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.. index::
   single: Translations

Translations

The term "internationalization" (often abbreviated i18n) refers to the process of abstracting strings and other locale-specific pieces out of your application into a layer where they can be translated and converted based on the user's locale (i.e. language and country). For text, this means wrapping each with a function capable of translating the text (or "message") into the language of the user:

// text will *always* print out in English
dump('Hello World');
die();

// text can be translated into the end-user's language or
// default to English
dump($translator->trans('Hello World'));
die();

Note

The term locale refers roughly to the user's language and country. It can be any string that your application uses to manage translations and other format differences (e.g. currency format). The ISO 639-1 language code, an underscore (_), then the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code (e.g. fr_FR for French/France) is recommended.

In this article, you'll learn how to use the Translation component in the Symfony Framework. You can read the :doc:`Translation component documentation </components/translation/usage>` to learn even more. Overall, the process has several steps:

  1. :ref:`Enable and configure <translation-configuration>` Symfony's translation service;
  2. Abstract strings (i.e. "messages") by wrapping them in calls to the Translator (":ref:`translation-basic`");
  3. :ref:`Create translation resources/files <translation-resources>` for each supported locale that translate each message in the application;
  4. Determine, :doc:`set and manage the user's locale </translation/locale>` for the request and optionally :doc:`on the user's entire session </session/locale_sticky_session>`.

Installation

First, run this command to install the translator before using it:

$ composer require symfony/translation

Configuration

The previous command creates an initial config file where you can define the default locale of the app and the :ref:`fallback locales <translation-fallback>` that will be used if Symfony can't find some translation:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # config/packages/translation.yaml
        framework:
            default_locale: 'en'
            translator:
                fallbacks: ['en']
                # ...

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- config/packages/translation.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
        <container xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xmlns:framework="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/symfony"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services
                http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services/services-1.0.xsd
                http://symfony.com/schema/dic/symfony
                http://symfony.com/schema/dic/symfony/symfony-1.0.xsd">

            <framework:config default-locale="en">
                <framework:translator>
                    <framework:fallback>en</framework:fallback>
                    <!-- ... -->
                </framework:translator>
            </framework:config>
        </container>

    .. code-block:: php

        // config/packages/translation.php
        $container->loadFromExtension('framework', array(
            'default_locale' => 'en',
            'translator' => array('fallbacks' => array('en')),
            // ...
        ));

The locale used in translations is the one stored on the request. This is typically set via a _locale attribute on your routes (see :ref:`translation-locale-url`).

Basic Translation

Translation of text is done through the translator service (:class:`Symfony\\Component\\Translation\\Translator`). To translate a block of text (called a message), use the :method:`Symfony\\Component\\Translation\\Translator::trans` method. Suppose, for example, that you're translating a simple message from inside a controller:

// ...
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
use Symfony\Component\Translation\TranslatorInterface;

public function index(TranslatorInterface $translator)
{
    $translated = $translator->trans('Symfony is great');

    // ...
}

When this code is executed, Symfony will attempt to translate the message "Symfony is great" based on the locale of the user. For this to work, you need to tell Symfony how to translate the message via a "translation resource", which is usually a file that contains a collection of translations for a given locale. This "dictionary" of translations can be created in several different formats, XLIFF being the recommended format:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- translations/messages.fr.xlf -->
        <?xml version="1.0"?>
        <xliff version="1.2" xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">
            <file source-language="en" datatype="plaintext" original="file.ext">
                <body>
                    <trans-unit id="symfony_is_great">
                        <source>Symfony is great</source>
                        <target>J'aime Symfony</target>
                    </trans-unit>
                </body>
            </file>
        </xliff>

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # translations/messages.fr.yaml
        Symfony is great: J'aime Symfony

    .. code-block:: php

        // translations/messages.fr.php
        return array(
            'Symfony is great' => 'J\'aime Symfony',
        );

For information on where these files should be located, see :ref:`translation-resource-locations`.

Now, if the language of the user's locale is French (e.g. fr_FR or fr_BE), the message will be translated into J'aime Symfony. You can also translate the message inside your :ref:`templates <translation-tags>`.

The Translation Process

To actually translate the message, Symfony uses a simple process:

  • The locale of the current user, which is stored on the request is determined;
  • A catalog (e.g. big collection) of translated messages is loaded from translation resources defined for the locale (e.g. fr_FR). Messages from the :ref:`fallback locale <translation-fallback>` are also loaded and added to the catalog if they don't already exist. The end result is a large "dictionary" of translations.
  • If the message is located in the catalog, the translation is returned. If not, the translator returns the original message.

When using the trans() method, Symfony looks for the exact string inside the appropriate message catalog and returns it (if it exists).

Message Placeholders

Sometimes, a message containing a variable needs to be translated:

use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
use Symfony\Component\Translation\TranslatorInterface;

public function index(TranslatorInterface $translator, $name)
{
    $translated = $translator->trans('Hello '.$name);

    // ...
}

However, creating a translation for this string is impossible since the translator will try to look up the exact message, including the variable portions (e.g. "Hello Ryan" or "Hello Fabien").

For details on how to handle this situation, see :ref:`component-translation-placeholders` in the components documentation. For how to do this in templates, see :ref:`translation-tags`.

Pluralization

Another complication is when you have translations that may or may not be plural, based on some variable:

There is one apple.
There are 5 apples.

To handle this, use the :method:`Symfony\\Component\\Translation\\Translator::transChoice` method or the transchoice tag/filter in your :ref:`template <translation-tags>`.

For much more information, see :ref:`component-translation-pluralization` in the Translation component documentation.

Translations in Templates

Most of the time, translation occurs in templates. Symfony provides native support for both Twig and PHP templates.

Twig Templates

Symfony provides specialized Twig tags (trans and transchoice) to help with message translation of static blocks of text:

{% trans %}Hello %name%{% endtrans %}

{% transchoice count %}
    {0} There are no apples|{1} There is one apple|]1,Inf[ There are %count% apples
{% endtranschoice %}

The transchoice tag automatically gets the %count% variable from the current context and passes it to the translator. This mechanism only works when you use a placeholder following the %var% pattern.

Caution!

The %var% notation of placeholders is required when translating in Twig templates using the tag.

Tip

If you need to use the percent character (%) in a string, escape it by doubling it: {% trans %}Percent: %percent%%%{% endtrans %}

You can also specify the message domain and pass some additional variables:

{% trans with {'%name%': 'Fabien'} from 'app' %}Hello %name%{% endtrans %}

{% trans with {'%name%': 'Fabien'} from 'app' into 'fr' %}Hello %name%{% endtrans %}

{% transchoice count with {'%name%': 'Fabien'} from 'app' %}
    {0} %name%, there are no apples|{1} %name%, there is one apple|]1,Inf[ %name%, there are %count% apples
{% endtranschoice %}

The trans and transchoice filters can be used to translate variable texts and complex expressions:

{{ message|trans }}

{{ message|transchoice(5) }}

{{ message|trans({'%name%': 'Fabien'}, 'app') }}

{{ message|transchoice(5, {'%name%': 'Fabien'}, 'app') }}

Tip

Using the translation tags or filters have the same effect, but with one subtle difference: automatic output escaping is only applied to translations using a filter. In other words, if you need to be sure that your translated message is not output escaped, you must apply the raw filter after the translation filter:

{# text translated between tags is never escaped #}
{% trans %}
    <h3>foo</h3>
{% endtrans %}

{% set message = '<h3>foo</h3>' %}

{# strings and variables translated via a filter are escaped by default #}
{{ message|trans|raw }}
{{ '<h3>bar</h3>'|trans|raw }}

Tip

You can set the translation domain for an entire Twig template with a single tag:

{% trans_default_domain 'app' %}

Note that this only influences the current template, not any "included" template (in order to avoid side effects).

PHP Templates

The translator service is accessible in PHP templates through the translator helper:

<?= $view['translator']->trans('Symfony is great') ?>

<?= $view['translator']->transChoice(
    '{0} There are no apples|{1} There is one apple|]1,Inf[ There are %count% apples',
    10,
    array('%count%' => 10)
) ?>

Extracting Translation Contents and Updating Catalogs Automatically

The most time-consuming tasks when translating an application is to extract all the template contents to be translated and to keep all the translation files in sync. Symfony includes a command called translation:update that helps you with these tasks:

# updates the French translation file with the missing strings found in app/Resources/ templates
$ ./bin/console translation:update --dump-messages --force fr

# updates the English translation file with the missing strings found in AppBundle
$ ./bin/console translation:update --dump-messages --force en AppBundle

Note

If you want to see the missing translation strings without actually updating the translation files, remove the --force option from the command above.

Tip

If you need to extract translation strings from other sources, such as controllers, forms and flash messages, consider using the more advanced third-party TranslationBundle.

Translation Resource/File Names and Locations

Symfony looks for message files (i.e. translations) in the following default locations:

  • the translations/ directory (at the root of the project);
  • the src/Resources/<bundle name>/translations/ directory;
  • the Resources/translations/ directory inside of any bundle.

The locations are listed here with the highest priority first. That is, you can override the translation messages of a bundle in any of the top two directories.

The override mechanism works at a key level: only the overridden keys need to be listed in a higher priority message file. When a key is not found in a message file, the translator will automatically fall back to the lower priority message files.

The filename of the translation files is also important: each message file must be named according to the following path: domain.locale.loader:

  • domain: An optional way to organize messages into groups (e.g. admin, navigation or the default messages) - see :ref:`using-message-domains`;
  • locale: The locale that the translations are for (e.g. en_GB, en, etc);
  • loader: How Symfony should load and parse the file (e.g. xlf, php, yaml, etc).

The loader can be the name of any registered loader. By default, Symfony provides many loaders, including:

  • xlf: XLIFF file;
  • php: PHP file;
  • yaml: YAML file.

The choice of which loader to use is entirely up to you and is a matter of taste. The recommended option is to use xlf for translations. For more options, see :ref:`component-translator-message-catalogs`.

Note

You can add other directories with the :ref:`paths <reference-translator-paths>` option in the configuration:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # config/packages/translation.yaml
        framework:
            translator:
                paths:
                    - '%kernel.project_dir%/custom/path/to/translations'

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- config/packages/translation.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
        <container xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services"
            xmlns:framework="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/symfony"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-Instance"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services
                http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services/services-1.0.xsd
                http://symfony.com/schema/dic/symfony
                http://symfony.com/schema/dic/symfony/symfony-1.0.xsd"
        >

            <framework:config>
                <framework:translator>
                    <framework:path>%kernel.project_dir%/custom/path/to/translations</framework:path>
                </framework:translator>
            </framework:config>
        </container>

    .. code-block:: php

        // config/packages/translation.php
        $container->loadFromExtension('framework', array(
            'translator' => array(
                'paths' => array(
                    '%kernel.project_dir%/custom/path/to/translations',
                ),
            ),
        ));

Note

You can also store translations in a database, or any other storage by providing a custom class implementing the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Translation\\Loader\\LoaderInterface` interface. See the :ref:`dic-tags-translation-loader` tag for more information.

Caution!

Each time you create a new translation resource (or install a bundle that includes a translation resource), be sure to clear your cache so that Symfony can discover the new translation resources:

$ php bin/console cache:clear

Fallback Translation Locales

Imagine that the user's locale is fr_FR and that you're translating the key Symfony is great. To find the French translation, Symfony actually checks translation resources for several locales:

  1. First, Symfony looks for the translation in a fr_FR translation resource (e.g. messages.fr_FR.xlf);
  2. If it wasn't found, Symfony looks for the translation in a fr translation resource (e.g. messages.fr.xlf);
  3. If the translation still isn't found, Symfony uses the fallbacks configuration parameter, which defaults to en (see Configuration).

Note

When Symfony can't find a translation in the given locale, it will add the missing translation to the log file. For details, see :ref:`reference-framework-translator-logging`.

Handling the User's Locale

Translating happens based on the user's locale. Read :doc:`/translation/locale` to learn more about how to handle it.

Translating Database Content

The translation of database content should be handled by Doctrine through the Translatable Extension or the Translatable Behavior (PHP 5.4+). For more information, see the documentation for these libraries.

Debugging Translations

When you work with many translation messages in different languages, it can be hard to keep track which translations are missing and which are not used anymore. Read :doc:`/translation/debug` to find out how to identify these messages.

Summary

With the Symfony Translation component, creating an internationalized application no longer needs to be a painful process and boils down to just a few basic steps:

Learn more

.. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 1

    translation/locale
    translation/debug
    translation/lint