Hello, World

It is traditional for your first program in a new language to be Hello, World. And this is going to be the fanciest "Hello, world" program you will ever write!

Open your terminal and create a hello directory:

# the env var we created in the previous chapter
cd $TDD_RUBY_PATH

# create the directory
mkdir hello

# go into the directory
cd hello

Create a new file called hello.rb and put the following code inside it:

puts("Hello, World")

To run it type ruby hello.rb in your terminal.

How it works

The puts instruction stands for "Put String", and what it does is to put the string you give to it in the output.

In our code we're giving the "Hello, World" string.

How to test

How do you test this program?

The answer for this question is our first example of how TDD promotes software design.

To make our program testable it is good to separate our "domain" code from the outside world (side-effects). In our program the greeting string is our domain, and the puts is a side effect (printing to stdout).

So, let's separate these concerns so it's easier to test:

def hello()
  return("Hello, world")
end

puts(hello())

We have defined a new function with def and we're returning the string "Hello, world".

Idiomatic Ruby

I'd like to call your attention to the fact that the code above has a lot of parentheses. If you're coming from another programming language you may think it's perfectly normal.

In Ruby the use of these parentheses are usually optional. They may be required to clear up what may otherwise be ambiguous in the syntax, but in simple cases the Ruby programmers usually omit them.

Let's code like a real Rubyist and clear the unnecessary parentheses from our code:

def hello
  return "Hello, world"
end

puts hello

Another Ruby syntactic sugar is that the last evaluated expression of a ruby function is always returned. Therefore the use of the return in the last line is unnecessary.

So, let's clear our code a little more:

def hello
  "Hello, world"
end

puts hello

That's much easier on the eyes, don't you agree?

Writing your first test

Now create a new file called hello_test.rb where we are going to write a test for our hello function.

require 'minitest/autorun'
require_relative 'hello'

class TestHello < Minitest::Test
  def test_hello
    actual = hello
    expected = "Hello, world"
    assert_equal expected, actual
  end
end

The next step is to run the test.

Enter ruby hello_test.rb in your terminal and you should see something like this:

$ ruby hello_test.rb
Hello, world
Run options: --seed 20392

# Running:

.

Finished in 0.001096s, 912.1682 runs/s, 912.1682 assertions/s.

1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

If you see something similar to this 👆 then your test passed!

Don't worry (for now) if parts of this output looks cryptic, we'll learn about that soon.

Just to check, try deliberately breaking the test by changing the expected string. You'll notice that the . dot will be replaced with an F, meaning that a Failure happened.

Minitest "rules"

Writing a test with Minitest is like writing a method in a class, but with some "rules" (some of them are not actual strict rules)

The file should be named like *_test.rb (not mandatory, but a good practice)
The file must require 'minitest/autorun' so we can run it from the command line.
The file must require_relative 'hello' so it can access the code being tested.
The test must be written in a subclass of Minitest::Test (don't worry if you still don't know what is a subclass)
The test method must start with test_
The assertion determines if the test is to be considered successful or not. In this case we are asserting that the expected value is equal to the actual value using assert_equal expected, actual.

In this testing code we're covering some new Ruby concepts:

require and require_relative

When a file needs the code defined in another file, one way to access it is requiring the "another file".

When we use require, we're getting the code from a package installed in our system (in Ruby we call such packages as "gems").

When we use require_relative, we're getting the code from a file stored in a path relative to the current file. In our case, as both hello_test.rb and hello.rb are in the same directory, we can simply use require_relative 'hello' (yeah, you guessed right: the .rb extension can be omitted).

creating a subclass

In the code below we're creating a new class named TestHello as a subclass of Minitest::Test:

class TestHello < Minitest::Test
  # ...
end

The concept of class and subclass will be explained in another moment. For now just keep in mind that when we create the TestHello as a subclass of Minitest::Test, this means that TestHello inherits the behavior defined in Minitest::Test.

Hello, YOU

Now that we have a test, we can iterate on our software safely.

In the last example, we wrote the test after the code had been written. We did this so that you could get an example of how to write a test and declare a function. From this point on, we will be writing tests first.

Our next requirement is to specify the recipient of the greeting.

Let's start by capturing these requirements in a test. This is basic test-driven development and allows us to make sure our test is actually testing what we want. When you retrospectively write tests, there is the risk that your test may continue to pass even if the code doesn't work as intended.

require 'minitest/autorun'
require_relative 'hello'

class TestHello < Minitest::Test
  def test_hello
    actual = hello("meleu")
    expected = "Hello, meleu"
    assert_equal expected, actual
  end
end

Now run ruby hello_test.rb and you should see an error like this:

  1) Error:
TestHello#test_hello:
ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 0)
    hello.rb:1:in `hello'
    hello_test.rb:6:in `test_hello'

It's important to pay attention to the error message here, it gives us the information we need to figure out what's wrong with our code.

The Ruby interpreter is telling what you need to do to continue. In our test we passed an argument to the hello function, but the function is not prepared to receive an argument. That's why Ruby is telling us: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 0).

Edit the hello function to accept an argument. Now your hello.rb should look like this:

def hello(name)
  "Hello, world"
end

puts hello

If you try and run your tests again, it will fail with a kinda scary message:

/path/to/hello.rb:1:in `hello': wrong number of arguments (given 0, expected 1) (ArgumentError)
        from /path/to/hello.rb:5:in `<top (required)>'
        from hello_test.rb:2:in `require_relative'
        from hello_test.rb:2:in `<main>'

This output looks different from what we saw before. But we can see that it's pointing that we're still passing a wrong number of arguments, but now it's complaining that we're giving 0 while hello expects 1.

The error happened when our test file were doing require_relative 'hello' and the line puts hello was reached. That line is being actually executed (we should move that puts to a different file, but let's keep things simple for now).

The line is calling #hello with no arguments, but now it requires one. So let's fix that in hello.rb:

puts hello("world")

Now when you run the tests you should see a failure with this message:

  1) Failure:
TestHello#test_hello [hello_test.rb:8]:
Expected: "Hello, meleu"
  Actual: "Hello, world"

The test is now failing because it's not meeting our requirements.

Let's make the test pass by using the name argument and interpolate it in the string being returned by #hello. In Ruby, we do interpolation with #{variable_name}, like this:

def hello(name)
  "Hello, #{name}"
end

When you run the tests now, it should pass.

Normally, as part of the TDD cycle, we should now refactor.

A note on source control

At this point, we have working software backed by a test. It's a good time to commit our code:

git add hello.rb hello_test.rb
git commit -m 'wip: hello-world'

Don't push to main though, we are going to refactor next. It is nice to commit at this point in case you somehow get into a mess with refactoring - you can always go back to the working version.

Hello, world... again

The next requirement is when our function is called with no arguments, it defaults to printing Hello, world, rather than Hello,.

As TDD practitioners, we write the tests first, so let's write a new failing test.

class TestHello < Minitest::Test
  def test_say_hello_to_people
    actual = hello("meleu")
    expected = "Hello, meleu"
    assert_equal expected, actual
  end

  def test_say_hello_world_when_called_with_no_arguments
    actual = hello
    expected = "Hello, world"
    assert_equal expected, actual
  end
end

Do note that the test functions now have a descriptive (and long) name. It's important to give descriptive names to your tests, so you can know what to do when they fail.

After running the tests we'll see an error message like this:

  1) Error:
TestHello#test_say_hello_world_when_called_with_no_arguments:
ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (given 0, expected 1)
    /path/to/hello.rb:1:in `hello'
    hello_test.rb:14:in `test_say_hello_world_when_called_with_no_arguments'

That error message is telling us that:

the TestHello#test_say_hello_world_when_called_with_no_arguments failed
it failed due to the ArgumentError, because the #hello expected 1 argument and we didn't give any.

Let's check our #hello again:

def hello(name)
  "Hello, #{name}"
end

Now we have a dilema:

#hello expects an argument so we can use hello("meleu")
we also want to be able to call #hello with no arguments and it should respond with "Hello, world"

To solve this we can define a default value for the name argument, like this:

def hello(name = 'world')
  "Hello, #{name}"
end

As we're defining a default value for the name variable, calling #hello with an argument is optional (if none is passed, it uses the default value).

Run your tests and you should see a successful run. It satisfies the new requirement and we haven't accidentally broken the other functionality.

It is important that your tests are clear specifications of what the code needs to do.

Back to source control

Now that we are happy with the code, let's amend the previous commit to check in the new version of our code with its test.

Example:

git add hello.rb hello_test.rb
git commit --amend -m 'feat: TDDing hello world'

Discipline

Let's go over the cycle again:

Write a test
Run the test, see it fails and check the error message
Write enough code to make the test pass
Refactor

On the face of it this may seem tedious, but sticking to the feedback loop is important.

Not only does it ensure that you have relevant tests, it helps ensure you design good software by refactoring with the safety of tests.

Seeing the test fail is an important check because it also lets you see what the error message looks like. As a developer it can be very hard to work with a codebase when failing tests do not give a clear idea as to what the problem is.

By ensuring your tests are fast and setting up your tools so that running tests is simple, you can get in to a state of flow when writing your code.

By not writing tests, you are committing to manually checking your code by running your software, which breaks your state of flow. You won't be saving yourself any time, especially in the long run.

Keep going! More requirements

A new requirement arrived! We now need to support a second parameter, specifying the language of the greeting. If we don't recognize the language, default to English.

We should be confident that we can easily use TDD to flesh out this functionality!

Hola

Let's write a test for a user passing in Spanish and add it to the existing suite.

def test_say_hello_in_spanish
  actual = hello("Juan", "spanish")
  expected = "Hola, Juan"
  assert_equal expected, actual
end

Remember not to cheat! Test first.

# Running:

..E

Finished in 0.000772s, 3884.1235 runs/s, 2589.4157 assertions/s.

  1) Error:
TestHello#test_say_hello_in_spanish:
ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (given 2, expected 0..1)
    /path/to/hello.rb:1:in `hello'
    hello_test.rb:20:in `test_say_hello_in_spanish'

3 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips

We can see that our software is still working for the two initial tests we already have, and failing only for the new one.

We're again having an ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (given 2, expected 0..1). That's because in our test we're calling hello("Juan", "spanish"), with 2 arguments.

Let's fix this by adding a new argument to #hello:

def hello(name = 'world', language)
  "Hello, #{name}"
end

That's our attempt to write just enough code to make the test pass, based on the error message. Then, let's run the test:

# Running:

FFE

Finished in 0.000895s, 3351.7981 runs/s, 2234.5321 assertions/s.

  1) Failure:
TestHello#test_say_hello_to_people [hello_test.rb:8]:
Expected: "Hello, meleu"
  Actual: "Hello, world"

  2) Failure:
TestHello#test_say_hello_in_spanish [hello_test.rb:20]:
Expected: "Hola, Juan"
  Actual: "Hello, Juan"

  3) Error:
TestHello#test_say_hello_world_when_called_with_no_arguments:
ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (given 0, expected 1..2)
    /path/to/hello.rb:1:in `hello'
    hello_test.rb:13:in `test_say_hello_world_when_called_with_no_arguments'

3 runs, 2 assertions, 2 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips

😱 Our change broke all tests!!!

Always keep this in mind: if your change breaks tests that are unrelated to your current work, you're probably doing something wrong!

Tests are a safety net that brings confidence to change the code with no fear. If tests fail because you've broken the code, the cure is simple: undo the last change and make a better one.

In our case here we're breaking the previous tests because we added a new mandatory argument: language. In order to fix this we should make it optional by setting a default value for it.

def hello(name = 'world', language = 'english')
  "Hello, #{name}"
end

Let's run the tests:

# Running:

..F

Finished in 0.000799s, 3755.2759 runs/s, 3755.2759 assertions/s.

  1) Failure:
TestHello#test_say_hello_in_spanish [hello_test.rb:20]:
Expected: "Hola, Juan"
  Actual: "Hello, Juan"

3 runs, 3 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

Good, now we have a failing test output with a clear direction about what must be done to make it pass. It's expecting a greeting with Hola and our code is greeting with Hello, so let's fix this:

def hello(name = 'world', language = 'english')
  if language == 'spanish'
    greeting = 'Hola'
  else
    greeting = 'Hello'
  end

  "#{greeting}, #{name}"
end

Run the tests and you'll see it pass.

That's great, but we want to make our fancy "Hello World" program to be not only bilingual, but a polyglot!

Bonjour

Let's add a test for the French language.

def test_say_hello_in_french
  actual = hello('Jean', 'french')
  expected = 'Bonjour, Jean'
  assert_equal expected, actual
end

The test will fail with:

  1) Failure:
TestHello#test_say_hello_in_french [hello_test.rb:26]:
Expected: "Bonjour, Jean"
  Actual: "Hello, Jean"

Then let's write enough code to make the test pass.

def hello(name = 'world', language = 'english')
  if language == 'spanish'
    greeting = 'Hola'
  elsif language == 'french'
    greeting = 'Bonjour'
  else
    greeting = 'Hello'
  end

  "#{greeting}, #{name}"
end

Run the tests and you'll see it pass.

When our tests succeed after implementing a new feature, it's time to refactor. Let's take this opportunity to learn how to use the case statement.

def hello(name = 'world', language = 'english')
  case language
  when 'spanish'
    greeting = 'Hola'
  when 'french'
    greeting = 'Bonjour'
  else
    greeting = 'Hello'
  end

  "#{greeting}, #{name}"
end

After the change run the tests again to make sure you didn't break anything.

The code is working as expected, but I'm starting to feel like #hello is accumulating too much logic in it. I want to create a new function just to handle the multilingual greeting.

def hello(name = 'world', language = 'english')
  "#{greeting(language)}, #{name}"
end

def greeting(language)
  case language
  when 'spanish'
    greeting = 'Hola'
  when 'french'
    greeting = 'Bonjour'
  else
    greeting = 'Hello'
  end
  greeting
end

Run the tests and it should pass.

Passing tests triggers a decision for us: refactor or stop coding this feature?

I still want a refactoring to make the #greeting function more idiomatic.

Remember when I said that the last evaluated expression of a ruby function is always returned? The whole case block is an expression and we can make it the last evaluated one:

def greeting(language)
  case language
  when 'spanish'
    'Hola'
  when 'french'
    'Bonjour'
  else
    'Hello'
  end
end

Run the tests again and it should pass.

Source Control

Let's commit what we've done so far:

git add hello.rb hello_test.rb
git commit -m 'feat(hello): multilingual hello world'

Olá, Hallo, Ciao, Konnichiwa

As an exercise add greetings for other languages.

Remember the cycle:

Write a test
Run the test, see it failing and check the error message
Write enough code to make the test pass
Refactor

Key Concepts

This is probably the fanciest Hello, world you have ever written, isn't it?

We learn a bunch of things here.

Ruby

functions are defined with def
parentheses in function calls are optional
the last evaluated expression of a function is always returned
string interpolation (e.g.: "Hello, #{name}")
if-else and if-elsif-else statements
case statements
how to write tests with Minitest

Testing

The TDD process and why the steps are important

Write a failing test and see it fail
- so we know we have written a relevant test for our requirements
- and seen that it produces an easy to understand description of the failure
Writing the smallest amount of code to make it pass
- so we know we have working software
Then refactor, backed with the safety of our tests
- to ensure we have well-crafted code that is easy to work with

We've gone from hello to hello("name") and then to hello("name", "french") in small and easy to understand steps.

Of course this is trivial compared to "real-world" software, but the principles still stand.

TDD is a skill that needs practice to develop, and by breaking problems down into smaller components that you can test, you will have a much easier time writing and reading software.

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hello-world.md

hello-world.md

Hello, World

How it works

How to test

Idiomatic Ruby

Writing your first test

Minitest "rules"

require and require_relative

creating a subclass

Hello, YOU

A note on source control

Hello, world... again

Back to source control

Discipline

Keep going! More requirements

Hola

Bonjour

Source Control

Olá, Hallo, Ciao, Konnichiwa

Key Concepts

Ruby

Testing

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hello-world.md

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Hello, World

How it works

How to test

Idiomatic Ruby

Writing your first test

Minitest "rules"

require and require_relative

creating a subclass

Hello, YOU

A note on source control

Hello, world... again

Back to source control

Discipline

Keep going! More requirements

Hola

Bonjour

Source Control

Olá, Hallo, Ciao, Konnichiwa

Key Concepts

Ruby

Testing