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execute.c
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/********************************************
execute.c
copyright 2008-2017,2018, Thomas E. Dickey
copyright 1991-1995,1996, Michael D. Brennan
This is a source file for mawk, an implementation of
the AWK programming language.
Mawk is distributed without warranty under the terms of
the GNU General Public License, version 2, 1991.
********************************************/
/*
* $MawkId: execute.c,v 1.44 2018/11/15 01:20:01 tom Exp $
*/
#include "mawk.h"
#include "files.h"
#include "code.h"
#include "memory.h"
#include "symtype.h"
#include "field.h"
#include "bi_funct.h"
#include "bi_vars.h"
#include "regexp.h"
#include "repl.h"
#include "fin.h"
#include <math.h>
static int compare(CELL *);
static UInt d_to_index(double);
#ifdef NOINFO_SIGFPE
static char dz_msg[] = "division by zero";
#define CHECK_DIVZERO(x) do { if ((x) == 0.0 ) rt_error(dz_msg); } while (0)
#endif
#define inc_sp() if ( ++sp == stack_danger) eval_overflow()
#define dec_sp() if ( sp-- == (stack_base - 1)) eval_underflow()
#define SAFETY 16
#define DANGER (EVAL_STACK_SIZE-SAFETY)
/* The stack machine that executes the code */
CELL eval_stack[EVAL_STACK_SIZE];
/* these can move for deep recursion */
static CELL *stack_base = eval_stack;
static CELL *stack_danger = eval_stack + DANGER;
static void
eval_overflow(void)
{
overflow("eval stack", EVAL_STACK_SIZE);
}
static void
eval_underflow(void)
{
bozo("eval stack underflow");
}
/* holds info for array loops (on a stack) */
typedef struct aloop_state {
struct aloop_state *link;
CELL *var; /* for(var in A) */
STRING **base;
STRING **ptr;
STRING **limit;
} ALOOP_STATE;
/* clean up aloop stack on next, return, exit */
#define CLEAR_ALOOP_STACK() \
do { \
if (aloop_state) { \
clear_aloop_stack(aloop_state); \
aloop_state = (ALOOP_STATE *) 0; \
} \
} while (0)
static void
clear_aloop_stack(ALOOP_STATE * top)
{
ALOOP_STATE *q;
do {
while (top->ptr < top->limit) {
free_STRING(*top->ptr);
top->ptr++;
}
if (top->base < top->limit) {
zfree(top->base,
(unsigned) (top->limit - top->base) * sizeof(STRING *));
}
q = top;
top = q->link;
ZFREE(q);
} while (top);
}
static INST *restart_label; /* control flow labels */
INST *next_label;
static CELL tc; /*useful temp */
void
execute(INST * cdp, /* code ptr, start execution here */
CELL *sp, /* eval_stack pointer */
CELL *fp) /* frame ptr into eval_stack for
user defined functions */
{
/* some useful temporaries */
CELL *cp;
int t;
unsigned tu;
/* save state for array loops via a stack */
ALOOP_STATE *aloop_state = (ALOOP_STATE *) 0;
/* for moving the eval stack on deep recursion */
CELL *old_stack_base = 0;
CELL *old_sp = 0;
#ifdef DEBUG
CELL *entry_sp = sp;
#endif
if (fp) {
/* we are a function call, check for deep recursion */
if (sp > stack_danger) { /* change stacks */
old_stack_base = stack_base;
old_sp = sp;
stack_base = (CELL *) zmalloc(sizeof(CELL) * EVAL_STACK_SIZE);
stack_danger = stack_base + DANGER;
sp = stack_base;
/* waste 1 slot for ANSI, actually large model msdos breaks in
RET if we don't */
#ifdef DEBUG
entry_sp = sp;
#endif
} else
old_stack_base = (CELL *) 0;
}
while (1) {
TRACE(("execute %s sp(%ld:%s)\n",
da_op_name(cdp),
(long) (sp - stack_base),
da_type_name(sp)));
switch ((cdp++)->op) {
/* HALT only used by the disassemble now ; this remains
so compilers don't offset the jump table */
case _HALT:
case _STOP: /* only for range patterns */
#ifdef DEBUG
if (sp != entry_sp + 1)
bozo("stop0");
#endif
return;
case _PUSHC:
inc_sp();
cellcpy(sp, (cdp++)->ptr);
break;
case _PUSHD:
inc_sp();
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = *(double *) (cdp++)->ptr;
break;
case _PUSHS:
inc_sp();
sp->type = C_STRING;
sp->ptr = (cdp++)->ptr;
string(sp)->ref_cnt++;
break;
case F_PUSHA:
cp = (CELL *) cdp->ptr;
if (cp != field) {
if (nf < 0)
split_field0();
if (!(cp >= NF && cp <= LAST_PFIELD)) {
/* it is a real field $1, $2 ...
If it is greater than $NF, we have to
make sure it is set to "" so that
(++|--) and g?sub() work right
*/
t = field_addr_to_index(cp);
if (t > nf) {
cp->type = C_STRING;
cp->ptr = (PTR) & null_str;
null_str.ref_cnt++;
}
}
}
/* FALLTHRU */
case _PUSHA:
case A_PUSHA:
inc_sp();
sp->ptr = (cdp++)->ptr;
break;
case _PUSHI:
/* put contents of next address on stack */
inc_sp();
cellcpy(sp, (cdp++)->ptr);
break;
case L_PUSHI:
/* put the contents of a local var on stack,
cdp->op holds the offset from the frame pointer */
inc_sp();
cellcpy(sp, fp + (cdp++)->op);
break;
case L_PUSHA:
/* put a local address on eval stack */
inc_sp();
sp->ptr = (PTR) (fp + (cdp++)->op);
break;
case F_PUSHI:
/* push contents of $i
cdp[0] holds & $i , cdp[1] holds i */
inc_sp();
if (nf < 0)
split_field0();
cp = (CELL *) cdp->ptr;
t = (cdp + 1)->op;
cdp += 2;
if (t <= nf)
cellcpy(sp, cp);
else { /* an unset field */
sp->type = C_STRING;
sp->ptr = (PTR) & null_str;
null_str.ref_cnt++;
}
break;
case NF_PUSHI:
inc_sp();
if (nf < 0)
split_field0();
cellcpy(sp, NF);
break;
case FE_PUSHA:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
tu = d_to_index(sp->dval);
if (tu && nf < 0)
split_field0();
sp->ptr = (PTR) field_ptr((int) tu);
if ((int) tu > nf) {
/* make sure it is set to "" */
cp = (CELL *) sp->ptr;
cell_destroy(cp);
cp->type = C_STRING;
cp->ptr = (PTR) & null_str;
null_str.ref_cnt++;
}
break;
case FE_PUSHI:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
tu = d_to_index(sp->dval);
if (nf < 0)
split_field0();
if ((int) tu <= nf) {
cellcpy(sp, field_ptr((int) tu));
} else {
sp->type = C_STRING;
sp->ptr = (PTR) & null_str;
null_str.ref_cnt++;
}
break;
case AE_PUSHA:
/* top of stack has an expr, cdp->ptr points at an
array, replace the expr with the cell address inside
the array */
cp = array_find((ARRAY) (cdp++)->ptr, sp, CREATE);
cell_destroy(sp);
sp->ptr = (PTR) cp;
break;
case AE_PUSHI:
/* top of stack has an expr, cdp->ptr points at an
array, replace the expr with the contents of the
cell inside the array */
cp = array_find((ARRAY) (cdp++)->ptr, sp, CREATE);
cell_destroy(sp);
cellcpy(sp, cp);
break;
case LAE_PUSHI:
/* sp[0] is an expression
cdp->op is offset from frame pointer of a CELL which
has an ARRAY in the ptr field, replace expr
with array[expr]
*/
if (fp != 0) {
cp = array_find((ARRAY) fp[(cdp++)->op].ptr, sp, CREATE);
cell_destroy(sp);
cellcpy(sp, cp);
}
break;
case LAE_PUSHA:
/* sp[0] is an expression
cdp->op is offset from frame pointer of a CELL which
has an ARRAY in the ptr field, replace expr
with & array[expr]
*/
if (fp != 0) {
cp = array_find((ARRAY) fp[(cdp++)->op].ptr, sp, CREATE);
cell_destroy(sp);
sp->ptr = (PTR) cp;
}
break;
case LA_PUSHA:
/* cdp->op is offset from frame pointer of a CELL which
has an ARRAY in the ptr field. Push this ARRAY
on the eval stack
*/
if (fp != 0) {
inc_sp();
sp->ptr = fp[(cdp++)->op].ptr;
}
break;
case SET_ALOOP:
{
ALOOP_STATE *ap = ZMALLOC(ALOOP_STATE);
size_t vector_size;
ap->var = (CELL *) sp[-1].ptr;
ap->base = ap->ptr = array_loop_vector((ARRAY) sp->ptr, &vector_size);
ap->limit = ap->base + vector_size;
sp -= 2;
/* push onto aloop stack */
ap->link = aloop_state;
aloop_state = ap;
cdp += cdp->op;
}
break;
case ALOOP:
{
ALOOP_STATE *ap = aloop_state;
if (ap != 0 && (ap->ptr < ap->limit)) {
cell_destroy(ap->var);
ap->var->type = C_STRING;
ap->var->ptr = (PTR) * ap->ptr++;
cdp += cdp->op;
} else {
cdp++;
}
}
break;
case POP_AL:
{
/* finish up an array loop */
ALOOP_STATE *ap = aloop_state;
if (ap != 0) {
aloop_state = ap->link;
while (ap->ptr < ap->limit) {
free_STRING(*ap->ptr);
ap->ptr++;
}
if (ap->base < ap->limit) {
zfree(ap->base,
((unsigned) (ap->limit - ap->base)
* sizeof(STRING *)));
}
ZFREE(ap);
}
}
break;
case _POP:
cell_destroy(sp);
dec_sp();
break;
case _ASSIGN:
/* top of stack has an expr, next down is an
address, put the expression in *address and
replace the address with the expression */
/* don't propagate type C_MBSTRN */
if (sp->type == C_MBSTRN)
check_strnum(sp);
dec_sp();
cell_destroy(((CELL *) sp->ptr));
cellcpy(sp, cellcpy(sp->ptr, sp + 1));
cell_destroy(sp + 1);
break;
case F_ASSIGN:
/* assign to a field */
if (sp->type == C_MBSTRN)
check_strnum(sp);
dec_sp();
field_assign((CELL *) sp->ptr, sp + 1);
cell_destroy(sp + 1);
cellcpy(sp, (CELL *) sp->ptr);
break;
case _ADD_ASG:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
cp = (CELL *) (sp - 1)->ptr;
if (cp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(cp);
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK /* specific to V7 and XNX23A */
clrerr();
#endif
cp->dval += sp->dval;
dec_sp();
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
fpcheck();
#endif
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = cp->dval;
break;
case _SUB_ASG:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
cp = (CELL *) (sp - 1)->ptr;
if (cp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(cp);
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
clrerr();
#endif
cp->dval -= sp->dval;
dec_sp();
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
fpcheck();
#endif
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = cp->dval;
break;
case _MUL_ASG:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
cp = (CELL *) (sp - 1)->ptr;
if (cp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(cp);
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
clrerr();
#endif
cp->dval *= sp->dval;
dec_sp();
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
fpcheck();
#endif
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = cp->dval;
break;
case _DIV_ASG:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
cp = (CELL *) (sp - 1)->ptr;
if (cp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(cp);
#ifdef NOINFO_SIGFPE
CHECK_DIVZERO(sp->dval);
#endif
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
clrerr();
#endif
cp->dval /= sp->dval;
dec_sp();
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
fpcheck();
#endif
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = cp->dval;
break;
case _MOD_ASG:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
cp = (CELL *) (sp - 1)->ptr;
if (cp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(cp);
#ifdef NOINFO_SIGFPE
CHECK_DIVZERO(sp->dval);
#endif
cp->dval = fmod(cp->dval, sp->dval);
dec_sp();
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = cp->dval;
break;
case _POW_ASG:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
cp = (CELL *) (sp - 1)->ptr;
if (cp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(cp);
cp->dval = pow(cp->dval, sp->dval);
dec_sp();
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = cp->dval;
break;
/* will anyone ever use these ? */
case F_ADD_ASG:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
cp = (CELL *) (sp - 1)->ptr;
cast1_to_d(cellcpy(&tc, cp));
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
clrerr();
#endif
tc.dval += sp->dval;
dec_sp();
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
fpcheck();
#endif
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = tc.dval;
field_assign(cp, &tc);
break;
case F_SUB_ASG:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
cp = (CELL *) (sp - 1)->ptr;
cast1_to_d(cellcpy(&tc, cp));
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
clrerr();
#endif
tc.dval -= sp->dval;
dec_sp();
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
fpcheck();
#endif
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = tc.dval;
field_assign(cp, &tc);
break;
case F_MUL_ASG:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
cp = (CELL *) (sp - 1)->ptr;
cast1_to_d(cellcpy(&tc, cp));
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
clrerr();
#endif
tc.dval *= sp->dval;
dec_sp();
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
fpcheck();
#endif
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = tc.dval;
field_assign(cp, &tc);
break;
case F_DIV_ASG:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
cp = (CELL *) (sp - 1)->ptr;
cast1_to_d(cellcpy(&tc, cp));
#ifdef NOINFO_SIGFPE
CHECK_DIVZERO(sp->dval);
#endif
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
clrerr();
#endif
tc.dval /= sp->dval;
dec_sp();
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
fpcheck();
#endif
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = tc.dval;
field_assign(cp, &tc);
break;
case F_MOD_ASG:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
cp = (CELL *) (sp - 1)->ptr;
cast1_to_d(cellcpy(&tc, cp));
#ifdef NOINFO_SIGFPE
CHECK_DIVZERO(sp->dval);
#endif
tc.dval = fmod(tc.dval, sp->dval);
dec_sp();
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = tc.dval;
field_assign(cp, &tc);
break;
case F_POW_ASG:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
cp = (CELL *) (sp - 1)->ptr;
cast1_to_d(cellcpy(&tc, cp));
tc.dval = pow(tc.dval, sp->dval);
dec_sp();
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = tc.dval;
field_assign(cp, &tc);
break;
case _ADD:
dec_sp();
if (TEST2(sp) != TWO_DOUBLES)
cast2_to_d(sp);
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
clrerr();
#endif
sp[0].dval += sp[1].dval;
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
fpcheck();
#endif
break;
case _SUB:
dec_sp();
if (TEST2(sp) != TWO_DOUBLES)
cast2_to_d(sp);
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
clrerr();
#endif
sp[0].dval -= sp[1].dval;
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
fpcheck();
#endif
break;
case _MUL:
dec_sp();
if (TEST2(sp) != TWO_DOUBLES)
cast2_to_d(sp);
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
clrerr();
#endif
sp[0].dval *= sp[1].dval;
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
fpcheck();
#endif
break;
case _DIV:
dec_sp();
if (TEST2(sp) != TWO_DOUBLES)
cast2_to_d(sp);
#ifdef NOINFO_SIGFPE
CHECK_DIVZERO(sp[1].dval);
#endif
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
clrerr();
#endif
sp[0].dval /= sp[1].dval;
#ifdef SW_FP_CHECK
fpcheck();
#endif
break;
case _MOD:
dec_sp();
if (TEST2(sp) != TWO_DOUBLES)
cast2_to_d(sp);
#ifdef NOINFO_SIGFPE
CHECK_DIVZERO(sp[1].dval);
#endif
sp[0].dval = fmod(sp[0].dval, sp[1].dval);
break;
case _POW:
dec_sp();
if (TEST2(sp) != TWO_DOUBLES)
cast2_to_d(sp);
sp[0].dval = pow(sp[0].dval, sp[1].dval);
break;
case _NOT:
/* evaluates to 0.0 or 1.0 */
reswitch_1:
switch (sp->type) {
case C_NOINIT:
sp->dval = 1.0;
break;
case C_DOUBLE:
sp->dval = sp->dval != 0.0 ? 0.0 : 1.0;
break;
case C_STRING:
sp->dval = string(sp)->len ? 0.0 : 1.0;
free_STRING(string(sp));
break;
case C_STRNUM: /* test as a number */
sp->dval = sp->dval != 0.0 ? 0.0 : 1.0;
free_STRING(string(sp));
break;
case C_MBSTRN:
check_strnum(sp);
goto reswitch_1;
default:
bozo("bad type on eval stack");
}
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
break;
case _TEST:
/* evaluates to 0.0 or 1.0 */
reswitch_2:
switch (sp->type) {
case C_NOINIT:
sp->dval = 0.0;
break;
case C_DOUBLE:
sp->dval = sp->dval != 0.0 ? 1.0 : 0.0;
break;
case C_STRING:
sp->dval = string(sp)->len ? 1.0 : 0.0;
free_STRING(string(sp));
break;
case C_STRNUM: /* test as a number */
sp->dval = sp->dval != 0.0 ? 1.0 : 0.0;
free_STRING(string(sp));
break;
case C_MBSTRN:
check_strnum(sp);
goto reswitch_2;
default:
bozo("bad type on eval stack");
}
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
break;
case _UMINUS:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
sp->dval = -sp->dval;
break;
case _UPLUS:
if (sp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(sp);
break;
case _CAT:
{
size_t len1, len2;
char *str1, *str2;
STRING *b;
dec_sp();
if (TEST2(sp) != TWO_STRINGS)
cast2_to_s(sp);
str1 = string(sp)->str;
len1 = string(sp)->len;
str2 = string(sp + 1)->str;
len2 = string(sp + 1)->len;
b = new_STRING0(len1 + len2);
memcpy(b->str, str1, len1);
memcpy(b->str + len1, str2, len2);
free_STRING(string(sp));
free_STRING(string(sp + 1));
sp->ptr = (PTR) b;
break;
}
case _PUSHINT:
inc_sp();
sp->type = (short) (cdp++)->op;
break;
case _BUILTIN:
case _PRINT:
sp = (*(PF_CP) (cdp++)->ptr) (sp);
break;
case _POST_INC:
cp = (CELL *) sp->ptr;
if (cp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(cp);
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = cp->dval;
cp->dval += 1.0;
break;
case _POST_DEC:
cp = (CELL *) sp->ptr;
if (cp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(cp);
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = cp->dval;
cp->dval -= 1.0;
break;
case _PRE_INC:
cp = (CELL *) sp->ptr;
if (cp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(cp);
sp->dval = cp->dval += 1.0;
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
break;
case _PRE_DEC:
cp = (CELL *) sp->ptr;
if (cp->type != C_DOUBLE)
cast1_to_d(cp);
sp->dval = cp->dval -= 1.0;
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
break;
case F_POST_INC:
cp = (CELL *) sp->ptr;
cellcpy(&tc, cp);
cast1_to_d(&tc);
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = tc.dval;
tc.dval += 1.0;
field_assign(cp, &tc);
break;
case F_POST_DEC:
cp = (CELL *) sp->ptr;
cellcpy(&tc, cp);
cast1_to_d(&tc);
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = tc.dval;
tc.dval -= 1.0;
field_assign(cp, &tc);
break;
case F_PRE_INC:
cp = (CELL *) sp->ptr;
cast1_to_d(cellcpy(sp, cp));
sp->dval += 1.0;
field_assign(cp, sp);
break;
case F_PRE_DEC:
cp = (CELL *) sp->ptr;
cast1_to_d(cellcpy(sp, cp));
sp->dval -= 1.0;
field_assign(cp, sp);
break;
case _JMP:
cdp += cdp->op;
break;
case _JNZ:
/* jmp if top of stack is non-zero and pop stack */
if (test(sp))
cdp += cdp->op;
else
cdp++;
cell_destroy(sp);
dec_sp();
break;
case _JZ:
/* jmp if top of stack is zero and pop stack */
if (!test(sp))
cdp += cdp->op;
else
cdp++;
cell_destroy(sp);
dec_sp();
break;
case _LJZ:
/* special jump for logical and */
/* this is always preceded by _TEST */
if (sp->dval == 0.0) {
/* take jump, but don't pop stack */
cdp += cdp->op;
} else {
/* pop and don't jump */
dec_sp();
cdp++;
}
break;
case _LJNZ:
/* special jump for logical or */
/* this is always preceded by _TEST */
if (sp->dval != 0.0) {
/* take jump, but don't pop stack */
cdp += cdp->op;
} else {
/* pop and don't jump */
dec_sp();
cdp++;
}
break;
/* the relation operations */
/* compare() makes sure string ref counts are OK */
case _EQ:
dec_sp();
t = compare(sp);
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = t == 0 ? 1.0 : 0.0;
break;
case _NEQ:
dec_sp();
t = compare(sp);
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = t ? 1.0 : 0.0;
break;
case _LT:
dec_sp();
t = compare(sp);
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = t < 0 ? 1.0 : 0.0;
break;
case _LTE:
dec_sp();
t = compare(sp);
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = t <= 0 ? 1.0 : 0.0;
break;
case _GT:
dec_sp();
t = compare(sp);
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = t > 0 ? 1.0 : 0.0;
break;
case _GTE:
dec_sp();
t = compare(sp);
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = t >= 0 ? 1.0 : 0.0;
break;
case _MATCH0:
/* does $0 match, the RE at cdp? */
inc_sp();
if (field->type >= C_STRING) {
sp->type = C_DOUBLE;
sp->dval = (REtest(string(field)->str,
string(field)->len,
cast_to_re((cdp++)->ptr))
? 1.0
: 0.0);
break /* the case */ ;
}
cellcpy(sp, field);
/* FALLTHRU */