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README.namelist
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User's Guide to namelist.input file (located in "run" directory)
CM1 Numerical Model, Release 19.10 (cm1r19.10)
Last updated: 4 March 2020
Entries with "--- NEW ---" are new (or modified) for cm1r19
NOTE: some namelist.input files that have been configured for certain
idealized simulations ... e.g., squall lines, supercells,
hurricanes, LES, etc ... are available in the run/config_files
subdirectory.
For mode information about CM1, see the website:
http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/people/bryan/cm1/
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
param0 section -- most variables are INTEGER
nx - Total number of grid points in x direction
ny - Total number of grid points in y direction
nz - Total number of grid points in z direction
nodex - Total number of processors in x direction (for MPI runs only)
nodey - Total number of processors in y direction (for MPI runs only)
ppnode - MPI processes per node (for MPI runs only)
NOTEs: - ppnode is used for input/output purposes only.
- This is hardware dependent, so check the documentation
for your supercomputer.
- For NCAR's yellowstone, use ppnode=16.
- For NCAR's cheyenne, use ppnode=36.
- If you're not certain what to use, just take a guess;
this doesn't affect model performance, but it can make
parallel I/O a little faster and cleaner (i.e., fewer
restart files, for example).
timeformat - Format for text printout of model integration time:
1 = seconds
2 = minutes
3 = hours
4 = days
timestats - 0 = Do not provide provide timing statistics
1 = Provide timing statistics at end of simulation
2 = The same as 1, but include time required to complete
each time step
terrain_flag - .true. = With terrain
.false. = No terrain (flat lower boundary)
procfiles - .true. = Text printout/config files for every MPI process
.false. = Only one text printout/config file (Default)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
param1 section -- enter REAL values
dx - Horizontal grid spacing in x direction (m).
dy - Horizontal grid spacing in y direction (m).
dz - Vertical grid spacing (m).
NOTE:
The variables dx,dy,dz are only used when stretch_* = 0. When
stretch_* >= 1, these variables should be set to an approximately
average value (to minimize roundoff errors). See README.stretch
for more information.
dtl - Large time step (s).
For psolver = 2,3,4,5,6 this time step is limited by the fastest
nonacoustic speed. For thunderstorm simulations, this is usually
the maximum vertical velocity. Otherwise, this would be the
propagation speed of gravity waves. The following usually works well:
dtl = min(dx,dy,dz)/67 (rounded to an appropriate value, of course)
For psolver=1, this time step is limited by the propagation speed of
sound waves. dtl of about min(dx,dy,dz)/700 is recommended.
When using adaptive time-stepping, set dtl to a reasonable
"target" value (i.e., a value you think would probably be best for your
simulation). This will be used as the initial timestep.
timax - Maximum integration time (s).
run_time - Integration time (s) to run model from current time.
NOTE: Ignored if value is less than zero.
NOTE: Overrides timax.
(Useful for restarts. For example, just integrate model
"run_time" seconds forward from current time.)
tapfrq - Frequency of three-dimensional model output (s).
Output is in cm1out files.
rstfrq - Frequency to save model restart files (s). Set to a negative
number if restart files are not desired.
statfrq - Frequency for calculating some interesting output. (seconds)
Set to negative number to output stats every timestep.
Output is in cm1out_stats.dat file.
See param10 section below for the information that can
be requested.
prclfrq - Frequency to output parcel data (s). Note ... this does not
affect the parcel calculations themselves, which are always
updated every timestep; it merely tells the model how
frequently to output the information. Set to a negative number
to output parcel data every time step.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
param2 section -- enter INTEGER values
(value in CAPS is recommended, where applicable)
--- NEW ---
cm1setup - Overall CM1 setup, base on how turbulence is handled:
0 = no subgrid turbulence model & no explicit diffusion
- essentially integrates the Euler equations
(adiabatic and inviscid flow)
(although, diffusion can still occur via numerical methods)
- NOTE: ignores sgsmodel, param7 section, etc
1 = large-eddy simulation (LES)
- integrates filtered Navier-Stokes equations (ie, LES equations)
- NOTE: user must set "sgsmodel" (and related parameters) below
2 = mesoscale modeling with planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization
- essentially uses Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations
- NOTE: user must set "ipbl" below
3 = direct numerical simulation (DNS)
- integrates Navier-Stokes equations with explicit diffusion and
diffusivity terms
- NOTE: user must set the parameters in "param7" section below
--- NEW ---
testcase - Turns on certain simplied physics schemes and/or specified
tendency terms and/or special settings for well-documented
test cases.
0 = Default. (no special physics, forcings, or configutation)
- Most users will use testcase=0.
1 = Convective Boundary Layer (CBL) using Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
- Based on Sullivan and Patton (2011, JAS, pg 2395)
- See namelist.input in directory run/config_files/les_ConvBoundLayer
2 = Sheared Boundary Layer (SBL) using Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
- Based on Moeng and Sullivan (1994, JAS, pg 999)
- See namelist.input in directory run/config_files/les_ShearBoundLayer
3 = Shallow cumulus clouds using Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
- Based on Siebesma et al (2003, JAS, pg 1201)
- See namelist.input in directory run/config_files/les_ShallowCu
4 = Nonprecipitating stratocumulus clouds using Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
- Based on Stevens et al (2005, MWR, pg 1443)
- See namelist.input in directory run/config_files/les_StratoCuNoPrecip
5 = Drizzling stratocumulus clouds using Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
- Based on Ackerman et al (2009, MWR, pg 1083)
- See namelist.input in directory run/config_files/les_StratoCuDrizzle
6 = Hurricane Boundary Layer (HBL) using Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
- Based on Bryan et al (2017, BLM, pg 475)
- See namelist.input in directory run/config_files/les_HurrBoundLayer
Also: a single-column model (SCM) version using a PBL scheme is
available.
- See namelist.input in directory run/config_files/scm_HurrBoundLayer
7 = Precipitating shallow cumulus clouds using Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
- Based on RICO shallow Cu case (VanZanten et al 2011, JAMES)
- See namelist.input in run/config_files/les_ShallowCuPrecip
8 = Convection Permitting Model (CPM) simulation of Radiative Convective
Equilibrium (RCE)
- Based on Bretherton et al (2005, JAS)
- See namelist.input in run/config_files/cpm_RadConvEquil
--- NEW for cm1r19.9 ---
9 = Stable boundary layer using Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
- Based on Beare et al. (2006, BLM)
- See namelist.input in run/config_files/les_StableBoundLayer
--- NEW for cm1r19.9 ---
10 = Hurricane boundary layer with LES or single-column modeling
with heat and moisture stratification. Experimental: uses
nudging to help maintain original temperature and moisture
profiles. See "tqnudge" in solve.F for more information and
settings.
adapt_dt - Use adaptive timestep? (0=no, 1=yes)
Model automatically adjusts timestep to maintain stability.
NOTE: - a reasonable value must still be assigned to dtl (above),
which will be used as the initial timestep
irst - Is this a restart? (0=no, 1=yes)
rstnum - If this is a restart, this variable specifies the number of the
restart file. For example, for file cm1out_0000_0002_rst.dat,
rstnum is 2.
iconly - Setup initial conditions only?
1 = creates initial conditions, but does not run model.
0 = creates initial conditions, and proceeds with integration.
hadvordrs - Order of horizontal advection scheme for scalars.
vadvordrs - Order of vertical advection scheme for scalars.
hadvordrv - Order of horizontal advection scheme for velocities.
vadvordrv - Order of vertical advection scheme for velocities.
[Valid options are 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
Odd-ordered schemes have implicit diffusion. If an odd-ordered
scheme is used (3,5,7,9) then idiff can be set to 0 (i.e., no
additional artifical diffusion is typically necessary).
Even-ordered schemes (2,4,6,8,10) usually require additional artifical
diffusion for stability (i.e., idiff=1 is recommended). Users can use
idiff=1 with difforder=6 and a value of kdiff6 between about 0.02-0.24
advwenos - Advect scalars (except pressure) with WENO scheme?
advwenov - Advect velocities with WENO scheme?
0 = no
1 = yes, apply on every Runge-Kutta step
2 = yes, apply on final Runge-Kutta step only (default)
--- NEW ---
weno_order - Formulation for the WENO scheme.
Valid options are 3, 5, 7, 9
References:
original 3rd and 5th order weno: Jiang and Shu, 1996,
J. Comput. Phys., 126, pg 202
original 7th and 9th order weno: Balsara and Shu, 2000,
J. Comput. Phys., 160, pg 405
*** CM1 default formulation ***
5th order with improved smoothness indicators:
Borges et al, 2008, J. Comput. Phys., 227, pg 3191
apmasscon - Adjust average pressure perturbation to ensure conservation
of dry-air mass? 0 = no
1 = yes
Note: This option checks the total dry-air mass
in the domain and adjusts the domain-average
pressure perturbation to ensure conservation.
In general, this option is only needed for long
(several days or more) simulations.
idiff - Include additional artificial diffusion? (0=no, 1=yes)
(in addition to any diffusion associated with cm1setup setting)
For idiff=1, diffusion of all variables.
For idiff=2, diffusion only applied to winds (u,v,w).
User must also set difforder and kdiff2 or kdiff6.
mdiff - When idiff=1 and difforder=6, apply monotonic version of
artificial diffusion?
(0=no, 1=yes)
Reference: Xue, 2000, MWR, p 2853.
difforder - Order of diffusion scheme. 2=second order, 6=sixth order.
Second order diffusion is not generally recommended. It is
only used for certain idealized cases. kdiff2 must be set
appropriately when difforder=2.
Sixth order diffusion is recommended for general use when
diffusion of small scales (2-6 delta) is needed. User must
also set kdiff6 when difforder=6.
(not available for axisymmetric simulations)
imoist - Include moisture? (0=no, 1=yes)
ipbl - Use a planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization?
0 = no
1 = Yonsei University (YSU) PBL parameterization
Reference: Hong et al, 2006, MWR, p 2318
("bl_pbl_physics = 1" in WRF)
2 = simple PBL parameterization (Louis-type scheme)
Reference: Bryan and Rotunno (2009, MWR, pg 1773)
--- NEW for cm1r19.9 ---
3 = GFS-EDMF (as configured in HWRF_v4.0a)
Reference: Hong and Pan, 1996, MWR, pg 2322
--- NEW for cm1r19.10 ---
4 = MYNN (Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino) level 2.5
Reference: Nakanishi and Niino (2006, BLM)
--- NEW for cm1r19.10 ---
5 = MYNN (Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino) level 3
Reference: Nakanishi and Niino (2006, BLM)
Note: ipbl >= 1 requires cm1setup = 2
sgsmodel - Subgrid-scale turbulence model for Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
1 = TKE scheme (eg, Deardorff, 1980, BLM)
(previously, this was iturb=1)
2 = Smagorinsky scheme (eg, Stevens et al, 1999, JAS, see
Appendix B, section b, "Equilibrium models")
(previously, this was iturb=2)
Note: only used for cm1setup = 1
tconfig - Calculation of turbulence coefficients for sgsmodel = 1 or 2
1 = horizontal and vertical turbulence coefficients are the
same; use this if dx,dy are about equal to dz (default)
2 = horizontal turbulence coefficient is different from vertical
turbulence coefficient; use this if dx,dy are much greater
than dz.
bcturbs - Lower/upper boundary condition for vertical diffusion of all
scalars. (Applies only to sgsmodel=1,2 and ipbl=2)
1 = zero flux (default)
2 = zero gradient
horizturb - Horizontal turbulence parameterization
(i.e., horizontal Smagorinsky scheme)
Reference: Bryan and Rotunno (2009, MWR, pg 1773)
(note: previously, this was part of iturb=3)
0 = no
1 = yes
Note: horizturb = 1 requires cm1setup = 2
doimpl - Vertically implicit calculation for vertical turbulence tendencies
0 = no (use vertically explicit scheme) --- NEW ---
1 = YES (use vertically implicit scheme)
(note: doimpl=1 was required in cm1r18)
Default formulation (doimpl=1) is a Crank-Nicholson scheme, which is
absolutely stable (i.e., numerically stable regardless of time step).
For doimpl=0, an explicit scheme is used for vertical turbulence
tendencies, which can severely limit the time step for simulations
with small vertical grid spacing.
irdamp - Use upper-level Rayleigh damping zone?
(acts on u,v,w, and theta only)
(User must set rdalpha and zd below)
0 = no
1 = yes, damp towards base state
2 = yes, damp towards horizontal average --- NEW for cm1r19.4 ---
(useful for very long simulations, eg, > 10 days)
hrdamp - Use Rayleigh damping near lateral boundaries (0=NO, 1=yes)
(acts on u,v,w only)
(User must set rdalpha and xhd below)
psolver - Option for pressure solver.
1 = truly compressible: no acoustic damping, no small time steps,
no implicit numerics
2 = Klemp-Wilhelmson time-splitting, fully explicit: uses K-W split
time steps for acoustic modes, with explicit
treatment of acoustic terms in both vertical
and horizontal directions.
(use if dx,dy,dz are approximately equal)
3 = Klemp-Wilhelmson time-splitting, vertically implicit: uses K-W
split time steps for acoustic modes, with a
vetically implicit solver, and horizontally
explicit calculations (as in MM5, ARPS, WRF).
(use if dz is much smaller than dx,dy)
4 = Anelastic solver: Uses the anelastic mass continuity equation.
Pressure is retrieved diagnostically.
5 = Incomprssible solver: Uses the incompressible mass continuity
equation. Pressure is retrieved diagnostically.
6 = compressible Boussinesq: compressible equation set, using KW time
splitting, fully explicit (like psolver=2), but
Boussinesq approx made for pressure-gradient
terms in velocity equations. Useful for certain
types of idealized modeling.
(see, eg, Bryan and Rotunno, 2014, JAS, pg 1126)
NOTE: since cm1r19, users no longer need to set the "nsound" parameter
for psolver=2,3,6
ptype - Explicit moisture scheme.
1 = Kessler scheme (water only)
2 = NASA-Goddard version of LFO scheme
3 = Thompson scheme
4 = Gilmore/Straka/Rasmussen version of LFO scheme
(default) 5 = Morrison double-moment scheme
6 = Rotunno-Emanuel (1987) simple water-only scheme
(Options 26,27,28 use namelist nssl2mom_params, see below)
26 = NSSL 2-moment scheme (graupel-only, no hail);
graupel density predicted
27 = NSSL 2-moment scheme (graupel and hail);
graupel and hail densities predicted
28 = NSSL single-moment scheme (graupel-only, similar to ptype=4);
fixed graupel density (rho_qh)
ihail - Use hail or graupel for large ice category when ptype=2,5.
(Goddard-LFO and Morrison schemes only)
1 = hail
0 = graupel
iautoc - Include autoconversion of qc to qr when ptype = 2? (0=no, 1=yes)
(Goddard-LFO scheme only)
icor - Include Coriolis acceleration? (0=no, 1=yes)
(If user chooses 1, then fcor must be set below)
f-plane is assumed.
--- NEW ---
lspgrad - Apply large-scale pressure gradient acceleration to u and v
components of velocity.
0 = no
1 = yes, based on geostropic balance using base-state wind profiles
(note: lspgrad = 1 was called "pertcor" in earlier versions of cm1)
2 = yes, based on geostropic balance using ug,vg arrays
3 = yes, based on gradient-wind balance (Bryan et al 2017, BLM)
eqtset - equation set for moist microphysics:
1 = a traditional (approximate) equation set for cloud models
2 = an energy-conserving equation set that accounts for the
heat capacity of hydrometeors (Bryan and Fritsch 2002)
that also conserves mass
(note: value is ignored if imoist = 0, because the
equations are equivalent in a dry environment)
(not available with ptype=4)
idiss - Include dissipative heating? (0=no, 1=yes)
efall - Include energy fallout term? (0=no, 1=yes)
rterm - Include simple relaxation term that mimics atmospheric radiation?
(0=no, 1=yes)
(Note: this is a very simple approach, and is only recommended
for highly idealized model simulations. See Rotunno and Emanuel
1987, JAS, p. 546 for a description of this term.)
wbc - West lateral boundary condition.
ebc - East lateral boundary condition.
sbc - South lateral boundary condition.
nbc - North lateral boundary condition.
where: 1 = periodic
2 = open-radiative
3 = rigid walls, free slip
4 = rigid walls, no slip
5 = fixed
bbc - bottom boundary condition for winds
where: 1 = free slip
2 = no slip
3 = semi-slip (i.e., partial slip)
(NOTE: for bbc=3, user must also set some options in param12 section below)
[see variables that mention "bbc=3" below]
tbc - top boundary condition for winds
where: 1 = free slip
2 = no slip
irbc - For bc=2, this is the type of radiative scheme to use:
1 = Klemp-Wilhelmson (1978) on large steps
2 = Klemp-Wilhelmson (1978) on small steps
4 = Durran-Klemp (1983) formulation
roflux - Restrict outward flux? (0=no, 1=yes)
When this option is activated, the total outward mass flux at open
boundary conditions is not allowed to exceed total inward mass flux.
This is a requirement for the anelastic solver. For the compressible
solvers, this scheme helps prevent runaway outward mass flux that can
cause domain-total mass loss and pressure falls.
--- NEW for cm1r19.8 ---
nudgeobc - Nudge winds at inflow boundaries when using open boundary
conditions? (0=no, 1=yes)
When using open-radiative lateral boundary conditions, this option
nudges the horizontal winds toward the base-state fields where there
is inflow. This option is useful for maintaining an inflowing wind
profile in long simulations. (User must set the variable alphobc;
see below).
isnd - Base-state sounding: 1 = Dry adiabatic
2 = Dry isothermal
3 = Dry, constant dT/dz
[some variables can be 4 = Saturated neutrally stable (BF02 sounding)
set in base.F file] 5 = Weisman-Klemp analytic sounding
7 = External file (named 'input_sounding')
(see isnd=7 section of base.F for info)
(some soundings are available at
http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/people/bryan/cm1)
8 = Dry, constant d(theta)/dz
9 = Dry, constant Brunt-Vaisala frequency
10 = Saturated, constant Brunt-Vaisala frequency
11 = Saturated, constant equiv. pot. temp.
12 = Dry, adiabatic near surface, constant
lapse rate above
13 = Dry, three different layers having constant
N^2 (squared Brunt-Vaisala frequency)
14 = Dry, profile for Convective Boundary Layer
test case.
15 = Moist, analytic, based on DYCOMS-II,
used for stratocumulus test cases.
17 = Same as isnd=7, but wind profiles are neglected.
User must set wind profile using the 'iwnd' option.
External file named 'input_sounding' is used,
although columns 4-5 are ignored.
(see isnd=7 section of base.F for more info)
(some soundings are available at
http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/people/bryan/cm1)
18 = Dry, sharp inversion in middle of profile,
used for sheared boundary layer test case.
19 = Moist analytic profiles based on BOMEX,
used for shallow cumulus test case
20 = Moist analytic profiles based on RICO,
used for precipitating shallow cumulus test case
22 = Initial sounding for stable boundary-layer
test case (testcase=9).
iwnd - Base-state wind profile: (ignored if isnd=7)
0 = zero winds
[additional variables 1 = RKW-type profile
need to be set in 2 = Weisman-Klemp supercell
base.F file] 3 = multicell
4 = Weisman-Klemp multicell
5 = Dornbrack etal analytic profile
6 = constant wind
8 = linearly decreasing wind profile, used
for simple hurricane boundary layer case
9 = linear wind profiles used for shallow
cumulus test case
10 = linear wind profiles used for drizzling
stratocumulus test case
11 = wind profiles used for RICO precipitating
shallow cumulus case
itern - Initial topography specifications.
User must also set zs array in init_terrain.F:
0 = no terrain (zs=0)
1 = bell-shaped hill
2 = Schaer test case
3 = (case from T. Lane and J. Doyle)
4 = specified in external GrADS file
iinit - 3D initialization option: 0 = no perturbation
1 = warm bubble
2 = cold pool
[additional variables 3 = line of warm bubbles
need to be set in 4 = initialization for moist benchmark
init3d.F file] 5 = cold blob
7 = Rotunno-Emanuel tropical cyclone
See relevant code in 8 = line thermal with random perturbations
init3d.F file for 9 = forced convergence (Loftus et al 2008)
more details. 10 = momentum forcing (Morrison et al 2015)
11 = Skamarock-Klemp IG wave perturbation
--- NEW --- 12 = updraft nudging (Naylor and Gilmore 2012)
irandp - Include random potential temperature perturbations in the
initial conditions?
(0=no, 1=yes)
(set magnitude of perturbations in init3d.F)
ibalance - Specified balance assumption for initial 3D pressure field
(ignored if iinit=7)
0 = no balance (initial pressure perturbation is zero everywhere,
except for iinit=7)
1 = hydrostatic balance (appropriate for small aspect ratios)
2 = anelastic balance (initial pressure perturbation is the
buoyancy pressure perturbation field for an anelastic
atmosphere). (Does not currently work with MPI setup.)
iorigin - Specifies location of the origin in horizontal space
1 = At the bottom-left corner of the domain
(x goes from 0 km to nx*dx km)
(y goes from 0 km to ny*dy km)
2 = At the center of the domain
(x goes from -nx*dx/2 km to +nx*dx/2 km)
(y goes from -ny*dy/2 km to +ny*dy/2 km)
axisymm - Run axisymmetric version of model (0=no, 1=yes)
(for axisymm=1, ny must be 1, wbc must be 3, and sbc,nbc must be 1)
(see README.axisymm for more information)
imove - Move domain at constant speed (0=no, 1=yes)
For imove=1, user must set umove and vmove.
iptra - Integrate passive fluid tracer? (0=no, 1=yes)
User must initialize "pta" array in init3d.F.
npt - Total number of passive fluid tracers.
pdtra - Ensure positive-definiteness for tracers? (0=no, 1=yes)
iprcl - Integrate passive parcels? (0=no, 1=yes)
User must initialize "pdata" array in init3d.F.
nparcels - Total number of parcels.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
param3 section -- enter REAL values
kdiff2 - Diffusion coefficient for difforder=2. Specified in m^2/s.
kdiff6 - Diffusion coefficient for difforder=6. Specified as a
fraction of one-dimensional stability. A value between
0.02-0.24 is recommended.
fcor - Coriolis parameter (1/s).
kdiv - Coefficient for divergence damper. Value of ~0.1 is recommended.
This is only used when psolver=2,3. (The divergence damper is
an artificial term designed to damp acoustic waves.)
alph - Off-centering coefficient for vertically implicit acoustic
solver. A value of 0.5 is centered-in-time. Slight forward-in-time
bias is recommended. Default value is 0.60.
(only used for psolver=3)
rdalpha - Inverse e-folding time for upper-level Rayleigh damping layer
(1/s). Value of about 1/300 is recommended.
zd - Height above which Rayleigh damping is applied (m).
(when irdamp = 1)
xhd - Distance from lateral boundaries where Rayleigh damping is applied (m).
(when hrdamp = 1)
alphobc - Time scale (s) of nudging tendency when using the nudgeobc option.
umove - Constant speed for domain translation in x-direction (m/s)
(for imove = 1)
(NOTE: for imove=1 and umove not equal to 0.0, ground-relative winds
are umove+ua, umove+u3d, etc)
vmove - Constant speed for domain translation in y-direction (m/s)
(for imove = 1)
(NOTE: for imove=1 and vmove not equal to 0.0, ground-relative winds
are vmove+va, vmove+v3d, etc)
v_t - Constant terminal fall velocity of liquid water (m/s) when ptype=6
--- NEW for cm1r19.4 ---
When v_t is negative, all liquid water above a small threshold is
removed from the domain, ie, pseudoadiabatic thermodynamics are
used, following Bryan and Rotunno (2009, JAS, pg 3042).
l_h - Horizontal turbulence length scale (m) used when horizturb=1
(ie, 2D Smagorinsky)
Since cm1r18, this is used OVER LAND ONLY
(see lhref1,lhref2 for settings OVER OCEAN)
lhref1 - a reference value of l_h (m): value for surface pressure of 1015 mb
lhref2 - a reference value of l_h (m): value for surface pressure of 900 mb
notes: - Since cm1r18, the horizontal turbulence length scale for
horizturb=1 is a function of surface pressure
(over the OCEAN ONLY).
- This is based on studies of hurricanes (eg, Bryan 2012, MWR).
- lhref1 and lhref2 define a linear formulation for horizontal
turbulence length over the ocean for horizturb=1.
- For gridpoints over land, l_h (above) is used for horizturb=1.
- For water points above sea level (e.g., lakes) l_h is used.
l_inf - Asymptotic vertical turbulence length scale (m) (i.e., vertical
length scale at z = infinity) used for ipbl=2 (simple parameterized
turbulence / boundary layer scheme)
ndcnst - specified cloud droplet concentration for default version of
Morrison microphysics scheme (units of cm-3)
Note: typical value for maritime environments: 100 cm-3
typical value for continental environments: 300 cm-3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
param11 section - atmospheric radiation
NOTE: The parameters in this section ONLY apply to atmospheric radation.
You do not need to set anything here unless radopt >= 1.
radopt - Use atmospheric radiation code?
0 = no
1 = yes, use the NASA-Goddard scheme
2 = yes, use the RRTMG scheme --- NEW ---
Note: the NASA-Goddard longwave and shortwave radiation codes
were adapted from the ARPS model, courtesy of the ARPS/CAPS group
at the University of Oklahoma.
Note: the RRTMG code was adapted from the WRF model.
(Note: TIPA option is not implemented in this version of CM1)
-----
Note: for the NASA-Goddard code, the interaction of radiation with
clouds is configured consistently for only two microphysics
schemes: the NASA-Goddard LFO scheme (ptype=2) and the Morrison
microphysics scheme (ptype=5). A future version of CM1 might pass the
proper variables from all microphysics schemes into the radiation
code so that consistent calculations are performed.
That said, the radiative tendencies should still be reasonable for all
ice microphysics schemes, and there is no issue for clear-sky
conditions. (The inconsistency arises only when radiation interacts
with water and ice particles, and the radiation scheme needs to be
sent information about hydrometeor size and distribution for
accurate calculations.)
-----
-----
Note: for the RRTMG code, only the Thompson (ptype=3) and Morrison
(ptype=5) schemes are accurately coupled with the radiation calculations.
-----
If radopt >= 1, set the following parameters:
dtrad - Time increment (seconds) between calculation of radiation
tendency. (Radiative tendencies are held fixed in-between
calls to the atmospheric radiation subroutine.)
ctrlat - Latitude (applies to entire domain, for now)
ctrlon - Longitude (applies to entire domain, for now)
NOTE: because ctrlat and ctrlon are fixed (for now) the radiation
scheme is only appropriate for domains having horizontal
extent of order 100--1000 km or less
(FAQ: Why are lat and lon fixed across the entire domain?
It's because George doesn't have time, at the moment, to deal with
map projections in CM1.)
year - Year (integer) at start of simulation
month - Month (integer) at start of simulation
day - Day (integer) at start of simulation
hour - Hour (integer) at start of simulation
minute - Minute (integer) at start of simulation
second - Second (integer) at start of simulation
Yet Another Note: the radiation schemes uses three important
pieces of information from the surface section (param12) below:
surface temperature, land/water flag, and land-use type.
Make sure you have the desired settings for your simulation below
(even if you are not using surface fluxes!).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
param12 section: surface model, ocean model, boundary layer:
NOTE: By default, surface conditions are the same everywhere at the
initial time. But, users can define spatially varying initial surface
conditions in init_surface.F
isfcflx - Include surface fluxes of heat and moisture (0=no, 1=yes)
sfcmodel - Surface model:
(Specifically, method to calculate surface fluxes and surface stress
over land and water)
(NOTE: bbc=3 requires sfcmodel >= 1 )
(NOTE: set_znt=1, or set_ust=1, or set_flx=1 requires sfcmodel = 1)
List (see more info below):
1 = original CM1 formulation
2 = surface-layer scheme from WRF model (details below)
3 = 'revised' surface-layer scheme from WRF model (details below)
--- NEW for cm1r19.9 ---
4 = GFDL surface layer (as configured in HWRF_v4.0a)
--- NEW for cm1r19.9 ---
5 = simple Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory (MOST)
--- NEW for cm1r19.10 ---
6 = MYNN surface layer
Further information:
- sfcmodel=1 : Uses simple formulations wherein surface exchange
coefficients are specified: see "Options for sfcmodel = 1" section
below. For diagnostic surface layer calculations (such as 10-m winds),
a neutrally stratified surface layer is assumed.
Notes: - surface temperature remains fixed over time
- surface moisture availability remains fixed over time
- sfcmodel=1 requires oceanmodel=1
- sfcmodel=2 : Uses the MM5/WRF similarity theory code for the surface
layer: based on Monin-Obukhov with Carslon-Boland viscous sub-layer
and standard similarity functions from look-up tables.
("sf_sfclay_physics = 1" in WRF)
See also "Options for sfcmodel = 2" section below.
The soil model is the "Thermal diffusion" model from MM5/WRF: it
updates soil temperature only ... soil moisture availability is held
fixed over time. (Same as "sf_surface_physics = 1" in WRF)
Notes: - sfcmodel=2 can be used with either oceanmodel=1,2
- sfcmodel=3 : A revised version of sfcmodel=2. See Jimenez et al
(2012, MWR, pg 898) for more details.
Notes: - sfcmodel=3 can be used with either oceanmodel=1,2
--- NEW for cm1r19.9 ---
- sfcmodel=4 : GFDL surface layer, as configured in HWRF_v4.0a
--- NEW for cm1r19.9 ---
- sfcmodel=5 : A relatively simple implementation of Monin-Obukhov
Similarity Theory (MOST). Requires: a) dry (imoist=0), b) specified
surface roughness length (set_znt=1), c) z0t = z0 (thermal roughness
length is same as momentum roughness length); d) no terrain;
e) either surface temperature (tsk) is known, or thflux must be
specified (as in testcase=1).
--- NEW for cm1r19.10 ---
- sfcmodel=6 : MYNN surface layer (from WRFV4.1.4)
oceanmodel - Model for ocean/water surface:
1 = fixed sea-surface temperature
2 = ocean mixed layer model
(Same as "omlcall = 1" in WRF)
(Note: oceanmodel=2 requires sfcmodel=2,3)
Ref: Pollard et al, 1973, Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 3, 381-404.
--------
Options for initialization of surface conditions:
initsfc - initial surface conditions:
1 = constant values (set tsk0,tmn0,xland0,lu0 below)
2 = sea breeze test case from WRF
for any other value: you must initialize the surface conditions
yourself in the "init_surface.F" file.
tsk0 - default initial value for "skin temperature" (K) of soil/water
(~1 cm deep)
NOTE: this replaces sea surface temperature (tsurf) in cm1r15
tmn0 - default initial value for deep-layer temperature (K) of soil
(Note: remains fixed throughout simulation)
(only used if sfcmodel=2)
(only used over land ... ignored over water)
xland0 - default initial value for land/water flag:
1 for land, 2 for water
lu0 - default initial value for land-use index (see LANDUSE.TBL file)
(NOTE: for water/ocean, use lu0 = 16)
season - which set of land-use conditions to use from LANDUSE.TBL file:
1 = summer values
2 = winter values
c-------------------------------------------------------------c
To reiterate: if you want to use spatially varying values of
tsk,tmn,xland,lu then you must code it up yourself in the
"init_surface.F" file.
c-------------------------------------------------------------c
--------
Options for sfcmodel = 1:
cecd - When bbc=3 and/or isfcflx=1, this allows the user to choose the
formulation for the surface exchange coefficients for enthalphy (Ce)
and momentum (Cd). Options are:
1 = constant value: user must set cnstce and/or cnstcd below
(applies to land and water)
2 = Deacon's formula [eg, Rotunno and Emanuel (1987, JAS)]
(over water only)
(WRF LANDUSE.TBL used over land)
default: 3 = Cd based roughly on Fairall et al (2003) at low wind speeds
and Donelan (2004, GRL) at high wind speeds
Ce constant, based on Drennan et al. (2007, JAS)
(over water only)
(WRF LANDUSE.TBL used over land)
pertflx - Use only perturbation winds for calculation of surface fluxes?
(0=NO, 1=yes)
(Only available with sfcmodel=1)
cnstce - Constant value of Ce (surface exchange coefficient for enthalpy)
if isfcflx=1 and cecd=1
cnstcd - Constant value of Cd (surface exchange coefficient for momentum)
if bbc=3 and cecd=1
--------
Options for sfcmodel = 2,3,6:
isftcflx - Use alternative Ck and Cd for tropical storm applications:
(0=off) (For Cd: 1,2 = Donelan)
(For Ce: 1=constant Z0q, 2=Garratt)
MYNN has other options: see module_sf_mynn.F for details
(Cannot be used with sfcmodel=1,4,5)
iz0tlnd - When using sfcmodel=2, option for thermal roughness length:
0 = Carlson-Boland (original mm5/wrf version)
1 = Czil_new (depends on vegetation height)
--------
Options for oceanmodel = 2:
oml_hml0 - default ocean mixed layer depth (m) at initial time
oml_gamma - default deep water lapse rate (K m-1)
--------
Further options for sfcmodel = 1 only:
--- NEW ---
set_flx - impose constant surface heat fluxes (0=no, 1=yes)
--- NEW ---
cnst_shflx - value for surface sensible heat flux (K m/s) if set_flx=1
--- NEW ---
cnst_lhflx - value for surface latent heat flux (g/g m/s) if set_flx=1
--- NEW ---
set_znt - impose constant surface roughness length (0=no, 1=yes)
--- NEW ---
cnst_znt - value of surface roughness length (z0, meters) if set_znt=1
--- NEW ---
set_ust - impose constant surface friction velocity (0=no, 1=yes)
--- NEW ---
cnst_ust - value of surface friction velocity (u-star, m/s) if set_ust=1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
param4 section -- Horizontally stretched (x) grid options.
See README.stretch for more information.
stretch_x - Use horizontally stretched grid in x?
0 = no
1 = yes, stretching on both west and east sides of domain
2 = yes, stretching on west side of domain only
--- NEW ---
3 = Arbitrary, specified by user in input_grid_x file
(note: options below are ignored for stretch_x = 3)
dx_inner - Smallest grid spacing (m).
dx_outer - Largest grid spacing, at edge of domain (m).
nos_x_len - Length of the no-stretching part of domain (m).
tot_x_len - Total length of the domain (m).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
param5 section -- Horizontally stretched (y) grid options.
See README.stretch for more information.
stretch_y - Use horizontally stretched grid in y?
0 = no
1 = yes, stretching on both south and north sides of domain
2 = yes, stretching on south side of domain only