-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 1
/
Copy path02-constitution.html
773 lines (619 loc) · 25 KB
/
02-constitution.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<title>The Constitution</title>
<link rel="author" href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style"
content="black-translucent">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0,
maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/reveal.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/theme/night.css" id="theme">
<!-- For syntax highlighting -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="lib/css/zenburn.css">
<!-- Printing and PDF exports -->
<script>
var link = document.createElement( 'link' );
link.rel = 'stylesheet';
link.type = 'text/css';
link.href = window.location.search.match( /print-pdf/gi ) ? 'css/print/pdf.css' : 'css/print/paper.css';
document.getElementsByTagName( 'head' )[0].appendChild( link );
</script>
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="lib/js/html5shiv.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
<!-- Local overrides -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="reveal">
<!-- Any section element inside of this container is displayed as a slide -->
<div class="slides">
<section class="vcard">
<h1>The Founding Era and the Constitution</h1>
<h3><a rel="author" class="url n"
href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/">
<span class="honorific-prefix">Dr.</span>
<span class="given-name">Christopher</span>
<abbr class="additional-name">N.</abbr>
<span class="family-name">Lawrence</span></a></h3>
<h4 class="org">Middle Georgia State University</h4>
<h4>POLS 1101: American Government</h4>
<h5><a id="narrationToggle" onclick="toggleAutoplay(this);return false;"
href="#">🔊 Disable Narration</a></h5>
</section>
<!-- XXX Actual slides go here -->
<section>
<h2>Inherited Political Traditions</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="5,14,19,25">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-01.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-01.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Governing Principles:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>Government arises from the <b>consent of
the governed</b>.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Power should be <b>divided</b> among
separate institutions.</p>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Citizens' rights must be protected.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Consent of the Governed</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="12,25,37">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-02.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-02.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Thomas Hobbes, <i>The Leviathan</i> (1651).</p>
<img src="img/constitution/Thomas_Hobbes.jpeg"
alt="Portrait of Thomas Hobbes"
style="float: right; width: 30%; height: auto">
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>Without government, in the “state
of nature,” life would be “solitary, poor,
nasty, brutish, and short.”</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Hence people formed a <b>social
contract</b>.</p></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Hobbes was a monarchist, not a republican.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Separation of Powers</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="10,17,23,27,40">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-03.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-03.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>John Locke's <i>Second Treatise on Government</i> (1690)</p>
<ul><li class=fragment><p>Also based on consent of the governed,
although people did not give up their natural rights</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>But no need to concentrate power in one ruler</p>
<ul><li class=fragment><p>Legislative power</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Executive power</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Baron de Montesquieu, in <i>The Spirit of the Laws</i>
(1748), later added judicial power as well.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Natural Rights</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="9">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-04.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-04.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<img src="img/constitution/Locke-John-LOC.jpg"
alt="Portrait of John Locke"
style="width: 30%; height: auto; float: right">
<li><p>Locke also argued government should protect individuals'
natural rights to “life, liberty, and property.”</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Revolution might be justified if government failed to
secure those rights.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Taxation without Representation</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="20,23,27,40">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-05.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-05.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Colonists were asked to help with cost of keeping troops in
colonies after the French and Indian War (also known as the
<i>Seven Years' War</i> in Europe).</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>1765, imposition of the Stamp Tax on the
colonies:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Already in use in Britain, where taxes
were higher than in the colonies</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Colonists had never paid a direct tax, had
no voice.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Believed this violated the spirit of the <em>Magna
Carta</em>: the principle that the people's representatives had
to approve of taxes and spending.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Experience of Self-Government</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="19">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-06.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-06.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<img src="img/constitution/Mayflower_Compact_Bradford.jpg"
alt="The Mayflower Compact"
style="width: 20%; height: auto; float: right">
<li><p>Colonial legislatures dated back to Virginia's House of
Burgesses in 1619.</p></li>
<li><p>Plymouth colonists agreed to the <i>Mayflower Compact</i>
in 1620.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Distance from imperial government meant
colonists effectively ran their own affairs most of the time;
governors often “went native” too.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The War for Independence</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="12,35,76">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-07.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-07.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Colonists' resentment of British taxation culminated in
open conflict at Lexington and Concord in 1775.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><i>Second Continental Congress</i> met in
Philadelphia; efforts to broker compromise
unsuccessful.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Thomas Jefferson built on Locke's ideas in
drafting the <i>Declaration of Independence</i>, approved on
July 4, 1776.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>War officially ended with the Treaty of
Paris (1783).</p></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Articles of Confederation</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="40,45,54,63,70,90">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-08.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-08.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul><li><p>“Firm league of friendship”—each state saw itself as
independent and <i>sovereign</i>.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Continental Congress was granted limited powers:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Could not tax directly; requested contributions to national
budget from the states instead.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Could declare war, but not raise an army directly.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Could coin money; but could not stop states from doing so as well.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>States could tax imports and exports to other states.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Supermajority (2/3) required to take most actions; unanimity
required to alter Articles.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Threats to a New Nation</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="9,20,37,59,71">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-09.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-09.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>U.S. had won the war with Britain, but British colonies
remained nearby.</p>
<li class=fragment><p>Spain and France retained colonies to the
west and south.</p>
<li class=fragment><p>British had previously managed relations with Native
Americans.</p>
<li class=fragment><p>American shipping was no longer protected from piracy by
Britain's navy.</p>
<li class=fragment><p>Internal dissatisfaction.</p>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Threats to a New Nation</h2>
<img src="img/constitution/United_States_1789-03-1789-08.png"
alt="Map of the United States circa 1789." style="height: auto;
width: 80%">
</section>
<section>
<h2>Toward the Constitution</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="14,17,30">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-10.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-10.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Preceded by the Annapolis Convention in 1786:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Only five states were represented.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Recognized need for reform; called on
states to send delegates to a convention in 1787.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p><b>Shays' Rebellion</b> (1786–87) made
additional states realize need to improve on the
Articles.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Constitutional Convention (1787)</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="6,11,16,18,23">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-11.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-11.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>In 1787, more delegates came to Philadelphia to consider reforms.</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Initial purpose: revise the Articles.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Most states favored some revisions.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Rhode Island the exception.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Individuals in opposition stayed away: notably, Patrick Henry.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Ten delegates abandoned convention; another three refused to sign.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Constitutional Convention </h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="20,34,39,50">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-12.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-12.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul><li class=fragment><p>The Virginia Plan (proposed by Madison and Randolph) had support of more populous states.</p>
<ul><li class=fragment><p>System would be dominated by the national Congress.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Called for representation in Congress based on states' population or wealth.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Less populous states feared they would be dominated by Virginia and New York.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Constitutional Convention</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="6,9,18">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-13.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-13.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul><li><p>Delegates from smaller states favored the New Jersey Plan instead:</p>
<ul><li class=fragment><p>Three branches with different powers.</p>
</li>
<li><p class=fragment>Kept one chamber of Congress with each state having one vote.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Did not grant Congress broad powers</p>
<ul><li><p>Instead, Congress had a limited number of enumerated powers.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Connecticut Compromise</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="5,11,18,22,31">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-14.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-14.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul><li><p>A majority of states supported the Virginia Plan.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Small states considered leaving and thus ending
the convention.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Committee appointed to resolve the issue.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Solution: split the difference with a <b>bicameral legislature</b>.</p>
<ul><li class=fragment><p>Big states: House seats based on population.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Small states: equal seats per state in the Senate.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Tariffs and Trade</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="18,61,82">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-15.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-15.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Northern states favored taxes on imports and exports to protect domestic industry, raise money; opposed the slave trade.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Southern states opposed trade tariffs, particularly on exports; favored continuation of slave trade.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Compromise: no export tariffs, but national government could tax imports; slave trade permitted until at least 1808.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Representation and Taxation</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="10,35,58,81">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-16.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-16.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul><li class=fragment><p>Direct taxes were to be <i>apportioned</i> based on population.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Northern states favored counting everyone for taxation but only non-slaves for representation.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Southern states favored the opposite.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Solution: the <b>three-fifths compromise</b>. Equalized representation between the agrarian south and commercial north.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Constitutional Compromises</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="7,35,63,81,84,96">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-17.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-17.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Using vague language</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>The “necessary and proper” or
“elastic” clause.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><b>Judicial review</b>.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>The <b>supremacy clause</b>.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Leaving decisions to the states:</p></li>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Voting qualifications.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>The Electoral College.</p></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>A Stronger, More Flexible Government</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="10,16,20,30">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-18.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-18.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Congress could now levy taxes.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Congress regulates interstate, international trade.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Only national government can mint coinage.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Independent executive and judicial branches.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Congress can act with simple majorities, subject to veto.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Amending the Constitution</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="4,18,26,30">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-19.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-19.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Congress can propose amendments (by two-thirds majority
in both chambers), or 2/3 of states can request a constitutional
convention.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Constitutional amendments require 3/4 of
states to agree; can be ratified by either:</p></li>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>state legislatures.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>special ratifying conventions.</p></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</section>
<!-- XXX Add "informal amendment" -->
<!-- XXX Add supremacy clause; obligations of the states - page 66 of --
-- Cause and Consequence -->
<section>
<h2>Ratifying the Constitution</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="21,41">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-20.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-20.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>In 1787 and 1788, voters chose delegates to ratification conventions in each of the 13 states.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><i>Federalist Papers</i> (Hamilton, Madison, Jay)</p>
<ul><li><p>Campaigned for ratification of the Constitution.</p>
</li>
</ul></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Anti-Federalists (including Patrick Henry)</p>
<ul><li><p>Opposed the Constitution; thought it centralized power too much.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The First National Elections</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="14,48">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-21.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-21.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Federalists won by persuading 11 of the 13 states to ratify the
Constitution:</p>
<ul><li class=fragment><p>Several states only agreed after
Federalists agreed to propose a <b>Bill of Rights</b>,
against Hamilton and Madison's original wishes.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>March–April 1789: Washington takes
office as president, new Congress begins operations.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Criticisms of the Constitution</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="7,17,29,39,62,75,85,95">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-22.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-22.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Secretive, unseemly process.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Did not work within existing legal framework to amend
Articles of Confederation.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Powers of the President and courts poorly
defined.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>The Electoral College.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Did not guarantee basic liberties in the states.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Shortfalls related to the need for ratification:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Slavery and the right to vote.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Needed to win support of white, male, propertied population.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Achievements of the Constitution</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="9,23">
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-23.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/constitution/constitution-23.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Created unified nation capable of defending itself.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Facilitated the country’s economic development:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Outlawed separate state currencies.</p></li>
<li><p>Outlawed state tariffs.</p></li>
</ul></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Created flexible, enduring institutions.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class=endmatter>
<h2>Copyright and License</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>The text and narration of these slides are an original,
creative work, Copyright © 2000–15 Christopher
N. Lawrence. You may freely use, modify, and redistribute this
slideshow under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. To view a copy of
this license,
visit <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</a> or send a
letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain
View, California, 94041, USA.</p></li>
<li><p>Other elements of these slides are either in the public domain
(either originally or due to lapse in copyright), are
U.S. government works not subject to copyright, or were licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license (or a
less restrictive license, the Creative Commons Attribution
license) by their original creator.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class=endmatter><h2>Works Consulted</h2>
<p>The following sources were consulted or used in the production of
one or more of these slideshows, in addition to various primary
source materials generally cited in-place or otherwise obvious from
context throughout; previous editions of these works may have also
been used. Any errors or omissions remain the sole responsibility
of the author.</p>
<ul>
<li>Barbour, Christine and Gerald C. Wright. 2012. <i>Keeping the
Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics</i>, Brief
4th Edition. Washington: CQ Press.</li>
<li>Coleman, John J., Kenneth M. Goldstein, and William
G. Howell. 2012. <i>Cause and Consequence in American Politics.</i>
New York: Longman Pearson.</li>
<li>Fiorina, Morris P., Paul E. Peterson, Bertram D. Johnson, and
William G. Mayer. 2011. <i>America's New Democracy</i>, 6th
Edition. New York: Longman Pearson.</li>
<li>O'Connor, Karen, Larry J. Sabato, and Alixandra
B. Yanus. 2013. <i>American Government: Roots and Reform</i>, 12th
Edition. New York: Pearson.</li>
<li>Sidlow, Edward I. and Beth Henschen. 2013. <i>GOVT</i>, 4th
Edition. New York: Cengage Learning.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.electionstudies.org/">The American National
Election Studies</a>.</li>
<li>Various Wikimedia projects, including
the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/">Wikimedia
Commons</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia</a>,
and <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/">Wikisource</a>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</div>
</div>
<script src="lib/js/head.min.js"></script>
<script src="js/reveal.js"></script>
<script>
// Full list of configuration options available here:
// https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js#configuration
Reveal.initialize({
width: 1280,
height: 960,
slideNumber: 'c/t',
history: true,
controls: true,
progress: true,
history: true,
center: true,
theme: Reveal.getQueryHash().theme || 'default', // available themes are in /css/theme
transition: Reveal.getQueryHash().transition || 'default', // default/cube/page/concave/linear(2d)
// Optional libraries used to extend on reveal.js
dependencies: [
{ src: 'lib/js/classList.js', condition: function() { return
!document.body.classList; } },
{ src: 'plugin/markdown/marked.js', condition: function() { return
!!document.querySelector( '[data-markdown]' ); } },
{ src: 'plugin/markdown/markdown.js', condition: function() { return
!!document.querySelector( '[data-markdown]' ); } },
{ src: 'plugin/highlight/highlight.js', async: true, callback:
function() { hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad(); } },
{ src: 'plugin/zoom-js/zoom.js', async: true, condition: function() {
return !!document.body.classList; } },
{ src: 'plugin/notes/notes.js', async: true, condition: function() {
return !!document.body.classList; } },
// { src: 'plugin/search/search.js', async: true, condition: function() { return !!document.body.classList; } }
// { src: 'plugin/remotes/remotes.js', async: true, condition: function() { return !!document.body.classList; } }
]
});
</script>
<script src="narration.js"></script>
</body>
</html>