feat: A4 - LOG4 Opcode

[Eikix]

Append log record with four topics

Official Specification: https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/src/ethereum/shanghai/vm/instructions/log.py#L33

Kakarot v0 implementation:
https://github.com/kkrt-labs/kakarot/blob/44dabfcab05a87f85bcfe0a457809059d11d83fb/src/kakarot/instructions/logging_operations.cairo#L83

And test cases from Geth:
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tree/master/core/vm/testdata

Test cases from Kakarot v0:
https://github.com/kkrt-labs/kakarot/blob/44dabfcab05a87f85bcfe0a457809059d11d83fb/src/kakarot/instructions/logging_operations.cairo

Context on Logs in Cairo and Starknet:
https://docs.starknet.io/documentation/architecture_and_concepts/Smart_Contracts/starknet-events/
https://book.cairo-lang.org/ch99-01-03-03-contract-events.html?highlight=event#events

Since	Group
Frontier	Logging Operations

Index 1 is top of the stack. See PUSH.

Notes

This instruction has no effect on the EVM state. See here.

Stack input

1. offset: byte offset in the memory in bytes.
2. size: byte size to copy.
3. topic1: 32-byte value.
4. topic2: 32-byte value.
5. topic3: 32-byte value.
6. topic4: 32-byte value.

Error cases

The state changes done by the current context are reverted in those cases:

• Not enough gas.
• Not enough values on the stack.
• The current execution context is from a STATICCALL (since Byzantium fork).

Dynamic gas

static_gas = 375
dynamic_gas = 375 * topic_count + 8 * size + memory_expansion_cost

For LOG4, topic_count is 4. The memory expansion cost explanation can be found here.

Estimate your gas cost

Input: offset

Input: size

State: current memory size

Static gas + dynamic gas = 1875

[Eikix]

Important update: we are gathering some bugs in the Kakarot v0 codebase, we need to make sure each issue and each PR in Kakarot-ssj is aware of the lists of known bugs. Look at this tracking issue everytime you take an issue and check your issue isn't targeted by a known bug.

[Quentash]

Sorry I forgot to mention I could take this one.