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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Ada Lovelace</h1>
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<div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Ada, Countess of Lovelace</span></th>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Ada Lovelace portrait.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg" width="220" height="316" /></a>
<div>Ada, Countess of Lovelace, 1840</div>
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<th scope="row">Born</th>
<td><span class="nickname">The Hon. Augusta Ada Byron</span><br />
<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1815-12-10</span>)</span>10 December 1815<br />
<span class="birthplace">London, England</span></td>
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<th scope="row">Died</th>
<td>27 November 1852<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1852-11-27</span>)</span> (aged 36)<br />
<span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Marylebone" title="Marylebone">Marylebone</a>, London, England</span></td>
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<th scope="row">Resting place</th>
<td class="label"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_Magdalene,_Hucknall" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall">Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall</a>, Nottingham, England</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Known for</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">Computing</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Title</th>
<td class="title">Countess of Lovelace</td>
</tr>
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<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Spouse(s)</span></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/William_King-Noel,_1st_Earl_of_Lovelace" title="William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace">William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Children</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byron_King-Noel,_Viscount_Ockham" title="Byron King-Noel, Viscount Ockham">Byron King-Noel, Viscount Ockham and 12th Baron Wentworth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Blunt,_15th_Baroness_Wentworth" title="Anne Blunt, 15th Baroness Wentworth">Anne Blunt, 15th Baroness Wentworth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_King-Milbanke,_2nd_Earl_of_Lovelace" title="Ralph King-Milbanke, 2nd Earl of Lovelace">Ralph King-Milbanke, 2nd Earl of Lovelace</a></li>
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<th scope="row">Parent(s)</th>
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<div class="plainlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Isabella_Byron,_Baroness_Byron" title="Anne Isabella Byron, Baroness Byron">Anne Isabella Milbanke, 11th Baroness Wentworth</a></li>
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<p><b>Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace</b> (<i>née</i> <b>Byron</b>; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and writer, chiefly known for her work on <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>'s proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the <a href="/wiki/Analytical_Engine" title="Analytical Engine">Analytical Engine</a>. She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and created the first <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a result, she is often regarded as the first to recognise the full potential of a "computing machine" and the first computer <a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">programmer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lovelace_Google_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovelace_Google-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
<p>Ada Lovelace was the only legitimate child of the poet <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">George, Lord Byron</a>, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Anne_Isabella_Byron,_Baroness_Byron" title="Anne Isabella Byron, Baroness Byron">Anne Isabella Milbanke</a> ("Annabella"), Lady Wentworth.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> All <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron#Children" title="Lord Byron">Byron's other children</a> were born out of wedlock to other women.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCL_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCL-5">[5]</a></sup> Byron separated from his wife a month after Ada was born and left England forever four months later, eventually dying of disease in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> when Ada was eight years old. Her mother remained bitter towards Lord Byron and promoted Ada's interest in mathematics and logic in an effort to prevent her from developing what she saw as the <a href="/wiki/Insanity" title="Insanity">insanity</a> seen in her father, but Ada remained interested in him despite this (and was, upon her eventual death, buried next to him at her request). Often ill, she spent most of her childhood sick. Ada married <a href="/wiki/William_King-Noel,_1st_Earl_of_Lovelace" title="William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace">William King</a> in 1835. King was made Earl of Lovelace in 1838, and she became Countess of Lovelace.</p>
<p>Her educational and social exploits brought her into contact with scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Crosse" title="Andrew Crosse">Andrew Crosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">Sir David Brewster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> and the author <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, which she used to further her education. Ada described her approach as "poetical science"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1998234.E2.80.93235_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1998234.E2.80.93235-6">[6]</a></sup> and herself as an "Analyst (& Metaphysician)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1998156.E2.80.93157_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1998156.E2.80.93157-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
<p>When she was a teenager, her mathematical talents led her to a long working relationship and friendship with fellow British mathematician <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, also known as 'the father of computers', and in particular, Babbage's work on the Analytical Engine. Lovelace first met him in June 1833, through their mutual friend, and her private tutor, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Somerville" title="Mary Somerville">Mary Somerville</a>. Between 1842 and 1843, Ada translated an article by Italian military engineer <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Menabrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Menabrea">Luigi Menabrea</a> on the engine, which she supplemented with an elaborate set of notes, simply called <i>Notes</i>. These notes contain what many consider to be the first computer program—that is, an algorithm designed to be carried out by a machine. Lovelace's notes are important in the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of computers">history of computers</a>. She also developed a vision of the capability of computers to go beyond mere calculating or number-crunching, while many others, including Babbage himself, focused only on those capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis200319.2C_25_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis200319.2C_25-8">[8]</a></sup> Her mindset of "poetical science" led her to ask questions about the Analytical Engine (as shown in her notes) examining how individuals and society relate to technology as a collaborative tool.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCL_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCL-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
<p>She died of uterine cancer in 1852 at the age of 36.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Childhood"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Childhood</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Adult_years"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Adult years</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Work"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Work</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#First_computer_program"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">First computer program</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Beyond_numbers"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Beyond numbers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Controversy_over_extent_of_contributions"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy over extent of contributions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Commemoration"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Commemoration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Titles_and_styles_by_which_she_was_known"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Titles and styles by which she was known</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Ancestry"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Ancestry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Bicentenary"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Bicentenary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Publications"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Publications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Childhood">Childhood</span></h3>
<p>Byron expected his baby to be a "glorious boy" and was disappointed when his wife gave birth to a girl.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney197235_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney197235-9">[9]</a></sup> Augusta was named after Byron's half-sister, <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Leigh" title="Augusta Leigh">Augusta Leigh</a>, and was called "Ada" by Byron himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198517_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198517-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
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Ada, aged four</div>
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<p>On 16 January 1816 Annabella, at Byron's behest, left for her parents' home at <a href="/wiki/Kirkby_Mallory" title="Kirkby Mallory">Kirkby Mallory</a> taking one-month-old Ada with her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney197235_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney197235-9">[9]</a></sup> Although English law at the time gave fathers full custody of their children in cases of separation, Byron made no attempt to claim his parental rights<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198516_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198516-11">[11]</a></sup> but did request that his sister keep him informed of Ada's welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199980_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199980-12">[12]</a></sup> On 21 April Byron signed the Deed of Separation, although very reluctantly, and left England for good a few days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney197236.E2.80.9338_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney197236.E2.80.9338-13">[13]</a></sup> Aside from an acrimonious separation, Annabella continually made allegations about Byron's immoral behaviour throughout her life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199974.E2.80.9377_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199974.E2.80.9377-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
<p>This set of events made Ada famous in Victorian society. Byron did not have a relationship with his daughter, and never saw her again. He died in 1824 when she was eight years old. Her mother was the only significant parental figure in her life.<sup id="cite_ref-Turney_p._138_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turney_p._138-15">[15]</a></sup> Ada was not shown the family portrait of her father (covered in green shroud) until her twentieth birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199910_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199910-16">[16]</a></sup> Her mother became Baroness Wentworth in her own right in 1856.</p>
<p>Annabella did not have a close relationship with the young Ada and often left her in the care of her own mother Judith, Hon. Lady Milbanke who doted on her grandchild. However, because of societal attitudes of the time—which favoured the husband in any separation, with the welfare of any child acting as mitigation—Annabella had to present herself as a loving mother to the rest of society. This included writing anxious letters to Lady Milbanke about Ada's welfare, with a cover note saying to retain the letters in case she had to use them to show maternal concern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199985.E2.80.9387_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199985.E2.80.9387-17">[17]</a></sup> In one letter to Lady Milbanke, she referred to Ada as "it": "I talk to it for your satisfaction, not my own, and shall be very glad when you have it under your own."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199986_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199986-18">[18]</a></sup> In her teenage years, several of her mother's close friends watched Ada for any sign of moral deviation. Ada dubbed these observers the "Furies" and later complained they exaggerated and invented stories about her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999119_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999119-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
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Ada, aged seventeen, 1832</div>
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<p>Ada was often ill, beginning in early childhood. At the age of eight, she experienced headaches that obscured her vision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198517_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198517-10">[10]</a></sup> In June 1829, she was paralysed after a bout of <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>. She was subjected to continuous bed rest for nearly a year, which may have extended her period of disability. By 1831, she was able to walk with crutches. Despite being ill Ada developed her mathematical and technological skills. At age 12 this future "Lady Fairy", as Charles Babbage affectionately called her, decided she wanted to fly. Ada went about the project methodically, thoughtfully, with imagination and passion. Her first step, in February 1828, was to construct wings. She investigated different material and sizes. She considered various materials for the wings: paper, oilsilk, wires, and feathers. She examined the anatomy of birds to determine the right proportion between the wings and the body. She decided to write a book <i>Flyology</i> illustrating, with plates, some of her findings. She decided what equipment she would need; for example, a compass, to "cut across the country by the most direct road", so that she could surmount mountains, rivers, and valleys. Her final step was to integrate steam with the "art of flying".<sup id="cite_ref-ABCL_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCL-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
<p>In early 1833 Ada had an affair with a tutor and, after being caught, tried to elope with him. The tutor's relatives recognised her and contacted her mother. Annabella and her friends covered the incident up to prevent a public scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999120.E2.80.9321_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999120.E2.80.9321-20">[20]</a></sup> Ada never met her younger half-sister, <a href="/wiki/Allegra_Byron" title="Allegra Byron">Allegra</a>, the daughter of Lord Byron and <a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a>. Allegra died in 1822 at the age of five. Ada did have some contact with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Medora_Leigh" title="Elizabeth Medora Leigh">Elizabeth Medora Leigh</a>, the daughter of Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh, who purposely avoided Ada as much as possible when introduced at Court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972155_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972155-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Adult_years">Adult years</span></h3>
<p>Lovelace became close friends with her tutor <a href="/wiki/Mary_Somerville" title="Mary Somerville">Mary Somerville</a>, who would introduce her to Charles Babbage in 1833. She had a strong respect and affection for Somerville,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999138.E2.80.9340_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999138.E2.80.9340-22">[22]</a></sup> and the two of them corresponded for many years. Other acquaintances included the scientists <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Crosse" title="Andrew Crosse">Andrew Crosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">Sir David Brewster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> and the author <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>. She was presented at Court at the age of seventeen "and became a popular belle of the season" in part because of her "brilliant mind."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972138_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972138-23">[23]</a></sup> By 1834 Ada was a regular at Court and started attending various events. She danced often and was able to charm many people, and was described by most people as being dainty, although <a href="/wiki/John_Hobhouse,_1st_Baron_Broughton" title="John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton">John Hobhouse</a>, Byron's friend, described her as "a large, coarse-skinned young woman but with something of my friend's features, particularly the mouth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972138.E2.80.9339_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972138.E2.80.9339-24">[24]</a></sup> This description followed their meeting on 24 February 1834 in which Ada made it clear to Hobhouse that she did not like him, probably because of the influence of her mother, which led her to dislike all of her father's friends. This first impression was not to last, and they later became friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972139_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972139-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
<p>On 8 July 1835, she married <a href="/wiki/William_King,_1st_Earl_of_Lovelace" class="mw-redirect" title="William King, 1st Earl of Lovelace">William, 8th Baron King</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-williamkings_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamkings-26">[a]</a></sup> becoming Lady King.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup> Their residence was <a href="/wiki/Ockham_Park" title="Ockham Park">Ockham Park</a>, a large estate in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, along with another estate on <a href="/wiki/Torridon" title="Torridon">Loch Torridon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ross-shire" title="Ross-shire">Ross-shire</a>, and a home in London. They spent their honeymoon at Worthy Manor in Ashley Combe near <a href="/wiki/Porlock_Weir" title="Porlock Weir">Porlock Weir</a>, Somerset. The Manor had been built as a hunting lodge in 1799 and was improved by King in preparation for their honeymoon. It later became their summer retreat and was further improved during this time.</p>
<p>They had three children: <a href="/wiki/Byron_King-Noel,_Viscount_Ockham" title="Byron King-Noel, Viscount Ockham">Byron</a> (born 12 May 1836); <a href="/wiki/Lady_Anne_Blunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Anne Blunt">Anne Isabella</a> (called Annabella; born 22 September 1837); and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_King-Milbanke,_2nd_Earl_of_Lovelace" title="Ralph King-Milbanke, 2nd Earl of Lovelace">Ralph Gordon</a> (born 2 July 1839). Immediately after the birth of Annabella, Lady King experienced "a tedious and suffering illness, which took months to cure."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972139_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972139-25">[25]</a></sup> Ada was a descendant of the extinct <a href="/wiki/Baron_Lovelace" title="Baron Lovelace">Barons Lovelace</a> and in 1838, her husband was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lovelace" title="Earl of Lovelace">Earl of Lovelace</a> and Viscount Ockham,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> meaning Ada became the Countess of Lovelace. In 1843–44, Ada's mother assigned <a href="/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">William Benjamin Carpenter</a> to teach Ada's children and to act as a 'moral' instructor for Ada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999285.E2.80.9386_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999285.E2.80.9386-29">[28]</a></sup> He quickly fell for her and encouraged her to express any frustrated affections, claiming that his marriage meant he'd never act in an "unbecoming" manner. When it became clear that Carpenter was trying to start an affair, Ada cut it off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999289.E2.80.9396_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999289.E2.80.9396-30">[29]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 1841 Lovelace and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Medora_Leigh" title="Elizabeth Medora Leigh">Medora Leigh</a> (the daughter of Lord Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh) were told by Ada's mother that her father was also Medora's father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972159_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972159-31">[30]</a></sup> On 27 February 1841, Ada wrote to her mother: "I am not in the least <i>astonished</i>. In fact, you merely <i>confirm</i> what I have for <i>years and years</i> felt scarcely a doubt about, but should have considered it most improper in me to hint to you that I in any way suspected."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972160_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972160-32">[31]</a></sup> She did not blame the incestuous relationship on Byron, but instead blamed Augusta Leigh: "I fear she is more inherently wicked than he ever was."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1961431_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1961431-33">[32]</a></sup> In the 1840s Ada flirted with scandals: firstly from a relaxed relationship with men who were not her husband, which led to rumours of affairs<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999302_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999302-34">[33]</a></sup>—and secondly, her love of gambling. The gambling led to her forming a syndicate with male friends, and an ambitious attempt in 1851 to create a mathematical model for successful large bets. This went disastrously wrong, leaving her thousands of pounds in debt to the syndicate, forcing her to admit it all to her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999340.E2.80.9342_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999340.E2.80.9342-35">[34]</a></sup> She had a shadowy relationship with Andrew Crosse's son John from 1844 onwards. John Crosse destroyed most of their correspondence after her death as part of a legal agreement. She bequeathed him the only heirlooms her father had personally left to her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999336.E2.80.9337_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999336.E2.80.9337-36">[35]</a></sup> During her final illness, she would panic at the idea of the younger Crosse being kept from visiting her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999361_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999361-37">[36]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h3>
<p>Throughout her illnesses, she continued her education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198528.E2.80.9330_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198528.E2.80.9330-38">[37]</a></sup> Her mother's obsession with rooting out any of the insanity of which she accused Byron was one of the reasons that Ada was taught mathematics from an early age. She was privately schooled in mathematics and science by <a href="/wiki/William_Frend_(social_reformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Frend (social reformer)">William Frend</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_King_(physician)" title="William King (physician)">William King</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Somerville" title="Mary Somerville">Mary Somerville</a>, the noted researcher and scientific author of the 19th century. One of her later tutors was the mathematician and logician <a href="/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan" title="Augustus De Morgan">Augustus De Morgan</a>. From 1832, when she was seventeen, her mathematical abilities began to emerge,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972138_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972138-23">[23]</a></sup> and her interest in mathematics dominated the majority of her adult life. In a letter to Lady Byron, De Morgan suggested that her daughter's skill in mathematics could lead her to become "an original mathematical investigator, perhaps of first-rate eminence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198582_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198582-39">[38]</a></sup></p>
<p>Lovelace often questioned basic assumptions by integrating poetry and science. While studying <a href="/wiki/Differential_calculus" title="Differential calculus">differential calculus</a>, she wrote to De Morgan:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>I may remark that the curious transformations many formulae can undergo, the unsuspected and to a beginner apparently impossible identity of forms exceedingly dissimilar at first sight, is I think one of the chief difficulties in the early part of mathematical studies. I am often reminded of certain sprites and fairies one reads of, who are at one's elbows in <i>one</i> shape now, and the next minute in a form most dissimilar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole199899_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole199899-40">[39]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Lovelace believed that intuition and imagination were critical to effectively applying mathematical and scientific concepts. She valued <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> as much as mathematics, viewing both as tools for exploring "the unseen worlds around us".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole199891.E2.80.93100_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole199891.E2.80.93100-41">[40]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span></h3>
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Painting of Ada Lovelace at a piano in 1852 by Henry Phillips. While she was in great pain at the time, she sat for the painting as Phillips' father, Thomas Phillips, had painted Ada's father, Lord Byron.</div>
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<p>Lovelace died at the age of 36 – the same age that her father had died – on 27 November 1852,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterine cancer</a> probably exacerbated by <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a> by her physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaum198699.E2.80.93100_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum198699.E2.80.93100-43">[42]</a></sup> The illness lasted several months, in which time Annabella took command over whom Ada saw, and excluded all of her friends and confidants. Under her mother's influence, she had a religious transformation and was coaxed into repenting of her previous conduct and making Annabella her executor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999370_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999370-44">[43]</a></sup> She lost contact with her husband after she confessed something to him on 30 August which caused him to abandon her bedside. What she told him is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999369_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999369-45">[44]</a></sup> She was buried, at her request, next to her father at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_Magdalene,_Hucknall" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall">Church of St. Mary Magdalene</a> in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Work">Work</span></h2>
<p>Throughout her life, Lovelace was strongly interested in scientific developments and fads of the day, including <a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">phrenology</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999198_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999198-46">[45]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mesmerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesmerism">mesmerism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999232.E2.80.9333_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999232.E2.80.9333-47">[46]</a></sup> After her work with Babbage, Lovelace continued to work on other projects. In 1844 she commented to a friend Woronzow Greig about her desire to create a mathematical model for how the brain gives rise to thoughts and nerves to feelings ("a calculus of the nervous system").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999305_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999305-48">[47]</a></sup> She never achieved this, however. In part, her interest in the brain came from a long-running pre-occupation, inherited from her mother, about her 'potential' madness. As part of her research into this project, she visited the electrical engineer Andrew Crosse in 1844 to learn how to carry out electrical experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999310.E2.80.9314_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999310.E2.80.9314-49">[48]</a></sup> In the same year, she wrote a review of a paper by Baron <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Reichenbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl von Reichenbach">Karl von Reichenbach</a>, <i>Researches on Magnetism</i>, but this was not published and does not appear to have progressed past the first draft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999315.E2.80.9317_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999315.E2.80.9317-50">[49]</a></sup> In 1851, the year before her cancer struck, she wrote to her mother mentioning "certain productions" she was working on regarding the relation of maths and music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999335_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999335-51">[50]</a></sup></p>
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Portrait of Ada by British painter <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sarah_Carpenter" title="Margaret Sarah Carpenter">Margaret Sarah Carpenter</a> (1836)</div>
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<p>Lovelace first met <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> in June 1833, through their mutual friend Mary Somerville. Later that month Babbage invited Lovelace to see the prototype for his <a href="/wiki/Difference_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Difference Engine">Difference Engine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole199836.E2.80.9338_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole199836.E2.80.9338-52">[51]</a></sup> She became fascinated with the machine and used her relationship with Somerville to visit Babbage as often as she could. Babbage was impressed by Lovelace's intellect and analytic skills. He called her "The Enchantress of Number".<sup id="cite_ref-Number_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Number-53">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[note 1]</a></sup> In 1843 he wrote of her:</p>
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<p>Forget this world and all its troubles and if possible its multitudinous Charlatans—every thing in short but the Enchantress of Number.<sup id="cite_ref-Number_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Number-53">[52]</a></sup></p>
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<p><span id="Ada_Byron.27s_notes_on_the_analytical_engine"></span> During a nine-month period in 1842–43, Lovelace translated the Italian mathematician <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Menabrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Menabrea">Luigi Menabrea</a>'s article on Babbage's newest proposed machine, the <a href="/wiki/Analytical_Engine" title="Analytical Engine">Analytical Engine</a>. With the article, she appended a set of notes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenabrea1843_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenabrea1843-55">[53]</a></sup> Explaining the Analytical Engine's function was a difficult task, as even many other scientists did not really grasp the concept and the British establishment was uninterested in it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999265_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999265-56">[54]</a></sup> Lovelace's notes even had to explain how the Analytical Engine differed from the original Difference Engine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999267_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999267-57">[55]</a></sup> Her work was well received at the time; the scientist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> described himself as a supporter of her writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999307_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999307-58">[56]</a></sup></p>
<p>The notes are around three times longer than the article itself and include (in Section G<sup id="cite_ref-fourmilab.ch_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourmilab.ch-59">[57]</a></sup>), in complete detail, a method for calculating a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernoulli numbers">Bernoulli numbers</a> with the Engine, which could have run correctly<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> had the Analytical Engine been built (only his Difference Engine has been built, completed in London in 2002<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a></sup>). Based on this work Lovelace is now widely considered the first computer programmer<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003-1">[1]</a></sup> and her method is recognised as the world's first computer program.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a></sup></p>
<p>Section G also contains Lovelace's dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. She wrote that "The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to <i>originate</i> anything. It can do <i>whatever we know how to order it</i> to perform. It can follow analysis; but it has no power of anticipating any analytical relations or truths." This objection has been the subject of much debate and rebuttal, for example by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> in his paper "<a href="/wiki/Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence" title="Computing Machinery and Intelligence">Computing Machinery and Intelligence</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a></sup></p>
<p>Lovelace and Babbage had a minor falling out when the papers were published when he tried to leave his own statement (a criticism of the government's treatment of his Engine) as an unsigned preface—which would imply that she had written that also. When <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(editor)" title="Richard Taylor (editor)">Taylor</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Memoirs" title="Scientific Memoirs">Scientific Memoirs</a></i> ruled that the statement should be signed, Babbage wrote to Lovelace asking her to withdraw the paper. This was the first that she knew he was leaving it unsigned, and she wrote back refusing to withdraw the paper. The historian <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Woolley" title="Benjamin Woolley">Benjamin Woolley</a> theorised that: "His actions suggested he had so enthusiastically sought Ada's involvement, and so happily indulged her ... because of her 'celebrated name'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999277.E2.80.9380_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999277.E2.80.9380-63">[61]</a></sup> Their friendship recovered, and they continued to correspond. On 12 August 1851, when she was dying of cancer, Lovelace wrote to him asking him to be her executor, though this letter did not give him the necessary legal authority. Part of the terrace at Worthy Manor was known as <i>Philosopher's Walk</i>, as it was there that Lovelace and Babbage were reputed to have walked while discussing mathematical principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999307_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999307-58">[56]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="First_computer_program">First computer program</span></h3>
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Lovelace's diagram from Note G, the first published computer algorithm</div>
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<p>In 1840, Babbage was invited to give a seminar at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a> about his Analytical Engine. <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Menabrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Menabrea">Luigi Menabrea</a>, a young Italian engineer, and the future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> wrote up Babbage's lecture in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and this transcript was subsequently published in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_universelle_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Bibliothèque universelle de Genève">Bibliothèque universelle de Genève</a> in October 1842. Babbage's friend <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> commissioned Ada Lovelace to translate Menabrea's paper into English. She then augmented the paper with notes, which were added to the translation. Ada Lovelace spent the better part of a year doing this, assisted with input from Babbage. These notes, which are more extensive than Menabrea's paper, were then published in Taylor's <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Memoirs" title="Scientific Memoirs">Scientific Memoirs</a></i> under the <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialism</a> <i>AAL</i>.</p>
<p>Ada Lovelace's notes were labelled alphabetically from A to G. In note G, she describes an <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> for the Analytical Engine to compute <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_number" title="Bernoulli number">Bernoulli numbers</a>. It is considered the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer, and Ada Lovelace has often been cited as the first computer programmer for this reason.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a></sup> The engine was never completed so her program was never tested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimToole1999_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimToole1999-66">[64]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 1953, more than a century after her death, Ada Lovelace's notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine were republished. The engine has now been recognised as an early model for a computer and her notes as a description of a computer and software.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Beyond_numbers">Beyond numbers</span></h3>
<p>In her notes, Lovelace emphasised the difference between the Analytical Engine and previous calculating machines, particularly its ability to be programmed to solve problems of any complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1998175.E2.80.9382_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1998175.E2.80.9382-68">[66]</a></sup> She realised the potential of the device extended far beyond mere number crunching. In her notes, she wrote:</p>
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<p>[The Analytical Engine] might act upon other things besides <i>number</i>, were objects found whose mutual fundamental relations could be expressed by those of the abstract science of operations, and which should be also susceptible of adaptations to the action of the operating notation and mechanism of the engine...Supposing, for instance, that the fundamental relations of pitched sounds in the science of harmony and of musical composition were susceptible of such expression and adaptations, the engine might compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a></sup></p>
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<p>This analysis was an important development from previous ideas about the capabilities of computing devices and anticipated the implications of modern computing one hundred years before they were realised. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Walter Isaacson</a> ascribes Lovelace's insight regarding the application of computing to <i>any</i> process based on logical symbols to an observation about textiles: "When she saw some mechanical looms that used <a href="/wiki/Punched_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Punched cards">punchcards</a> to direct the weaving of beautiful <a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">patterns</a>, it reminded her of how Babbage's engine used punched cards to make calculations."<sup id="cite_ref-Isaacson_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaacson-71">[69]</a></sup> This insight is seen as significant by writers such as Betty Toole and Benjamin Woolley, as well as the programmer <a href="/wiki/John_Graham-Cumming" title="John Graham-Cumming">John Graham-Cumming</a>, whose project Plan 28 has the aim of constructing the first complete Analytical Engine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole19982.E2.80.933.2C_14_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole19982.E2.80.933.2C_14-72">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999272.E2.80.9377_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999272.E2.80.9377-73">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to the historian of computing and Babbage specialist <a href="/wiki/Doron_Swade" title="Doron Swade">Doron Swade</a>: "Ada saw something that Babbage in some sense failed to see. In Babbage's world his engines were bound by number...What Lovelace saw – what Ada Byron saw—was that number could represent entities other than quantity. So once you had a machine for manipulating numbers, if those numbers represented other things, letters, musical notes, then the machine could manipulate symbols of which number was one instance, according to rules. It is this fundamental transition from a machine which is a number cruncher to a machine for manipulating symbols according to rules that is the fundamental transition from calculation to computation–to general-purpose computation — and looking back from the present high ground of modern computing, if we are looking and sifting history for that transition, then that transition was made explicitly by Ada in that 1843 paper".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversy_over_extent_of_contributions">Controversy over extent of contributions</span></h3>
<p>Though Lovelace is referred to as the first computer programmer, some biographers and historians of computing claim the contrary.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bromley_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan Bromley (historian)">Allan G. Bromley</a>, in the 1990 article <i>Difference and Analytical Engines</i>:</p>
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<p>All but one of the programs cited in her notes had been prepared by Babbage from three to seven years earlier. The exception was prepared by Babbage for her, although she did detect a 'bug' in it. Not only is there no evidence that Ada ever prepared a program for the Analytical Engine, but her correspondence with Babbage shows that she did not have the knowledge to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a></sup></p>
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<p>Bruce Collier, who later wrote a biography of Babbage, wrote in his 1970 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> PhD thesis that Lovelace "made a considerable contribution to publicizing the Analytical Engine, but there is no evidence that she advanced the design or theory of it in any way".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a></sup></p>
<p>Eugene Eric Kim and Betty Alexandra Toole consider it "incorrect" to regard Lovelace as the first computer programmer, as Babbage wrote the initial programs for his Analytical Engine, although the majority were never published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimToole199976_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimToole199976-77">[75]</a></sup> Bromley notes several dozen sample programs prepared by Babbage between 1837 and 1840, all substantially predating Lovelace's notes.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a></sup> Dorothy K. Stein regards Lovelace's notes as "more a reflection of the mathematical uncertainty of the author, the political purposes of the inventor, and, above all, of the social and cultural context in which it was written, than a blueprint for a scientific development".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span></h2>
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An illustration inspired by the <a href="/wiki/A._E._Chalon" class="mw-redirect" title="A. E. Chalon">A. E. Chalon</a> portrait created for the <a href="/wiki/Ada_Initiative" title="Ada Initiative">Ada Initiative</a>, which supported open technology and women</div>
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<p>Lovelace has been portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Linney_(playwright)" title="Romulus Linney (playwright)">Romulus Linney</a>'s 1977 play <i><a href="/wiki/Childe_Byron" title="Childe Byron">Childe Byron</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a></sup> the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">steampunk</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Difference_Engine" title="The Difference Engine">The Difference Engine</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a></sup> the 1997 film <i><a href="/wiki/Conceiving_Ada" title="Conceiving Ada">Conceiving Ada</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/John_Crowley" title="John Crowley">John Crowley</a>'s 2005 novel <i>Lord Byron's Novel: The Evening Land</i>, where she is featured as an unseen character whose personality is forcefully depicted in her annotations and anti-heroic efforts to archive her father's lost novel.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a></sup></p>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a>'s 1993 play <i><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(play)" title="Arcadia (play)">Arcadia</a></i>, the precocious teenage genius Thomasina Coverly (a character "apparently based" on Ada Lovelace—the play also involves <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>) comes to understand <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaos theory</a>, and theorises the <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a>, before either is officially recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-newyorker13_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorker13-84">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></sup> The 2015 play <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_and_the_Memory_Engine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ada and the Memory Engine (page does not exist)">Ada and the Memory Engine</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Gunderson" title="Lauren Gunderson">Lauren Gunderson</a> portrays Lovelace and Charles Babbage in unrequited love, and it imagines a post-death meeting between Lovelace and her father.<sup id="cite_ref-kqed_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kqed-86">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sfweekly_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfweekly-87">[85]</a></sup></p>
<p>Lovelace and Babbage are the main characters in <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Padua" title="Sydney Padua">Sydney Padua</a>'s webcomic and graphic novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thrilling_Adventures_of_Lovelace_and_Babbage" title="The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage">The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage</a></i>. The comic features extensive footnotes on the history of Ada Lovelace and many lines of dialogue are drawn from actual correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Commemoration">Commemoration</span></h2>
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<a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">Blue plaque</a> to Lovelace in <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's Square">St. James's Square</a>, London</div>
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<p>The computer language <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, created on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>, was named after Lovelace. The reference manual for the language was approved on 10 December 1980 and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Standard" title="United States Military Standard">Department of Defense Military Standard</a> for the language, <i>MIL-STD-1815</i>, was given the number of the year of her birth. Since 1998 the <a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a> has awarded a <a href="/wiki/Lovelace_Medal" title="Lovelace Medal">medal</a> in her name<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a></sup> and in 2008 initiated an annual competition for women students of computer science.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a></sup> In the UK the <a href="/wiki/BCSWomen" title="BCSWomen">BCSWomen</a> Lovelace Colloquium, the annual conference for women undergraduates is named after Lovelace.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a></sup></p>
<p>"Ada Lovelace Day" is an annual event celebrated in mid-October<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a></sup> whose goal is to "... raise the profile of women in science, technology, engineering, and maths," and to "create new role models for girls and women" in these fields.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Ada_Initiative" title="Ada Initiative">Ada Initiative</a> is a non-profit organisation dedicated to increasing the involvement of women in the free culture and open source movements.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a></sup></p>
<p>The Engineering in Computer Science and Telecommunications College building in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaragoza University">Zaragoza University</a> is called the Ada Byron Building.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a></sup> The village computer centre in the village of <a href="/wiki/Porlock" title="Porlock">Porlock</a>, near where Ada Lovelace lived, is named after her. There is a building in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Kirkby-in-Ashfield" title="Kirkby-in-Ashfield">Kirkby-in-Ashfield</a>, Nottinghamshire named <i>Ada Lovelace House</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a></sup> One of the <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine" title="Tunnel boring machine">tunnel boring machines</a> excavating the tunnels for London's <a href="/wiki/Crossrail" title="Crossrail">Crossrail</a> project is named <i>Ada</i> in commemoration of Ada Lovelace.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a></sup></p>
<p><i>Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology</i> is an "open-access, multi-modal, <a href="/wiki/Open_peer_review" title="Open peer review">[open-]peer-reviewed</a> feminist journal concerned with the intersections of gender, new media, and technology" that began in 2012 and is run by the Fembot Collective.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Adafruit_Industries" title="Adafruit Industries">Adafruit Industries</a> is an open-source hardware company named in honour of Lovelace.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Ada_College" title="Ada College">Ada College</a> a further-education college in <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hale" title="Tottenham Hale">Tottenham Hale</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> focused on digital skills, is named after Lovelace.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Titles_and_styles_by_which_she_was_known">Titles and styles by which she was known</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>10 December 1815 – 8 July 1835: The Honourable Ada Byron</li>
<li>8 July 1835 – 30 June 1838: The Right Honourable The Lady King</li>
<li>30 June 1838 – 27 November 1852: The Right Honourable The Countess of Lovelace</li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancestry">Ancestry</span></h2>
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<td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;;background-color: #9fe;">16. <a href="/wiki/William_Byron,_4th_Baron_Byron" title="William Byron, 4th Baron Byron">William Byron, 4th Baron Byron</a></td>
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<td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/John_Byron" title="John Byron">Vice Admiral The Hon. John Byron</a></td>
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<td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;;">4. <a href="/wiki/John_%22Mad_Jack%22_Byron" title="John "Mad Jack" Byron">Captain John Byron</a></td>
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<td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;;background-color: #9fe;">24. Sir Ralph Milbanke, <a href="/wiki/Milbanke_baronets" title="Milbanke baronets">4th Baronet, of Halnaby</a></td>
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