(t)for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++)t[r]===n&&t.splice(r,1)}function v(e){return h[e]||[]}function g(e){return p[e]=p[e]||i(t)}function w(e,n){u(e,function(e,t){n=n||"feature",y[t]=n,n in s||(s[n]=[])})}var h={},y={},b={on:d,addEventListener:d,removeEventListener:m,emit:t,get:g,listeners:v,context:n,buffer:w,abort:a,aborted:!1};return b}function o(){return new r}function a(){(s.api||s.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,s=l.backlog={})}var f="nr@context",c=e("gos"),u=e(4),s={},p={},l=n.exports=i();l.backlog=s},{}],gos:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n,t){if(i.call(e,n))return e[n];var r=t();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,n,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(o){}return e[n]=r,r}var i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;n.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n,t,r){i.buffer([e],r),i.emit(e,n,t)}var i=e("ee").get("handle");n.exports=r,r.ee=i},{}],id:[function(e,n,t){function r(e){var n=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==n&&"function"!==n?-1:e===window?0:a(e,o,function(){return i++})}var i=1,o="nr@id",a=e("gos");n.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(e,n,t){function r(){if(!x++){var e=E.info=NREUM.info,n=d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(s.abort,3e4),!(e&&e.licenseKey&&e.applicationID&&n))return s.abort();u(y,function(n,t){e[n]||(e[n]=t)}),c("mark",["onload",a()+E.offset],null,"api");var t=d.createElement("script");t.src="https://"+e.agent,n.parentNode.insertBefore(t,n)}}function i(){"complete"===d.readyState&&o()}function o(){c("mark",["domContent",a()+E.offset],null,"api")}function a(){return O.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(f=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),f))-E.offset}var f=(new Date).getTime(),c=e("handle"),u=e(4),s=e("ee"),p=e(3),l=window,d=l.document,m="addEventListener",v="attachEvent",g=l.XMLHttpRequest,w=g&&g.prototype;NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:l.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:g,REQ:l.Request,EV:l.Event,PR:l.Promise,MO:l.MutationObserver};var h=""+location,y={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-1167.min.js"},b=g&&w&&w[m]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),E=n.exports={offset:f,now:a,origin:h,features:{},xhrWrappable:b,userAgent:p};e(1),e(2),d[m]?(d[m]("DOMContentLoaded",o,!1),l[m]("load",r,!1)):(d[v]("onreadystatechange",i),l[v]("onload",r)),c("mark",["firstbyte",f],null,"api");var x=0,O=e(6)},{}],"wrap-function":[function(e,n,t){function r(e){return!(e&&e instanceof Function&&e.apply&&!e[a])}var i=e("ee"),o=e(5),a="nr@original",f=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,c=!1;n.exports=function(e,n){function t(e,n,t,i){function nrWrapper(){var r,a,f,c;try{a=this,r=o(arguments),f="function"==typeof t?t(r,a):t||{}}catch(u){l([u,"",[r,a,i],f])}s(n+"start",[r,a,i],f);try{return c=e.apply(a,r)}catch(p){throw s(n+"err",[r,a,p],f),p}finally{s(n+"end",[r,a,c],f)}}return r(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[a]=e,p(e,nrWrapper),nrWrapper)}function u(e,n,i,o){i||(i="");var a,f,c,u="-"===i.charAt(0);for(c=0;c<n.length;c++)f=n[c],a=e[f],r(a)||(e[f]=t(a,u?f+i:i,o,f))}function s(t,r,i){if(!c||n){var o=c;c=!0;try{e.emit(t,r,i,n)}catch(a){l([a,t,r,i])}c=o}}function p(e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var t=Object.keys(e);return t.forEach(function(t){Object.defineProperty(n,t,{get:function(){return e[t]},set:function(n){return e[t]=n,n}})}),n}catch(r){l([r])}for(var i in e)f.call(e,i)&&(n[i]=e[i]);return n}function l(n){try{e.emit("internal-error",n)}catch(t){}}return e||(e=i),t.inPlace=u,t.flag=a,t}},{}]},{},["loader"]);</script>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.poverty-action.org/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon">
<meta name="description" content="Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) is a research and policy non-profit that discovers and promotes effective solutions to global poverty problems.">
<meta name="abstract" content="Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) is a research and policy non-profit that discovers and promotes effective solutions to global poverty problems.">
<meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)">
<link rel="image_src" href="./ipa_files/poverty_action_logo.jpg">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.poverty-action.org/">
<link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.poverty-action.org/">
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Innovations for Poverty Action">
<meta property="og:type" content="article">
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.poverty-action.org/home">
<meta property="og:title" content="Home">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.poverty-action.org/sites/default/files/poverty_action_logo.jpg">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
<meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.poverty-action.org/home">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Home">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.poverty-action.org/sites/default/files/poverty_action_logo.jpg">
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="r8g7ROE2ZXWnMWGDIvEwJ-Si6mdTNGPtYFnZ97TYUTU">
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="Ol7LXLzbXaHk2iB3ylm7ufLHY-o_rfuvXzAQqTUhEHU">
<title>Innovations for Poverty Action</title>
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width">
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
<meta http-equiv="cleartype" content="on">
<link href="./ipa_files/css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./ipa_files/css(1)" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./ipa_files/css(2)" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="./ipa_files/css_lQaZfjVpwP_oGNqdtWCSpJT1EMqXdMiU84ekLLxQnc4.css" media="all">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="./ipa_files/css_LsgKUtEunEV4KBJJTv8eGoXzbqJxtdSMEaPH2f_o3f8.css" media="all">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="./ipa_files/css_jENQOQqZCRFGZK__DTefxYiXR2RUf03k1ugj3_Vg7vk.css" media="all">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="./ipa_files/font-awesome.min.css" media="all">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="./ipa_files/css_-A8JpRt1PG9Tg9uzgGWEVtXlz54eP0P7-A0K9fma7L8.css" media="all">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="./ipa_files/css_sPpZBHGNse3n2CJ6lQQAQLJ6hF0wudEbWCY2MknXgdI.css" media="all">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="./ipa_files/css_jkdVZfkyeOahjk664EOtBnr_ZPOFgVF681vZjnpPIrQ.css" media="all">
<script src="./ipa_files/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script>
<script>window.jQuery || document.write("<script src='/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update 2/replace/jquery/1.10/jquery.min.js'>\x3C/script>")</script>
<script src="./ipa_files/js_1mz82pKx0Hi1Jm0e27OIW6NjHxZkjY0Vp2CEnb_Q9mg.js"></script>
<script src="./ipa_files/js_kRvZ8TSQ18RpqCmER2eU6GuScfOBtSd_LCFkkAsBwTY.js"></script>
<script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,"script","https://www.poverty-action.org/sites/default/files/googleanalytics/analytics.js?q8cok2","ga");ga("create", "UA-6770433-1", {"cookieDomain":"auto"});ga("set", "anonymizeIp", true);ga('create', 'UA-XXXX-Y', {'siteSpeedSampleRate': 10});ga("send", "pageview");</script>
<script src="./ipa_files/js_gLGV8jnKfGn3XClc37dbq-iGXoBfbf8PeM1ju6wHfrY.js"></script>
<script src="./ipa_files/js_FR-tDoTQhBs-gRsfVUTdKMx1Gdq4uye-WgIokz9ihBI.js"></script>
<script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","ajaxPageState":{"theme":"ipa2015","theme_token":"ZaHfewy3MCMKB4uKsOn6hsxP4ZpN_loWWOWRTO630iQ","js":{"sites\/default\/files\/minify\/flexslider.load.min.js":1,"\/\/code.jquery.com\/jquery-1.10.2.min.js":1,"sites\/default\/files\/minify\/jquery.once.1.2.min.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"sites\/default\/files\/minify\/drupal.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/tb_megamenu\/js\/tb-megamenu-frontend.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/tb_megamenu\/js\/tb-megamenu-touch.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/google_analytics\/googleanalytics.js":1,"0":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/flexslider\/jquery.flexslider-min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/js\/svg-inject.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/js\/greensock\/TweenMax.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/js\/greensock\/TimelineMax.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/js\/greensock\/jquery.gsap.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/js\/scrollmagic\/ScrollMagic.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/js\/scrollmagic\/plugins\/animation.gsap.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/js\/scrollmagic\/plugins\/debug.addIndicators.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/js\/ipadonate.js":1,"sites\/default\/files\/minify\/custom.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/js\/jquery.scrollTo.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/js\/anim.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/js\/microsite-min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/js\/modernizr.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"modules\/comment\/comment.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_api\/date.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/scald\/modules\/fields\/mee\/css\/editor-global.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/scald\/modules\/providers\/scald_flash\/scald_flash.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/font-awesome\/4.4.0\/css\/font-awesome.min.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/tb_megamenu\/css\/bootstrap.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/tb_megamenu\/css\/base.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/tb_megamenu\/css\/default.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/tb_megamenu\/css\/compatibility.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/flexslider\/assets\/css\/flexslider_img.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/flexslider\/flexslider.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/system.menus.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/system.messages.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/system.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/css\/styles.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ipa2015\/css\/microsite.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_16.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_36.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_51.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_66.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_81.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_106.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_121.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_126.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_131.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_171.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_181.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_186.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_191.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_211.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_221.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_231.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_261.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_296.css":1}},"flexslider":{"optionsets":{"default":{"namespace":"flex-","selector":".slides \u003E li","easing":"swing","direction":"horizontal","reverse":false,"smoothHeight":false,"startAt":0,"animationSpeed":600,"initDelay":0,"useCSS":true,"touch":true,"video":false,"keyboard":true,"multipleKeyboard":false,"mousewheel":false,"controlsContainer":".flex-control-nav-container","sync":"","asNavFor":"","itemWidth":0,"itemMargin":0,"minItems":0,"maxItems":0,"move":0,"animation":"fade","slideshow":true,"slideshowSpeed":7000,"directionNav":true,"controlNav":true,"prevText":"Previous","nextText":"Next","pausePlay":false,"pauseText":"Pause","playText":"Play","randomize":false,"thumbCaptions":false,"thumbCaptionsBoth":false,"animationLoop":true,"pauseOnAction":true,"pauseOnHover":false,"manualControls":""}},"instances":{"flexslider-1":"default"}},"googleanalytics":{"trackOutbound":1,"trackMailto":1,"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip"},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/":true}});</script>
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="/sites/all/themes/zen/js/html5-respond.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
<script type="text/javascript" src="./ipa_files/analytics"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="./ipa_files/analytics(1)"></script></head>
<body class="html front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-2626 node-type-page" style=""><div id="StayFocusd-infobar" style="display: none; top: 0px;">
<img src="chrome-extension://laankejkbhbdhmipfmgcngdelahlfoji/common/img/eye_19x19_red.png">
<span id="StayFocusd-infobar-msg"></span>
<span id="StayFocusd-infobar-links">
<a id="StayFocusd-infobar-never-show">hide forever</a> |
<a id="StayFocusd-infobar-hide">hide once</a>
</span> </div>
<p id="skip-link">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/#main-menu" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Jump to navigation</a>
</p>
<div id="utility_menu">
<div class="utility_menu">
<div class="region region-utility-menu">
<div id="block-menu-menu-utility-menu" class="block block-menu first odd" role="navigation">
<ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/researchers" title="" class="menu__link">For Researchers</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/blog" title="" class="menu__link">Blog</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/news" title="" class="menu__link">News</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/events" title="" class="menu__link">Events</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/contact" title="" class="menu__link">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="block-search-form" class="block block-search last even" role="search">
<form action="https://www.poverty-action.org/" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline">
<h2 class="element-invisible">Search form</h2>
<div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form">
<label class="element-invisible" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search </label>
<input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text">
</div>
<div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit"></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-VMBObv8Mbv1KZPTCb24QQlVM5QSsrvHbP_L8w3nJWIA">
<input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form">
</div>
</div></form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="header_wrapper">
<header class="header" id="header" role="banner">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/" title="Home" rel="home" class="header__logo" id="logo"><img src="./ipa_files/poverty_action_logo.jpg" alt="Home" class="header__logo-image"></a>
<div class="header__region region region-header">
<div id="block-tb-megamenu-main-menu" class="block block-tb-megamenu first last odd">
<div class="tb-megamenu tb-megamenu-main-menu">
<button data-target=".nav-collapse" data-toggle="collapse" class="btn btn-navbar tb-megamenu-button menuIstance-processed" type="button">
<i class="fa fa-reorder"></i>
</button>
<div class="nav-collapse">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-nav nav level-0 items-14">
<li data-id="5086" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="justify" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega mega-align-justify dropdown">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about" class="dropdown-toggle">
About </a>
<div data-class="about-menu" data-width="" class="tb-megamenu-submenu about-menu dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu nav-child">
<div class="mega-dropdown-inner">
<div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid">
<div data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="" id="tb-megamenu-column-1" class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-1 items-8">
<li data-id="5226" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/what-we-do">
What We Do </a>
</li>
<li data-id="10426" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/leadership" title="People">
People </a>
</li>
<li data-id="9996" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/researchers">
Researchers </a>
</li>
<li data-id="10006" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/our-partners">
Our Partners </a>
</li>
<li data-id="42861" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/strategic-ambition">
Our Strategy </a>
</li>
<li data-id="10431" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/history">
History </a>
</li>
<li data-id="10436" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/annual-reports-finances">
Annual Reports & Finances </a>
</li>
<li data-id="31796" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/randomized-control-trials">
RCTs </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li data-id="5091" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="center" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega mega-align-center dropdown">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/research" class="dropdown-toggle">
Research </a>
<div data-class="research-menu" data-width="" class="tb-megamenu-submenu research-menu dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu nav-child">
<div class="mega-dropdown-inner">
<div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid">
<div data-class="" data-width="3" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-3" class="tb-megamenu-column span3 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-1 items-1">
<li data-id="7651" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="1" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega mega-group">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/research" class="mega-group-title" title="Program Areas">
Program Areas </a>
<div data-class="" data-width="" class="tb-megamenu-submenu mega-group-ct nav-child">
<div class="mega-dropdown-inner">
<div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid">
<div data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-2" class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-2 items-8">
<li data-id="7666" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/program-area/agriculture" title="Agriculture">
Agriculture </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7671" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/program-area/education" title="Education">
Education </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7676" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/program-area/financial-inclusion" title="Financial Inclusion">
Financial Inclusion </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7681" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/program-area/governance" title="Governance">
Governance </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7686" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/program-area/health" title="Health">
Health </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7691" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/program-area/peace-and-recovery" title="Peace and Recovery">
Peace and Recovery </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7696" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/program-area/small-and-medium-enterprises" title="Small and Medium Enterprises">
Small and Medium Enterprises </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7701" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/program-area/social-protection" title="Social Protection">
Social Protection </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div data-class="" data-width="6" data-hidewcol="" id="tb-megamenu-column-10" class="tb-megamenu-column span6 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-1 items-1">
<li data-id="7646" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="justify" data-group="1" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega mega-align-justify mega-group">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/research" class="mega-group-title" title="Where We Work">
Where We Work </a>
<div data-class="" data-width="" class="tb-megamenu-submenu mega-group-ct nav-child">
<div class="mega-dropdown-inner">
<div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid">
<div data-class="" data-width="6" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-6" class="tb-megamenu-column span6 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-2 items-2">
<li data-id="7601" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="justify" data-group="1" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega mega-align-justify mega-group">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/research" class="mega-group-title" title="East Africa">
East Africa </a>
<div data-class="" data-width="" class="tb-megamenu-submenu mega-group-ct nav-child">
<div class="mega-dropdown-inner">
<div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid">
<div data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-4" class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-3 items-6">
<li data-id="7606" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/kenya">
Kenya </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7611" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/malawi">
Malawi </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7706" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/rwanda">
Rwanda </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7711" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/tanzania">
Tanzania </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7716" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/uganda">
Uganda </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7721" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/zambia">
Zambia </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li data-id="7616" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="justify" data-group="1" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega mega-align-justify mega-group">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/research" class="mega-group-title" title="Asia">
Asia </a>
<div data-class="" data-width="" class="tb-megamenu-submenu mega-group-ct nav-child">
<div class="mega-dropdown-inner">
<div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid">
<div data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-5" class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-3 items-3">
<li data-id="7621" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/bangladesh">
Bangladesh </a>
</li>
<li data-id="38811" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/myanmar">
Myanmar </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7726" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/philippines">
Philippines </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div data-class="" data-width="6" data-hidewcol="" id="tb-megamenu-column-9" class="tb-megamenu-column span6 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-2 items-2">
<li data-id="7626" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="1" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega mega-group">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/research" class="mega-group-title" title="West Africa">
West Africa </a>
<div data-class="" data-width="" class="tb-megamenu-submenu mega-group-ct nav-child">
<div class="mega-dropdown-inner">
<div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid">
<div data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-7" class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-3 items-6">
<li data-id="7731" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/burkina-faso">
Burkina Faso </a>
</li>
<li data-id="38801" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/c%C3%B4te-d%E2%80%99ivoire">
Côte d’Ivoire </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7736" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/ghana">
Ghana </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7741" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/liberia">
Liberia </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7746" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/mali">
Mali </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7751" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/sierra-leone">
Sierra Leone </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li data-id="7656" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="1" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega mega-group">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/research" class="mega-group-title" title="Latin America">
Latin America </a>
<div data-class="" data-width="" class="tb-megamenu-submenu mega-group-ct nav-child">
<div class="mega-dropdown-inner">
<div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid">
<div data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-8" class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-3 items-6">
<li data-id="7756" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/bolivia">
Bolivia </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7761" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/colombia">
Colombia </a>
</li>
<li data-id="38806" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/dominican-republic">
Dominican Republic </a>
</li>
<li data-id="41826" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/mexico">
Mexico </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7766" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/paraguay">
Paraguay </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7771" data-level="4" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-4 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country/peru">
Peru </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div data-class="" data-width="3" data-hidewcol="" id="tb-megamenu-column-12" class="tb-megamenu-column span3 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-1 items-1">
<li data-id="7661" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="center" data-group="1" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega mega-align-center mega-group">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/research" class="mega-group-title" title="Explore">
Explore </a>
<div data-class="" data-width="" class="tb-megamenu-submenu mega-group-ct nav-child">
<div class="mega-dropdown-inner">
<div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid">
<div data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-11" class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-2 items-5">
<li data-id="9301" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/search-studies" title="Studies">
Studies </a>
</li>
<li data-id="21201" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/key-findings">
Key Findings </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7786" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/publications" title="Publications">
Publications </a>
</li>
<li data-id="7781" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/topics" title="Topics">
Topics </a>
</li>
<li data-id="36836" data-level="3" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-3 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/data" title="Public Data">
Public Data </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li data-id="5096" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega dropdown">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/impact" class="dropdown-toggle">
Impact </a>
<div data-class="about-menu" data-width="" class="tb-megamenu-submenu about-menu dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu nav-child">
<div class="mega-dropdown-inner">
<div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid">
<div data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-13" class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-1 items-4">
<li data-id="19471" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/impact/what-do-we-mean-impact">
What Do We Mean By Impact? </a>
</li>
<li data-id="31806" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/impact/paths-scale">
Paths to Scale </a>
</li>
<li data-id="19481" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/impact/case-studies">
Case Studies </a>
</li>
<li data-id="42306" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/impact/policy-engagement">
Policy Engagement </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li data-id="7346" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega dropdown">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/work-with-ipa" class="dropdown-toggle">
Work With IPA </a>
<div data-class="about-menu" data-width="" class="tb-megamenu-submenu about-menu dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu nav-child">
<div class="mega-dropdown-inner">
<div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid">
<div data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-14" class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-1 items-6">
<li data-id="19456" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/work-with-ipa/careers">
Careers </a>
</li>
<li data-id="19461" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/work-with-ipa/current-opportunities" title="Current Opportunities">
Current Opportunities </a>
</li>
<li data-id="19446" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/work-with-ipa/researchers">
As a Researcher </a>
</li>
<li data-id="19451" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/work-with-ipa/practitioners">
As a Practitioner </a>
</li>
<li data-id="41816" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/right-fit-evidence" title="Right-Fit Evidence">
Right-Fit Evidence </a>
</li>
<li data-id="19501" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/work-with-ipa/competitive-funds">
Competitive Funds </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li data-id="5106" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega dropdown">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/donate" class="dropdown-toggle" target="_blank" title="Donate">
Donate </a>
<div data-class="about-menu" data-width="" class="tb-megamenu-submenu about-menu dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu nav-child">
<div class="mega-dropdown-inner">
<div class="tb-megamenu-row row-fluid">
<div data-class="" data-width="12" data-hidewcol="0" id="tb-megamenu-column-15" class="tb-megamenu-column span12 mega-col-nav">
<div class="tb-megamenu-column-inner mega-inner clearfix">
<ul class="tb-megamenu-subnav mega-nav level-1 items-2">
<li data-id="38691" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/node/21946" target="_blank" title="One-Time Gift">
One-Time Gift </a>
</li>
<li data-id="38681" data-level="2" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-2 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/node/21941" target="_blank" title="Monthly Donation">
Monthly Donation </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li data-id="19316" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/blog" title="Blog">
Blog </a>
</li>
<li data-id="19321" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/news" title="News">
News </a>
</li>
<li data-id="19326" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/events" title="Events">
Events </a>
</li>
<li data-id="19331" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/contact" title="Contact">
Contact </a>
</li>
<li data-id="20316" data-level="1" data-type="menu_item" data-class="" data-xicon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="" data-group="0" data-hidewcol="0" data-hidesub="0" class="tb-megamenu-item level-1 mega">
<a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/leadership">
Leadership </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
</div>
<div class="after_header">
<div id="title_wrapper">
<!-- Build the page title -->
<h1 class="page__title title" id="page-title">Home</h1>
<span class="mymenuparent"></span>
</div>
<div class="field field--field-preview-image"> </div>
</div>
<div id="submenu-wrapper">
<div class="submenu">
</div>
</div>
<div id="page">
<div id="main">
<div id="navigation">
<nav id="main-menu" role="navigation" tabindex="-1">
</nav>
</div>
<div class="above-content">
<div class="region region-above-content">
<br><br>
This isn't affiliated with <a href="poverty-action.org">Innovations for Poverty Action</a> at all; I'm just using their homepage for style.
<div id="graph1"></div>
<script>
Plotly.d3.json("https://ecollins.github.io/BART/figures/json/BartMap.json", function(plotly_data) {
var config = {responsive: true}
Plotly.newPlot('graph1', plotly_data.data, plotly_data.layout, config ); })
</script>
<div class="latest-news-research-wrapper"><h2 class="block-title">Latest News & Research </h2> <div id="block-views-blog-block"><h5>NEWS</h5><div class="view view-blog view-id-blog view-display-id-block view-dom-id-57e3bb7ac23f3ebdf8238fcfbce38b00">
<div class="view-content">
<div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first">
<div class="views-field views-field-title custom-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/blog/what-we-can-learn-about-epidemic-response-from-ebola-crisis-sierra-leone">What We Can Learn about Epidemic Response from the 2014-15 Ebola Crisis in Sierra Leone</a></span> </div>
<div class="views-field views-field-type custom-type"> <span class="field-content">Blog</span> </div> </div>
<div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even">
<div class="views-field views-field-title custom-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/news/ruth-levine-urgent-need-flexible-funding">Ruth Levine on the Urgent Need for Flexible Funding</a></span> </div>
<div class="views-field views-field-type custom-type"> <span class="field-content">News</span> </div> </div>
<div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd">
<div class="views-field views-field-title custom-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/news/researchers-share-lessons-2014-ebola-outbreak-new-york-times-op-ed">Researchers Share Lessons from the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in New York Times Op-Ed</a></span> </div>
<div class="views-field views-field-type custom-type"> <span class="field-content">News</span> </div> </div>
<div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even">
<div class="views-field views-field-title custom-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/news/susan-athey-dean-karlan-washington-post-economic-solutions-during-covid-19-outbreak">Susan Athey & Dean Karlan in Washington Post on Economic Solutions During COVID-19 Outbreak</a></span> </div>
<div class="views-field views-field-type custom-type"> <span class="field-content">News</span> </div> </div>
<div class="views-row views-row-5 views-row-odd views-row-last">
<div class="views-field views-field-title custom-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/blog/covid-19-how-ipa-responding-adapting-and-preparing">COVID-19: How IPA is Responding, Adapting—and Preparing</a></span> </div>
<div class="views-field views-field-type custom-type"> <span class="field-content">Blog</span> </div> </div>
</div>
</div></div><div id="block-views-publication-block"><h5>RESEARCH</h5><div class="view view-publication view-id-publication view-display-id-research_home view-dom-id-5f5b9f673fa9f395875a1e76d3555633">
<div class="view-content">
<div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first">
<div class="views-field views-field-title custom-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/publication/general-equilibrium-effects-cash-transfers-experimental-evidence-kenya">General equilibrium effects of cash transfers: experimental evidence from Kenya</a></span> </div>
<div class="views-field views-field-type custom-type"> <span class="field-content">Publication</span> </div> </div>
<div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even">
<div class="views-field views-field-title custom-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/publication/peace-recovery-program-application-instructions">Peace & Recovery Program: Application Instructions</a></span> </div>
<div class="views-field views-field-type custom-type"> <span class="field-content">Publication</span> </div> </div>
<div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd">
<div class="views-field views-field-title custom-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/publication/peace-recovery-program-covid-19-cycle-funding">Peace & Recovery Program: COVID-19 Off-Cycle Funding </a></span> </div>
<div class="views-field views-field-type custom-type"> <span class="field-content">Publication</span> </div> </div>
<div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even">
<div class="views-field views-field-title custom-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/publication/does-community-based-development-empower-citizens-evidence-randomized-evaluation-ghana">How Political Insiders Lose Out When International Aid Underperforms: Evidence from a Participatory Development Experiment in Ghana</a></span> </div>
<div class="views-field views-field-type custom-type"> <span class="field-content">Publication</span> </div> </div>
<div class="views-row views-row-5 views-row-odd views-row-last">
<div class="views-field views-field-title custom-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/publication/building-resilient-health-systems-experimental-evidence-sierra-leone-and-2014-ebola">Building Resilient Health Systems: Experimental Evidence from Sierra Leone and the 2014 Ebola Outbreak</a></span> </div>
<div class="views-field views-field-type custom-type"> <span class="field-content">Publication</span> </div> </div>
</div>
</div></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content_bottom-wrapper">
<div id="content_bottom">
<div class="region region-content-bottom">
<div id="block-block-26" class="block block-block first odd">
<form action="https://www.poverty-action.org/newsletter-signup?email=[email]" id="form1" method="GET" name="form1"><strong>Stay Informed</strong> <input name="email" placeholder="Email" required="True" type="email"><input type="submit" value="Submit"> </form>
</div>
<div id="block-block-31" class="block block-block last even">
<div class="margin-top-bottom"><strong class="margin-top-bottom">Connect With Us</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/poverty_action"><img alt="" src="./ipa_files/twitter40x40.png" style="width: 40px; height: 40px;"></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/InnovationsforPovertyAction"><img alt="" src="./ipa_files/facebook40x40.png" style="width: 40px; height: 40px;"></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/povertyactionorg"><img alt="" src="./ipa_files/youtube40x40.png" style="width: 40px; height: 40px;"></a> <a href="mailto:contact@poverty-action.org"><img alt="" src="./ipa_files/email40x40.png" style="width: 40px; height: 40px;"></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="postscript-wrapper">
<aside class="postscript">
<div class="region region-postscript-first">
<div id="block-menu-menu-about-" class="block block-menu first odd" role="navigation">
<ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-expanded first last expanded"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about" title="" class="menu__link">About</a><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/what-we-do" title="" class="menu__link">What We Do</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/leadership" title="" class="menu__link">People</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/researchers" title="" class="menu__link">Researchers</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/our-partners" title="" class="menu__link">Our Partners</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/annual-reports-finances" title="" class="menu__link">Annual Reports & Finances</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/history" title="" class="menu__link">History</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/about/randomized-control-trials" title="" class="menu__link">FAQs</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="block-menu-menu-research" class="block block-menu last even" role="navigation">
<ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-expanded first last expanded"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/research" title="" class="menu__link">Research</a><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/research" title="" class="menu__link">Program Areas</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/research" title="" class="menu__link">Where We Work</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/search-studies" title="" class="menu__link">Studies</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/key-findings" title="" class="menu__link">Key Findings</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/publications" title="" class="menu__link">Publications</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/topics" title="" class="menu__link">Topics</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/data" title="" class="menu__link">Data</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="region region-postscript-second">
<div id="block-menu-menu-impact" class="block block-menu first odd" role="navigation">
<ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-expanded first last expanded"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/impact" title="" class="menu__link">Impact</a><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/impact/what-do-we-mean-impact" title="" class="menu__link">What Do We Mean By Impact?</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/impact/paths-scale" title="" class="menu__link">Paths to Scale</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/impact/case-studies" title="" class="menu__link">Case Studies</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/impact/policy-engagement" class="menu__link">Policy Engagement</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="block-menu-menu-work-with-ipa" class="block block-menu last even" role="navigation">
<ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/work-with-ipa/careers" title="" class="menu__link">Careers</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/work-with-ipa/current-opportunities" title="" class="menu__link">Current Opportunities</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/work-with-ipa/researchers" title="" class="menu__link">Researchers</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/work-with-ipa/practitioners" title="" class="menu__link">Practitioners</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/right-fit-evidence" title="" class="menu__link">Right-Fit Evidence</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/work-with-ipa/competitive-funds" title="" class="menu__link">Competitive Funds</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="region region-postscript-third">
<div id="block-menu-menu-research-resource" class="block block-menu first odd" role="navigation">
<ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-expanded first last expanded"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/researchers" title="" class="menu__link">For Researchers</a><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-collapsed first collapsed"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/researchers/working-with-ipa/project-development" title="" class="menu__link">Working with IPA</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/researchers/research-resources" title="" class="menu__link">Research Resources</a></li>
<li class="menu__item is-collapsed last collapsed"><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/researchers/departments-contacts" title="" class="menu__link">Departments & Contacts</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="block-block-16" class="block block-block last even">
<p> </p>
<p><img alt="" src="./ipa_files/footer.png" style="width: 142px; height: auto;"></p>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/contact">Contact</a> | <a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/country-offices">Country Offices</a></strong></p>
</div>
</div>
</aside>
<div style="clear:both"></div>
<div class="footer">
<footer id="footer" class="region region-footer">
<div id="block-block-6" class="block block-block first last odd">
<p>Copyright 2018 Innovations for Poverty Action | <a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a> | <a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/legal-disclosures-and-policies" target="_blank">Legal Disclosures & Policies</a> | <a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/intranet">IPA Staff</a> | <a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/press">Press</a> | <a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/donate" target="_blank" title="Donate">Donate</a></p>
<p>Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) is registered as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Contributions to IPA are tax-deductible to the extent permitted by law. IPA’s tax identification number is 06-1660068.</p>
</div>
</footer>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./ipa_files/js_d1YOm3nATx4WqaClzZk4UGwtOlJ9EYfXN4CzzDraxdA.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
piAId = '760073';
piCId = '3577';
piHostname = 'pi.pardot.com';
(function() {
function async_load(){
var s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript';
s.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://pi' : 'http://cdn') + '.pardot.com/pd.js';
var c = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; c.parentNode.insertBefore(s, c);
}
if(window.attachEvent) { window.attachEvent('onload', async_load); }
else { window.addEventListener('load', async_load, false); }
})();
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"403e7d0768","applicationID":"107235586","transactionName":"ZABVbUZQWxdSUhZRCl1KdlpAWFoKHF8NXABsFVZeUW5DDVZG","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":648,"atts":"SEdWGw5KSBk=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script>
</body></html>