ranges

// ranges standard header

// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception

#ifndef _RANGES_
#define _RANGES_
#include <yvals_core.h>
#if _STL_COMPILER_PREPROCESSOR
#if !_HAS_CXX20
_EMIT_STL_WARNING(STL4038, "The contents of <ranges> are available only with C++20 or later.");
#else // ^^^ !_HAS_CXX20 / _HAS_CXX20 vvv
#include <__msvc_int128.hpp>
#include <iosfwd>
#include <iterator>
#include <limits>
#include <span>
#include <string_view>
#include <tuple>

#if _HAS_CXX23
#include <array>
#include <bit>
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

#pragma pack(push, _CRT_PACKING)
#pragma warning(push, _STL_WARNING_LEVEL)
#pragma warning(disable : _STL_DISABLED_WARNINGS)
_STL_DISABLE_CLANG_WARNINGS
#pragma push_macro("new")
#undef new

_STD_BEGIN
namespace ranges {
    // MUCH machinery defined in <xutility>

    template <class _Ty>
    inline constexpr bool _Is_initializer_list = _Is_specialization_v<remove_cvref_t<_Ty>, initializer_list>;

    template <auto> // _Require_constant<E> is a valid template-id iff E is a constant expression of structural type
    struct _Require_constant;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    _EXPORT_STD template <range _Rng>
    using const_iterator_t = decltype(_RANGES cbegin(_STD declval<_Rng&>()));

    _EXPORT_STD template <range _Rng>
    using const_sentinel_t = decltype(_RANGES cend(_STD declval<_Rng&>()));

    _EXPORT_STD template <range _Rng>
    using range_const_reference_t = iter_const_reference_t<iterator_t<_Rng>>;

    template <range _Ty>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size =
        (numeric_limits<_Make_unsigned_like_t<range_difference_t<_Ty>>>::max)();

    template <sized_range _Ty>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<_Ty> = (numeric_limits<range_size_t<_Ty>>::max)();

#ifdef __EDG__ // TRANSITION, VSO-1898880
    template <class _Ty>
    concept _Constant_sized_range = sized_range<_Ty> && requires { typename _Require_constant<_Ty::size()>; };

    template <_Constant_sized_range _Ty>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<_Ty> = _Ty::size();
#else // ^^^ workaround / no workaround vvv
    template <sized_range _Ty>
        requires requires { typename _Require_constant<_Ty::size()>; }
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<_Ty> = _Ty::size();
#endif // ^^^ no workaround ^^^

    template <class _Ty, size_t _Size>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<_Ty[_Size]> = _Size;

    template <class _Ty, size_t _Size>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<array<_Ty, _Size>> = _Size;

    template <class _Ty, size_t _Size>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const array<_Ty, _Size>> = _Size;

    template <class _Ty, size_t _Extent>
        requires (_Extent != dynamic_extent)
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<span<_Ty, _Extent>> = _Extent;

    template <class _Ty, size_t _Extent>
        requires (_Extent != dynamic_extent)
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const span<_Ty, _Extent>> = _Extent;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    // clang-format off
    _EXPORT_STD template <class _Rng>
    concept viewable_range = range<_Rng>
        && ((view<remove_cvref_t<_Rng>> && constructible_from<remove_cvref_t<_Rng>, _Rng>)
            || (!view<remove_cvref_t<_Rng>>
                && (is_lvalue_reference_v<_Rng>
                    || (movable<remove_reference_t<_Rng>> && !_Is_initializer_list<_Rng>))));

    template <class _Rng>
    concept _Simple_view = view<_Rng> && range<const _Rng>
        && same_as<iterator_t<_Rng>, iterator_t<const _Rng>>
        && same_as<sentinel_t<_Rng>, sentinel_t<const _Rng>>;
    // clang-format on

    template <class _Ty>
    concept _Valid_movable_box_object =
#if _HAS_CXX23
        move_constructible<_Ty>
#else // ^^^ C++23 / C++20 vvv
        copy_constructible<_Ty>
#endif // ^^^ C++20 ^^^
        && _Destructible_object<_Ty>;

    template <class _It>
    concept _Has_arrow = input_iterator<_It> && (is_pointer_v<_It> || _Has_member_arrow<_It&>);

    template <bool _IsWrapped, class _Ty>
    using _Maybe_wrapped = conditional_t<_IsWrapped, _Ty, _Unwrapped_t<_Ty>>;

    namespace _Pipe {
        template <class _Derived>
        struct _Base {};

        template <class _Ty>
        _Ty* _Derived_from_range_adaptor_closure(_Base<_Ty>&); // not defined

        template <class _Ty>
        concept _Range_adaptor_closure_object = !range<remove_cvref_t<_Ty>> && requires(remove_cvref_t<_Ty>& __t) {
            { _Pipe::_Derived_from_range_adaptor_closure(__t) } -> same_as<remove_cvref_t<_Ty>*>;
        };

        template <class _ClosureLeft, class _ClosureRight>
        struct _Pipeline : _Base<_Pipeline<_ClosureLeft, _ClosureRight>> {
            _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(_Range_adaptor_closure_object<_ClosureLeft>);
            _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(_Range_adaptor_closure_object<_ClosureRight>);

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _ClosureLeft _Left;
            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _ClosureRight _Right;

            template <class _Ty1, class _Ty2>
            constexpr explicit _Pipeline(_Ty1&& _Val1, _Ty2&& _Val2) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Ty1, _ClosureLeft> && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Ty2, _ClosureRight>)
                : _Left(_STD forward<_Ty1>(_Val1)), _Right(_STD forward<_Ty2>(_Val2)) {}

            void operator()(auto&&) &       = delete;
            void operator()(auto&&) const&  = delete;
            void operator()(auto&&) &&      = delete;
            void operator()(auto&&) const&& = delete;

            // TRANSITION, DevCom-10519736, explicit `this->` shouldn't be needed.

            template <class _Ty>
            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(_Ty && _Val) & noexcept(
                noexcept(_Right(_Left(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val)))))
                requires requires { this->_Right(this->_Left(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val))); }
            {
                return _Right(_Left(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val)));
            }

            template <class _Ty>
            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(_Ty && _Val) const& noexcept(
                noexcept(_Right(_Left(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val)))))
                requires requires { this->_Right(this->_Left(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val))); }
            {
                return _Right(_Left(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val)));
            }

            template <class _Ty>
            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(_Ty && _Val) && noexcept(
                noexcept(_STD move(_Right)(_STD move(_Left)(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val)))))
                requires requires { _STD move(this->_Right)(_STD move(this->_Left)(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val))); }
            {
                return _STD move(_Right)(_STD move(_Left)(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val)));
            }

            template <class _Ty>
            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(_Ty && _Val) const&& noexcept(
                noexcept(_STD move(_Right)(_STD move(_Left)(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val)))))
                requires requires { _STD move(this->_Right)(_STD move(this->_Left)(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val))); }
            {
                return _STD move(_Right)(_STD move(_Left)(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val)));
            }
        };

        template <class _Ty1, class _Ty2>
        _Pipeline(_Ty1, _Ty2) -> _Pipeline<_Ty1, _Ty2>;

        _EXPORT_STD template <class _Left, class _Right>
            requires _Range_adaptor_closure_object<_Left> && _Range_adaptor_closure_object<_Right>
                  && constructible_from<remove_cvref_t<_Left>, _Left>
                  && constructible_from<remove_cvref_t<_Right>, _Right>
        _NODISCARD constexpr auto operator|(_Left&& __l, _Right&& __r) noexcept(
            noexcept(_Pipeline{static_cast<_Left&&>(__l), static_cast<_Right&&>(__r)})) {
            return _Pipeline{static_cast<_Left&&>(__l), static_cast<_Right&&>(__r)};
        }

        _EXPORT_STD template <class _Left, class _Right>
            requires (_Range_adaptor_closure_object<_Right> && range<_Left>)
        _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator|(_Left && __l, _Right && __r) noexcept(
            noexcept(_STD forward<_Right>(__r)(_STD forward<_Left>(__l))))
            requires requires { static_cast<_Right&&>(__r)(static_cast<_Left&&>(__l)); }
        {
            return _STD forward<_Right>(__r)(_STD forward<_Left>(__l));
        }
    } // namespace _Pipe

    template <range _Rng, class _Derived>
    class _Cached_position : public view_interface<_Derived> {
        static_assert(_Always_false<_Rng>, "A range must be at least forward for position caching to be worthwhile.");
    };

    template <forward_range _Rng, class _Derived>
    class _Cached_position<_Rng, _Derived> : public view_interface<_Derived> {
    private:
        using _It = iterator_t<_Rng>;

        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _It _Pos{};
        bool _Cached = false;

    protected:
        _Cached_position()  = default;
        ~_Cached_position() = default;

        // a copied iterator doesn't point into a copied range, so cache values must not propagate via copy
        constexpr _Cached_position(const _Cached_position&) noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_It>) {}
        constexpr _Cached_position& operator=(const _Cached_position&) noexcept(noexcept(_Pos = _It{})) {
            _Pos    = _It{};
            _Cached = false;
            return *this;
        }

        // a moved iterator doesn't point into a moved range, so cache values must not propagate via move;
        // similarly, a cache value might not be valid for a moved-from view so clear move sources
        constexpr _Cached_position(_Cached_position&& _Other) noexcept(noexcept(_Pos = _It{})) {
            _Other._Pos    = _It{};
            _Other._Cached = false;
        }
        constexpr _Cached_position& operator=(_Cached_position&& _Other) noexcept(noexcept(_Pos = _It{})) {
            _Pos           = _It{};
            _Cached        = false;
            _Other._Pos    = _It{};
            _Other._Cached = false;
            return *this;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Has_cache() const noexcept { // Is there a cached position?
            return _Cached;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _It _Get_cache(_Rng&) const noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_It>) {
            _STL_INTERNAL_CHECK(_Cached);
            return _Pos;
        }

        constexpr void _Set_cache(_Rng&, _It _Iter) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_It>) {
            _Pos    = _STD move(_Iter);
            _Cached = true;
        }
    };

    template <random_access_range _Rng, class _Derived>
    class _Cached_position<_Rng, _Derived> : public view_interface<_Derived> {
    private:
        using _It = iterator_t<_Rng>;

        range_difference_t<_Rng> _Off = -1;

    protected:
        _Cached_position()  = default;
        ~_Cached_position() = default;

        // Offsets are oblivious to copying, so cache values _do_ propagate via copying.
        _Cached_position(const _Cached_position&)            = default;
        _Cached_position& operator=(const _Cached_position&) = default;

        // Offsets are potentially invalidated by move, so source caches are invalidated after move
        constexpr _Cached_position(_Cached_position&& _Other) noexcept
            : _Off(_STD exchange(_Other._Off, range_difference_t<_Rng>{-1})) {}
        constexpr _Cached_position& operator=(_Cached_position&& _Other) noexcept {
            _Off = _STD exchange(_Other._Off, range_difference_t<_Rng>{-1});
            return *this;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Has_cache() const noexcept { // Is there a cached position?
            return _Off >= range_difference_t<_Rng>{0};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _It _Get_cache(_Rng& _Range) const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range) + _Off)) {
            _STL_INTERNAL_CHECK(_Has_cache());
            return _RANGES begin(_Range) + _Off;
        }

        constexpr void _Set_cache(_Rng& _Range, const _It& _Iter) noexcept(
            noexcept(_Off = _Iter - _RANGES begin(_Range))) {
            _Off = _Iter - _RANGES begin(_Range);
        }
    };

    template <bool _Enable, class _Rng, class _Derived>
    using _Cached_position_t = conditional_t<_Enable, _Cached_position<_Rng, _Derived>, view_interface<_Derived>>;

    // A simplified optional that augments copy_constructible types with full copyability,
    // and move_constructible types with full movability.
    // In C++20, this corresponds to copyable-box.
    template <_Valid_movable_box_object _Ty>
    class _Movable_box {
    public:
        constexpr _Movable_box() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_Ty>)
            requires default_initializable<_Ty>
            : _Val(), _Engaged{true} {}

        template <class... _Types>
        constexpr _Movable_box(in_place_t, _Types&&... _Args) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Ty, _Types...>) // strengthened
            : _Val(_STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...), _Engaged{true} {}

        constexpr ~_Movable_box() {
            if (_Engaged) {
                _Val.~_Ty();
            }
        }

        // clang-format off
        ~_Movable_box() requires is_trivially_destructible_v<_Ty> = default;

        _Movable_box(const _Movable_box&)
            requires copy_constructible<_Ty> && is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr _Movable_box(const _Movable_box& _That)
            requires copy_constructible<_Ty>
            : _Engaged{_That._Engaged} {
            if (_That._Engaged) {
                _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, static_cast<const _Ty&>(_That._Val));
            }
        }

        // clang-format off
        _Movable_box(_Movable_box&&) requires is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr _Movable_box(_Movable_box&& _That) : _Engaged{_That._Engaged} {
            if (_That._Engaged) {
                _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, static_cast<_Ty&&>(_That._Val));
            }
        }

        // clang-format off
        _Movable_box& operator=(const _Movable_box&) noexcept
            requires copyable<_Ty> && is_trivially_copy_assignable_v<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr _Movable_box& operator=(const _Movable_box& _That) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Ty> && is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<_Ty>) // strengthened
            requires copyable<_Ty>
        {
            if (_Engaged) {
                if (_That._Engaged) {
                    static_cast<_Ty&>(_Val) = static_cast<const _Ty&>(_That._Val);
                } else {
                    _Val.~_Ty();
                    _Engaged = false;
                }
            } else {
                if (_That._Engaged) {
                    _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, static_cast<const _Ty&>(_That._Val));
                    _Engaged = true;
                } else {
                    // nothing to do
                }
            }

            return *this;
        }

        constexpr _Movable_box& operator=(const _Movable_box& _That) noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Ty>)
            requires copy_constructible<_Ty>
        {
            if (_STD addressof(_That) == this) {
                return *this;
            }

            if (_Engaged) {
                _Val.~_Ty();
                _Engaged = false;
            }

            if (_That._Engaged) {
                _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, static_cast<const _Ty&>(_That._Val));
                _Engaged = true;
            }

            return *this;
        }

        // clang-format off
        _Movable_box& operator=(_Movable_box&&) noexcept
            requires movable<_Ty> && is_trivially_move_assignable_v<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr _Movable_box& operator=(_Movable_box&& _That) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Ty> && is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_Ty>) // strengthened
            requires movable<_Ty>
        {
            if (_Engaged) {
                if (_That._Engaged) {
                    static_cast<_Ty&>(_Val) = static_cast<_Ty&&>(_That._Val);
                } else {
                    _Val.~_Ty();
                    _Engaged = false;
                }
            } else {
                if (_That._Engaged) {
                    _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, static_cast<_Ty&&>(_That._Val));
                    _Engaged = true;
                } else {
                    // nothing to do
                }
            }

            return *this;
        }

        constexpr _Movable_box& operator=(_Movable_box&& _That) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Ty>) {
            if (_STD addressof(_That) == this) {
                return *this;
            }

            if (_Engaged) {
                _Val.~_Ty();
                _Engaged = false;
            }

            if (_That._Engaged) {
                _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, static_cast<_Ty&&>(_That._Val));
                _Engaged = true;
            }

            return *this;
        }

        constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept {
            return _Engaged;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Ty& operator*() noexcept {
            _STL_INTERNAL_CHECK(_Engaged);
            return _Val;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Ty& operator*() const noexcept {
            _STL_INTERNAL_CHECK(_Engaged);
            return _Val;
        }

    private:
        union {
            remove_cv_t<_Ty> _Val;
        };
        bool _Engaged;
    };

    // [range.move.wrap]
    template <class _Ty>
    concept _Use_simple_movable_box_wrapper =
        (copy_constructible<_Ty>
                // 1. If copy_constructible<T> is true, movable-box<T> should store only a T if either T models
                // copyable, or is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T> && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<T> is true.
                ? copyable<_Ty> || (is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Ty> && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Ty>)
                // 2. Otherwise, movable-box<T> should store only a T if either T models movable or
                // is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T> is true.
                : movable<_Ty> || is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Ty>);

    template <class _Ty>
    concept _Copy_constructible_for_box = is_copy_constructible_v<_Ty>;

    template <_Valid_movable_box_object _Ty>
        requires _Use_simple_movable_box_wrapper<_Ty>
    class _Movable_box<_Ty> { // provide the same API more efficiently when we can avoid the disengaged state
    public:
        // clang-format off
        _Movable_box() requires default_initializable<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        template <class... _Types>
        constexpr _Movable_box(in_place_t, _Types&&... _Args) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Ty, _Types...>) // strengthened
            : _Val(_STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...) {}

        // clang-format off
        _Movable_box(const _Movable_box&)
            requires _Copy_constructible_for_box<_Ty> && is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Ty> = default;
        _Movable_box(_Movable_box&&) requires is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr _Movable_box(const _Movable_box& _That) noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Ty>)
            requires _Copy_constructible_for_box<_Ty>
            : _Val(static_cast<const _Ty&>(_That._Val)) {}

        constexpr _Movable_box(_Movable_box&& _That) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Ty>)
            : _Val(static_cast<_Ty&&>(_That._Val)) {}

        // clang-format off
        _Movable_box& operator=(const _Movable_box&)
            requires copyable<_Ty> && is_trivially_copy_assignable_v<_Ty> = default;
        _Movable_box& operator=(_Movable_box&&) requires movable<_Ty> && is_trivially_move_assignable_v<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr _Movable_box& operator=(const _Movable_box& _That) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<_Ty> || !copyable<_Ty>) // strengthened
            requires copy_constructible<_Ty>
        {
            if constexpr (copyable<_Ty>) {
                static_cast<_Ty&>(_Val) = static_cast<const _Ty&>(_That._Val);
            } else {
                if (_STD addressof(_That) != this) {
                    _Val.~_Ty();
                    _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, static_cast<const _Ty&>(_That._Val));
                }
            }
            return *this;
        }

        constexpr _Movable_box& operator=(_Movable_box&& _That) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_Ty> || !movable<_Ty>) /* strengthened */ {
            if constexpr (movable<_Ty>) {
                static_cast<_Ty&>(_Val) = static_cast<_Ty&&>(_That._Val);
            } else {
                if (_STD addressof(_That) != this) {
                    _Val.~_Ty();
                    _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, static_cast<_Ty&&>(_That._Val));
                }
            }
            return *this;
        }

        constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept {
            return true;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Ty& operator*() noexcept {
            return _Val;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Ty& operator*() const noexcept {
            return _Val;
        }

    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ remove_cv_t<_Ty> _Val{};
    };

    template <movable _Ty>
    class _Defaultabox { // a simplified optional that augments movable types with default-constructibility
    public:
        constexpr _Defaultabox() noexcept {}

        constexpr ~_Defaultabox() {
            if (_Engaged) {
                _Val.~_Ty();
            }
        }

        // clang-format off
        ~_Defaultabox() requires is_trivially_destructible_v<_Ty> = default;

        _Defaultabox(const _Defaultabox&)
            requires copy_constructible<_Ty> && is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr _Defaultabox(const _Defaultabox& _That) noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Ty>)
            requires copy_constructible<_Ty>
            : _Engaged{_That._Engaged} {
            if (_That._Engaged) {
                _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, static_cast<const _Ty&>(_That._Val));
            }
        }

        // clang-format off
        _Defaultabox(_Defaultabox&&) requires is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr _Defaultabox(_Defaultabox&& _That) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Ty>)
            : _Engaged{_That._Engaged} {
            if (_That._Engaged) {
                _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, static_cast<_Ty&&>(_That._Val));
            }
        }

        template <_Different_from<_Ty> _Uty>
            requires convertible_to<const _Uty&, _Ty>
        constexpr _Defaultabox(const _Defaultabox<_Uty>& _That) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Ty, const _Uty&>)
            : _Engaged{_That} {
            if (_That) {
                _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, *_That);
            }
        }

        template <_Different_from<_Ty> _Uty>
            requires convertible_to<_Uty, _Ty>
        constexpr _Defaultabox(_Defaultabox<_Uty>&& _That) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Ty, _Uty>)
            : _Engaged{_That} {
            if (_That) {
                _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, _STD move(*_That));
            }
        }

        // clang-format off
        _Defaultabox& operator=(const _Defaultabox&) noexcept
            requires copyable<_Ty> && is_trivially_copy_assignable_v<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr _Defaultabox& operator=(const _Defaultabox& _That) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Ty> && is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<_Ty>)
            requires copyable<_Ty>
        {
            if (_Engaged) {
                if (_That._Engaged) {
                    static_cast<_Ty&>(_Val) = static_cast<const _Ty&>(_That._Val);
                } else {
                    _Val.~_Ty();
                    _Engaged = false;
                }
            } else {
                if (_That._Engaged) {
                    _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, static_cast<const _Ty&>(_That._Val));
                    _Engaged = true;
                } else {
                    // nothing to do
                }
            }

            return *this;
        }

        // clang-format off
        _Defaultabox& operator=(_Defaultabox&&) noexcept requires is_trivially_move_assignable_v<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr _Defaultabox& operator=(_Defaultabox&& _That) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Ty> && is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_Ty>) {
            if (_Engaged) {
                if (_That._Engaged) {
                    static_cast<_Ty&>(_Val) = static_cast<_Ty&&>(_That._Val);
                } else {
                    _Val.~_Ty();
                    _Engaged = false;
                }
            } else {
                if (_That._Engaged) {
                    _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, static_cast<_Ty&&>(_That._Val));
                    _Engaged = true;
                } else {
                    // nothing to do
                }
            }

            return *this;
        }

        constexpr _Defaultabox& operator=(_Ty&& _That) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Ty> && is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_Ty>) {
            if (_Engaged) {
                static_cast<_Ty&>(_Val) = _STD move(_That);
            } else {
                _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, _STD move(_That));
                _Engaged = true;
            }

            return *this;
        }

        constexpr _Defaultabox& operator=(const _Ty& _That) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Ty> && is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<_Ty>)
            requires copyable<_Ty>
        {
            if (_Engaged) {
                static_cast<_Ty&>(_Val) = _That;
            } else {
                _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, _That);
                _Engaged = true;
            }

            return *this;
        }

        constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept {
            return _Engaged;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Ty& operator*() noexcept {
            _STL_INTERNAL_CHECK(_Engaged);
            return _Val;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Ty& operator*() const noexcept {
            _STL_INTERNAL_CHECK(_Engaged);
            return _Val;
        }

        constexpr void _Reset() noexcept {
            if (_Engaged) {
                _Val.~_Ty();
                _Engaged = false;
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr bool operator==(const _Defaultabox& _That) const
            noexcept(noexcept(static_cast<const _Ty&>(_Val) == static_cast<const _Ty&>(_That._Val))) {
            _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(equality_comparable<_Ty>);
            return _Engaged == _That._Engaged
                && (!_Engaged || static_cast<const _Ty&>(_Val) == static_cast<const _Ty&>(_That._Val));
        }

    private:
        union {
            remove_cv_t<_Ty> _Val;
        };
        bool _Engaged = false;
    };

    template <movable _Ty>
        requires default_initializable<_Ty>
    class _Defaultabox<_Ty> { // provide the same API more efficiently for default-constructible types
    public:
        _Defaultabox() = default;

        template <_Different_from<_Ty> _Uty>
            requires convertible_to<const _Uty&, _Ty>
        constexpr _Defaultabox(const _Defaultabox<_Uty>& _That) noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_Ty> //
                && noexcept(_Value = static_cast<_Ty>(*_That))) {
            if (_That) {
                _Value = static_cast<_Ty>(*_That);
            }
        }

        template <_Different_from<_Ty> _Uty>
            requires convertible_to<_Uty, _Ty>
        constexpr _Defaultabox(_Defaultabox<_Uty>&& _That) noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_Ty> //
                && noexcept(_Value = static_cast<_Ty>(_STD move(*_That)))) {
            if (_That) {
                _Value = static_cast<_Ty>(_STD move(*_That));
            }
        }

        constexpr _Defaultabox& operator=(const _Ty& _Right) noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<_Ty>)
            requires copyable<_Ty>
        {
            _Value = _Right;
            return *this;
        }
        constexpr _Defaultabox& operator=(_Ty&& _Right) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_Ty>) {
            _Value = _STD move(_Right);
            return *this;
        }

        constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept {
            return true;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Ty& operator*() noexcept {
            return _Value;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Ty& operator*() const noexcept {
            return _Value;
        }

        constexpr void _Reset() noexcept(noexcept(_Value = _Ty{})) {
            _Value = _Ty{};
        }

        _NODISCARD bool operator==(const _Defaultabox&) const = default;

    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Ty _Value{};
    };

    template <_Destructible_object _Ty, bool _Needs_operator_bool = true>
    class _Non_propagating_cache { // a simplified optional that resets on copy / move
    public:
        constexpr _Non_propagating_cache() noexcept {}

        constexpr ~_Non_propagating_cache() {
            if (_Engaged) {
                _Val.~_Ty();
            }
        }

        // clang-format off
        ~_Non_propagating_cache() requires is_trivially_destructible_v<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr _Non_propagating_cache(const _Non_propagating_cache&) noexcept {}

        constexpr _Non_propagating_cache(_Non_propagating_cache&& _Other) noexcept {
            if (_Other._Engaged) {
                _Other._Val.~_Ty();
                _Other._Engaged = false;
            }
        }

        constexpr _Non_propagating_cache& operator=(const _Non_propagating_cache& _Other) noexcept {
            if (_STD addressof(_Other) == this) {
                return *this;
            }

            if (_Engaged) {
                _Val.~_Ty();
                _Engaged = false;
            }

            return *this;
        }

        constexpr _Non_propagating_cache& operator=(_Non_propagating_cache&& _Other) noexcept {
            if (_Engaged) {
                _Val.~_Ty();
                _Engaged = false;
            }

            if (_Other._Engaged) {
                _Other._Val.~_Ty();
                _Other._Engaged = false;
            }

            return *this;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept
            requires _Needs_operator_bool
        {
            return _Engaged;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Ty& operator*() noexcept {
            _STL_INTERNAL_CHECK(_Engaged);
            return _Val;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Ty& operator*() const noexcept {
            _STL_INTERNAL_CHECK(_Engaged);
            return _Val;
        }

        template <class... _Types>
        constexpr _Ty& _Emplace(_Types&&... _Args) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Ty, _Types...>) {
            if (_Engaged) {
                _Val.~_Ty();
                _Engaged = false;
            }

            _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, _STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...);
            _Engaged = true;

            return _Val;
        }

    private:
        union {
            remove_cv_t<_Ty> _Val;
        };
        bool _Engaged = false;
    };

    template <_Destructible_object _Ty>
        requires is_trivially_destructible_v<_Ty>
    class _Non_propagating_cache<_Ty, false> { // a specialization for trivially destructible types where checking if
                                               // the cache contains a value is not needed
    public:
        constexpr _Non_propagating_cache() noexcept {}

        ~_Non_propagating_cache() = default;

        constexpr _Non_propagating_cache(const _Non_propagating_cache&) noexcept {}

        constexpr _Non_propagating_cache(_Non_propagating_cache&&) noexcept {}

        constexpr _Non_propagating_cache& operator=(const _Non_propagating_cache&) noexcept {
            return *this;
        }

        constexpr _Non_propagating_cache& operator=(_Non_propagating_cache&&) noexcept {
            return *this;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Ty& operator*() noexcept {
            return _Val;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Ty& operator*() const noexcept {
            return _Val;
        }

        template <class... _Types>
        constexpr _Ty& _Emplace(_Types&&... _Args) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Ty, _Types...>) {
            _STD _Construct_in_place(_Val, _STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...);
            return _Val;
        }

    private:
        union {
            remove_cv_t<_Ty> _Val;
        };
    };

#if _HAS_CXX23
    _EXPORT_STD template <class _Derived>
        requires is_class_v<_Derived> && same_as<_Derived, remove_cv_t<_Derived>>
    class range_adaptor_closure : public _Pipe::_Base<_Derived> {};
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    template <class _Fn, class... _Types>
    class _Range_closure : public _Pipe::_Base<_Range_closure<_Fn, _Types...>> {
    public:
        // We assume that _Fn is the type of a customization point object. That means
        // 1. The behavior of operator() is independent of cvref qualifiers, so we can use `invocable<_Fn, ` without
        //    loss of generality, and
        // 2. _Fn must be default-constructible and stateless, so we can create instances "on-the-fly" and avoid
        //    storing a copy.

        _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT((same_as<decay_t<_Types>, _Types> && ...));
        _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(is_empty_v<_Fn>&& is_default_constructible_v<_Fn>);

        template <class... _UTypes>
            requires (same_as<decay_t<_UTypes>, _Types> && ...)
        constexpr explicit _Range_closure(_UTypes&&... _Args) noexcept(
            conjunction_v<is_nothrow_constructible<_Types, _UTypes>...>)
            : _Captures(_STD forward<_UTypes>(_Args)...) {}

        void operator()(auto&&) &       = delete;
        void operator()(auto&&) const&  = delete;
        void operator()(auto&&) &&      = delete;
        void operator()(auto&&) const&& = delete;

        using _Indices = index_sequence_for<_Types...>;

        template <class _Ty>
            requires invocable<_Fn, _Ty, _Types&...>
        constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(_Ty && _Arg) & noexcept(
            noexcept(_Call(*this, _STD forward<_Ty>(_Arg), _Indices{}))) {
            return _Call(*this, _STD forward<_Ty>(_Arg), _Indices{});
        }

        template <class _Ty>
            requires invocable<_Fn, _Ty, const _Types&...>
        constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(_Ty && _Arg) const& noexcept(
            noexcept(_Call(*this, _STD forward<_Ty>(_Arg), _Indices{}))) {
            return _Call(*this, _STD forward<_Ty>(_Arg), _Indices{});
        }

        template <class _Ty>
            requires invocable<_Fn, _Ty, _Types...>
        constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(_Ty && _Arg) && noexcept(
            noexcept(_Call(_STD move(*this), _STD forward<_Ty>(_Arg), _Indices{}))) {
            return _Call(_STD move(*this), _STD forward<_Ty>(_Arg), _Indices{});
        }

        template <class _Ty>
            requires invocable<_Fn, _Ty, const _Types...>
        constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(_Ty && _Arg) const&& noexcept(
            noexcept(_Call(_STD move(*this), _STD forward<_Ty>(_Arg), _Indices{}))) {
            return _Call(_STD move(*this), _STD forward<_Ty>(_Arg), _Indices{});
        }

    private:
        template <class _SelfTy, class _Ty, size_t... _Idx>
        static constexpr decltype(auto) _Call(_SelfTy&& _Self, _Ty&& _Arg, index_sequence<_Idx...>) noexcept(
            noexcept(_Fn{}(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Arg), _STD get<_Idx>(_STD forward<_SelfTy>(_Self)._Captures)...))) {
            _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(same_as<index_sequence<_Idx...>, _Indices>);
            return _Fn{}(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Arg), _STD get<_Idx>(_STD forward<_SelfTy>(_Self)._Captures)...);
        }

        tuple<_Types...> _Captures;
    };

    _EXPORT_STD template <class _Ty>
        requires is_object_v<_Ty>
    class empty_view : public view_interface<empty_view<_Ty>> {
    public:
        _NODISCARD static constexpr _Ty* begin() noexcept {
            return nullptr;
        }

        _NODISCARD static constexpr _Ty* end() noexcept {
            return nullptr;
        }

        _NODISCARD static constexpr _Ty* data() noexcept {
            return nullptr;
        }

        _NODISCARD static constexpr size_t size() noexcept {
            return 0;
        }

        _NODISCARD static constexpr bool empty() noexcept {
            return true;
        }
    };

    template <class _Ty>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<empty_view<_Ty>> = true;

    namespace views {
        _EXPORT_STD template <class _Ty>
        inline constexpr empty_view<_Ty> empty;
    } // namespace views

    _EXPORT_STD template <_Valid_movable_box_object _Ty>
    class single_view : public view_interface<single_view<_Ty>> {
    public:
        // clang-format off
        single_view() requires default_initializable<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit single_view(const _Ty& _Val_) noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Ty>) // strengthened
            requires copy_constructible<_Ty>
            : _Val{in_place, _Val_} {}
        constexpr explicit single_view(_Ty&& _Val_) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Ty>) // strengthened
            : _Val{in_place, _STD move(_Val_)} {}

        template <class... _Types>
            requires constructible_from<_Ty, _Types...>
        constexpr explicit single_view(in_place_t, _Types&&... _Args) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Ty, _Types...>) // strengthened
            : _Val{in_place, _STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...} {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Ty* begin() noexcept {
            return data();
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Ty* begin() const noexcept {
            return data();
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Ty* end() noexcept {
            return data() + 1;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Ty* end() const noexcept {
            return data() + 1;
        }

        _NODISCARD static constexpr size_t size() noexcept {
            return 1;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Ty* data() noexcept {
            return _STD addressof(*_Val);
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Ty* data() const noexcept {
            return _STD addressof(*_Val);
        }

    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Movable_box<_Ty> _Val{};
    };

    template <class _Ty>
    single_view(_Ty) -> single_view<_Ty>;

    namespace views {
        struct _Single_fn {
            template <class _Ty>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Ty&& _Val) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(single_view<decay_t<_Ty>>(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val))))
                requires requires {
                    typename single_view<decay_t<_Ty>>;
                    single_view<decay_t<_Ty>>(static_cast<_Ty&&>(_Val));
                }
            {
                return single_view<decay_t<_Ty>>(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Val));
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Single_fn single;
    } // namespace views

    template <class _Ty>
    using _Iota_diff_t = conditional_t<is_integral_v<_Ty>,
        conditional_t<sizeof(_Ty) < sizeof(int), int,
            conditional_t<sizeof(_Ty) < sizeof(long long), long long, _Signed128>>,
        iter_difference_t<_Ty>>;

    template <class _Ty>
    concept _Decrementable = incrementable<_Ty> && requires(_Ty __t) {
        { --__t } -> same_as<_Ty&>;
        { __t-- } -> same_as<_Ty>;
    };

    template <class _Ty>
    concept _Advanceable =
        _Decrementable<_Ty> && totally_ordered<_Ty> && requires(_Ty __i, const _Ty __j, const _Iota_diff_t<_Ty> __n) {
            { __i += __n } -> same_as<_Ty&>;
            { __i -= __n } -> same_as<_Ty&>;
            _Ty(__j + __n);
            _Ty(__n + __j);
            _Ty(__j - __n);
            { __j - __j } -> convertible_to<_Iota_diff_t<_Ty>>;
        };

    template <class _Wi>
    struct _Ioterator_category_base {};

    template <incrementable _Wi>
        requires integral<_Iota_diff_t<_Wi>>
    struct _Ioterator_category_base<_Wi> {
        using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
    };

    template <weakly_incrementable _Wi>
        requires copyable<_Wi>
    struct _Ioterator : _Ioterator_category_base<_Wi> {
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Wi _Current{};

        using iterator_concept = conditional_t<_Advanceable<_Wi>, random_access_iterator_tag,
            conditional_t<_Decrementable<_Wi>, bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                conditional_t<incrementable<_Wi>, forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>>>;
        using value_type       = _Wi;
        using difference_type  = _Iota_diff_t<_Wi>;

        // clang-format off
        _Ioterator() requires default_initializable<_Wi> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit _Ioterator(_Wi _Val) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Wi>) /* strengthened */
            : _Current(_STD move(_Val)) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Wi operator*() const noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Wi>) {
            return _Current;
        }

        constexpr _Ioterator& operator++() noexcept(noexcept(++_Current)) /* strengthened */ {
            ++_Current;
            return *this;
        }

        constexpr auto operator++(int) noexcept(
            noexcept(++_Current) && (!incrementable<_Wi> || is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Wi>) ) /* strengthened */ {
            if constexpr (incrementable<_Wi>) {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                ++_Current;
                return _Tmp;
            } else {
                ++_Current;
            }
        }

        constexpr _Ioterator& operator--() noexcept(noexcept(--_Current)) /* strengthened */
            requires _Decrementable<_Wi>
        {
            --_Current;
            return *this;
        }

        constexpr _Ioterator operator--(int) noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Wi> //
                && noexcept(--_Current)) /* strengthened */
            requires _Decrementable<_Wi>
        {
            auto _Tmp = *this;
            --_Current;
            return _Tmp;
        }

#if !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__EDG__) // TRANSITION, DevCom-1347136
    private:
        template <class _Left, class _Right>
        static constexpr bool _Nothrow_plus_equal = noexcept(_STD declval<_Left&>() += _STD declval<const _Right&>());
        template <_Integer_like _Left, class _Right>
        static constexpr bool _Nothrow_plus_equal<_Left, _Right> = true;

        template <class _Left, class _Right>
        static constexpr bool _Nothrow_minus_equal = noexcept(_STD declval<_Left&>() -= _STD declval<const _Right&>());
        template <_Integer_like _Left, class _Right>
        static constexpr bool _Nothrow_minus_equal<_Left, _Right> = true;

    public:
#endif // ^^^ workaround ^^^

        constexpr _Ioterator& operator+=(const difference_type _Off)
#if defined(__clang__) || defined(__EDG__) // TRANSITION, DevCom-1347136
            noexcept(noexcept(_Current += _Off)) /* strengthened */
#else // ^^^ no workaround / workaround vvv
            noexcept(_Nothrow_plus_equal<_Wi, difference_type>) /* strengthened */
#endif // ^^^ workaround ^^^
            requires _Advanceable<_Wi>
        {
            if constexpr (_Integer_like<_Wi>) {
                if constexpr (_Signed_integer_like<_Wi>) {
                    _Current = static_cast<_Wi>(_Current + _Off);
                } else {
                    if (_Off >= difference_type{0}) {
                        _Current += static_cast<_Wi>(_Off);
                    } else {
                        _Current -= static_cast<_Wi>(-_Off);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                _Current += _Off;
            }
            return *this;
        }

        constexpr _Ioterator& operator-=(const difference_type _Off)
#if defined(__clang__) || defined(__EDG__) // TRANSITION, DevCom-1347136
            noexcept(noexcept(_Current -= _Off)) /* strengthened */
#else // ^^^ no workaround / workaround vvv
            noexcept(_Nothrow_minus_equal<_Wi, difference_type>) /* strengthened */
#endif // ^^^ workaround ^^^
            requires _Advanceable<_Wi>
        {
            if constexpr (_Integer_like<_Wi>) {
                if constexpr (_Signed_integer_like<_Wi>) {
                    _Current = static_cast<_Wi>(_Current - _Off);
                } else {
                    if (_Off >= difference_type{0}) {
                        _Current -= static_cast<_Wi>(_Off);
                    } else {
                        _Current += static_cast<_Wi>(-_Off);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                _Current -= _Off;
            }
            return *this;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Wi operator[](const difference_type _Idx) const
            noexcept(noexcept(static_cast<_Wi>(_Current + _Idx))) /* strengthened */
            requires _Advanceable<_Wi>
        {
            if constexpr (_Integer_like<_Wi>) {
                return static_cast<_Wi>(_Current + static_cast<_Wi>(_Idx));
            } else {
                return static_cast<_Wi>(_Current + _Idx);
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Ioterator& _Left, const _Ioterator& _Right) noexcept(
            noexcept(_Left._Current == _Right._Current))
            requires equality_comparable<_Wi>
        {
            return _Left._Current == _Right._Current;
        }

        _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<(const _Ioterator& _Left, const _Ioterator& _Right) noexcept(
            noexcept(_Left._Current < _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
            requires totally_ordered<_Wi>
        {
            return _Left._Current < _Right._Current;
        }
        _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>(const _Ioterator& _Left, const _Ioterator& _Right) noexcept(
            noexcept(_Right._Current < _Left._Current)) /* strengthened */
            requires totally_ordered<_Wi>
        {
            return _Right._Current < _Left._Current;
        }
        _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<=(const _Ioterator& _Left, const _Ioterator& _Right) noexcept(
            noexcept(!(_Right._Current < _Left._Current))) /* strengthened */
            requires totally_ordered<_Wi>
        {
            return !(_Right._Current < _Left._Current);
        }
        _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>=(const _Ioterator& _Left, const _Ioterator& _Right) noexcept(
            noexcept(!(_Left._Current < _Right._Current))) /* strengthened */
            requires totally_ordered<_Wi>
        {
            return !(_Left._Current < _Right._Current);
        }

        _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto operator<=>(const _Ioterator& _Left, const _Ioterator& _Right) noexcept(
            noexcept(_Left._Current <=> _Right._Current))
            requires totally_ordered<_Wi> && three_way_comparable<_Wi>
        {
            return _Left._Current <=> _Right._Current;
        }

        _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Ioterator operator+(_Ioterator _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Ioterator> //
                && noexcept(_It += _Off)) /* strengthened */
            requires _Advanceable<_Wi>
        {
            _It += _Off;
            return _It;
        }
        _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Ioterator operator+(const difference_type _Off, _Ioterator _It) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Wi> //
                && noexcept(static_cast<_Wi>(_It._Current + _Off))) /* strengthened */
            requires _Advanceable<_Wi>
        {
            return _Ioterator{static_cast<_Wi>(_It._Current + _Off)};
        }

        _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Ioterator operator-(_Ioterator _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Ioterator> //
                && noexcept(_It -= _Off)) /* strengthened */
            requires _Advanceable<_Wi>
        {
            _It -= _Off;
            return _It;
        }

        _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Ioterator& _Left,
            const _Ioterator& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Left._Current - _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
            requires _Advanceable<_Wi>
        {
            if constexpr (_Integer_like<_Wi>) {
                if constexpr (_Signed_integer_like<_Wi>) {
                    return static_cast<difference_type>(
                        static_cast<difference_type>(_Left._Current) - static_cast<difference_type>(_Right._Current));
                } else if (_Right._Current > _Left._Current) {
                    return static_cast<difference_type>(
                        -static_cast<difference_type>(_Right._Current - _Left._Current));
                } else {
                    return static_cast<difference_type>(_Left._Current - _Right._Current);
                }
            } else {
                return static_cast<difference_type>(_Left._Current - _Right._Current);
            }
        }
    };

    template <weakly_incrementable _Wi, semiregular _Bo>
        requires _Weakly_equality_comparable_with<_Wi, _Bo> && copyable<_Wi>
    struct _Iotinel {
    private:
        using _It = _Ioterator<_Wi>;

        _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Equal(const _It& _That) const noexcept(noexcept(_That._Current == _Last)) {
            return _That._Current == _Last;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr iter_difference_t<_Wi> _Delta(const _It& _That) const
            noexcept(noexcept(_Last - _That._Current)) {
            _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(sized_sentinel_for<_Bo, _Wi>);
            return _Last - _That._Current;
        }

    public:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Bo _Last{};

        _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _It& _Left, const _Iotinel& _Right) noexcept(
            noexcept(_Right._Equal(_Left))) /* strengthened */ {
            return _Right._Equal(_Left);
        }

        _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr iter_difference_t<_Wi> operator-(const _It& _Left, const _Iotinel& _Right) noexcept(
            noexcept(_Right._Delta(_Left))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_sentinel_for<_Bo, _Wi>
        {
            return -_Right._Delta(_Left);
        }

        _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr iter_difference_t<_Wi> operator-(const _Iotinel& _Left, const _It& _Right) noexcept(
            noexcept(_Left._Delta(_Right))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_sentinel_for<_Bo, _Wi>
        {
            return _Left._Delta(_Right);
        }
    };

    _EXPORT_STD template <weakly_incrementable _Wi, semiregular _Bo = unreachable_sentinel_t>
        requires _Weakly_equality_comparable_with<_Wi, _Bo> && copyable<_Wi>
    class iota_view : public view_interface<iota_view<_Wi, _Bo>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Wi _Value{};
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Bo _Bound{};

        using _It = _Ioterator<_Wi>;
        using _Se = conditional_t<same_as<_Wi, _Bo>, _It,
            conditional_t<same_as<_Bo, unreachable_sentinel_t>, _Bo, _Iotinel<_Wi, _Bo>>>;

        _NODISCARD static constexpr _Bo& _Bound_from(_Se& _Last) noexcept {
            if constexpr (same_as<_Wi, _Bo>) {
                return _Last._Current;
            } else if constexpr (same_as<_Bo, unreachable_sentinel_t>) {
                return _Last;
            } else {
                return _Last._Last;
            }
        }

    public:
        // clang-format off
        iota_view() requires default_initializable<_Wi> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit iota_view(_Wi _Value_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Wi> && is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_Bo>) // strengthened
            : _Value(_STD move(_Value_)) {
            if constexpr (totally_ordered_with<_Wi, _Bo>) {
                _STL_ASSERT(_Value_ <= _Bound, "Per N4950 [range.iota.view]/6, the first argument must not exceed the "
                                               "value-initialized bound when their types are totally ordered.");
            }
        }

        constexpr explicit iota_view(type_identity_t<_Wi> _Value_, type_identity_t<_Bo> _Bound_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Wi> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Bo>) // strengthened
            : _Value(_STD move(_Value_)), _Bound(_STD move(_Bound_)) {
            if constexpr (totally_ordered_with<_Wi, _Bo>) {
                _STL_ASSERT(_Value_ <= _Bound_, "Per N4950 [range.iota.view]/8, the first argument must not exceed the "
                                                "second when their types are totally ordered.");
            }
        }

        constexpr explicit iota_view(_It _First, _Se _Last) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Wi> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Bo>) // strengthened
            : _Value(_STD move(_First._Current)), _Bound(_STD move(_Bound_from(_Last))) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _It begin() const noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Wi>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _It{_Value};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Se end() const noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Bo>) /* strengthened */ {
            if constexpr (same_as<_Wi, _Bo>) {
                return _It{_Bound};
            } else if constexpr (same_as<_Bo, unreachable_sentinel_t>) {
                return unreachable_sentinel;
            } else {
                return _Se{_Bound};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr bool empty() const noexcept(noexcept(_Value == _Bound)) /* strengthened */ {
            return _Value == _Bound;
        }

#pragma warning(push)
#pragma warning(disable : 4146) // unary minus operator applied to unsigned type, result still unsigned
        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_Bound - _Value)) /* strengthened */
            requires (same_as<_Wi, _Bo> && _Advanceable<_Wi>)
                  || (_Integer_like<_Wi> && _Integer_like<_Bo>) || sized_sentinel_for<_Bo, _Wi>
        {
            if constexpr (_Integer_like<_Wi> && _Integer_like<_Bo>) {
                return (_Value < 0) ? ((_Bound < 0) ? (_To_unsigned_like(-_Value) - _To_unsigned_like(-_Bound))
                                                    : (_To_unsigned_like(_Bound) + _To_unsigned_like(-_Value)))
                                    : (_To_unsigned_like(_Bound) - _To_unsigned_like(_Value));
            } else {
                return _To_unsigned_like(_Bound - _Value);
            }
        }
#pragma warning(pop)
    };

    // clang-format off
    template <class _Wi, class _Bo>
        requires (!_Integer_like<_Wi> || !_Integer_like<_Bo>
            || (_Signed_integer_like<_Wi> == _Signed_integer_like<_Bo>))
    iota_view(_Wi, _Bo) -> iota_view<_Wi, _Bo>;
    // clang-format on

    template <class _Wi, class _Bo>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<iota_view<_Wi, _Bo>> = true;

    namespace views {
        struct _Iota_fn {
            template <class _Ty>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Ty&& _Val) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(iota_view(static_cast<_Ty&&>(_Val))))
                requires requires { iota_view(static_cast<_Ty&&>(_Val)); }
            {
                return iota_view(static_cast<_Ty&&>(_Val));
            }

            template <class _Ty1, class _Ty2>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Ty1&& _Val1, _Ty2&& _Val2) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(iota_view(static_cast<_Ty1&&>(_Val1), static_cast<_Ty2&&>(_Val2))))
                requires requires { iota_view(static_cast<_Ty1&&>(_Val1), static_cast<_Ty2&&>(_Val2)); }
            {
                return iota_view(static_cast<_Ty1&&>(_Val1), static_cast<_Ty2&&>(_Val2));
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Iota_fn iota;

        class _Take_fn;
        class _Drop_fn;
    } // namespace views

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Ty>
    concept _Integer_like_with_usable_difference_type =
        _Signed_integer_like<_Ty> || (_Integer_like<_Ty> && weakly_incrementable<_Ty>);

    template <class _Ty>
    struct _Repeat_view_difference_type {
        using type = _Iota_diff_t<_Ty>;
    };

    template <_Signed_integer_like _Ty>
    struct _Repeat_view_difference_type<_Ty> {
        using type = _Ty;
    };

    _EXPORT_STD template <move_constructible _Ty, semiregular _Bo = unreachable_sentinel_t>
        requires (is_object_v<_Ty> && same_as<_Ty, remove_cv_t<_Ty>>
                  && (_Integer_like_with_usable_difference_type<_Bo> || same_as<_Bo, unreachable_sentinel_t>) )
    class repeat_view : public view_interface<repeat_view<_Ty, _Bo>> {
    private:
        friend views::_Take_fn;
        friend views::_Drop_fn;

        class _Iterator {
        private:
            friend repeat_view;
            using _Index_type = conditional_t<same_as<_Bo, unreachable_sentinel_t>, ptrdiff_t, _Bo>;

            const _Ty* _Value{};
            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Index_type _Current{};

            constexpr explicit _Iterator(const _Ty* _Val, _Index_type _Bo_ = _Index_type{}) noexcept // strengthened
                : _Value(_Val), _Current(_Bo_) {
                if constexpr (_Signed_integer_like<_Bo>) {
                    _STL_INTERNAL_CHECK(_Current >= 0);
                }
            }

        public:
            using iterator_concept  = random_access_iterator_tag;
            using iterator_category = random_access_iterator_tag;
            using value_type        = _Ty;
            using difference_type   = _Repeat_view_difference_type<_Index_type>::type;

            _Iterator() = default;

            _NODISCARD constexpr const _Ty& operator*() const noexcept {
                return *_Value;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() noexcept /* strengthened */ {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Current < (numeric_limits<_Index_type>::max)(),
                    "cannot increment repeat_view iterator past end (integer overflow)");
#endif
                ++_Current;
                return *this;
            }
            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int) noexcept /* strengthened */ {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                ++*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--() noexcept /* strengthened */ {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
                if constexpr (is_same_v<_Bo, unreachable_sentinel_t>) {
                    _STL_VERIFY(_Current > (numeric_limits<_Index_type>::min)(),
                        "cannot decrement repeat_view iterator before begin (integer overflow)");
                } else {
                    _STL_VERIFY(_Current > 0, "cannot decrement below 0");
                }
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
                --_Current;
                return *this;
            }
            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int) noexcept /* strengthened */ {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator+=(difference_type _Off) noexcept /* strengthened */ {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
                if constexpr (sizeof(difference_type) > sizeof(_Index_type)) {
                    _STL_VERIFY(static_cast<_Index_type>(_Off) == _Off,
                        _Off > 0 ? "cannot advance repeat_view iterator past end (integer overflow)"
                                 : "cannot advance repeat_view iterator before begin (integer overflow)");
                }

                if (_Off > 0) {
                    _STL_VERIFY(_Current <= (numeric_limits<_Index_type>::max)() - static_cast<_Index_type>(_Off),
                        "cannot advance repeat_view iterator past end (integer overflow)");
                } else {
                    _STL_VERIFY(_Current >= (numeric_limits<_Index_type>::min)() - static_cast<_Index_type>(_Off),
                        "cannot advance repeat_view iterator before begin (integer overflow)");
                }

                if constexpr (!is_same_v<_Bo, unreachable_sentinel_t>) {
                    _STL_VERIFY(_Current + _Off >= 0, "cannot subtract below 0");
                }
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
                _Current += static_cast<_Index_type>(_Off);
                return *this;
            }
            constexpr _Iterator& operator-=(difference_type _Off) noexcept /* strengthened */ {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
                if constexpr (sizeof(difference_type) > sizeof(_Index_type)) {
                    _STL_VERIFY(static_cast<_Index_type>(_Off) == _Off,
                        _Off < 0 ? "cannot advance repeat_view iterator past end (integer overflow)"
                                 : "cannot advance repeat_view iterator before begin (integer overflow)");
                }

                if (_Off < 0) {
                    _STL_VERIFY(_Current <= (numeric_limits<_Index_type>::max)() + static_cast<_Index_type>(_Off),
                        "cannot advance repeat_view iterator past end (integer overflow)");
                } else {
                    _STL_VERIFY(_Current >= (numeric_limits<_Index_type>::min)() + static_cast<_Index_type>(_Off),
                        "cannot advance repeat_view iterator before begin (integer overflow)");
                }

                if constexpr (!is_same_v<_Bo, unreachable_sentinel_t>) {
                    _STL_VERIFY(_Current - _Off >= 0, "cannot subtract below 0");
                }
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
                _Current -= static_cast<_Index_type>(_Off);
                return *this;
            }
            _NODISCARD constexpr const _Ty& operator[](difference_type _Idx) const noexcept {
                return *(*this + _Idx);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept
            /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Current == _Right._Current;
            }
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto operator<=>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept
            /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Current <=> _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(_Iterator _Iter, difference_type _Off) noexcept
            /* strengthened */ {
                _Iter += _Off;
                return _Iter;
            }
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(difference_type _Off, _Iterator _Iter) noexcept
            /* strengthened */ {
                _Iter += _Off;
                return _Iter;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator-(_Iterator _Iter, difference_type _Off) noexcept
            /* strengthened */ {
                _Iter -= _Off;
                return _Iter;
            }
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(
                const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept /* strengthened */ {
                return static_cast<difference_type>(
                    static_cast<difference_type>(_Left._Current) - static_cast<difference_type>(_Right._Current));
            }
        };

        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Movable_box<_Ty> _Value{};
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Bo _Bound{};

        template <class _Tuple, size_t... _Indices>
        _NODISCARD_CTOR constexpr repeat_view(_Tuple& _Val, index_sequence<_Indices...>, _Bo _Bound_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Ty, tuple_element_t<_Indices, _Tuple>...>)
            : _Value(in_place, _Tuple_get<_Indices>(_STD move(_Val))...), _Bound(_STD move(_Bound_)) {}

    public:
        // clang-format off
        repeat_view() requires default_initializable<_Ty> = default;
        // clang-format on

        _NODISCARD_CTOR constexpr explicit repeat_view(const _Ty& _Value_, _Bo _Bound_ = _Bo{}) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Ty>) // strengthened
            requires copy_constructible<_Ty>
            : _Value(in_place, _Value_), _Bound(_STD move(_Bound_)) {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            if constexpr (_Signed_integer_like<_Bo>) {
                _STL_VERIFY(_Bound >= 0, "Bound must be >= 0");
            }
#endif
        }
        _NODISCARD_CTOR constexpr explicit repeat_view(_Ty&& _Value_, _Bo _Bound_ = _Bo{}) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Ty>) // strengthened
            : _Value(in_place, _STD move(_Value_)), _Bound(_STD move(_Bound_)) {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            if constexpr (_Signed_integer_like<_Bo>) {
                _STL_VERIFY(_Bound >= 0, "Bound must be >= 0");
            }
#endif
        }
        template <class... _TArgs, class... _BArgs>
            requires constructible_from<_Ty, _TArgs...> && constructible_from<_Bo, _BArgs...>
        _NODISCARD_CTOR constexpr explicit repeat_view(piecewise_construct_t, tuple<_TArgs...> _Val_args,
            tuple<_BArgs...> _Bound_args = tuple<>{}) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Ty, _TArgs...> //
                && noexcept(_STD make_from_tuple<_Bo>(_Bound_args))) // strengthened
            : repeat_view(_Val_args, index_sequence_for<_TArgs...>{}, _STD make_from_tuple<_Bo>(_Bound_args)) {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            if constexpr (_Signed_integer_like<_Bo>) {
                _STL_VERIFY(_Bound >= 0, "Bound must be >= 0");
            }
#endif
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Iterator begin() const noexcept /* strengthened */ {
            return _Iterator{_STD addressof(*_Value)};
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const noexcept /* strengthened */ {
            if constexpr (same_as<_Bo, unreachable_sentinel_t>) {
                return unreachable_sentinel;
            } else {
                return _Iterator{_STD addressof(*_Value), _Bound};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept // strengthened
            requires (!same_as<_Bo, unreachable_sentinel_t>)
        {
            return _STD _To_unsigned_like(_Bound);
        }
    };

    template <class _Ty, class _Bo>
    repeat_view(_Ty, _Bo) -> repeat_view<_Ty, _Bo>;

    namespace views {
        struct _Repeat_fn {
            template <class _Ty>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Ty&& _Value) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(repeat_view(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Value))))
                requires requires { repeat_view(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Value)); }
            {
                return repeat_view(_STD forward<_Ty>(_Value));
            }

            template <class _Ty1, class _Ty2>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Ty1&& _Val1, _Ty2&& _Val2) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(repeat_view(_STD forward<_Ty1>(_Val1), _STD forward<_Ty2>(_Val2))))
                requires requires { repeat_view(_STD forward<_Ty1>(_Val1), _STD forward<_Ty2>(_Val2)); }
            {
                return repeat_view(_STD forward<_Ty1>(_Val1), _STD forward<_Ty2>(_Val2));
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Repeat_fn repeat;
    } // namespace views
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    template <class _Ty, class _Elem, class _Traits>
    concept _Stream_extractable = requires(basic_istream<_Elem, _Traits>& __is, _Ty& __t) { __is >> __t; };

    _EXPORT_STD template <movable _Ty, class _Elem, class _Traits = char_traits<_Elem>>
        requires default_initializable<_Ty> && _Stream_extractable<_Ty, _Elem, _Traits>
    class basic_istream_view : public view_interface<basic_istream_view<_Ty, _Elem, _Traits>> {
    private:
        class _Iterator {
        private:
            basic_istream_view* _Parent;

        public:
            using iterator_concept = input_iterator_tag;
            using difference_type  = ptrdiff_t;
            using value_type       = _Ty;

            constexpr explicit _Iterator(basic_istream_view& _Parent_) noexcept : _Parent{_STD addressof(_Parent_)} {}

            _Iterator(const _Iterator&) = delete;
            _Iterator(_Iterator&&)      = default;

            _Iterator& operator=(const _Iterator&) = delete;
            _Iterator& operator=(_Iterator&&)      = default;

            _Iterator& operator++() {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                // Per LWG-3489
                _STL_VERIFY(
                    !_Parent->_Stream_at_end(), "cannot increment basic_istream_view iterator at end of stream");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                *_Parent->_Stream >> _Parent->_Val;
                return *this;
            }

            void operator++(int) {
                ++*this;
            }

            _NODISCARD _Ty& operator*() const noexcept /* strengthened */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                // Per LWG-3489
                _STL_VERIFY(
                    !_Parent->_Stream_at_end(), "cannot dereference basic_istream_view iterator at end of stream");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _Parent->_Val;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, default_sentinel_t) noexcept /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Parent->_Stream_at_end();
            }
        };

        basic_istream<_Elem, _Traits>* _Stream;
        _Ty _Val = _Ty{};

    public:
        constexpr explicit basic_istream_view(basic_istream<_Elem, _Traits>& _Stream_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_Ty>) // strengthened
            : _Stream{_STD addressof(_Stream_)} {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() {
            *_Stream >> _Val;
            return _Iterator{*this};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr default_sentinel_t end() const noexcept {
            return default_sentinel;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Stream_at_end() const noexcept {
            return !*_Stream;
        }
    };

    _EXPORT_STD template <class _Ty>
    using istream_view = basic_istream_view<_Ty, char>;
    _EXPORT_STD template <class _Ty>
    using wistream_view = basic_istream_view<_Ty, wchar_t>;

    namespace views {
        template <class _Elem, class _Stream, class _CharT, class _Traits>
        concept _Istreamable_impl = derived_from<_Stream, basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>>
                                 && constructible_from<basic_istream_view<_Elem, _CharT, _Traits>, _Stream&>;
        template <class _Elem, class _Stream>
        concept _Istreamable = requires {
            typename _Stream::char_type;
            typename _Stream::traits_type;
            requires _Istreamable_impl<_Elem, _Stream, typename _Stream::char_type, typename _Stream::traits_type>;
        };

        template <class _Ty>
        struct _Istream_fn {
            template <class _StreamTy>
                requires _Istreamable<_Ty, _StreamTy>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_StreamTy& _Stream) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_Ty>) /* strengthened */ {
                return basic_istream_view<_Ty, typename _StreamTy::char_type, typename _StreamTy::traits_type>(_Stream);
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD template <class _Ty>
        inline constexpr _Istream_fn<_Ty> istream;
    } // namespace views

    _EXPORT_STD template <range _Rng>
        requires is_object_v<_Rng>
    class ref_view : public view_interface<ref_view<_Rng>> {
    private:
        _Rng* _Range;

        static void _Rvalue_poison(_Rng&);
        static void _Rvalue_poison(_Rng&&) = delete;

    public:
        // clang-format off
        template <_Different_from<ref_view> _OtherRng>
        constexpr ref_view(_OtherRng&& _Other) noexcept(
            noexcept(static_cast<_Rng&>(_STD forward<_OtherRng>(_Other)))) // strengthened
            requires convertible_to<_OtherRng, _Rng&> && requires {
                _Rvalue_poison(static_cast<_OtherRng&&>(_Other));
            } : _Range{_STD addressof(static_cast<_Rng&>(_STD forward<_OtherRng>(_Other)))} {}
        // clang-format on

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Rng& base() const noexcept /* strengthened */ {
            return *_Range;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr iterator_t<_Rng> begin() const
            noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES begin(*_Range))) /* strengthened */ {
            return _RANGES begin(*_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr sentinel_t<_Rng> end() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES end(*_Range))) /* strengthened */ {
            return _RANGES end(*_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr bool empty() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES empty(*_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires _Can_empty<_Rng>
        {
            return _RANGES empty(*_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(*_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<_Rng>
        {
            return _RANGES size(*_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto data() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES data(*_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires contiguous_range<_Rng>
        {
            return _RANGES data(*_Range);
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng>
    ref_view(_Rng&) -> ref_view<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<ref_view<_Rng>> = true;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<ref_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const ref_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    _EXPORT_STD template <range _Rng>
        requires (movable<_Rng> && !_Is_initializer_list<_Rng>)
    class owning_view : public view_interface<owning_view<_Rng>> {
    private:
        _Rng _Range{};

    public:
        // clang-format off
        owning_view() requires default_initializable<_Rng> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr owning_view(_Rng&& _Range_) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Rng>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)) {}

        owning_view(owning_view&&)            = default;
        owning_view& operator=(owning_view&&) = default;

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Rng& base() & noexcept {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Rng& base() const& noexcept {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Rng&& base() && noexcept {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Rng&& base() const&& noexcept {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr iterator_t<_Rng> begin() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range))) /* strengthened */ {
            return _RANGES begin(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr sentinel_t<_Rng> end() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES end(_Range))) /* strengthened */ {
            return _RANGES end(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires range<const _Rng>
        {
            return _RANGES begin(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES end(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires range<const _Rng>
        {
            return _RANGES end(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr bool empty() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES empty(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires _Can_empty<_Rng>
        {
            return _RANGES empty(_Range);
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr bool empty() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES empty(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires _Can_empty<const _Rng>
        {
            return _RANGES empty(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<_Rng>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<const _Rng>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto data() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES data(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires contiguous_range<_Rng>
        {
            return _RANGES data(_Range);
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr auto data() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES data(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires contiguous_range<const _Rng>
        {
            return _RANGES data(_Range);
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<owning_view<_Rng>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Rng>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<owning_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const owning_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        template <class _Rng>
        concept _Can_ref_view = requires(_Rng&& __r) { ref_view{static_cast<_Rng&&>(__r)}; };

        template <class _Rng>
        concept _Ownable = requires(_Rng&& __r) { owning_view{static_cast<_Rng&&>(__r)}; };

        class _All_fn : public _Pipe::_Base<_All_fn> {
        private:
            enum class _St { _None, _View, _Ref, _Own };

            template <class _Rng>
            _NODISCARD static consteval _Choice_t<_St> _Choose() noexcept {
                if constexpr (view<remove_cvref_t<_Rng>>) {
                    if constexpr (convertible_to<_Rng, remove_cvref_t<_Rng>>) {
                        return {_St::_View, is_nothrow_convertible_v<_Rng, remove_cvref_t<_Rng>>};
                    }
                } else if constexpr (_Can_ref_view<_Rng>) {
                    return {_St::_Ref, noexcept(ref_view{_STD declval<_Rng>()})};
                } else if constexpr (_Ownable<_Rng>) {
                    return {_St::_Own, noexcept(owning_view{_STD declval<_Rng>()})};
                }

                return {_St::_None};
            }

            template <class _Rng>
            static constexpr _Choice_t<_St> _Choice = _Choose<_Rng>();

        public:
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
                requires (_Choice<_Rng>._Strategy != _St::_None)
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(_Choice<_Rng>._No_throw) {
                constexpr _St _Strat = _Choice<_Rng>._Strategy;

                if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_View) {
                    return _STD forward<_Rng>(_Range);
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Ref) {
                    return ref_view{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)};
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Own) {
                    return owning_view{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)};
                } else {
                    static_assert(_Always_false<_Rng>, "Should be unreachable");
                }
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _All_fn all;

        _EXPORT_STD template <viewable_range _Rng>
        using all_t = decltype(all(_STD declval<_Rng>()));
    } // namespace views

#if _HAS_CXX23
    _EXPORT_STD template <input_range _Vw>
        requires view<_Vw>
    class as_rvalue_view : public view_interface<as_rvalue_view<_Vw>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};

        template <range _Rng>
        static constexpr bool _Is_end_nothrow_v = noexcept(move_sentinel{_RANGES end(_STD declval<_Rng&>())});

        template <common_range _Rng>
        static constexpr bool _Is_end_nothrow_v<_Rng> = noexcept(move_iterator{_RANGES end(_STD declval<_Rng&>())});

    public:
        // clang-format off
        as_rvalue_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit as_rvalue_view(_Vw _Range_) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() noexcept(noexcept(move_iterator{_RANGES begin(_Range)})) // strengthened
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            return move_iterator{_RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const noexcept(noexcept(move_iterator{_RANGES begin(_Range)})) // strengthened
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            return move_iterator{_RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() noexcept(_Is_end_nothrow_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Vw>) {
                return move_iterator{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return move_sentinel{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const noexcept(_Is_end_nothrow_v<const _Vw>) // strengthened
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<const _Vw>) {
                return move_iterator{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return move_sentinel{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng>
    as_rvalue_view(_Rng&&) -> as_rvalue_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<as_rvalue_view<_Rng>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Rng>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<as_rvalue_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const as_rvalue_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        template <class _Rng>
        concept _Can_as_rvalue = requires(_Rng&& __r) { as_rvalue_view{static_cast<_Rng&&>(__r)}; };

        class _As_rvalue_fn : public _Pipe::_Base<_As_rvalue_fn> {
        private:
            enum class _St { _None, _All, _As_rvalue };

            template <class _Rng>
            _NODISCARD static consteval _Choice_t<_St> _Choose() noexcept {
                if constexpr (same_as<range_rvalue_reference_t<_Rng>, range_reference_t<_Rng>>) {
                    return {_St::_All, noexcept(views::all(_STD declval<_Rng>()))};
                } else if constexpr (_Can_as_rvalue<_Rng>) {
                    return {_St::_As_rvalue, noexcept(as_rvalue_view{_STD declval<_Rng>()})};
                } else {
                    return {_St::_None};
                }
            }

            template <class _Rng>
            static constexpr _Choice_t<_St> _Choice = _Choose<_Rng>();

        public:
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
                requires (_Choice<_Rng>._Strategy != _St::_None)
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(_Choice<_Rng>._No_throw) {
                constexpr _St _Strat = _Choice<_Rng>._Strategy;
                if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_All) {
                    return views::all(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range));
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_As_rvalue) {
                    return as_rvalue_view{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)};
                } else {
                    static_assert(_Always_false<_Rng>, "Should be unreachable");
                }
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _As_rvalue_fn as_rvalue;
    } // namespace views
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    _EXPORT_STD template <input_range _Vw, indirect_unary_predicate<iterator_t<_Vw>> _Pr>
        requires view<_Vw> && is_object_v<_Pr>
    class filter_view : public _Cached_position_t<forward_range<_Vw>, _Vw, filter_view<_Vw, _Pr>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Movable_box<_Pr> _Pred{};

        template <class _View>
        struct _Category_base {};

        template <forward_range _View>
        struct _Category_base<_View> {
            using iterator_category =
                conditional_t<derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_View>>, bidirectional_iterator_tag>,
                    bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                    conditional_t<derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_View>>, forward_iterator_tag>,
                        forward_iterator_tag, _Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_View>>>>;
        };

        class _Iterator : public _Category_base<_Vw> {
        private:
            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ iterator_t<_Vw> _Current{};
            filter_view* _Parent{};

#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
            constexpr void _Check_dereference() const noexcept {
                _STL_VERIFY(_Parent != nullptr, "cannot dereference value-initialized filter_view iterator");
                _STL_VERIFY(_Current != _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range), "cannot dereference end filter_view iterator");
            }
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0

        public:
            using iterator_concept = conditional_t<bidirectional_range<_Vw>, bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                conditional_t<forward_range<_Vw>, forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>>;
            using value_type       = range_value_t<_Vw>;
            using difference_type  = range_difference_t<_Vw>;

            // clang-format off
            _Iterator() requires default_initializable<iterator_t<_Vw>> = default;
            // clang-format on

            constexpr _Iterator(filter_view& _Parent_, iterator_t<_Vw> _Current_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                : _Current(_STD move(_Current_)), _Parent{_STD addressof(_Parent_)} {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Adl_verify_range(_Current, _RANGES end(_Parent_._Range));
                if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw>) {
                    _Adl_verify_range(_RANGES begin(_Parent_._Range), _Current);
                }
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr const iterator_t<_Vw>& base() const& noexcept {
                return _Current;
            }
            _NODISCARD constexpr iterator_t<_Vw> base() && noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _STD move(_Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr range_reference_t<_Vw> operator*() const
                noexcept(noexcept(*_Current)) /* strengthened */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Check_dereference();
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return *_Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr iterator_t<_Vw> operator->() const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */
                requires _Has_arrow<iterator_t<_Vw>> && copyable<iterator_t<_Vw>>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Check_dereference();
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _Current;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Parent != nullptr, "cannot increment value-initialized filter_view iterator");
                _STL_VERIFY(_Current != _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range), "cannot increment filter_view iterator past end");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Current =
                    _RANGES find_if(_STD move(++_Current), _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range), _STD ref(*_Parent->_Pred));
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr decltype(auto) operator++(int) {
                if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw>) {
                    auto _Tmp = *this;
                    ++*this;
                    return _Tmp;
                } else {
                    ++*this;
                }
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--()
                requires bidirectional_range<_Vw>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Parent != nullptr, "cannot decrement value-initialized filter_view iterator");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                do {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                    _STL_VERIFY(_Current != _RANGES begin(_Parent->_Range),
                        "cannot decrement filter_view iterator before begin");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                    --_Current;
                } while (!_STD invoke(*_Parent->_Pred, *_Current));
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int)
                requires bidirectional_range<_Vw>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right)
                requires equality_comparable<iterator_t<_Vw>>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(
                    _Left._Parent == _Right._Parent, "cannot compare incompatible filter_view iterators for equality");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _Left._Current == _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_rvalue_reference_t<_Vw> iter_move(const _Iterator& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES iter_move(_It._Current))) {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _It._Check_dereference();
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _RANGES iter_move(_It._Current);
            }

            friend constexpr void iter_swap(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES iter_swap(_Left._Current, _Right._Current)))
                requires indirectly_swappable<iterator_t<_Vw>>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Left._Check_dereference();
                _Right._Check_dereference();
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _RANGES iter_swap(_Left._Current, _Right._Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Equal(const sentinel_t<_Vw>& _Last) const
                noexcept(noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Current == _Last))) {
                return _Current == _Last;
            }
        };

        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ sentinel_t<_Vw> _Last{};

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;
            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(filter_view& _Parent) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES end(_Parent._Range))
                && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                : _Last(_RANGES end(_Parent._Range)) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr sentinel_t<_Vw> base() const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Last;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _It, const _Sentinel& _Se) noexcept(
                noexcept(_It._Equal(_Se._Last))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _It._Equal(_Se._Last);
            }
        };

    public:
        // clang-format off
        filter_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> && default_initializable<_Pr> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit filter_view(_Vw _Range_, _Pr _Pred_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Pr>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)), _Pred{in_place, _STD move(_Pred_)} {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Pr& pred() const noexcept /* strengthened */ {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Pred, "filter_view has no predicate");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            return *_Pred;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Iterator begin() {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(
                _Pred, "N4950 [range.filter.view]/3 forbids calling begin on a filter_view that holds no predicate");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw>) {
                if (this->_Has_cache()) {
                    return _Iterator{*this, this->_Get_cache(_Range)};
                }
            }

            auto _First = _RANGES find_if(_Range, _STD ref(*_Pred));
            if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw>) {
                this->_Set_cache(_Range, _First);
            }

            return _Iterator{*this, _STD move(_First)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Vw>) {
                return _Iterator{*this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel{*this};
            }
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng, class _Pr>
    filter_view(_Rng&&, _Pr) -> filter_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, _Pr>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng, class _Pr>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<filter_view<_Rng, _Pr>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        struct _Filter_fn {
            template <viewable_range _Rng, class _Pr>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range, _Pr&& _Pred) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(filter_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Pr>(_Pred))))
                requires requires { filter_view(static_cast<_Rng&&>(_Range), _STD forward<_Pr>(_Pred)); }
            {
                return filter_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Pr>(_Pred));
            }

            template <class _Pr>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Pr>, _Pr>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Pr&& _Pred) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Pr>, _Pr>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Filter_fn, decay_t<_Pr>>{_STD forward<_Pr>(_Pred)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Filter_fn filter;
    } // namespace views

    _EXPORT_STD template <input_range _Vw, _Valid_movable_box_object _Fn>
        requires view<_Vw> && regular_invocable<_Fn&, range_reference_t<_Vw>>
              && _Can_reference<invoke_result_t<_Fn&, range_reference_t<_Vw>>>
    class transform_view : public view_interface<transform_view<_Vw, _Fn>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Movable_box<_Fn> _Fun{};

        template <bool _Const>
        struct _Category_base {};

        template <bool _Const>
            requires forward_range<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>>
        struct _Category_base<_Const> {
            using _Base = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            using iterator_category =
                conditional_t<is_reference_v<invoke_result_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Fn>&, range_reference_t<_Base>>>,
                    conditional_t<derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_Base>>, contiguous_iterator_tag>,
                        random_access_iterator_tag, _Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_Base>>>,
                    input_iterator_tag>;
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Iterator : public _Category_base<_Const> {
        private:
            friend transform_view;

            using _Parent_t = _Maybe_const<_Const, transform_view>;
            using _Base     = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;

            iterator_t<_Base> _Current{};
            _Parent_t* _Parent{};

#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
            constexpr void _Check_dereference() const noexcept {
                _STL_VERIFY(_Parent != nullptr, "cannot dereference value-initialized transform_view iterator");
                _STL_VERIFY(_Current != _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range), "cannot dereference end transform_view iterator");
            }
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0

#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
            constexpr void _Same_range(const _Iterator& _Right) const noexcept {
                _STL_VERIFY(_Parent == _Right._Parent, "cannot compare incompatible transform_view iterators");
            }
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0

        public:
            using iterator_concept = conditional_t<random_access_range<_Base>, random_access_iterator_tag,
                conditional_t<bidirectional_range<_Base>, bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                    conditional_t<forward_range<_Base>, forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>>>;
            using value_type = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Fn>&, range_reference_t<_Base>>>;
            using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Base>;

            // clang-format off
            _Iterator() requires default_initializable<iterator_t<_Base>> = default;
            // clang-format on

            constexpr _Iterator(_Parent_t& _Parent_, iterator_t<_Base> _Current_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Base>>) // strengthened
                : _Current{_STD move(_Current_)}, _Parent{_STD addressof(_Parent_)} {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Adl_verify_range(_Current, _RANGES end(_Parent_._Range));
                if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>) {
                    _Adl_verify_range(_RANGES begin(_Parent_._Range), _Current);
                }
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
            }

            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> _It) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Base>>
                : _Current(_STD move(_It._Current)), _Parent(_It._Parent) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr const iterator_t<_Base>& base() const& noexcept {
                return _Current;
            }
            _NODISCARD constexpr iterator_t<_Base> base() && noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Base>>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _STD move(_Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const
                noexcept(noexcept(_STD invoke(*_Parent->_Fun, *_Current))) {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Check_dereference();
                _STL_VERIFY(
                    _Parent->_Fun, "Cannot dereference iterator into transform_view with no transformation function");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _STD invoke(*_Parent->_Fun, *_Current);
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() noexcept(noexcept(++_Current)) /* strengthened */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Parent != nullptr, "Cannot increment value-initialized transform_view iterator");
                _STL_VERIFY(
                    _Current != _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range), "Cannot increment transform_view iterator past end");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                ++_Current;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr decltype(auto) operator++(int) noexcept(
                noexcept(++_Current)
                && (!forward_range<_Base> || is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Base>>) ) /* strengthened */ {
                if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>) {
                    auto _Tmp = *this;
                    ++*this;
                    return _Tmp;
                } else {
                    ++*this;
                }
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--() noexcept(noexcept(--_Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Parent != nullptr, "Cannot decrement value-initialized transform_view iterator");
                if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw>) {
                    _STL_VERIFY(_Current != _RANGES begin(_Parent->_Range),
                        "Cannot decrement transform_view iterator before begin");
                }
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                --_Current;
                return *this;
            }
            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int) noexcept(
                noexcept(--_Current) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Base>>) /* strengthened */
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
            constexpr void _Verify_offset(const difference_type _Off) const noexcept
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                _STL_VERIFY(_Off == 0 || _Parent, "cannot seek value-initialized transform_view iterator");
                if constexpr (_Offset_verifiable_v<iterator_t<_Base>>) {
                    _Current._Verify_offset(_Off);
                }
            }
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0

            constexpr _Iterator& operator+=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Current += _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Verify_offset(_Off);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Current += _Off;
                return *this;
            }
            constexpr _Iterator& operator-=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Current -= _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Off != _Min_possible_v<difference_type>, "integer overflow");
                _Verify_offset(-_Off);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Current -= _Off;
                return *this;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](const difference_type _Idx) const
                noexcept(noexcept(_STD invoke(*_Parent->_Fun, _Current[_Idx]))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Verify_offset(_Idx);
                _STL_VERIFY(
                    _Parent->_Fun, "Cannot dereference iterator into transform_view with no transformation function");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _STD invoke(*_Parent->_Fun, _Current[_Idx]);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current == _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires equality_comparable<iterator_t<_Base>>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Left._Same_range(_Right);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _Left._Current == _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current < _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Left._Same_range(_Right);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _Left._Current < _Right._Current;
            }
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current < _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Right < _Left;
            }
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current < _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return !(_Right < _Left);
            }
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current < _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return !(_Left < _Right);
            }
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto operator<=>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current <=> _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base> && three_way_comparable<iterator_t<_Base>>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Left._Same_range(_Right);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _Left._Current <=> _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(_Iterator _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_It._Current += _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _It._Verify_offset(_Off);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _It._Current += _Off;
                return _It;
            }
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const difference_type _Off, _Iterator _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(_It._Current += _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _It._Verify_offset(_Off);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _It._Current += _Off;
                return _It;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator-(_Iterator _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_It._Current -= _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Off != _Min_possible_v<difference_type>, "integer overflow");
                _It._Verify_offset(-_Off);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _It._Current -= _Off;
                return _It;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Iterator& _Left,
                const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Left._Current - _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires sized_sentinel_for<iterator_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base>>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Left._Same_range(_Right);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _Left._Current - _Right._Current;
            }
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            friend transform_view;

            using _Parent_t = _Maybe_const<_Const, transform_view>;
            using _Base     = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            template <bool _OtherConst>
            using _Maybe_const_iter = iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>;

            sentinel_t<_Base> _Last{};

            template <bool _OtherConst>
            _NODISCARD static constexpr const _Maybe_const_iter<_OtherConst>& _Get_current(
                const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It) noexcept {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(
                    _It._Parent != nullptr, "cannot compare transform_view sentinel with value-initialized iterator");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _It._Current;
            }

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;
            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(sentinel_t<_Base> _Last_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Base>>) // strengthened
                : _Last(_STD move(_Last_)) {}

            constexpr _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const> _Se) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Base>, sentinel_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                requires _Const && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Vw>, sentinel_t<_Base>>
                : _Last(_STD move(_Se._Last)) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr sentinel_t<_Base> base() const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Base>>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Last;
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, _Maybe_const_iter<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _Left,
                const _Sentinel& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Get_current(_Left) == _Right._Last)) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Get_current(_Left) == _Right._Last;
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, _Maybe_const_iter<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>> operator-(
                const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _Left,
                const _Sentinel& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Get_current(_Left) - _Right._Last)) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Get_current(_Left) - _Right._Last;
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, _Maybe_const_iter<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>
                operator-(const _Sentinel& _Left, const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _Right) noexcept(
                    noexcept(_Left._Last - _Get_current(_Right))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Last - _Get_current(_Right);
            }
        };

    public:
        // clang-format off
        transform_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> && default_initializable<_Fn> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit transform_view(_Vw _Range_, _Fn _Fun_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Fn>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)), _Fun{in_place, _STD move(_Fun_)} {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Iterator<false> begin() noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _Iterator<false>{*this, _RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Iterator<true> begin() const noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */
            requires range<const _Vw> && regular_invocable<const _Fn&, range_reference_t<const _Vw>>
        {
            return _Iterator<true>{*this, _RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES end(_Range))
            && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<decltype(_RANGES end(_Range))>) /* strengthened */ {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Vw>) {
                return _Iterator<false>{*this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<false>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const
            noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES end(_Range))
                     && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<decltype(_RANGES end(_Range))>) /* strengthened */
            requires range<const _Vw> && regular_invocable<const _Fn&, range_reference_t<const _Vw>>
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Vw>) {
                return _Iterator<true>{*this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<true>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng, class _Fn>
    transform_view(_Rng&&, _Fn) -> transform_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, _Fn>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng, class _Fn>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<transform_view<_Rng, _Fn>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng, class _Fn>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const transform_view<_Rng, _Fn>> = _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        struct _Transform_fn {
            template <viewable_range _Rng, class _Fn>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range, _Fn _Fun) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(transform_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD move(_Fun))))
                requires requires { transform_view(static_cast<_Rng&&>(_Range), _STD move(_Fun)); }
            {
                return transform_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD move(_Fun));
            }

            template <class _Fn>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Fn>, _Fn>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Fn&& _Fun) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Fn>, _Fn>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Transform_fn, decay_t<_Fn>>{_STD forward<_Fn>(_Fun)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Transform_fn transform;
    } // namespace views

    _EXPORT_STD template <view _Vw>
    class take_view : public view_interface<take_view<_Vw>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};
        range_difference_t<_Vw> _Count = 0;

        template <bool _Const, bool _Wrapped = true>
        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            friend take_view;

            using _Base_t        = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            using _Base_sentinel = _Maybe_wrapped<_Wrapped, sentinel_t<_Base_t>>;
            template <bool _OtherConst>
            using _Base_iterator = _Maybe_wrapped<_Wrapped, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>;
            template <bool _OtherConst>
            using _Counted_iter = counted_iterator<_Base_iterator<_OtherConst>>;

            _Base_sentinel _Last{};

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;

            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(_Base_sentinel _Last_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel>) // strengthened
                : _Last(_STD move(_Last_)) {}

            constexpr _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const, _Wrapped> _That) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel, _Maybe_wrapped<_Wrapped, sentinel_t<_Vw>>>) // strengthened
                requires _Const && convertible_to<_Maybe_wrapped<_Wrapped, sentinel_t<_Vw>>, _Base_sentinel>
                : _Last(_STD move(_That._Last)) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr _Base_sentinel base() const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Last;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Counted_iter<_Const>& _Left, const _Sentinel& _Right) {
                return _Left.count() == 0 || _Left.base() == _Right._Last;
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst = !_Const>
                requires sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, _Base_iterator<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(
                const _Counted_iter<_OtherConst>& _Left, const _Sentinel& _Right) {
                return _Left.count() == 0 || _Left.base() == _Right._Last;
            }

            using _Prevent_inheriting_unwrap = _Sentinel;

            _NODISCARD constexpr auto _Unwrapped() const& noexcept(
                noexcept(_Sentinel<_Const, false>{_Last._Unwrapped()}))
                requires _Wrapped && _Unwrappable_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base_t>, const iterator_t<_Base_t>&>
            {
                return _Sentinel<_Const, false>{_Last._Unwrapped()};
            }
            _NODISCARD constexpr auto _Unwrapped() && noexcept(
                noexcept(_Sentinel<_Const, false>{_STD move(_Last)._Unwrapped()}))
                requires _Wrapped && _Unwrappable_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base_t>, iterator_t<_Base_t>>
            {
                return _Sentinel<_Const, false>{_STD move(_Last)._Unwrapped()};
            }

            static constexpr bool _Unwrap_when_unverified = _Do_unwrap_when_unverified_v<iterator_t<_Base_t>>;

            constexpr void _Seek_to(const _Sentinel<_Const, false>& _That)
                requires _Wrapped
            {
                _Seek_wrapped(_Last, _That._Last);
            }
            constexpr void _Seek_to(_Sentinel<_Const, false>&& _That)
                requires _Wrapped
            {
                _Seek_wrapped(_Last, _STD move(_That._Last));
            }
        };

    public:
        // clang-format off
        take_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit take_view(_Vw _Range_, const range_difference_t<_Vw> _Count_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)), _Count{_Count_} {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin()
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            if constexpr (sized_range<_Vw>) {
                if constexpr (random_access_range<_Vw>) {
                    return _RANGES begin(_Range);
                } else {
                    const auto _Size = static_cast<range_difference_t<_Vw>>(size());
                    return counted_iterator(_RANGES begin(_Range), _Size);
                }
            } else if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Vw>>) {
                auto _Iter       = _RANGES begin(_Range);
                const auto _Size = (_STD min)(_Count, _RANGES end(_Range) - _Iter);
                return counted_iterator(_STD move(_Iter), _Size);
            } else {
                return counted_iterator(_RANGES begin(_Range), _Count);
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            if constexpr (sized_range<const _Vw>) {
                if constexpr (random_access_range<const _Vw>) {
                    return _RANGES begin(_Range);
                } else {
                    const auto _Size = static_cast<range_difference_t<_Vw>>(size());
                    return counted_iterator(_RANGES begin(_Range), _Size);
                }
            } else if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<const _Vw>, iterator_t<const _Vw>>) {
                auto _Iter       = _RANGES begin(_Range);
                const auto _Size = (_STD min)(_Count, _RANGES end(_Range) - _Iter);
                return counted_iterator(_STD move(_Iter), _Size);
            } else {
                return counted_iterator(_RANGES begin(_Range), _Count);
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end()
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            if constexpr (sized_range<_Vw>) {
                if constexpr (random_access_range<_Vw>) {
                    return _RANGES begin(_Range) + static_cast<range_difference_t<_Vw>>(size());
                } else {
                    return default_sentinel;
                }
            } else if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Vw>>) {
                return default_sentinel;
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<false>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            if constexpr (sized_range<const _Vw>) {
                if constexpr (random_access_range<const _Vw>) {
                    return _RANGES begin(_Range) + static_cast<range_difference_t<_Vw>>(size());
                } else {
                    return default_sentinel;
                }
            } else if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<const _Vw>, iterator_t<const _Vw>>) {
                return default_sentinel;
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<true>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size()
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            const auto _Length = _RANGES size(_Range);
            return (_STD min)(_Length, static_cast<decltype(_Length)>(_Count));
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            const auto _Length = _RANGES size(_Range);
            return (_STD min)(_Length, static_cast<decltype(_Length)>(_Count));
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng>
    take_view(_Rng&&, range_difference_t<_Rng>) -> take_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<take_view<_Rng>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Rng>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<take_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const take_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        template <class _Rng>
        concept _Random_sized_range = random_access_range<_Rng> && sized_range<_Rng>;

        class _Take_fn {
        private:
            enum class _St {
                _Empty,
                _Reconstruct_span,
                _Reconstruct_string_view,
                _Reconstruct_iota_view,
                _Reconstruct_repeat_view,
                _Reconstruct_subrange,
                _Take_view
            };

            template <class _Rng>
            _NODISCARD static consteval _Choice_t<_St> _Choose() noexcept {
                using _Ty = remove_cvref_t<_Rng>;

                if constexpr (_Is_specialization_v<_Ty, empty_view>) {
                    return {_St::_Empty, true};
                } else if constexpr (_Is_span_v<_Ty>) {
                    return {_St::_Reconstruct_span, true};
                } else if constexpr (_Is_specialization_v<_Ty, basic_string_view>) {
                    return {_St::_Reconstruct_string_view, true};
                } else if constexpr (_Random_sized_range<_Ty> && _Is_specialization_v<_Ty, iota_view>) {
                    return {_St::_Reconstruct_iota_view,
                        noexcept(_RANGES begin(_STD declval<_Rng&>()) + _RANGES distance(_STD declval<_Rng&>()))};
#if _HAS_CXX23
                } else if constexpr (_Is_specialization_v<_Ty, repeat_view>) {
                    using _Range_val_t = range_value_t<_Ty>;
                    return {_St::_Reconstruct_repeat_view,
                        is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Range_val_t, _Forward_like_t<_Rng, _Range_val_t>>};
#endif // _HAS_CXX23
                } else if constexpr (_Random_sized_range<_Ty> && _Is_subrange_v<_Ty>) {
                    return {_St::_Reconstruct_subrange,
                        noexcept(subrange(_RANGES begin(_STD declval<_Rng&>()),
                            _RANGES begin(_STD declval<_Rng&>()) + _RANGES distance(_STD declval<_Rng&>())))};
                } else {
                    return {_St::_Take_view, noexcept(take_view(_STD declval<_Rng>(), range_difference_t<_Rng>{0}))};
                }
            }

            template <class _Rng>
            static constexpr _Choice_t<_St> _Choice = _Choose<_Rng>();

        public:
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(
                _Rng&& _Range, range_difference_t<_Rng> _Count) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR noexcept(_Choice<_Rng>._No_throw) {
                constexpr _St _Strat = _Choice<_Rng>._Strategy;

                if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Empty) {
                    // it's an empty_view: return another empty view
                    return remove_cvref_t<_Rng>{};
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Take_view) {
                    return take_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _Count);
#if _HAS_CXX23
                } else if constexpr (!sized_range<_Rng> && _Strat == _St::_Reconstruct_repeat_view) {
                    return repeat_view(_STD forward_like<_Rng>(*_Range._Value), _Count);
#endif
                } else {
                    // it's a "reconstructible range"; return the same kind of range with a restricted extent
                    _Count            = (_STD min)(_RANGES distance(_Range), _Count);
                    const auto _First = _RANGES begin(_Range);

                    if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Reconstruct_span) {
                        return span(_First, _First + _Count);
                    } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Reconstruct_string_view) {
                        return remove_cvref_t<_Rng>(_First, _First + _Count);
                    } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Reconstruct_iota_view) {
                        using _Vt = range_value_t<_Rng>;
                        return iota_view<_Vt, _Vt>(_First, _First + _Count);
#if _HAS_CXX23
                    } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Reconstruct_repeat_view) {
                        return repeat_view(_STD forward_like<_Rng>(*_Range._Value), _Count);
#endif
                    } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Reconstruct_subrange) {
                        return subrange(_First, _First + _Count);
                    } else {
                        static_assert(_Always_false<_Rng>, "Should be unreachable");
                    }
                }
            }

            template <class _Ty>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Ty>, _Ty>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Ty&& _Length) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Ty>, _Ty>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Take_fn, decay_t<_Ty>>{_STD forward<_Ty>(_Length)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Take_fn take;
    } // namespace views

    _EXPORT_STD template <view _Vw, class _Pr>
        requires input_range<_Vw> && is_object_v<_Pr> && indirect_unary_predicate<const _Pr, iterator_t<_Vw>>
    class take_while_view : public view_interface<take_while_view<_Vw, _Pr>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Movable_box<_Pr> _Pred{};

        template <bool _Const, bool _Wrapped = true>
        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            friend take_while_view;

            using _Base_t        = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            using _Base_iterator = _Maybe_wrapped<_Wrapped, iterator_t<_Base_t>>;
            using _Base_sentinel = _Maybe_wrapped<_Wrapped, sentinel_t<_Base_t>>;

            template <bool _OtherConst>
            using _Maybe_const_iter = _Maybe_wrapped<_Wrapped, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Base_sentinel _Last{};
            const _Pr* _Pred = nullptr;

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;

            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(_Base_sentinel _Last_, const _Pr* const _Pred_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel>) // strengthened
                : _Last(_STD move(_Last_)), _Pred(_Pred_) {}

            constexpr _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const, _Wrapped> _That) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel, _Maybe_wrapped<_Wrapped, sentinel_t<_Vw>>>) // strengthened
                requires _Const && convertible_to<_Maybe_wrapped<_Wrapped, sentinel_t<_Vw>>, _Base_sentinel>
                : _Last(_STD move(_That._Last)), _Pred(_That._Pred) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr _Base_sentinel base() const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Last;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Base_iterator& _Left, const _Sentinel& _Right) {
                return _Right._Last == _Left || !_STD invoke(*_Right._Pred, *_Left);
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst = !_Const>
                requires sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, _Maybe_const_iter<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(
                const _Maybe_const_iter<_OtherConst>& _Left, const _Sentinel& _Right) {
                return _Right._Last == _Left || !_STD invoke(*_Right._Pred, *_Left);
            }

            using _Prevent_inheriting_unwrap = _Sentinel;

            _NODISCARD constexpr auto _Unwrapped() const& noexcept(
                noexcept(_Sentinel<_Const, false>{_Last._Unwrapped(), _Pred}))
                requires _Wrapped && _Unwrappable_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base_t>, const iterator_t<_Base_t>&>
            {
                return _Sentinel<_Const, false>{_Last._Unwrapped(), _Pred};
            }
            _NODISCARD constexpr auto _Unwrapped() && noexcept(
                noexcept(_Sentinel<_Const, false>{_STD move(_Last)._Unwrapped(), _Pred}))
                requires _Wrapped && _Unwrappable_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base_t>, iterator_t<_Base_t>>
            {
                return _Sentinel<_Const, false>{_STD move(_Last)._Unwrapped(), _Pred};
            }

            static constexpr bool _Unwrap_when_unverified = _Do_unwrap_when_unverified_v<iterator_t<_Base_t>>;

            constexpr void _Seek_to(const _Sentinel<_Const, false>& _That)
                requires _Wrapped
            {
                _Seek_wrapped(_Last, _That._Last);
            }
            constexpr void _Seek_to(_Sentinel<_Const, false>&& _That)
                requires _Wrapped
            {
                _Seek_wrapped(_Last, _STD move(_That._Last));
            }
        };

    public:
        // clang-format off
        take_while_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> && default_initializable<_Pr> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit take_while_view(_Vw _Range_, _Pr _Pred_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Pr>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)), _Pred{in_place, _STD move(_Pred_)} {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Pr& pred() const noexcept /* strengthened */ {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Pred, "take_while_view has no predicate");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            return *_Pred;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            return _RANGES begin(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires range<const _Vw> && indirect_unary_predicate<const _Pr, iterator_t<const _Vw>>
        {
            return _RANGES begin(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES end(_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Sentinel<false>>) /* strengthened */
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Pred, "cannot call end on a take_while_view with no predicate");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            return _Sentinel<false>{_RANGES end(_Range), _STD addressof(*_Pred)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES end(_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Sentinel<true>>) /* strengthened */
            requires range<const _Vw> && indirect_unary_predicate<const _Pr, iterator_t<const _Vw>>
        {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Pred, "cannot call end on a take_while_view with no predicate");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            return _Sentinel<true>{_RANGES end(_Range), _STD addressof(*_Pred)};
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng, class _Pr>
    take_while_view(_Rng&&, _Pr) -> take_while_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, _Pr>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng, class _Pr>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<take_while_view<_Rng, _Pr>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng, class _Pr>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const take_while_view<_Rng, _Pr>> = _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        struct _Take_while_fn {
            template <viewable_range _Rng, class _Pr>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range, _Pr _Pred) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(take_while_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD move(_Pred))))
                requires requires { take_while_view(static_cast<_Rng&&>(_Range), _STD move(_Pred)); }
            {
                return take_while_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD move(_Pred));
            }

            template <class _Pr>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Pr>, _Pr>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Pr&& _Pred) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Pr>, _Pr>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Take_while_fn, decay_t<_Pr>>{_STD forward<_Pr>(_Pred)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Take_while_fn take_while;
    } // namespace views

    _EXPORT_STD template <view _Vw>
    class drop_view : public _Cached_position_t<forward_range<_Vw> && !(random_access_range<_Vw> && sized_range<_Vw>),
                          _Vw, drop_view<_Vw>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};
        range_difference_t<_Vw> _Count = 0;

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto _Find_first() {
            if constexpr (sized_range<_Vw>) {
                _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(!random_access_range<_Vw>);
                auto _Offset = _RANGES distance(_Range);
                if constexpr (bidirectional_range<_Vw> && common_range<_Vw>) {
                    if (_Count >= _Offset / 2) {
                        auto _Result = _RANGES end(_Range);
                        while (_Offset > _Count) {
                            --_Offset;
                            --_Result;
                        }

                        return _Result;
                    }
                }

                if (_Offset > _Count) {
                    _Offset = _Count;
                }

                return _RANGES next(_RANGES begin(_Range), _Offset);
            } else {
                return _RANGES next(_RANGES begin(_Range), _Count, _RANGES end(_Range));
            }
        }

    public:
        // clang-format off
        drop_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit drop_view(_Vw _Range_, const range_difference_t<_Vw> _Count_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)), _Count{_Count_} {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Count_ >= 0, "Number of elements to drop must be non-negative (N4950 [range.drop.view]/1");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin()
            requires (!(_Simple_view<_Vw> && random_access_range<const _Vw> && sized_range<const _Vw>) )
        {
            if constexpr (sized_range<_Vw> && random_access_range<_Vw>) {
                const auto _Offset = (_STD min)(_RANGES distance(_Range), _Count);
                return _RANGES begin(_Range) + _Offset;
            } else {
                if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw>) {
                    if (this->_Has_cache()) {
                        return this->_Get_cache(_Range);
                    }
                }

                same_as<iterator_t<_Vw>> auto _Result = _Find_first();
                if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw>) {
                    this->_Set_cache(_Range, _Result);
                }
                return _Result;
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const
            requires random_access_range<const _Vw> && sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            const auto _Offset = (_STD min)(_RANGES distance(_Range), _Count);
            return _RANGES begin(_Range) + _Offset;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end()
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            return _RANGES end(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES end(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size()
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            const auto _Size          = _RANGES size(_Range);
            const auto _Count_as_size = static_cast<range_size_t<_Vw>>(_Count);
            if (_Size < _Count_as_size) {
                return range_size_t<_Vw>{0};
            } else {
                return static_cast<range_size_t<_Vw>>(_Size - _Count_as_size);
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            const auto _Size          = _RANGES size(_Range);
            const auto _Count_as_size = static_cast<range_size_t<_Vw>>(_Count);
            if (_Size < _Count_as_size) {
                return range_size_t<_Vw>{0};
            } else {
                return static_cast<range_size_t<_Vw>>(_Size - _Count_as_size);
            }
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng>
    drop_view(_Rng&&, range_difference_t<_Rng>) -> drop_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<drop_view<_Rng>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Rng>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<drop_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const drop_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        class _Drop_fn {
        private:
            enum class _St {
                _Empty,
                _Reconstruct_span,
                _Reconstruct_subrange,
                _Reconstruct_repeat,
                _Reconstruct_other,
                _Drop_view
            };

            template <class _Rng>
            _NODISCARD static consteval _Choice_t<_St> _Choose() noexcept {
                using _Ty = remove_cvref_t<_Rng>;

                if constexpr (_Is_specialization_v<_Ty, empty_view>) {
                    return {_St::_Empty, true};
                } else if constexpr (_Is_span_v<_Ty>) {
                    return {_St::_Reconstruct_span, true};
                } else if constexpr (_Is_specialization_v<_Ty, basic_string_view>) {
                    return {_St::_Reconstruct_other, true};
#if _HAS_CXX23
                } else if constexpr (_Is_specialization_v<_Ty, repeat_view>) {
                    using _Range_val_t = range_value_t<_Ty>;
                    return {_St::_Reconstruct_repeat,
                        is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Range_val_t, _Forward_like_t<_Rng, _Range_val_t>>};
#endif // _HAS_CXX23
                } else if constexpr (_Random_sized_range<_Ty> && _Is_subrange_v<_Ty>) {
                    if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Ty>, iterator_t<_Ty>>) {
                        return {_St::_Reconstruct_subrange,
                            noexcept(_Ty(_RANGES begin(_STD declval<_Rng&>()) + _RANGES distance(_STD declval<_Rng&>()),
                                _RANGES end(_STD declval<_Rng&>())))};
                    } else {
                        return {_St::_Reconstruct_subrange,
                            noexcept(_Ty(_RANGES begin(_STD declval<_Rng&>()) + _RANGES distance(_STD declval<_Rng&>()),
                                _RANGES end(_STD declval<_Rng&>()), range_difference_t<_Rng>{0}))};
                    }
                } else if constexpr (_Random_sized_range<_Ty> && _Is_specialization_v<_Ty, iota_view>) {
                    return {_St::_Reconstruct_other,
                        noexcept(_Ty(_RANGES begin(_STD declval<_Rng&>()) + _RANGES distance(_STD declval<_Rng&>()),
                            _RANGES end(_STD declval<_Rng&>())))};
                } else {
                    return {_St::_Drop_view, noexcept(drop_view(_STD declval<_Rng>(), range_difference_t<_Rng>{0}))};
                }
            }

            template <class _Rng>
            static constexpr _Choice_t<_St> _Choice = _Choose<_Rng>();

        public:
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(
                _Rng&& _Range, range_difference_t<_Rng> _Count) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR noexcept(_Choice<_Rng>._No_throw) {
                constexpr _St _Strat = _Choice<_Rng>._Strategy;

                if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Empty) {
                    // it's an empty_view: return another empty view
                    return remove_cvref_t<_Rng>{};
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Drop_view) {
                    return drop_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _Count);
#if _HAS_CXX23
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Reconstruct_repeat) {
                    if constexpr (sized_range<_Rng>) {
                        const auto _Size = _RANGES distance(_Range);
                        _Count           = _Size - (_STD min)(_Size, _Count);
                        return repeat_view(_STD forward_like<_Rng>(*_Range._Value), _Count);
                    } else {
                        return _Range;
                    }
#endif // _HAS_CXX23
                } else {
                    // it's a "reconstructible range"; return the same kind of range with a restricted extent
                    _Count = (_STD min)(_RANGES distance(_Range), _Count);

                    if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Reconstruct_span) {
                        return span(_Ubegin(_Range) + _Count, _Uend(_Range));
                    } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Reconstruct_subrange) {
                        if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Rng>, iterator_t<_Rng>>) {
                            return remove_cvref_t<_Rng>(_RANGES begin(_Range) + _Count, _RANGES end(_Range));
                        } else {
                            return remove_cvref_t<_Rng>(
                                _RANGES begin(_Range) + _Count, _RANGES end(_Range), _RANGES size(_Range) - _Count);
                        }
                    } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Reconstruct_other) {
                        return remove_cvref_t<_Rng>(_RANGES begin(_Range) + _Count, _RANGES end(_Range));
                    } else {
                        static_assert(_Always_false<_Rng>, "Should be unreachable");
                    }
                }
            }

            template <class _Ty>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Ty>, _Ty>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Ty&& _Length) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Ty>, _Ty>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Drop_fn, decay_t<_Ty>>{_STD forward<_Ty>(_Length)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Drop_fn drop;
    } // namespace views

    _EXPORT_STD template <view _Vw, class _Pr>
        requires input_range<_Vw> && is_object_v<_Pr> && indirect_unary_predicate<const _Pr, iterator_t<_Vw>>
    class drop_while_view : public _Cached_position_t<forward_range<_Vw>, _Vw, drop_while_view<_Vw, _Pr>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Movable_box<_Pr> _Pred{};

    public:
        // clang-format off
        drop_while_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> && default_initializable<_Pr> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit drop_while_view(_Vw _Range_, _Pr _Pred_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Pr>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)), _Pred{in_place, _STD move(_Pred_)} {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Pr& pred() const noexcept /* strengthened */ {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Pred, "drop_while_view has no predicate");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            return *_Pred;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(
                _Pred, "N4950 [range.drop.while.view]/3 forbids calling begin on a drop_while_view with no predicate");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw>) {
                if (this->_Has_cache()) {
                    return this->_Get_cache(_Range);
                }
            }

            auto _First = _RANGES find_if_not(_Range, _STD cref(*_Pred));
            if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw>) {
                this->_Set_cache(_Range, _First);
            }

            return _First;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES end(_Range))) /* strengthened */ {
            return _RANGES end(_Range);
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng, class _Pr>
    drop_while_view(_Rng&&, _Pr) -> drop_while_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, _Pr>;

    template <class _Rng, class _Pr>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<drop_while_view<_Rng, _Pr>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Rng>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng, class _Pr>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<drop_while_view<_Rng, _Pr>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        struct _Drop_while_fn {
            template <viewable_range _Rng, class _Pr>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range, _Pr _Pred) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(drop_while_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD move(_Pred))))
                requires requires { drop_while_view(static_cast<_Rng&&>(_Range), _STD move(_Pred)); }
            {
                return drop_while_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD move(_Pred));
            }

            template <class _Pr>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Pr>, _Pr>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Pr&& _Pred) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Pr>, _Pr>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Drop_while_fn, decay_t<_Pr>>{_STD forward<_Pr>(_Pred)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Drop_while_fn drop_while;
    } // namespace views

    template <class _Ty>
    _NODISCARD constexpr _Ty& _As_lvalue(_Ty&& _Val) noexcept {
        return static_cast<_Ty&>(_Val);
    }

    struct _Construct_tag {
        explicit _Construct_tag() = default;
    };

    _EXPORT_STD template <input_range _Vw>
        requires view<_Vw> && input_range<range_reference_t<_Vw>>
    class join_view;

    template <class _Vw>
    class _Join_view_base : public view_interface<join_view<_Vw>> {
    private:
        struct _Cache_wrapper {
            template <input_iterator _Iter>
            constexpr _Cache_wrapper(_Construct_tag, const _Iter& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(static_cast<decltype(_Val)>(*_It)))
                : _Val(*_It) {}

            remove_cv_t<range_reference_t<_Vw>> _Val;
        };

    protected:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Non_propagating_cache<_Cache_wrapper, false> _Inner{};
    };

    template <class _Vw>
        requires is_reference_v<range_reference_t<_Vw>>
    class _Join_view_base<_Vw> : public view_interface<join_view<_Vw>> {};

    template <class _Vw>
    class _Join_view_outer_iter_base : public _Join_view_base<_Vw> {
    protected:
        _Non_propagating_cache<iterator_t<_Vw>> _Outer;
    };

    template <forward_range _Vw>
    class _Join_view_outer_iter_base<_Vw> : public _Join_view_base<_Vw> {};

    _EXPORT_STD template <input_range _Vw>
        requires view<_Vw> && input_range<range_reference_t<_Vw>>
    class join_view : public _Join_view_outer_iter_base<_Vw> {
    private:
        template <bool _Const>
        using _InnerRng = range_reference_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>>;
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};

        template <class _Outer, class _Inner, bool _Deref_is_glvalue>
        struct _Category_base {};

        template <forward_range _Outer, forward_range _Inner>
        struct _Category_base<_Outer, _Inner, true> {
            using iterator_category =
                conditional_t<common_range<_Inner>
                                  && derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_Outer>>, bidirectional_iterator_tag>
                                  && derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_Inner>>, bidirectional_iterator_tag>,
                    bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                    conditional_t<derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_Outer>>, forward_iterator_tag>
                                      && derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_Inner>>, forward_iterator_tag>,
                        forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>>;
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Iterator_base
            : public _Category_base<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>, _InnerRng<_Const>, is_reference_v<_InnerRng<_Const>>> {};

        template <bool _Const>
            requires forward_range<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>>
        class _Iterator_base<_Const>
            : public _Category_base<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>, _InnerRng<_Const>, is_reference_v<_InnerRng<_Const>>> {
        protected:
            using _OuterIter = iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>>;

            _Iterator_base() = default;
            constexpr explicit _Iterator_base(_OuterIter&& _Outer_) : _Outer(_STD move(_Outer_)) {}

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _OuterIter _Outer{};
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Iterator : public _Iterator_base<_Const> {
        private:
            friend join_view;

            using _Mybase    = _Iterator_base<_Const>;
            using _Parent_t  = _Maybe_const<_Const, join_view>;
            using _Base      = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            using _OuterIter = iterator_t<_Base>;
            using _InnerIter = iterator_t<_InnerRng<_Const>>;

            // True if and only if the expression *i, where i is an iterator from the outer range, is a glvalue:
            static constexpr bool _Deref_is_glvalue = is_reference_v<_InnerRng<_Const>>;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Defaultabox<_InnerIter> _Inner{}; // Non-standard extension: when _Inner_iter
                                                                           // is default-constructible, we don't wrap in
                                                                           // an optional-like.
            _Parent_t* _Parent{};

            constexpr _Iterator(_Parent_t& _Parent_, _OuterIter _Outer_)
                requires forward_range<_Base>
                : _Mybase{_STD move(_Outer_)}, _Parent{_STD addressof(_Parent_)} {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Adl_verify_range(this->_Outer, _RANGES end(_Parent_._Range));
                _Adl_verify_range(_RANGES begin(_Parent_._Range), this->_Outer);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Satisfy();
            }

            constexpr explicit _Iterator(_Parent_t& _Parent)
                requires (!forward_range<_Base>)
                : _Parent{_STD addressof(_Parent)} {
                _Satisfy();
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr _OuterIter& _Get_outer() noexcept {
                if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>) {
                    return this->_Outer;
                } else {
                    return *_Parent->_Outer;
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr const _OuterIter& _Get_outer() const noexcept {
                if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>) {
                    return this->_Outer;
                } else {
                    return *_Parent->_Outer;
                }
            }

            constexpr auto&& _Update_inner() {
                if constexpr (_Deref_is_glvalue) {
                    return *_Get_outer();
                } else {
                    return _Parent->_Inner._Emplace(_Construct_tag{}, _Get_outer())._Val;
                }
            }

            constexpr void _Satisfy() {
                auto& _Outer     = _Get_outer();
                const auto _Last = _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range);
                for (; _Outer != _Last; ++_Outer) {
                    auto&& _Tmp = _Update_inner();
                    _Inner      = _RANGES begin(_Tmp);
                    if (*_Inner != _RANGES end(_Tmp)) {
                        return;
                    }
                }
                if constexpr (_Deref_is_glvalue) {
                    _Inner._Reset();
                }
            }

#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
            constexpr void _Check_dereference() const noexcept {
                _STL_VERIFY(_Parent != nullptr, "cannot dereference value-initialized join_view iterator");
                _STL_VERIFY(_Get_outer() != _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range), "cannot dereference join_view end iterator");
                sentinel_t<_InnerRng<_Const>> _Last;
                if constexpr (_Deref_is_glvalue) {
                    _Last = _RANGES end(_As_lvalue(*_Get_outer()));
                } else {
                    _Last = _RANGES end((*_Parent->_Inner)._Val);
                }
                _STL_VERIFY(_Inner && *_Inner != _Last, "cannot dereference join_view end iterator");
            }

            constexpr void _Same_range(const _Iterator& _Right) const noexcept {
                _STL_VERIFY(_Parent == _Right._Parent, "cannot compare incompatible join_view iterators");
            }
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0

        public:
            using iterator_concept =
                conditional_t<_Deref_is_glvalue && bidirectional_range<_Base> && bidirectional_range<_InnerRng<_Const>>
                                  && common_range<_InnerRng<_Const>>,
                    bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                    conditional_t<_Deref_is_glvalue && forward_range<_Base> && forward_range<_InnerRng<_Const>>,
                        forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>>;
            using value_type      = range_value_t<_InnerRng<_Const>>;
            using difference_type = common_type_t<range_difference_t<_Base>, range_difference_t<_InnerRng<_Const>>>;

            _Iterator() = default;

            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> _It)
                requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vw>, _OuterIter>
                          && convertible_to<iterator_t<_InnerRng<false>>, _InnerIter>
                : _Mybase(_STD move(_It._Outer)), _Inner(_STD move(_It._Inner)), _Parent(_It._Parent) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const noexcept(noexcept(**_Inner)) /* strengthened */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Check_dereference();
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return **_Inner;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr _InnerIter operator->() const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_InnerIter>) // strengthened
                requires _Has_arrow<_InnerIter> && copyable<_InnerIter>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Check_dereference();
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return *_Inner;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() {
                auto& _Outer = _Get_outer();
                if constexpr (_Deref_is_glvalue) {
                    if (++*_Inner == _RANGES end(_As_lvalue(*_Outer))) {
                        ++_Outer;
                        _Satisfy();
                    }
                } else {
                    if (++*_Inner == _RANGES end((*_Parent->_Inner)._Val)) {
                        ++_Outer;
                        _Satisfy();
                    }
                }
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr decltype(auto) operator++(int) {
                if constexpr (_Deref_is_glvalue && forward_range<_Base> && forward_range<_InnerRng<_Const>>) {
                    auto _Tmp = *this;
                    ++*this;
                    return _Tmp;
                } else {
                    ++*this;
                }
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--()
                requires _Deref_is_glvalue && bidirectional_range<_Base> && bidirectional_range<_InnerRng<_Const>>
                      && common_range<_InnerRng<_Const>>
            {
                auto& _Outer = _Get_outer();
                if (_Outer == _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)) {
                    --_Outer;
                    _Inner = _RANGES end(_As_lvalue(*_Outer));
                }
                while (*_Inner == _RANGES begin(_As_lvalue(*_Outer))) {
                    --_Outer;
                    *_Inner = _RANGES end(_As_lvalue(*_Outer));
                }
                --*_Inner;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int)
                requires _Deref_is_glvalue && bidirectional_range<_Base> && bidirectional_range<_InnerRng<_Const>>
                      && common_range<_InnerRng<_Const>>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(
                    _Left._Outer == _Right._Outer && _Left._Inner == _Right._Inner))) /* strengthened */
                requires _Deref_is_glvalue && forward_range<_Base> && equality_comparable<_InnerIter>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Left._Same_range(_Right);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _Left._Outer == _Right._Outer && _Left._Inner == _Right._Inner;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr decltype(auto) iter_move(const _Iterator& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES iter_move(*_It._Inner))) {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _It._Check_dereference();
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _RANGES iter_move(*_It._Inner);
            }

            friend constexpr void iter_swap(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES iter_swap(*_Left._Inner, *_Right._Inner)))
                requires indirectly_swappable<_InnerIter>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Left._Check_dereference();
                _Right._Check_dereference();
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _RANGES iter_swap(*_Left._Inner, *_Right._Inner);
            }
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            friend join_view;

            using _Parent_t = _Maybe_const<_Const, join_view>;
            using _Base     = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;

            template <bool _OtherConst>
            using _Maybe_const_iter = iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ sentinel_t<_Base> _Last{};

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, _Maybe_const_iter<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Equal(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It) const
                noexcept(noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_It._Get_outer() == _Last))) {
                return _It._Get_outer() == _Last;
            }

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;
            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(_Parent_t& _Parent) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES end(_Parent._Range))
                && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Base>>) // strengthened
                : _Last(_RANGES end(_Parent._Range)) {}

            constexpr _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const> _Se) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Base>, sentinel_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                requires _Const && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Vw>, sentinel_t<_Base>>
                : _Last(_STD move(_Se._Last)) {}

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, _Maybe_const_iter<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _Left,
                const _Sentinel& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Right._Equal(_Left))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Right._Equal(_Left);
            }
        };

    public:
        // clang-format off
        join_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit join_view(_Vw _Range_) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() {
            if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw>) {
                constexpr bool _Use_const = _Simple_view<_Vw> && is_reference_v<_InnerRng<false>>;
                return _Iterator<_Use_const>{*this, _RANGES begin(_Range)};
            } else {
                this->_Outer._Emplace(_RANGES begin(_Range));
                return _Iterator<false>{*this};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Iterator<true> begin() const
            requires forward_range<const _Vw> && is_reference_v<_InnerRng<true>> && input_range<_InnerRng<true>>
        {
            return _Iterator<true>{*this, _RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() {
            if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw> && is_reference_v<_InnerRng<false>> && forward_range<_InnerRng<false>>
                          && common_range<_Vw> && common_range<_InnerRng<false>>) {
                return _Iterator<_Simple_view<_Vw>>{*this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<_Simple_view<_Vw>>{*this};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const
            requires forward_range<const _Vw> && is_reference_v<_InnerRng<true>> && input_range<_InnerRng<true>>
        {
            if constexpr (forward_range<_InnerRng<true>> && common_range<const _Vw> && common_range<_InnerRng<true>>) {
                return _Iterator<true>{*this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<true>{*this};
            }
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng>
    explicit join_view(_Rng&&) -> join_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    _NODISCARD consteval auto _Join_view_compile_time_max_size() {
        using _Inner = remove_reference_t<range_reference_t<_Rng>>;
        using _Size_type =
            common_type_t<decltype(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>), decltype(_Compile_time_max_size<_Inner>)>;
        _Size_type _Result{};
        const bool _Overflow = _Mul_overflow(static_cast<_Size_type>(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>),
            static_cast<_Size_type>(_Compile_time_max_size<_Inner>), _Result);
        if (_Overflow) {
            return (numeric_limits<_Size_type>::max)();
        } else {
            return _Result;
        }
    }

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<join_view<_Rng>> = _Join_view_compile_time_max_size<_Rng>();

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const join_view<_Rng>> =
        _Join_view_compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>();
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        class _Join_fn : public _Pipe::_Base<_Join_fn> {
        public:
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(join_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)}))
                requires requires { join_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>{static_cast<_Rng&&>(_Range)}; }
            {
                return join_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Join_fn join;
    } // namespace views

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng, class _Pat>
    concept _Compatible_joinable_ranges =
        common_with<range_value_t<_Rng>, range_value_t<_Pat>>
        && common_reference_with<range_reference_t<_Rng>, range_reference_t<_Pat>>
        && common_reference_with<range_rvalue_reference_t<_Rng>, range_rvalue_reference_t<_Pat>>;

    _EXPORT_STD template <input_range _Vw, forward_range _Pat>
        requires view<_Vw> && input_range<range_reference_t<_Vw>> && view<_Pat>
              && _Compatible_joinable_ranges<range_reference_t<_Vw>, _Pat>
    class join_with_view;

    template <class _Vw, class _Pat>
    class _Join_with_view_base : public view_interface<join_with_view<_Vw, _Pat>> {
    private:
        struct _Cache_wrapper {
            template <input_iterator _Iter>
            constexpr _Cache_wrapper(_Construct_tag, const _Iter& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(static_cast<decltype(_Val)>(*_It)))
                : _Val(*_It) {}

            remove_cv_t<range_reference_t<_Vw>> _Val;
        };

    protected:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Non_propagating_cache<_Cache_wrapper, false> _Inner{};
    };

    template <class _Vw, class _Pat>
        requires is_reference_v<range_reference_t<_Vw>>
    class _Join_with_view_base<_Vw, _Pat> : public view_interface<join_with_view<_Vw, _Pat>> {};

    template <class _Vw, class _Pat>
    class _Join_with_view_outer_iter_base : public _Join_with_view_base<_Vw, _Pat> {
    protected:
        _Non_propagating_cache<iterator_t<_Vw>> _Outer_it;
    };

    template <forward_range _Vw, class _Pat>
    class _Join_with_view_outer_iter_base<_Vw, _Pat> : public _Join_with_view_base<_Vw, _Pat> {};

    _EXPORT_STD template <input_range _Vw, forward_range _Pat>
        requires view<_Vw> && input_range<range_reference_t<_Vw>> && view<_Pat>
              && _Compatible_joinable_ranges<range_reference_t<_Vw>, _Pat>
    class join_with_view : public _Join_with_view_outer_iter_base<_Vw, _Pat> {
    private:
        template <bool _Const>
        using _InnerRng = range_reference_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>>;

        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Pat _Pattern{};

        template <bool _Const>
        struct _Category_base {};

        template <bool _Const>
            requires forward_range<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>> && forward_range<_InnerRng<_Const>>
                  && is_reference_v<_InnerRng<_Const>>
        struct _Category_base<_Const> {
            using _Outer       = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            using _Inner       = _InnerRng<_Const>;
            using _PatternBase = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Pat>;

            using iterator_category = conditional_t<
                !is_reference_v<common_reference_t<range_reference_t<_Inner>, range_reference_t<_PatternBase>>>,
                input_iterator_tag,
                conditional_t<common_range<_Inner> && common_range<_PatternBase>
                                  && derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_Outer>>, bidirectional_iterator_tag>
                                  && derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_Inner>>, bidirectional_iterator_tag>
                                  && derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_PatternBase>>, bidirectional_iterator_tag>,
                    bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                    conditional_t<derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_Outer>>, forward_iterator_tag>
                                      && derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_Inner>>, forward_iterator_tag>
                                      && derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_PatternBase>>, forward_iterator_tag>,
                        forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>>>;
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Iterator_base : public _Category_base<_Const> {};

        template <bool _Const>
            requires forward_range<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>>
        class _Iterator_base<_Const> : public _Category_base<_Const> {
        protected:
            using _OuterIter = iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>>;

            _Iterator_base() = default;
            constexpr explicit _Iterator_base(_OuterIter&& _Outer_it_) : _Outer_it(_STD move(_Outer_it_)) {}

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _OuterIter _Outer_it{};
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Iterator : public _Iterator_base<_Const> {
        private:
            friend join_with_view;

            using _Mybase      = _Iterator_base<_Const>;
            using _Parent_t    = _Maybe_const<_Const, join_with_view>;
            using _Base        = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            using _PatternBase = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Pat>;

            using _OuterIter   = iterator_t<_Base>;
            using _InnerIter   = iterator_t<_InnerRng<_Const>>;
            using _PatternIter = iterator_t<_PatternBase>;

            // True if and only if the expression *i, where i is an iterator from the outer range, is a glvalue:
            static constexpr bool _Deref_is_glvalue = is_reference_v<_InnerRng<_Const>>;

            _Parent_t* _Parent{};
            _Variantish<_PatternIter, _InnerIter> _Inner_it{};

            constexpr _Iterator(_Parent_t& _Parent_, _OuterIter _Outer_)
                requires forward_range<_Base>
                : _Mybase(_STD move(_Outer_)), _Parent(_STD addressof(_Parent_)) {
                if (this->_Outer_it != _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)) {
                    _Inner_it._Emplace_second(_RANGES begin(_Update_inner()));
                    _Satisfy();
                }
            }

            constexpr explicit _Iterator(_Parent_t& _Parent_)
                requires (!forward_range<_Base>)
                : _Parent{_STD addressof(_Parent_)} {
                if (*_Parent->_Outer_it != _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)) {
                    _Inner_it._Emplace_second(_RANGES begin(_Update_inner()));
                    _Satisfy();
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr _OuterIter& _Get_outer() noexcept {
                if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>) {
                    return this->_Outer_it;
                } else {
                    return *_Parent->_Outer_it;
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr const _OuterIter& _Get_outer() const noexcept {
                if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>) {
                    return this->_Outer_it;
                } else {
                    return *_Parent->_Outer_it;
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr auto& _Update_inner() {
                if constexpr (_Deref_is_glvalue) {
                    return _As_lvalue(*_Get_outer());
                } else {
                    return _Parent->_Inner._Emplace(_Construct_tag{}, _Get_outer())._Val;
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr auto& _Get_inner() noexcept {
                if constexpr (_Deref_is_glvalue) {
                    return _As_lvalue(*_Get_outer());
                } else {
                    return (*_Parent->_Inner)._Val;
                }
            }

            template <class _Ret = void>
            constexpr _Ret _Visit_inner_it(auto&& _Func) const {
                if (_Inner_it._Contains == _Variantish_state::_Holds_first) {
                    return _Func(_Inner_it._Get_first());
                } else if (_Inner_it._Contains == _Variantish_state::_Holds_second) {
                    return _Func(_Inner_it._Get_second());
                } else {
                    _STD _Throw_bad_variant_access();
                }
            }

            constexpr void _Satisfy() {
                for (;;) {
                    if (_Inner_it._Contains == _Variantish_state::_Holds_first) {
                        if (_Inner_it._Get_first() != _RANGES end(_Parent->_Pattern)) {
                            break;
                        }

                        _Inner_it._Emplace_second(_RANGES begin(_Update_inner()));
                    } else {
                        _STL_INTERNAL_CHECK(_Inner_it._Contains == _Variantish_state::_Holds_second);

                        if (_Inner_it._Get_second() != _RANGES end(_Get_inner())) {
                            break;
                        }

                        auto& _Outer_it = _Get_outer();
                        ++_Outer_it;
                        if (_Outer_it == _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)) {
                            if constexpr (_Deref_is_glvalue) {
                                _Inner_it._Emplace_first();
                            }
                            break;
                        }

                        _Inner_it._Emplace_first(_RANGES begin(_Parent->_Pattern));
                    }
                }
            }

        public:
            using iterator_concept =
                conditional_t<_Deref_is_glvalue && bidirectional_range<_Base> && _Bidi_common_range<_InnerRng<_Const>>
                                  && _Bidi_common_range<_PatternBase>,
                    bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                    conditional_t<_Deref_is_glvalue && forward_range<_Base> && forward_range<_InnerRng<_Const>>,
                        forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>>;
            using value_type      = common_type_t<iter_value_t<_InnerIter>, iter_value_t<_PatternIter>>;
            using difference_type = _Common_diff_t<_OuterIter, _InnerIter, _PatternIter>;

            _Iterator() = default;

            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> _It)
                requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vw>, _OuterIter>
                          && convertible_to<iterator_t<_InnerRng<false>>, _InnerIter>
                          && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Pat>, _PatternIter>
                : _Mybase(_STD move(_It._Outer_it)), _Parent(_It._Parent) {
                switch (_It._Inner_it._Contains) {
                case _Variantish_state::_Holds_first:
                    _Inner_it._Emplace_first(_STD move(_It._Inner_it._Get_first()));
                    break;
                case _Variantish_state::_Holds_second:
                    _Inner_it._Emplace_second(_STD move(_It._Inner_it._Get_second()));
                    break;
                case _Variantish_state::_Nothing:
                    _STD _Throw_bad_variant_access();
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const {
                using _Ref = common_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_InnerIter>, iter_reference_t<_PatternIter>>;
                return _Visit_inner_it<_Ref>([](auto&& _It) _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR -> _Ref { return *_It; });
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() {
                switch (_Inner_it._Contains) {
                case _Variantish_state::_Holds_first:
                    ++_Inner_it._Get_first();
                    break;
                case _Variantish_state::_Holds_second:
                    ++_Inner_it._Get_second();
                    break;
                case _Variantish_state::_Nothing:
                    _STD _Throw_bad_variant_access();
                }
                _Satisfy();
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr void operator++(int) {
                ++*this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int)
                requires _Deref_is_glvalue && forward_iterator<_OuterIter> && forward_iterator<_InnerIter>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                ++*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--()
                requires _Deref_is_glvalue && bidirectional_range<_Base> && _Bidi_common_range<_InnerRng<_Const>>
                      && _Bidi_common_range<_PatternBase>
            {
                auto& _Outer_it = _Get_outer();
                if (_Outer_it == _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)) {
                    --_Outer_it;
                    _Inner_it._Emplace_second(_RANGES end(_Get_inner()));
                }

                for (;;) {
                    if (_Inner_it._Contains == _Variantish_state::_Holds_first) {
                        auto& _It = _Inner_it._Get_first();
                        if (_It == _RANGES begin(_Parent->_Pattern)) {
                            --_Outer_it;
                            _Inner_it._Emplace_second(_RANGES end(_Get_inner()));
                        } else {
                            break;
                        }
                    } else if (_Inner_it._Contains == _Variantish_state::_Holds_second) {
                        auto& _It = _Inner_it._Get_second();
                        if (_It == _RANGES begin(_Get_inner())) {
                            _Inner_it._Emplace_first(_RANGES end(_Parent->_Pattern));
                        } else {
                            break;
                        }
                    } else {
                        _STD _Throw_bad_variant_access();
                    }
                }

                switch (_Inner_it._Contains) {
                case _Variantish_state::_Holds_first:
                    --_Inner_it._Get_first();
                    break;
                case _Variantish_state::_Holds_second:
                    --_Inner_it._Get_second();
                    break;
                case _Variantish_state::_Nothing:
                    _STD _Throw_bad_variant_access();
                }
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int)
                requires _Deref_is_glvalue && bidirectional_range<_Base> && _Bidi_common_range<_InnerRng<_Const>>
                      && _Bidi_common_range<_PatternBase>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right)
                requires _Deref_is_glvalue && forward_range<_Base> && equality_comparable<_InnerIter>
            {
                if (_Left._Outer_it != _Right._Outer_it) {
                    return false;
                }

                if (_Left._Inner_it._Contains != _Right._Inner_it._Contains) {
                    return false;
                }

                switch (_Left._Inner_it._Contains) {
                case _Variantish_state::_Holds_first:
                    return _Left._Inner_it._Get_first() == _Right._Inner_it._Get_first();
                case _Variantish_state::_Holds_second:
                    return _Left._Inner_it._Get_second() == _Right._Inner_it._Get_second();
                case _Variantish_state::_Nothing:
                    return true;
                }

                _STL_UNREACHABLE;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr decltype(auto) iter_move(const _Iterator& _It) {
                using _Rvalue_ref =
                    common_reference_t<iter_rvalue_reference_t<_InnerIter>, iter_rvalue_reference_t<_PatternIter>>;
                return _It._Visit_inner_it<_Rvalue_ref>(_RANGES iter_move);
            }

            friend constexpr void iter_swap(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right)
                requires indirectly_swappable<_InnerIter, _PatternIter>
            {
                switch (_Left._Inner_it._Contains) {
                case _Variantish_state::_Holds_first:
                    switch (_Right._Inner_it._Contains) {
                    case _Variantish_state::_Holds_first:
                        return _RANGES iter_swap(_Left._Inner_it._Get_first(), _Right._Inner_it._Get_first());
                    case _Variantish_state::_Holds_second:
                        return _RANGES iter_swap(_Left._Inner_it._Get_first(), _Right._Inner_it._Get_second());
                    case _Variantish_state::_Nothing:
                        break;
                    }
                    break;
                case _Variantish_state::_Holds_second:
                    switch (_Right._Inner_it._Contains) {
                    case _Variantish_state::_Holds_first:
                        return _RANGES iter_swap(_Left._Inner_it._Get_second(), _Right._Inner_it._Get_first());
                    case _Variantish_state::_Holds_second:
                        return _RANGES iter_swap(_Left._Inner_it._Get_second(), _Right._Inner_it._Get_second());
                    case _Variantish_state::_Nothing:
                        break;
                    }
                    break;
                case _Variantish_state::_Nothing:
                    break;
                }

                _STD _Throw_bad_variant_access();
            }
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            friend join_with_view;

            using _Parent_t = _Maybe_const<_Const, join_with_view>;
            using _Base     = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ sentinel_t<_Base> _Last{};

            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(_Parent_t& _Parent) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES end(_Parent._Range))
                && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Base>>) // strengthened
                : _Last(_RANGES end(_Parent._Range)) {}

            template <bool _OtherConst>
            _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Equal(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It) const
                noexcept(noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_It._Get_outer() == _Last))) {
                _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(
                    sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>);
                return _It._Get_outer() == _Last;
            }

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;

            constexpr _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const> _Se) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Base>, sentinel_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                requires _Const && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Vw>, sentinel_t<_Base>>
                : _Last(_STD move(_Se._Last)) {}

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _Left,
                const _Sentinel& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Right._Equal(_Left))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Right._Equal(_Left);
            }
        };

    public:
        // clang-format off
        join_with_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> && default_initializable<_Pat> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit join_with_view(_Vw _Range_, _Pat _Pattern_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Pat>) // strengthened
            : _Range{_STD move(_Range_)}, _Pattern{_STD move(_Pattern_)} {}

        template <input_range _Rng>
            requires constructible_from<_Vw, views::all_t<_Rng>>
                      && constructible_from<_Pat, single_view<range_value_t<_InnerRng<false>>>>
        constexpr explicit join_with_view(_Rng&& _Range_, range_value_t<_InnerRng<false>> _Elem) noexcept(
            noexcept(_Vw(views::all(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range_)))) && noexcept(
                _Pat(views::single(_STD move(_Elem))))) // strengthened
            : _Range(views::all(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range_))), _Pattern(views::single(_STD move(_Elem))) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() {
            if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw>) {
                constexpr bool _Use_const = _Simple_view<_Vw> && is_reference_v<_InnerRng<false>> && _Simple_view<_Pat>;
                return _Iterator<_Use_const>{*this, _RANGES begin(_Range)};
            } else {
                this->_Outer_it._Emplace(_RANGES begin(_Range));
                return _Iterator<false>{*this};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const
            requires forward_range<const _Vw> && forward_range<const _Pat> && is_reference_v<_InnerRng<true>>
                  && input_range<_InnerRng<true>>
        {
            return _Iterator<true>{*this, _RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() {
            constexpr bool _Both_simple = _Simple_view<_Vw> && _Simple_view<_Pat>;
            if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw> && is_reference_v<_InnerRng<false>> && forward_range<_InnerRng<false>>
                          && common_range<_Vw> && common_range<_InnerRng<false>>) {
                return _Iterator<_Both_simple>{*this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<_Both_simple>{*this};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const
            requires forward_range<const _Vw> && forward_range<const _Pat> && is_reference_v<_InnerRng<true>>
                  && input_range<_InnerRng<true>>
        {
            if constexpr (forward_range<_InnerRng<true>> && common_range<_Vw> && common_range<_InnerRng<true>>) {
                return _Iterator<true>{*this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<true>{*this};
            }
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng, class _Pat>
    join_with_view(_Rng&&, _Pat&&) -> join_with_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, views::all_t<_Pat>>;

    template <input_range _Rng>
    join_with_view(_Rng&&, range_value_t<range_reference_t<_Rng>>)
        -> join_with_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, single_view<range_value_t<range_reference_t<_Rng>>>>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng, class _Pat>
    _NODISCARD consteval auto _Join_with_view_compile_time_max_size() {
        using _Inner     = remove_reference_t<range_reference_t<_Rng>>;
        using _Size_type = common_type_t<decltype(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>),
            decltype(_Compile_time_max_size<_Inner>), decltype(_Compile_time_max_size<_Pat>)>;
        _Size_type _Joined_max_size{};
        _Size_type _Pattern_max_size{};
        _Size_type _Result{};
        const bool _Overflow =
            _Mul_overflow(static_cast<_Size_type>(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>),
                static_cast<_Size_type>(_Compile_time_max_size<_Inner>), _Joined_max_size)
            || _Mul_overflow((_STD max)(static_cast<_Size_type>(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>), _Size_type{1}) - 1,
                static_cast<_Size_type>(_Compile_time_max_size<_Pat>), _Pattern_max_size)
            || _Add_overflow(_Joined_max_size, _Pattern_max_size, _Result);
        if (_Overflow) {
            return (numeric_limits<_Size_type>::max)();
        } else {
            return _Result;
        }
    }

    template <class _Rng, class _Pat>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<join_with_view<_Rng, _Pat>> =
        _Join_with_view_compile_time_max_size<_Rng, _Pat>();

    template <class _Rng, class _Pat>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const join_with_view<_Rng, _Pat>> =
        _Join_with_view_compile_time_max_size<const _Rng, const _Pat>();
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        struct _Join_with_fn {
            template <viewable_range _Rng, class _Pat>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(
                _Rng&& _Range, _Pat&& _Pattern) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(join_with_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Pat>(_Pattern))))
                requires requires { join_with_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Pat>(_Pattern)); }
            {
                return join_with_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Pat>(_Pattern));
            }

            template <class _Delim>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Delim>, _Delim>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Delim&& _Delimiter) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Delim>, _Delim>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Join_with_fn, decay_t<_Delim>>{_STD forward<_Delim>(_Delimiter)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Join_with_fn join_with;
    } // namespace views
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    // clang-format off
    template <class _Ty>
    concept _Tiny_range = sized_range<_Ty>
        && requires { typename _Require_constant<remove_reference_t<_Ty>::size()>; }
        && (remove_reference_t<_Ty>::size() <= 1);

    _EXPORT_STD template <input_range _Vw, forward_range _Pat>
        requires (view<_Vw> && view<_Pat>
            && indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Pat>, _RANGES equal_to>
            && (forward_range<_Vw> || _Tiny_range<_Pat>))
    class lazy_split_view;
    // clang-format on

    template <class _Vw, class _Pat>
    class _Lazy_split_view_base : public view_interface<lazy_split_view<_Vw, _Pat>> {
    protected:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Defaultabox<iterator_t<_Vw>> _Current{};
    };

    template <forward_range _Vw, class _Pat>
    class _Lazy_split_view_base<_Vw, _Pat> : public view_interface<lazy_split_view<_Vw, _Pat>> {};

    _EXPORT_STD template <input_range _Vw, forward_range _Pat>
        requires (view<_Vw> && view<_Pat> && indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Pat>, _RANGES equal_to>
                  && (forward_range<_Vw> || _Tiny_range<_Pat>) )
    class lazy_split_view : public _Lazy_split_view_base<_Vw, _Pat> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Pat _Pattern{};

        template <bool>
        class _Inner_iter;

        template <class>
        class _Outer_iter_base {};

        template <forward_iterator _Iter>
        class _Outer_iter_base<_Iter> {
        protected:
            _Iter _Current{};

        public:
            using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;

            _Outer_iter_base() = default;
            constexpr explicit _Outer_iter_base(_Iter _Current_) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Iter>)
                : _Current{_STD move(_Current_)} {}
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Outer_iter : public _Outer_iter_base<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>>> {
        private:
            friend lazy_split_view;

            using _Mybase   = _Outer_iter_base<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>>>;
            using _ParentTy = _Maybe_const<_Const, lazy_split_view>;
            using _BaseTy   = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;

            _ParentTy* _Parent   = nullptr;
            bool _Trailing_empty = false;

            _NODISCARD constexpr iterator_t<_BaseTy>& _Get_current() noexcept {
                if constexpr (forward_range<_BaseTy>) {
                    return this->_Current;
                } else {
                    return *_Parent->_Current;
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr const iterator_t<_BaseTy>& _Get_current() const noexcept {
                if constexpr (forward_range<_BaseTy>) {
                    return this->_Current;
                } else {
                    return *_Parent->_Current;
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr bool _At_end() const
                noexcept(noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Get_current() == _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)))) {
                return _Get_current() == _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range);
            }

        public:
            using iterator_concept = conditional_t<forward_range<_BaseTy>, forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>;
            using difference_type  = range_difference_t<_BaseTy>;

            class value_type : public view_interface<value_type> {
            private:
                /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Outer_iter _First{};

            public:
                value_type() = default;
                constexpr explicit value_type(_Outer_iter _First_) noexcept(
                    is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Outer_iter>) // strengthened
                    : _First{_STD move(_First_)} {}

                _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const {
                    return _Inner_iter<_Const>{_First};
                }

                _NODISCARD constexpr default_sentinel_t end() const noexcept {
                    return default_sentinel;
                }
            };

            _Outer_iter() = default;

            constexpr explicit _Outer_iter(_ParentTy& _Parent_) noexcept // strengthened
                requires (!forward_range<_BaseTy>)
                : _Parent{_STD addressof(_Parent_)} {}

            constexpr _Outer_iter(_ParentTy& _Parent_, iterator_t<_BaseTy> _Current_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_BaseTy>>) // strengthened
                requires forward_range<_BaseTy>
                : _Mybase{_STD move(_Current_)}, _Parent{_STD addressof(_Parent_)} {}

            constexpr _Outer_iter(_Outer_iter<!_Const> _It)
                requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_BaseTy>>
                : _Mybase{_STD move(_It._Current)}, _Parent{_It._Parent}, _Trailing_empty{_It._Trailing_empty} {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr auto operator*() const noexcept(noexcept(value_type{*this})) /* strengthened */ {
                return value_type{*this};
            }

            constexpr _Outer_iter& operator++() {
                const auto _End = _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range);
                auto& _Cur      = _Get_current();
                if (_Cur == _End) {
                    _Trailing_empty = false;
                    return *this;
                }

                const auto _Pat_first = _RANGES begin(_Parent->_Pattern);
                const auto _Pat_last  = _RANGES end(_Parent->_Pattern);
                if (_Pat_first == _Pat_last) {
                    ++_Cur;
                } else if constexpr (_Tiny_range<_Pat>) {
                    _Cur = _RANGES _Find_unchecked(_STD move(_Cur), _End, *_Pat_first);
                    if (_Cur != _End) {
                        ++_Cur;
                        if (_Cur == _End) {
                            _Trailing_empty = true;
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    do {
                        auto _Result = _RANGES mismatch(_Cur, _End, _Pat_first, _Pat_last);
                        if (_Result.in2 == _Pat_last) { // pattern matches
                            _Cur = _STD move(_Result.in1);
                            if (_Cur == _End) {
                                _Trailing_empty = true;
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                    } while (++_Cur != _End);
                }
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr decltype(auto) operator++(int) {
                if constexpr (forward_range<_BaseTy>) {
                    auto _Tmp = *this;
                    ++*this;
                    return _Tmp;
                } else {
                    ++*this;
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Outer_iter& _Left, const _Outer_iter& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current == _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires forward_range<_BaseTy>
            {
                return _Left._Current == _Right._Current && _Left._Trailing_empty == _Right._Trailing_empty;
            }
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Outer_iter& _Left, default_sentinel_t) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._At_end())) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._At_end() && !_Left._Trailing_empty;
            }
        };

        template <class _BaseTy>
        class _Inner_iter_base {};

        template <forward_range _BaseTy>
        class _Inner_iter_base<_BaseTy> {
        private:
            using _BaseCategory = iterator_traits<iterator_t<_BaseTy>>::iterator_category;

        public:
            using iterator_category =
                conditional_t<derived_from<_BaseCategory, forward_iterator_tag>, forward_iterator_tag, _BaseCategory>;
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Inner_iter : public _Inner_iter_base<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>> {
        private:
            using _BaseTy = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;

            _Outer_iter<_Const> _It{};
            bool _Incremented = false;

            _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Equal(const _Inner_iter& _Right) const {
                return _It._Get_current() == _Right._It._Get_current();
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr iterator_t<_BaseTy>& _Get_current() noexcept {
                return _It._Get_current();
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr const iterator_t<_BaseTy>& _Get_current() const noexcept {
                return _It._Get_current();
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr bool _At_end() const {
                auto _Pat_pos       = _RANGES begin(_It._Parent->_Pattern);
                const auto _Pat_end = _RANGES end(_It._Parent->_Pattern);
                auto _Last          = _RANGES end(_It._Parent->_Range);
                if constexpr (_Tiny_range<_Pat>) {
                    const auto& _Cur = _It._Get_current(); // Intentionally a reference. Since _Pat is tiny, this could
                                                           // be a move-only iterator type.
                    if (_Cur == _Last) {
                        return true;
                    }

                    if (_Pat_pos == _Pat_end) {
                        return _Incremented;
                    }
                    return *_Cur == *_Pat_pos;
                } else {
                    auto _Cur = _It._Get_current(); // Intentionally not a reference. _Pat is not tiny, so this is a
                                                    // forward (copyable) iterator.
                    if (_Cur == _Last) {
                        return true;
                    }

                    if (_Pat_pos == _Pat_end) {
                        return _Incremented;
                    }

                    do {
                        if (*_Cur != *_Pat_pos) {
                            return false;
                        }

                        if (++_Pat_pos == _Pat_end) {
                            return true;
                        }
                    } while (++_Cur != _Last);
                    return false;
                }
            }

        public:
            using iterator_concept = _Outer_iter<_Const>::iterator_concept;
            using value_type       = range_value_t<_BaseTy>;
            using difference_type  = range_difference_t<_BaseTy>;

            _Inner_iter() = default;
            constexpr explicit _Inner_iter(_Outer_iter<_Const> _It_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Outer_iter<_Const>>) // strengthened
                : _It{_STD move(_It_)} {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr const iterator_t<_BaseTy>& base() const& noexcept {
                return _It._Get_current();
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr iterator_t<_BaseTy> base() && noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_BaseTy>>) /* strengthened */
                requires forward_range<_Vw>
            {
                return _STD move(_It._Get_current());
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const {
                return *_It._Get_current();
            }

            constexpr _Inner_iter& operator++() {
                _Incremented = true;
                if constexpr (!forward_range<_BaseTy>) {
                    if constexpr (_Pat::size() == 0) {
                        return *this;
                    }
                }
                ++_It._Get_current();
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr decltype(auto) operator++(int) {
                if constexpr (forward_range<_BaseTy>) {
                    auto _Tmp = *this;
                    ++*this;
                    return _Tmp;
                } else {
                    ++*this;
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Inner_iter& _Left, const _Inner_iter& _Right)
                requires forward_range<_BaseTy>
            {
                return _Left._Equal(_Right);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Inner_iter& _Left, default_sentinel_t) {
                return _Left._At_end();
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr decltype(auto) iter_move(const _Inner_iter& _Iter) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES iter_move(_Iter._Get_current()))) {
                return _RANGES iter_move(_Iter._Get_current());
            }

            friend constexpr void iter_swap(const _Inner_iter& _Left, const _Inner_iter& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES iter_swap(_Left._Get_current(), _Right._Get_current())))
                requires indirectly_swappable<iterator_t<_BaseTy>>
            {
                _RANGES iter_swap(_Left._Get_current(), _Right._Get_current());
            }
        };

    public:
        // clang-format off
        lazy_split_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> && default_initializable<_Pat> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit lazy_split_view(_Vw _Range_, _Pat _Pattern_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Pat>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)), _Pattern(_STD move(_Pattern_)) {}

        template <input_range _Rng>
            requires constructible_from<_Vw, views::all_t<_Rng>>
                      && constructible_from<_Pat, single_view<range_value_t<_Rng>>>
        constexpr explicit lazy_split_view(_Rng&& _Range_, range_value_t<_Rng> _Elem) noexcept(noexcept(_Vw(views::all(
            _STD forward<_Rng>(_Range_)))) && noexcept(_Pat(views::single(_STD move(_Elem))))) // strengthened
            : _Range(views::all(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range_))), _Pattern(views::single(_STD move(_Elem))) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() {
            if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw>) {
                constexpr bool _Both_simple = _Simple_view<_Vw> && _Simple_view<_Pat>;
                return _Outer_iter<_Both_simple>{*this, _RANGES begin(_Range)};
            } else {
                this->_Current = _RANGES begin(_Range);
                return _Outer_iter<false>{*this};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const
            requires forward_range<_Vw> && forward_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _Outer_iter<true>{*this, _RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end()
            requires forward_range<_Vw> && common_range<_Vw>
        {
            constexpr bool _Both_simple = _Simple_view<_Vw> && _Simple_view<_Pat>;
            return _Outer_iter<_Both_simple>{*this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const {
            if constexpr (forward_range<_Vw> && forward_range<const _Vw> && common_range<const _Vw>) {
                return _Outer_iter<true>{*this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return default_sentinel;
            }
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng, class _Pat>
    lazy_split_view(_Rng&&, _Pat&&) -> lazy_split_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, views::all_t<_Pat>>;

    template <input_range _Rng>
    lazy_split_view(_Rng&&, range_value_t<_Rng>)
        -> lazy_split_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, single_view<range_value_t<_Rng>>>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng, class _Pat>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<lazy_split_view<_Rng, _Pat>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng, class _Pat>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const lazy_split_view<_Rng, _Pat>> =
        _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        struct _Lazy_split_fn {
            template <viewable_range _Rng, class _Pat>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(
                _Rng&& _Range, _Pat&& _Pattern) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(lazy_split_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Pat>(_Pattern))))
                requires requires { lazy_split_view(static_cast<_Rng&&>(_Range), static_cast<_Pat&&>(_Pattern)); }
            {
                return lazy_split_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Pat>(_Pattern));
            }

            template <class _Delim>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Delim>, _Delim>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Delim&& _Delimiter) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Delim>, _Delim>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Lazy_split_fn, decay_t<_Delim>>{_STD forward<_Delim>(_Delimiter)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Lazy_split_fn lazy_split;
    } // namespace views

    _EXPORT_STD template <forward_range _Vw, forward_range _Pat>
        requires view<_Vw> && view<_Pat> && indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Pat>, _RANGES equal_to>
    class split_view : public view_interface<split_view<_Vw, _Pat>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Pat _Pattern{};
        _Non_propagating_cache<subrange<iterator_t<_Vw>>> _Next{};

        class _Iterator {
        private:
            friend split_view;

            split_view* _Parent             = nullptr;
            iterator_t<_Vw> _Current        = {};
            subrange<iterator_t<_Vw>> _Next = {};
            bool _Trailing_empty            = false;

        public:
            using iterator_concept  = forward_iterator_tag;
            using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
            using value_type        = subrange<iterator_t<_Vw>>;
            using difference_type   = range_difference_t<_Vw>;

            _Iterator() = default;

            constexpr _Iterator(split_view& _Parent_, iterator_t<_Vw> _Current_, subrange<iterator_t<_Vw>> _Next_) //
                noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                : _Parent{_STD addressof(_Parent_)}, _Current{_STD move(_Current_)}, _Next{_STD move(_Next_)} {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr iterator_t<_Vw> base() const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr value_type operator*() const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */ {
                return {_Current, _Next.begin()};
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() {
                const auto _Last = _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range);
                _Current         = _Next.begin();
                if (_Current == _Last) {
                    _Trailing_empty = false;
                    return *this;
                }

                _Current = _Next.end();
                if (_Current == _Last) {
                    _Trailing_empty = true;
                    _Next           = {_Current, _Current};
                    return *this;
                }

                auto [_Begin, _End] = _RANGES search(subrange{_Current, _Last}, _Parent->_Pattern);
                if (_Begin != _Last && _RANGES empty(_Parent->_Pattern)) {
                    ++_Begin;
                    ++_End;
                }

                _Next = {_STD move(_Begin), _STD move(_End)};
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int) {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                ++*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current == _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Current == _Right._Current && _Left._Trailing_empty == _Right._Trailing_empty;
            }
        };

        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ sentinel_t<_Vw> _Last{};

            _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Equal(const _Iterator& _It) const
                noexcept(noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_It._Current == _Last))) {
                return !_It._Trailing_empty && _It._Current == _Last;
            }

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;
            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(split_view& _Parent) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES end(_Parent._Range))
                && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                : _Last(_RANGES end(_Parent._Range)) {}

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _It, const _Sentinel& _Se) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Se._Equal(_It))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Se._Equal(_It);
            }
        };

        constexpr subrange<iterator_t<_Vw>> _Find_next(iterator_t<_Vw> _It) {
            const auto _Last    = _RANGES end(_Range);
            auto [_Begin, _End] = _RANGES search(subrange{_It, _Last}, _Pattern);
            if (_Begin != _Last && _RANGES empty(_Pattern)) {
                ++_Begin;
                ++_End;
            }

            return {_STD move(_Begin), _STD move(_End)};
        }

    public:
        // clang-format off
        split_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> && default_initializable<_Pat> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit split_view(_Vw _Range_, _Pat _Pattern_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Pat>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)), _Pattern(_STD move(_Pattern_)) {}

        template <forward_range _Rng>
            requires constructible_from<_Vw, views::all_t<_Rng>>
                      && constructible_from<_Pat, single_view<range_value_t<_Rng>>>
        constexpr explicit split_view(_Rng&& _Range_, range_value_t<_Rng> _Elem) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Vw, views::all_t<_Rng>>
            && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Pat, single_view<range_value_t<_Rng>>>
            && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<range_value_t<_Rng>>) // strengthened
            : _Range(views::all(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range_))), _Pattern(views::single(_STD move(_Elem))) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() {
            auto _First = _RANGES begin(_Range);
            if (!_Next) {
                _Next._Emplace(_Find_next(_First));
            }
            return _Iterator{*this, _First, *_Next};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Vw>) {
                return _Iterator{*this, _RANGES end(_Range), {}};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel{*this};
            }
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng, class _Pat>
    split_view(_Rng&&, _Pat&&) -> split_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, views::all_t<_Pat>>;

    template <forward_range _Rng>
    split_view(_Rng&&, range_value_t<_Rng>) -> split_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, single_view<range_value_t<_Rng>>>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng, class _Pat>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<split_view<_Rng, _Pat>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        struct _Split_fn {
            template <viewable_range _Rng, class _Pat>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(
                _Rng&& _Range, _Pat&& _Pattern) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(split_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Pat>(_Pattern))))
                requires requires { split_view(static_cast<_Rng&&>(_Range), static_cast<_Pat&&>(_Pattern)); }
            {
                return split_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Pat>(_Pattern));
            }

            template <class _Delim>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Delim>, _Delim>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Delim&& _Delimiter) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Delim>, _Delim>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Split_fn, decay_t<_Delim>>{_STD forward<_Delim>(_Delimiter)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Split_fn split;

        class _Counted_fn {
        private:
            enum class _St { _None, _Span, _Subrange, _Subrange_counted };

            template <class _It>
            _NODISCARD static consteval _Choice_t<_St> _Choose() noexcept {
                using _Decayed = decay_t<_It>;
                _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(input_or_output_iterator<_Decayed>);
                if constexpr (contiguous_iterator<_Decayed>) {
                    return {_St::_Span,
                        noexcept(span(_STD to_address(_STD declval<_It>()), iter_difference_t<_Decayed>{}))};
                } else if constexpr (random_access_iterator<_Decayed>) {
                    return {_St::_Subrange,
                        noexcept(subrange(_STD declval<_It>(), _STD declval<_It>() + iter_difference_t<_Decayed>{}))};
                } else if constexpr (constructible_from<_Decayed, _It>) {
                    return {_St::_Subrange_counted,
                        noexcept(subrange(
                            counted_iterator(_STD declval<_It>(), iter_difference_t<_Decayed>{}), default_sentinel))};
                } else {
                    return {_St::_None};
                }
            }

            template <class _It>
            static constexpr _Choice_t<_St> _Choice = _Choose<_It>();

        public:
            template <class _It>
                requires (input_or_output_iterator<decay_t<_It>> && _Choice<_It>._Strategy != _St::_None)
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_It&& _First,
                const iter_difference_t<decay_t<_It>> _Count) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR noexcept(_Choice<_It>._No_throw) {
                _STL_ASSERT(_Count >= 0, "The size passed to views::counted must be non-negative");
                constexpr _St _Strat = _Choice<_It>._Strategy;

                if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Span) {
                    return span(_STD to_address(_STD forward<_It>(_First)), static_cast<size_t>(_Count));
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Subrange) {
                    return subrange(_First, _First + _Count);
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Subrange_counted) {
                    return subrange(counted_iterator(_STD forward<_It>(_First), _Count), default_sentinel);
                }
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Counted_fn counted;
    } // namespace views

    _EXPORT_STD template <view _Vw>
        requires (!common_range<_Vw> && copyable<iterator_t<_Vw>>)
    class common_view : public view_interface<common_view<_Vw>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Base{};

    public:
        // clang-format off
        common_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit common_view(_Vw _Base_) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            : _Base(_STD move(_Base_)) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Base;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Base);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Base)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */ {
            if constexpr (random_access_range<_Vw> && sized_range<_Vw>) {
                return _RANGES begin(_Base);
            } else {
                return common_iterator<iterator_t<_Vw>, sentinel_t<_Vw>>{_RANGES begin(_Base)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Base)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<const _Vw>>) /* strengthened */
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            if constexpr (random_access_range<const _Vw> && sized_range<const _Vw>) {
                return _RANGES begin(_Base);
            } else {
                return common_iterator<iterator_t<const _Vw>, sentinel_t<const _Vw>>{_RANGES begin(_Base)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() {
            if constexpr (random_access_range<_Vw> && sized_range<_Vw>) {
                return _RANGES begin(_Base) + _RANGES distance(_Base);
            } else {
                return common_iterator<iterator_t<_Vw>, sentinel_t<_Vw>>{_RANGES end(_Base)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            if constexpr (random_access_range<const _Vw> && sized_range<const _Vw>) {
                return _RANGES begin(_Base) + _RANGES distance(_Base);
            } else {
                return common_iterator<iterator_t<const _Vw>, sentinel_t<const _Vw>>{_RANGES end(_Base)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Base))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Base);
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Base))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Base);
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng>
    common_view(_Rng&&) -> common_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<common_view<_Rng>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Rng>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<common_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const common_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        class _Common_fn : public _Pipe::_Base<_Common_fn> {
        private:
            enum class _St { _None, _All, _Common };

            template <class _Rng>
            _NODISCARD static consteval _Choice_t<_St> _Choose() noexcept {
                if constexpr (common_range<_Rng>) {
                    return {_St::_All, noexcept(views::all(_STD declval<_Rng>()))};
                } else if constexpr (copyable<iterator_t<_Rng>>) {
                    return {_St::_Common, noexcept(common_view{_STD declval<_Rng>()})};
                } else {
                    return {_St::_None};
                }
            }

            template <class _Rng>
            static constexpr _Choice_t<_St> _Choice = _Choose<_Rng>();

        public:
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
                requires (_Choice<_Rng>._Strategy != _St::_None)
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(_Choice<_Rng>._No_throw) {
                constexpr _St _Strat = _Choice<_Rng>._Strategy;

                if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_All) {
                    return views::all(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range));
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Common) {
                    return common_view{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)};
                } else {
                    static_assert(_Always_false<_Rng>, "Should be unreachable");
                }
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Common_fn common;
    } // namespace views

    _EXPORT_STD template <view _Vw>
        requires bidirectional_range<_Vw>
    class reverse_view : public _Cached_position_t<!common_range<_Vw>, _Vw, reverse_view<_Vw>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};

        template <class _Rng>
        using _Rev_iter = reverse_iterator<iterator_t<_Rng>>;

    public:
        // clang-format off
        reverse_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit reverse_view(_Vw _Range_) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Rev_iter<_Vw> begin() {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Vw>) {
                return _Rev_iter<_Vw>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                if (this->_Has_cache()) {
                    return _Rev_iter<_Vw>{this->_Get_cache(_Range)};
                }

                iterator_t<_Vw> _First;
                if constexpr (sized_range<_Vw>) {
                    _First = _RANGES next(_RANGES begin(_Range), _RANGES distance(_Range));
                } else {
                    _First = _RANGES next(_RANGES begin(_Range), _RANGES end(_Range));
                }
                this->_Set_cache(_Range, _First);
                return _Rev_iter<_Vw>{_STD move(_First)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const
            noexcept(noexcept(_Rev_iter<const _Vw>{_RANGES end(_Range)})) /* strengthened */
            requires common_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _Rev_iter<const _Vw>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Rev_iter<_Vw> end() noexcept(
            noexcept(_Rev_iter<_Vw>{_RANGES begin(_Range)})) /* strengthened */ {
            return _Rev_iter<_Vw>{_RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const
            noexcept(noexcept(_Rev_iter<const _Vw>{_RANGES begin(_Range)})) /* strengthened */
            requires common_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _Rev_iter<const _Vw>{_RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng>
    reverse_view(_Rng&&) -> reverse_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<reverse_view<_Rng>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Rng>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<reverse_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const reverse_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        template <class _Rng>
        concept _Can_extract_base = requires(_Rng&& __r) { static_cast<_Rng&&>(__r).base(); };

        template <class _Rng>
        concept _Can_reverse = requires(_Rng&& __r) { reverse_view{static_cast<_Rng&&>(__r)}; };

        class _Reverse_fn : public _Pipe::_Base<_Reverse_fn> {
        private:
            enum class _St { _None, _Base, _Subrange_unsized, _Subrange_sized, _Reverse };

            template <class>
            static constexpr auto _Reversed_subrange = -1;

            template <class _It, subrange_kind _Ki>
            static constexpr auto _Reversed_subrange<subrange<reverse_iterator<_It>, reverse_iterator<_It>, _Ki>> =
                static_cast<int>(_Ki);

            template <class _Rng>
            _NODISCARD static consteval _Choice_t<_St> _Choose() noexcept {
                using _Ty = remove_cvref_t<_Rng>;

                if constexpr (_Is_specialization_v<_Ty, reverse_view>) {
                    if constexpr (_Can_extract_base<_Rng>) {
                        return {_St::_Base, noexcept(_STD declval<_Rng>().base())};
                    }
                } else if constexpr (_Reversed_subrange<_Ty> == 0) {
                    using _It = decltype(_STD declval<_Rng&>().begin().base());
                    return {_St::_Subrange_unsized,
                        noexcept(subrange<_It, _It, subrange_kind::unsized>{
                            _STD declval<_Rng&>().end().base(), _STD declval<_Rng&>().begin().base()})};
                } else if constexpr (_Reversed_subrange<_Ty> == 1) {
                    using _It = decltype(_STD declval<_Rng&>().begin().base());
                    return {_St::_Subrange_sized,
                        noexcept(subrange<_It, _It, subrange_kind::sized>{_STD declval<_Rng&>().end().base(),
                            _STD declval<_Rng&>().begin().base(), _STD declval<_Rng&>().size()})};
                } else if constexpr (_Can_reverse<_Rng>) {
                    return {_St::_Reverse, noexcept(reverse_view{_STD declval<_Rng>()})};
                }

                return {_St::_None};
            }

            template <class _Rng>
            static constexpr _Choice_t<_St> _Choice = _Choose<_Rng>();

        public:
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
                requires (_Choice<_Rng>._Strategy != _St::_None)
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(_Choice<_Rng>._No_throw) {
                constexpr _St _Strat = _Choice<_Rng>._Strategy;

                if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Base) {
                    return _STD forward<_Rng>(_Range).base();
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Subrange_unsized) {
                    return subrange{_Range.end().base(), _Range.begin().base()};
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Subrange_sized) {
                    return subrange{_Range.end().base(), _Range.begin().base(), _Range.size()};
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Reverse) {
                    return reverse_view{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)};
                } else {
                    static_assert(_Always_false<_Rng>, "Should be unreachable");
                }
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Reverse_fn reverse;
    } // namespace views

#if _HAS_CXX23
    _EXPORT_STD template <view _Vw>
        requires input_range<_Vw>
    class as_const_view : public view_interface<as_const_view<_Vw>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};

    public:
        // clang-format off
        as_const_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit as_const_view(_Vw _Range_) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES cbegin(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            return _RANGES cbegin(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES cbegin(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES cbegin(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES cend(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            return _RANGES cend(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES cend(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES cend(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng>
    as_const_view(_Rng&&) -> as_const_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<as_const_view<_Rng>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Rng>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<as_const_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const as_const_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        template <class _Rng>
        concept _Can_as_const = requires(_Rng&& __r) { as_const_view{static_cast<_Rng&&>(__r)}; };

        class _As_const_fn : public _Pipe::_Base<_As_const_fn> {
        private:
            enum class _St { _None, _All, _Empty, _Reconstruct_span, _Reconstruct_ref, _Ref, _As_const };

            template <class>
            static constexpr bool _Can_reconstruct_ref_view_v = false;

            template <class _Ty>
                requires constant_range<const _Ty>
            static constexpr bool _Can_reconstruct_ref_view_v<ref_view<_Ty>> = true;

            template <class _Rng>
            _NODISCARD static consteval _Choice_t<_St> _Choose() noexcept {
                using _Ty = remove_cvref_t<_Rng>;

                if constexpr (constant_range<views::all_t<_Rng>>) {
                    return {_St::_All, noexcept(views::all(_STD declval<_Rng>()))};
                } else if constexpr (_Is_specialization_v<_Ty, empty_view>) {
                    return {_St::_Empty, true};
                } else if constexpr (_Is_span_v<_Ty>) {
                    return {_St::_Reconstruct_span, true};
                } else if constexpr (_Can_reconstruct_ref_view_v<_Ty>) {
                    return {_St::_Reconstruct_ref, noexcept(ref_view{_STD as_const(_STD declval<_Rng>().base())})};
                } else if constexpr (is_lvalue_reference_v<_Rng> && constant_range<const _Ty> && !view<_Ty>) {
                    return {_St::_Ref, noexcept(ref_view{_STD as_const(_STD declval<_Rng>())})};
                } else if constexpr (_Can_as_const<_Rng>) {
                    return {_St::_As_const, noexcept(as_const_view{_STD declval<_Rng>()})};
                } else {
                    return {_St::_None};
                }
            }

            template <class _Rng>
            static constexpr _Choice_t<_St> _Choice = _Choose<_Rng>();

        public:
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
                requires (_Choice<_Rng>._Strategy != _St::_None)
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(_Choice<_Rng>._No_throw) {
                using _Ty            = remove_cvref_t<_Rng>;
                constexpr _St _Strat = _Choice<_Rng>._Strategy;

                if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_All) {
                    return views::all(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range));
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Empty) {
                    return empty_view<const remove_reference_t<range_reference_t<_Rng>>>{};
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Reconstruct_span) {
                    return span<const typename _Ty::element_type, _Ty::extent>{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)};
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Reconstruct_ref) {
                    return ref_view{_STD as_const(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range).base())};
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_Ref) {
                    return ref_view{_STD as_const(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range))};
                } else if constexpr (_Strat == _St::_As_const) {
                    return as_const_view{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)};
                } else {
                    static_assert(_Always_false<_Rng>, "Should be unreachable");
                }
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _As_const_fn as_const;
    } // namespace views
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    template <class _Tuple, size_t _Index>
    concept _Has_tuple_element =
#if _HAS_CXX23
        _Tuple_like<_Tuple> && _Index < tuple_size_v<_Tuple>;
#else // ^^^ C++23 / C++20 vvv
        requires(_Tuple __t) {
            typename tuple_size<_Tuple>::type;
            requires _Index < tuple_size_v<_Tuple>;
            typename tuple_element_t<_Index, _Tuple>;
            { _STD get<_Index>(__t) } -> convertible_to<const tuple_element_t<_Index, _Tuple>&>;
        };
#endif // ^^^ C++20 ^^^

    template <class _Tuple, size_t _Index>
    concept _Returnable_element = is_reference_v<_Tuple> || move_constructible<tuple_element_t<_Index, _Tuple>>;

    _EXPORT_STD template <input_range _Vw, size_t _Index>
        requires view<_Vw> && _Has_tuple_element<range_value_t<_Vw>, _Index>
              && _Has_tuple_element<remove_reference_t<range_reference_t<_Vw>>, _Index>
              && _Returnable_element<range_reference_t<_Vw>, _Index>
    class elements_view : public view_interface<elements_view<_Vw, _Index>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};

        template <class _Base>
        struct _Category_base {};

        template <forward_range _Base>
        struct _Category_base<_Base> {
            using iterator_category =
                conditional_t<!is_lvalue_reference_v<decltype(_STD get<_Index>(*_STD declval<iterator_t<_Base>>()))>,
                    input_iterator_tag,
                    conditional_t<derived_from<_Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_Base>>, random_access_iterator_tag>,
                        random_access_iterator_tag, _Iter_cat_t<iterator_t<_Base>>>>;
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Iterator : public _Category_base<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>> {
        private:
            friend elements_view;

            using _Base = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;

            iterator_t<_Base> _Current{};

        public:
            using iterator_concept = conditional_t<random_access_range<_Base>, random_access_iterator_tag,
                conditional_t<bidirectional_range<_Base>, bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                    conditional_t<forward_range<_Base>, forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>>>;
            using value_type       = remove_cvref_t<tuple_element_t<_Index, range_value_t<_Base>>>;
            using difference_type  = range_difference_t<_Base>;

            // clang-format off
            _Iterator() requires default_initializable<iterator_t<_Base>> = default;
            // clang-format on

            constexpr explicit _Iterator(iterator_t<_Base> _Current_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Base>>) // strengthened
                : _Current{_STD move(_Current_)} {}

            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> _It) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Base>>
                : _Current(_STD move(_It._Current)) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr const iterator_t<_Base>& base() const& noexcept {
                return _Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr iterator_t<_Base> base() && noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Base>>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _STD move(_Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const
                noexcept(noexcept(_STD get<_Index>(*_Current))) /* strengthened */
                requires is_reference_v<range_reference_t<_Base>>
            {
                return _STD get<_Index>(*_Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<tuple_element_t<_Index, range_reference_t<_Base>>> //
                        && noexcept(_STD get<_Index>(*_Current))) /* strengthened */ {
                using _ElemTy = remove_cv_t<tuple_element_t<_Index, range_reference_t<_Base>>>;
                return static_cast<_ElemTy>(_STD get<_Index>(*_Current));
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() noexcept(noexcept(++_Current)) /* strengthened */ {
                ++_Current;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr void operator++(int) noexcept(noexcept(++_Current)) /* strengthened */ {
                ++_Current;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int) noexcept(
                noexcept(++_Current) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Base>>) /* strengthened */
                requires forward_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                ++_Current;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--() noexcept(noexcept(--_Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
                --_Current;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int) noexcept(
                noexcept(--_Current) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Base>>) /* strengthened */
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --_Current;
                return _Tmp;
            }

#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
            constexpr void _Verify_offset(const difference_type _Off) const
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                if constexpr (_Offset_verifiable_v<iterator_t<_Base>>) {
                    _Current._Verify_offset(_Off);
                }
            }
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0

            constexpr _Iterator& operator+=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Current += _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Verify_offset(_Off);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Current += _Off;
                return *this;
            }
            constexpr _Iterator& operator-=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Current -= _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Off != _Min_possible_v<difference_type>, "integer overflow");
                _Verify_offset(-_Off);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Current -= _Off;
                return *this;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](const difference_type _Idx) const
                noexcept(noexcept(_STD get<_Index>(*(_Current + _Idx)))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base> && is_reference_v<range_reference_t<_Base>>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Verify_offset(_Idx);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return _STD get<_Index>(*(_Current + _Idx));
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](const difference_type _Idx) const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<tuple_element_t<_Index, range_reference_t<_Base>>> //
                        && noexcept(_STD get<_Index>(*(_Current + _Idx)))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Verify_offset(_Idx);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                using _ElemTy = remove_cv_t<tuple_element_t<_Index, range_reference_t<_Base>>>;
                return static_cast<_ElemTy>(_STD get<_Index>(*(_Current + _Idx)));
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current == _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires equality_comparable<iterator_t<_Base>>
            {
                return _Left._Current == _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current < _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Left._Current < _Right._Current;
            }
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current < _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Right < _Left;
            }
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current < _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return !(_Right < _Left);
            }
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current < _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return !(_Left < _Right);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto operator<=>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current <=> _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base> && three_way_comparable<iterator_t<_Base>>
            {
                return _Left._Current <=> _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_STD declval<iterator_t<_Base>&>() += _Off)
                && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Base>>) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _It._Verify_offset(_Off);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                auto _Copy = _It;
                _Copy._Current += _Off;
                return _Copy;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const difference_type _Off, const _Iterator& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(_STD declval<iterator_t<_Base>&>() += _Off)
                && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Base>>) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _It._Verify_offset(_Off);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                auto _Copy = _It;
                _Copy._Current += _Off;
                return _Copy;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator-(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_STD declval<iterator_t<_Base>&>() -= _Off)
                && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Base>>) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Off != _Min_possible_v<difference_type>, "integer overflow");
                _It._Verify_offset(-_Off);
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                auto _Copy = _It;
                _Copy._Current -= _Off;
                return _Copy;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Iterator& _Left,
                const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Left._Current - _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires sized_sentinel_for<iterator_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base>>
            {
                return _Left._Current - _Right._Current;
            }
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            friend elements_view;

            using _Base = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            template <bool _OtherConst>
            using _Maybe_const_iter = iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>;

            sentinel_t<_Base> _Last{};

            template <bool _OtherConst>
            _NODISCARD static constexpr const _Maybe_const_iter<_OtherConst>& _Get_current(
                const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It) noexcept {
                return _It._Current;
            }

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;
            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(sentinel_t<_Base> _Last_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Base>>) // strengthened
                : _Last(_STD move(_Last_)) {}

            constexpr _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const> _Se) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Base>, sentinel_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                requires _Const && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Vw>, sentinel_t<_Base>>
                : _Last(_STD move(_Se._Last)) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr sentinel_t<_Base> base() const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Base>>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Last;
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, _Maybe_const_iter<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _Left,
                const _Sentinel& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Get_current(_Left) == _Right._Last)) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Get_current(_Left) == _Right._Last;
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, _Maybe_const_iter<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>> operator-(
                const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _Left,
                const _Sentinel& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Get_current(_Left) - _Right._Last)) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Get_current(_Left) - _Right._Last;
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, _Maybe_const_iter<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>
                operator-(const _Sentinel& _Left, const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _Right) noexcept(
                    noexcept(_Left._Last - _Get_current(_Right))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Last - _Get_current(_Right);
            }
        };

    public:
        // clang-format off
        elements_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit elements_view(_Vw _Range_) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Iterator<false> begin() noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            return _Iterator<false>{_RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Iterator<true> begin() const
            noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range))
                     && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<const _Vw>>) /* strengthened */
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _Iterator<true>{_RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES end(_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Vw>) {
                return _Iterator<false>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<false>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES end(_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<sentinel_t<const _Vw>>) /* strengthened */
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<const _Vw>) {
                return _Iterator<true>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<true>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng, size_t _Index>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<elements_view<_Rng, _Index>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Rng>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng, size_t _Index>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<elements_view<_Rng, _Index>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng, size_t _Index>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const elements_view<_Rng, _Index>> =
        _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    _EXPORT_STD template <class _Rng>
    using keys_view = elements_view<_Rng, 0>;
    _EXPORT_STD template <class _Rng>
    using values_view = elements_view<_Rng, 1>;

    namespace views {
        template <size_t _Index>
        class _Elements_fn : public _Pipe::_Base<_Elements_fn<_Index>> {
        public:
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(elements_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, _Index>{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)}))
                requires requires { elements_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, _Index>{static_cast<_Rng&&>(_Range)}; }
            {
                return elements_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, _Index>{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD template <size_t _Index>
        inline constexpr _Elements_fn<_Index> elements;
        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr auto keys   = elements<0>;
        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr auto values = elements<1>;
    } // namespace views

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    concept _Range_with_movable_references = input_range<_Rng> && move_constructible<range_reference_t<_Rng>>
                                          && move_constructible<range_rvalue_reference_t<_Rng>>;

    _EXPORT_STD template <view _Vw>
        requires _Range_with_movable_references<_Vw>
    class enumerate_view : public view_interface<enumerate_view<_Vw>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Iterator {
        private:
            friend enumerate_view;

            using _Base_t         = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            using _Base_iterator  = iterator_t<_Base_t>;
            using _Reference_type = tuple<range_difference_t<_Base_t>, range_reference_t<_Base_t>>;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Base_iterator _Current{};
            range_difference_t<_Base_t> _Pos = 0;

            constexpr explicit _Iterator(_Base_iterator _Current_, range_difference_t<_Base_t> _Pos_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_iterator>) // strengthened
                : _Current(_STD move(_Current_)), _Pos(_Pos_) {}

        public:
            using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
            using iterator_concept  = conditional_t<random_access_range<_Base_t>, random_access_iterator_tag,
                conditional_t<bidirectional_range<_Base_t>, bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                    conditional_t<forward_range<_Base_t>, forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>>>;
            using difference_type   = range_difference_t<_Base_t>;
            using value_type        = tuple<difference_type, range_value_t<_Base_t>>;

            // clang-format off
            _Iterator() requires default_initializable<_Base_iterator> = default;
            // clang-format on

            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> _Other) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Base_iterator, iterator_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vw>, _Base_iterator>
                : _Current(_STD move(_Other._Current)), _Pos(_Other._Pos) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr const _Base_iterator& base() const& noexcept {
                return _Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr _Base_iterator base() && noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_iterator>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _STD move(_Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr difference_type index() const noexcept {
                return _Pos;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr auto operator*() const noexcept(
                noexcept(*_Current) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<range_reference_t<_Base_t>>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Reference_type{_Pos, *_Current};
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() noexcept(noexcept(++_Current)) /* strengthened */ {
                ++_Current;
                ++_Pos;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr void operator++(int) noexcept(noexcept(++_Current)) /* strengthened */ {
                ++*this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int) noexcept(
                noexcept(++*this) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator>) // strengthened
                requires forward_range<_Base_t>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                ++*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--() noexcept(noexcept(--_Current)) // strengthened
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base_t>
            {
                --_Current;
                --_Pos;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int) noexcept(
                noexcept(--*this) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator>) // strengthened
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base_t>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator+=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Current += _Off)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base_t>
            {
                _Current += _Off;
                _Pos += _Off;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator-=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Current -= _Off)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base_t>
            {
                _Current -= _Off;
                _Pos -= _Off;
                return *this;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr auto operator[](const difference_type _Off) const noexcept(
                noexcept(_Current[_Off]) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<range_reference_t<_Base_t>>) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base_t>
            {
                return _Reference_type{static_cast<difference_type>(_Pos + _Off), _Current[_Off]};
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept {
                return _Left._Pos == _Right._Pos;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(
                const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept {
                return _Left._Pos <=> _Right._Pos;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator> //
                    && noexcept(_STD declval<_Iterator&>() += _Off)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base_t>
            {
                auto _Tmp = _It;
                _Tmp += _Off;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const difference_type _Off, const _Iterator& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(_It + _Off)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base_t>
            {
                return _It + _Off;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator-(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator> //
                    && noexcept(_STD declval<_Iterator&>() -= _Off)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base_t>
            {
                auto _Tmp = _It;
                _Tmp -= _Off;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(
                const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept {
                return _Left._Pos - _Right._Pos;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto iter_move(const _Iterator& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES iter_move(_It._Current))
                && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<range_rvalue_reference_t<_Base_t>>) {
                return tuple<difference_type, range_rvalue_reference_t<_Base_t>>{
                    _It._Pos, _RANGES iter_move(_It._Current)};
            }
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            friend enumerate_view;

            using _Base_t        = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            using _Base_sentinel = sentinel_t<_Base_t>;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Base_sentinel _End{};

            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(_Base_sentinel _End_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel>) // strengthened
                : _End(_STD move(_End_)) {}

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>
            _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Equal(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It) const
                noexcept(noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_It._Current == _End))) {
                return _It._Current == _End;
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>
            _NODISCARD constexpr range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>> _Distance_from(
                const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It) const noexcept(noexcept(_End - _It._Current)) {
                return _End - _It._Current;
            }

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;

            constexpr _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const> _Other) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel, sentinel_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                requires _Const && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Vw>, _Base_sentinel>
                : _End(_STD move(_Other._End)) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr _Base_sentinel base() const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _End;
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It,
                const _Sentinel& _Se) noexcept(noexcept(_Se._Equal(_It))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Se._Equal(_It);
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>> operator-(
                const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It, const _Sentinel& _Se) //
                noexcept(noexcept(_Se._Distance_from(_It))) /* strengthened */ {
                return -_Se._Distance_from(_It);
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>> operator-(
                const _Sentinel& _Se, const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It) //
                noexcept(noexcept(_Se._Distance_from(_It))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Se._Distance_from(_It);
            }
        };

        template <class _Rng>
        static constexpr bool _Is_end_nothrow_v = is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Rng>> //
            && noexcept(_RANGES end(_STD declval<_Rng&>()));

        template <class _Rng>
            requires common_range<_Rng> && sized_range<_Rng>
        static constexpr bool _Is_end_nothrow_v<_Rng> = is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Rng>> //
            && noexcept(_RANGES end(_STD declval<_Rng&>())) //
                && noexcept(_RANGES distance(_STD declval<_Rng&>()));

    public:
        // clang-format off
        constexpr enumerate_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit enumerate_view(_Vw _Range_) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            return _Iterator<false>{_RANGES begin(_Range), 0};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<const _Vw>>) // strengthened
            requires _Range_with_movable_references<const _Vw>
        {
            return _Iterator<true>{_RANGES begin(_Range), 0};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() noexcept(_Is_end_nothrow_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Vw> && sized_range<_Vw>) {
                return _Iterator<false>{_RANGES end(_Range), _RANGES distance(_Range)};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<false>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const noexcept(_Is_end_nothrow_v<const _Vw>) // strengthened
            requires _Range_with_movable_references<const _Vw>
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<const _Vw> && sized_range<const _Vw>) {
                return _Iterator<true>{_RANGES end(_Range), _RANGES distance(_Range)};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<true>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _RANGES size(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng>
    enumerate_view(_Rng&&) -> enumerate_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<enumerate_view<_Rng>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Rng>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<enumerate_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const enumerate_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        class _Enumerate_fn : public _Pipe::_Base<_Enumerate_fn> {
        public:
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(enumerate_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)}))
                requires requires { enumerate_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)}; }
            {
                return enumerate_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Enumerate_fn enumerate;
    } // namespace views

    template <class _Size>
    _NODISCARD constexpr _Size _Div_ceil(const _Size _Num, const _Size _Denom) noexcept {
        _Size _Result = _Num / _Denom;
        if (_Num % _Denom != 0) {
            ++_Result;
        }
        return _Result;
    }

    _EXPORT_STD template <view _Vw>
        requires input_range<_Vw>
    class chunk_view : public view_interface<chunk_view<_Vw>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range;
        range_difference_t<_Vw> _Count;
        range_difference_t<_Vw> _Remainder = 0;
        _Non_propagating_cache<iterator_t<_Vw>> _Current{};

        class _Inner_iterator {
        private:
            friend chunk_view;
            chunk_view* _Parent{};

            constexpr explicit _Inner_iterator(chunk_view* _Parent_) noexcept : _Parent(_Parent_) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr range_difference_t<_Vw> _Get_remainder() const noexcept {
                return _Parent->_Remainder;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr range_difference_t<_Vw> _Get_size() const
                noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES end(_Parent->_Range) - *_Parent->_Current)) {
                return (_STD min)(_Parent->_Remainder, _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range) - *_Parent->_Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr const iterator_t<_Vw>& _Get_current() const noexcept {
                return *_Parent->_Current;
            }

        public:
            using iterator_concept = input_iterator_tag;
            using difference_type  = range_difference_t<_Vw>;
            using value_type       = range_value_t<_Vw>;

            _Inner_iterator(_Inner_iterator&&)            = default;
            _Inner_iterator& operator=(_Inner_iterator&&) = default;

            _NODISCARD constexpr const iterator_t<_Vw>& base() const& noexcept /* strengthened */ {
                return *_Parent->_Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr range_reference_t<_Vw> operator*() const
                noexcept(noexcept(**_Parent->_Current)) /* strengthened */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(*this != default_sentinel, "cannot dereference chunk_view end iterator");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return **_Parent->_Current;
            }

            constexpr _Inner_iterator& operator++() noexcept(noexcept(++*_Parent->_Current) && noexcept(
                static_cast<bool>(*_Parent->_Current == _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)))) /* strengthened */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(*this != default_sentinel, "cannot increment chunk_view end iterator");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                ++*_Parent->_Current;
                if (*_Parent->_Current == _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)) {
                    _Parent->_Remainder = 0;
                } else {
                    --_Parent->_Remainder;
                }

                return *this;
            }

            constexpr void operator++(int) noexcept(noexcept(++*_Parent->_Current) && noexcept(
                static_cast<bool>(*_Parent->_Current == _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)))) /* strengthened */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(*this != default_sentinel, "cannot increment chunk_view end iterator");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                ++*_Parent->_Current;
                if (*_Parent->_Current == _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)) {
                    _Parent->_Remainder = 0;
                } else {
                    --_Parent->_Remainder;
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Inner_iterator& _Left, default_sentinel_t) noexcept
            /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Get_remainder() == 0;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(default_sentinel_t,
                const _Inner_iterator& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Right._Get_size())) /* strengthened */
                requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Vw>>
            {
                return _Right._Get_size();
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Inner_iterator& _Left,
                default_sentinel_t) noexcept(noexcept(_Left._Get_size())) /* strengthened */
                requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Vw>>
            {
                return -_Left._Get_size();
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_rvalue_reference_t<_Vw> iter_move(const _Inner_iterator& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES iter_move(_It._Get_current()))) {
                return _RANGES iter_move(_It._Get_current());
            }

            friend constexpr void iter_swap(const _Inner_iterator& _Left, const _Inner_iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES iter_swap(_Left._Get_current(), _Right._Get_current())))
                requires indirectly_swappable<iterator_t<_Vw>>
            {
                _RANGES iter_swap(_Left._Get_current(), _Right._Get_current());
            }
        };

        class _Outer_iterator {
        private:
            friend chunk_view;
            chunk_view* _Parent{};

            constexpr explicit _Outer_iterator(chunk_view* _Parent_) noexcept : _Parent(_Parent_) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Is_end() const
                noexcept(noexcept(*_Parent->_Current == _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range) && true)) {
                return *_Parent->_Current == _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range) && _Parent->_Remainder != 0;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr range_difference_t<_Vw> _Get_size() const
                noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES end(_Parent->_Range) - *_Parent->_Current)) {
                const auto _Size = _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range) - *_Parent->_Current;
                if (_Size < _Parent->_Remainder) {
                    return _Size == 0 ? 0 : 1;
                }
                return _Div_ceil(_Size - _Parent->_Remainder, _Parent->_Count) + 1;
            }

        public:
            using iterator_concept = input_iterator_tag;
            using difference_type  = range_difference_t<_Vw>;

            struct value_type : view_interface<value_type> {
            private:
                friend _Outer_iterator;
                chunk_view* _Parent{};

                constexpr explicit value_type(chunk_view* _Parent_) noexcept : _Parent(_Parent_) {}

            public:
                _NODISCARD constexpr _Inner_iterator begin() const noexcept {
                    return _Inner_iterator{_Parent};
                }

                _NODISCARD constexpr default_sentinel_t end() const noexcept {
                    return default_sentinel;
                }

                _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const
                    noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES end(_Parent->_Range) - *_Parent->_Current)) /* strengthened */
                    requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Vw>>
                {
                    return _To_unsigned_like(
                        (_STD min)(_Parent->_Remainder, _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range) - *_Parent->_Current));
                }
            };

            _Outer_iterator(_Outer_iterator&&)            = default;
            _Outer_iterator& operator=(_Outer_iterator&&) = default;

            _NODISCARD constexpr value_type operator*() const noexcept /* strengthened */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(*this != default_sentinel, "cannot dereference chunk_view end iterator");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return value_type{_Parent};
            }

            constexpr _Outer_iterator& operator++() /* not strengthened, see _RANGES advance */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(*this != default_sentinel, "cannot increment chunk_view end iterator");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _RANGES advance(*_Parent->_Current, _Parent->_Remainder, _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range));
                _Parent->_Remainder = _Parent->_Count;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr void operator++(int) /* not strengthened, see _RANGES advance */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(*this != default_sentinel, "cannot increment chunk_view end iterator");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _RANGES advance(*_Parent->_Current, _Parent->_Remainder, _RANGES end(_Parent->_Range));
                _Parent->_Remainder = _Parent->_Count;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Outer_iterator& _Left, default_sentinel_t) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Is_end())) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Is_end();
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(default_sentinel_t,
                const _Outer_iterator& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Right._Get_size())) /* strengthened */
                requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Vw>>
            {
                return _Right._Get_size();
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Outer_iterator& _Left,
                default_sentinel_t) noexcept(noexcept(_Left._Get_size())) /* strengthened */
                requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Vw>>
            {
                return -_Left._Get_size();
            }
        };

    public:
        constexpr explicit chunk_view(_Vw _Range_, const range_difference_t<_Vw> _Count_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)), _Count{_Count_} {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Count > 0, "chunk size must be greater than 0");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Outer_iterator begin() noexcept(
            noexcept(_Current._Emplace(_RANGES begin(_Range)))) /* strengthened */ {
            _Current._Emplace(_RANGES begin(_Range));
            _Remainder = _Count;
            return _Outer_iterator{this};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr default_sentinel_t end() const noexcept {
            return default_sentinel;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES distance(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            return _To_unsigned_like(_Div_ceil(_RANGES distance(_Range), _Count));
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES distance(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _To_unsigned_like(_Div_ceil(_RANGES distance(_Range), _Count));
        }
    };

    template <view _Vw>
        requires forward_range<_Vw>
    class chunk_view<_Vw> : public view_interface<chunk_view<_Vw>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range;
        range_difference_t<_Vw> _Count;

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Iterator {
        private:
            friend chunk_view;

            using _ParentTy      = _Maybe_const<_Const, chunk_view>;
            using _Base          = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            using _Base_iterator = iterator_t<_Base>;
            using _Base_sentinel = sentinel_t<_Base>;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Base_iterator _Current{};
            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Base_sentinel _End{};
            range_difference_t<_Base> _Count   = 0;
            range_difference_t<_Base> _Missing = 0;

            constexpr _Iterator(_ParentTy* _Parent, _Base_iterator _Current_,
                range_difference_t<_Base> _Missing_ = 0) //
                noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_iterator> //
                         && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel>) /* strengthened */
                : _Current(_STD move(_Current_)), _End(_RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)), _Count(_Parent->_Count),
                  _Missing(_Missing_) {}

        public:
            using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
            using iterator_concept  = conditional_t<random_access_range<_Base>, random_access_iterator_tag,
                conditional_t<bidirectional_range<_Base>, bidirectional_iterator_tag, forward_iterator_tag>>;
            using value_type        = decltype(views::take(subrange(_Current, _End), _Count));
            using difference_type   = range_difference_t<_Base>;

            _Iterator() = default;

            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> _Other) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Base_iterator, typename _Iterator<!_Const>::_Base_iterator> //
                && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel, typename _Iterator<!_Const>::_Base_sentinel> //
                ) /* strengthened */
                requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vw>, _Base_iterator>
                          && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Vw>, _Base_sentinel>
                : _Current(_STD move(_Other._Current)), _End(_STD move(_Other._End)), _Count(_Other._Count),
                  _Missing(_Other._Missing) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr _Base_iterator base() const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Base_iterator>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr value_type operator*() const
                noexcept(noexcept(views::take(subrange(_Current, _End), _Count))) /* strengthened */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Current != _End, "cannot dereference chunk_view end iterator");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return views::take(subrange(_Current, _End), _Count);
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() /* not strengthened, see _RANGES advance */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Current != _End, "cannot increment chunk_view end iterator");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Missing = _RANGES advance(_Current, _Count, _End);
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int) /* not strengthened, see _RANGES advance */ {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                ++*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--() /* not strengthened, see _RANGES advance */
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
                _RANGES advance(_Current, _Missing - _Count);
                _Missing = 0;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int) /* not strengthened, see _RANGES advance */
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator+=(const difference_type _Off) /* not strengthened, see _RANGES advance */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                if (_Off > 0) {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                    _STL_VERIFY(_Count <= (numeric_limits<difference_type>::max)() / _Off,
                        "cannot advance chunk_view iterator past end (integer overflow)");
                    if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, _Base_iterator>) {
                        _STL_VERIFY(_End - _Current > _Count * (_Off - 1), //
                            "cannot advance chunk_view iterator past end");
                    }
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0

                    if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, _Base_iterator>) {
                        _Missing = _RANGES advance(_Current, _Count * _Off, _End);
                    } else {
                        _Current += static_cast<difference_type>(_Count * (_Off - 1));
                        _Missing = _RANGES advance(_Current, _Count, _End);
                    }
                } else if (_Off < 0) {
                    _Current += static_cast<difference_type>(_Count * _Off + _Missing);
                    _Missing = 0;
                }
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator-=(const difference_type _Off) /* not strengthened, see _RANGES advance */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Off != (numeric_limits<difference_type>::min)(),
                    "cannot advance chunk_view iterator past end (integer overflow)");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return *this += -_Off;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr value_type operator[](const difference_type _Off) const
                noexcept(noexcept(*(*this + _Off))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return *(*this + _Off);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Left._Current == _Right._Current))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Current == _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, default_sentinel_t) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Left._Current == _Left._End))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Current == _Left._End;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Left._Current < _Right._Current))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Left._Current < _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Right._Current < _Left._Current))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Right._Current < _Left._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(!(_Right._Current < _Left._Current)))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return !(_Right._Current < _Left._Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(!(_Left._Current < _Right._Current)))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return !(_Left._Current < _Right._Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto operator<=>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current <=> _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base> && three_way_comparable<_Base_iterator>
            {
                return _Left._Current <=> _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator> //
                    && noexcept(_STD declval<_Iterator&>() += _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Copy = _It;
                _Copy += _Off;
                return _Copy;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const difference_type _Off, const _Iterator& _It) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator> //
                    && noexcept(_STD declval<_Iterator&>() += _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Copy = _It;
                _Copy += _Off;
                return _Copy;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator-(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator> //
                    && noexcept(_STD declval<_Iterator&>() -= _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Copy = _It;
                _Copy -= _Off;
                return _Copy;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Iterator& _Left,
                const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Left._Current - _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_iterator, _Base_iterator>
            {
                return (_Left._Current - _Right._Current + _Left._Missing - _Right._Missing) / _Left._Count;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(default_sentinel_t, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Right._End - _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, _Base_iterator>
            {
                return _Div_ceil(_Right._End - _Right._Current, _Right._Count);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Iterator& _Left, default_sentinel_t) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._End - _Left._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, _Base_iterator>
            {
                return -_Div_ceil(_Left._End - _Left._Current, _Left._Count);
            }
        };

    public:
        constexpr explicit chunk_view(_Vw _Range_, const range_difference_t<_Vw> _Count_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)), _Count{_Count_} {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Count > 0, "chunk size must be greater than 0");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            return _Iterator<false>{this, _RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const
            noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range))
                     && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<const _Vw>>) /* strengthened */
            requires forward_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _Iterator<true>{this, _RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES distance(_Range)) && noexcept(_RANGES end(_Range))
                                                 && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Vw> && sized_range<_Vw>) {
                const auto _Missing = static_cast<range_difference_t<_Vw>>(_Count - _RANGES distance(_Range) % _Count);
                if (_Missing == _Count) {
                    return _Iterator<false>{this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
                }
                return _Iterator<false>{this, _RANGES end(_Range), _Missing};
            } else if constexpr (common_range<_Vw> && !bidirectional_range<_Vw>) {
                return _Iterator<false>{this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return default_sentinel;
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const
            noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES distance(_Range)) && noexcept(_RANGES end(_Range))
                     && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<const _Vw>>) /* strengthened */
            requires forward_range<const _Vw>
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<const _Vw> && sized_range<const _Vw>) {
                const auto _Missing = static_cast<range_difference_t<_Vw>>(_Count - _RANGES distance(_Range) % _Count);
                if (_Missing == _Count) {
                    return _Iterator<true>{this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
                }
                return _Iterator<true>{this, _RANGES end(_Range), _Missing};
            } else if constexpr (common_range<const _Vw> && !bidirectional_range<const _Vw>) {
                return _Iterator<true>{this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return default_sentinel;
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES distance(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            return _To_unsigned_like(_Div_ceil(_RANGES distance(_Range), _Count));
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES distance(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _To_unsigned_like(_Div_ceil(_RANGES distance(_Range), _Count));
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng>
    chunk_view(_Rng&&, range_difference_t<_Rng>) -> chunk_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>;

    template <class _Vw>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<chunk_view<_Vw>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Vw> && forward_range<_Vw>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<chunk_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng>
        requires forward_range<_Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const chunk_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        struct _Chunk_fn {
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(
                _Rng&& _Range, const range_difference_t<_Rng> _Count) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(chunk_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _Count)))
                requires requires { chunk_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _Count); }
            {
                return chunk_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _Count);
            }

            template <class _Ty>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Ty>, _Ty>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Ty&& _Count) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Ty>, _Ty>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Chunk_fn, decay_t<_Ty>>{_STD forward<_Ty>(_Count)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Chunk_fn chunk;
    } // namespace views

    template <class _Vw>
    concept _Slide_caches_nothing = random_access_range<_Vw> && sized_range<_Vw>;

    template <class _Vw>
    concept _Slide_caches_last = !_Slide_caches_nothing<_Vw> && bidirectional_range<_Vw> && common_range<_Vw>;

    template <class _Vw>
    concept _Slide_caches_first = !_Slide_caches_nothing<_Vw> && !_Slide_caches_last<_Vw>;

    _EXPORT_STD template <forward_range _Vw>
        requires view<_Vw>
    class slide_view : public _Cached_position_t<!_Slide_caches_nothing<_Vw>, _Vw, slide_view<_Vw>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range;
        range_difference_t<_Vw> _Count;

        template <class>
        class _Iter_base {};

        template <_Slide_caches_first _Base>
        class _Iter_base<_Base> {
        protected:
            using _Base_iterator = iterator_t<_Base>;
            _Base_iterator _Last_element{};

        public:
            _Iter_base() = default;
            constexpr explicit _Iter_base(_Base_iterator _Last_element_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_iterator>)
                : _Last_element{_STD move(_Last_element_)} {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr const _Base_iterator& _Get_last_element() const noexcept {
                return _Last_element;
            }
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Iterator : public _Iter_base<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>> {
        private:
            friend slide_view;

            using _Base          = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            using _Base_iterator = iterator_t<_Base>;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Base_iterator _Current{};
            range_difference_t<_Base> _Count = 0;

            constexpr _Iterator(_Base_iterator _Current_, range_difference_t<_Base> _Count_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_iterator>) /* strengthened */
                requires (!_Slide_caches_first<_Base>)
                : _Current(_STD move(_Current_)), _Count(_Count_) {}

            constexpr _Iterator(_Base_iterator _Current_, _Base_iterator _Last_, range_difference_t<_Base> _Count_) //
                noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_iterator>) /* strengthened */
                requires _Slide_caches_first<_Base>
                : _Iter_base<_Base>(_STD move(_Last_)), _Current(_STD move(_Current_)), _Count(_Count_) {}

        public:
            using value_type        = decltype(views::counted(_Current, _Count));
            using difference_type   = range_difference_t<_Base>;
            using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
            using iterator_concept  = conditional_t<random_access_range<_Base>, random_access_iterator_tag,
                conditional_t<bidirectional_range<_Base>, bidirectional_iterator_tag, forward_iterator_tag>>;

            _Iterator() = default;

            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> _Other) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Base_iterator, iterator_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vw>, _Base_iterator>
                : _Current(_STD move(_Other._Current)), _Count(_Other._Count) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr value_type operator*() const
                noexcept(noexcept(views::counted(_Current, _Count))) /* strengthened */ {
                return views::counted(_Current, _Count);
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() noexcept(noexcept(++_Current)) /* strengthened */ {
                ++_Current;

                if constexpr (_Slide_caches_first<_Base>) {
                    ++this->_Last_element;
                }
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int) noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Base_iterator> //
                    && noexcept(++_Current)) /* strengthened */ {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                ++*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--() noexcept(noexcept(--_Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
                --_Current;

                if constexpr (_Slide_caches_first<_Base>) {
                    --this->_Last_element;
                }
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int) noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Base_iterator> //
                    && noexcept(--_Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator+=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Current += _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                _Current += _Off;

                if constexpr (_Slide_caches_first<_Base>) {
                    this->_Last_element += _Off;
                }
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator-=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Current -= _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                _Current -= _Off;

                if constexpr (_Slide_caches_first<_Base>) {
                    this->_Last_element -= _Off;
                }
                return *this;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr value_type operator[](const difference_type _Off) const
                noexcept(noexcept(views::counted(_Current + _Off, _Count))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return views::counted(_Current + _Off, _Count);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Left._Current == _Right._Current))) /* strengthened */ {
                if constexpr (_Slide_caches_first<_Base>) {
                    return _Left._Last_element == _Right._Last_element;
                } else {
                    return _Left._Current == _Right._Current;
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Left._Current < _Right._Current))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Left._Current < _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Right._Current < _Left._Current))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Right._Current < _Left._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(!(_Right._Current < _Left._Current)))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return !(_Right._Current < _Left._Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(!(_Left._Current < _Right._Current)))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return !(_Left._Current < _Right._Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto operator<=>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current <=> _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base> && three_way_comparable<_Base_iterator>
            {
                return _Left._Current <=> _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_STD declval<_Iterator&>() += _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Copy = _It;
                _Copy += _Off;
                return _Copy;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const difference_type _Off, const _Iterator& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(_STD declval<_Iterator&>() += _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Copy = _It;
                _Copy += _Off;
                return _Copy;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator-(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_STD declval<_Iterator&>() -= _Off)) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Copy = _It;
                _Copy -= _Off;
                return _Copy;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Iterator& _Left,
                const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Left._Current - _Right._Current)) /* strengthened */
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_iterator, _Base_iterator>
            {
                if constexpr (_Slide_caches_first<_Base>) {
                    return _Left._Last_element - _Right._Last_element;
                } else {
                    return _Left._Current - _Right._Current;
                }
            }
        };

        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            friend slide_view;
            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ sentinel_t<_Vw> _Last{};

            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(sentinel_t<_Vw> _Last_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<sentinel_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */
                : _Last(_STD move(_Last_)) {}

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool
                operator==(const _Iterator<false>& _Left, const _Sentinel& _Right) noexcept(
                    noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Left._Get_last_element() == _Right._Last))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Get_last_element() == _Right._Last;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_difference_t<_Vw> operator-(const _Iterator<false>& _Left,
                const _Sentinel& _Right) noexcept(noexcept(_Left._Get_last_element() - _Right._Last)) /* strengthened */
                requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Vw>>
            {
                return _Left._Get_last_element() - _Right._Last;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_difference_t<_Vw>
                operator-(const _Sentinel& _Left, const _Iterator<false>& _Right) noexcept(
                    noexcept(_Left._Last - _Right._Get_last_element())) /* strengthened */
                requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Vw>>
            {
                return _Left._Last - _Right._Get_last_element();
            }
        };

    public:
        constexpr explicit slide_view(_Vw _Range_, const range_difference_t<_Vw> _Count_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)), _Count{_Count_} {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Count > 0, "The window size must be positive (N4950 [range.slide.view]/1)");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin()
            requires (!(_Simple_view<_Vw> && _Slide_caches_nothing<const _Vw>) )
        {
            if constexpr (_Slide_caches_first<_Vw>) {
                auto _First = _RANGES begin(_Range);
                if (this->_Has_cache()) {
                    return _Iterator<false>{_STD move(_First), this->_Get_cache(_Range), _Count};
                }

                auto _Current_last = _RANGES next(_First, _Count - 1, _RANGES end(_Range));
                this->_Set_cache(_Range, _Current_last);
                return _Iterator<false>{_STD move(_First), _STD move(_Current_last), _Count};
            } else {
                return _Iterator<false>{_RANGES begin(_Range), _Count};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */
            requires _Slide_caches_nothing<const _Vw>
        {
            return _Iterator<true>{_RANGES begin(_Range), _Count};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end()
            requires (!(_Simple_view<_Vw> && _Slide_caches_nothing<const _Vw>) )
        {
            if constexpr (_Slide_caches_nothing<_Vw>) {
                const auto _Size = _RANGES distance(_Range) - (_Count - 1);
                if (_Size < 0) {
                    return _Iterator<false>{_RANGES begin(_Range), _Count};
                }

                return _Iterator<false>{_RANGES begin(_Range) + _Size, _Count};
            } else if constexpr (_Slide_caches_last<_Vw>) {
                if (this->_Has_cache()) {
                    return _Iterator<false>{this->_Get_cache(_Range), _Count};
                }

                auto _Current_last = _RANGES prev(_RANGES end(_Range), _Count - 1, _RANGES begin(_Range));
                this->_Set_cache(_Range, _Current_last);
                return _Iterator<false>{_STD move(_Current_last), _Count};
            } else if constexpr (common_range<_Vw>) {
                const auto _Last = _RANGES end(_Range);
                return _Iterator<false>{_Last, _Last, _Count};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>> //
                && noexcept(_RANGES distance(_Range)) && noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range) + _Count)) /* strengthened */
            requires _Slide_caches_nothing<const _Vw>
        {
            const auto _Size = _RANGES distance(_Range) - (_Count - 1);
            if (_Size < 0) {
                return _Iterator<true>{_RANGES begin(_Range), _Count};
            }

            return _Iterator<true>{_RANGES begin(_Range) + _Size, _Count};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES distance(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            auto _Size = _RANGES distance(_Range) - (_Count - 1);
            if (_Size < 0) {
                _Size = 0;
            }

            return _To_unsigned_like(_Size);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES distance(_Range))) /* strengthened */
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            auto _Size = _RANGES distance(_Range) - (_Count - 1);
            if (_Size < 0) {
                _Size = 0;
            }
            return _To_unsigned_like(_Size);
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng>
    slide_view(_Rng&&, range_difference_t<_Rng>) -> slide_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>;

    template <class _Vw>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<slide_view<_Vw>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Vw>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<slide_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const slide_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        struct _Slide_fn {
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(
                _Rng&& _Range, const range_difference_t<_Rng> _Count) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(slide_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _Count)))
                requires requires { slide_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _Count); }
            {
                return slide_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _Count);
            }

            template <class _Ty>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Ty>, _Ty>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Ty&& _Count) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Ty>, _Ty>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Slide_fn, decay_t<_Ty>>{_STD forward<_Ty>(_Count)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Slide_fn slide;
    } // namespace views

    template <class _Pr>
    struct _Negated_pred {
        template <class _Ty1, class _Ty2>
        _NODISCARD constexpr bool operator()(_Ty1&& _Left, _Ty2&& _Right) {
            return !_STD invoke(_Pred, _STD forward<_Ty1>(_Left), _STD forward<_Ty2>(_Right));
        }

        _Pr& _Pred;
    };

    template <class _Pr>
    struct _Backward_negated_pred {
        template <class _Ty1, class _Ty2>
        _NODISCARD constexpr bool operator()(_Ty1&& _Left, _Ty2&& _Right) {
            return !_STD invoke(_Pred, _STD forward<_Ty2>(_Right), _STD forward<_Ty1>(_Left));
        }

        _Pr& _Pred;
    };

    _EXPORT_STD template <forward_range _Vw, indirect_binary_predicate<iterator_t<_Vw>, iterator_t<_Vw>> _Pr>
        requires view<_Vw> && is_object_v<_Pr>
    class chunk_by_view : public _Cached_position<_Vw, chunk_by_view<_Vw, _Pr>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Movable_box<_Pr> _Pred{};

        class _Iterator {
        private:
            friend chunk_by_view;

            chunk_by_view* _Parent{};
            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ iterator_t<_Vw> _Current{};
            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ iterator_t<_Vw> _Next{};

            constexpr _Iterator(chunk_by_view& _Parent_, iterator_t<_Vw> _Current_, iterator_t<_Vw> _Next_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
                : _Parent(_STD addressof(_Parent_)), _Current(_STD move(_Current_)), _Next(_STD move(_Next_)) {}

        public:
            using value_type        = subrange<iterator_t<_Vw>>;
            using difference_type   = range_difference_t<_Vw>;
            using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
            using iterator_concept =
                conditional_t<bidirectional_range<_Vw>, bidirectional_iterator_tag, forward_iterator_tag>;

            _Iterator() = default;

            _NODISCARD constexpr value_type operator*() const
                noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) /* strengthened */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Current != _Next, "cannot dereference chunk_by_view end iterator");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return subrange{_Current, _Next};
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Current != _Next, "cannot increment chunk_by_view iterator past end");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Current = _Next;
                _Next    = _Parent->_Find_next(_Next);
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int) {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                ++*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--()
                requires bidirectional_range<_Vw>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Parent != nullptr, "cannot decrement value-initialized chunk_by_view iterator");
                _STL_VERIFY(
                    _Current != _RANGES begin(_Parent->_Range), "cannot decrement chunk_by_view iterator before begin");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Next    = _Current;
                _Current = _Parent->_Find_prev(_Current);
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int)
                requires bidirectional_range<_Vw>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Left._Current == _Right._Current))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Current == _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, default_sentinel_t) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Left._Current == _Left._Next))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Current == _Left._Next;
            }
        };

        _NODISCARD constexpr iterator_t<_Vw> _Find_next(iterator_t<_Vw> _It) {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Pred, "cannot increment a chunk_by_view iterator whose parent view has no predicate");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0

            const auto _Before_next = _RANGES adjacent_find(_It, _RANGES end(_Range), _Negated_pred<_Pr>{*_Pred});
            return _RANGES next(_Before_next, 1, _RANGES end(_Range));
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr iterator_t<_Vw> _Find_prev(iterator_t<_Vw> _It) {
            _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(bidirectional_range<_Vw>);
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Pred, "cannot decrement a chunk_by_view iterator whose parent view has no predicate");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0

            reverse_view _Rv{subrange{_RANGES begin(_Range), _It}};
            const auto _After_prev = _RANGES adjacent_find(_Rv, _Backward_negated_pred<_Pr>{*_Pred});
            return _RANGES prev(_After_prev.base(), 1, _RANGES begin(_Range));
        }

    public:
        // clang-format off
        chunk_by_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> && default_initializable<_Pr> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit chunk_by_view(_Vw _Range_, _Pr _Pred_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Pr>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)), _Pred{in_place, _STD move(_Pred_)} {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }
        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr const _Pr& pred() const noexcept /* strengthened */ {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Pred, "chunk_by_view has no predicate");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            return *_Pred;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Iterator begin() {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Pred, "cannot call begin on a chunk_by_view with no predicate");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0

            const auto _First = _RANGES begin(_Range);
            if (this->_Has_cache()) {
                return _Iterator{*this, _First, this->_Get_cache(_Range)};
            }

            const auto _Result = _Find_next(_First);
            this->_Set_cache(_Range, _Result);
            return _Iterator{*this, _First, _Result};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Vw>) {
                const auto _Last = _RANGES end(_Range);
                return _Iterator{*this, _Last, _Last};
            } else {
                return default_sentinel;
            }
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng, class _Pr>
    chunk_by_view(_Rng&&, _Pr) -> chunk_by_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, _Pr>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng, class _Pr>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<chunk_by_view<_Rng, _Pr>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        struct _Chunk_by_fn {
            template <viewable_range _Rng, class _Pr>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range, _Pr&& _Pred) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(chunk_by_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Pr>(_Pred))))
                requires requires { chunk_by_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Pr>(_Pred)); }
            {
                return chunk_by_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Pr>(_Pred));
            }

            template <class _Pr>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Pr>, _Pr>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Pr&& _Pred) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Pr>, _Pr>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Chunk_by_fn, decay_t<_Pr>>{_STD forward<_Pr>(_Pred)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Chunk_by_fn chunk_by;
    } // namespace views

    _EXPORT_STD template <input_range _Vw>
        requires view<_Vw>
    class stride_view : public view_interface<stride_view<_Vw>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range;
        range_difference_t<_Vw> _Stride;

        template <class _BaseTy>
        class _Category_base {};

        template <forward_range _BaseTy>
        class _Category_base<_BaseTy> {
        private:
            using _BaseCategory = iterator_traits<iterator_t<_BaseTy>>::iterator_category;

        public:
            using iterator_category = conditional_t<derived_from<_BaseCategory, random_access_iterator_tag>,
                random_access_iterator_tag, _BaseCategory>;
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Iterator : public _Category_base<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>> {
        private:
            friend stride_view;

            using _ParentTy      = _Maybe_const<_Const, stride_view>;
            using _Base          = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            using _Base_iterator = iterator_t<_Base>;
            using _Base_sentinel = sentinel_t<_Base>;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Base_iterator _Current{};
            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Base_sentinel _End{};
            range_difference_t<_Base> _Stride  = 0;
            range_difference_t<_Base> _Missing = 0;

            constexpr _Iterator(_ParentTy* _Parent, _Base_iterator _Current_,
                range_difference_t<_Base> _Missing_ = 0) //
                noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_iterator> //
                         && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel>) // strengthened
                : _Current(_STD move(_Current_)), _End(_RANGES end(_Parent->_Range)), _Stride(_Parent->_Stride),
                  _Missing(_Missing_) {}

        public:
            using difference_type  = range_difference_t<_Base>;
            using value_type       = range_value_t<_Base>;
            using iterator_concept = conditional_t<random_access_range<_Base>, random_access_iterator_tag,
                conditional_t<bidirectional_range<_Base>, bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                    conditional_t<forward_range<_Base>, forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>>>;

            // clang-format off
            _Iterator() requires default_initializable<_Base_iterator> = default;
            // clang-format on

            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> _Other) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Base_iterator, iterator_t<_Vw>> //
                && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel, sentinel_t<_Vw>> //
                ) /* strengthened */
                requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vw>, _Base_iterator>
                          && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Vw>, _Base_sentinel>
                : _Current(_STD move(_Other._Current)), _End(_STD move(_Other._End)), _Stride(_Other._Stride),
                  _Missing(_Other._Missing) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr _Base_iterator base() && noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_iterator>) /* strengthened */ {
                return _STD move(_Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr const _Base_iterator& base() const& noexcept {
                return _Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const noexcept(noexcept(*_Current)) /* strengthened */ {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Current != _End, "cannot dereference stride_view end iterator");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return *_Current;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Current != _End, "cannot increment stride_view end iterator");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _Missing = _RANGES advance(_Current, _Stride, _End);
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr void operator++(int) {
                ++*this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int)
                requires forward_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                ++*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--()
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
                _RANGES advance(_Current, _Missing - _Stride);
                _Missing = 0;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int)
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator+=(const difference_type _Off)
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                if (_Off > 0) {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                    _STL_VERIFY(_Stride <= (numeric_limits<difference_type>::max)() / _Off,
                        "cannot advance stride_view iterator past end (integer overflow)");
                    if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, _Base_iterator>) {
                        _STL_VERIFY(_End - _Current > _Stride * (_Off - 1), //
                            "cannot advance stride_view iterator past end");
                    }
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0

                    if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, _Base_iterator>) {
                        _Missing = _RANGES advance(_Current, _Stride * _Off, _End);
                    } else {
                        _Current += static_cast<difference_type>(_Stride * (_Off - 1));
                        _Missing = _RANGES advance(_Current, _Stride, _End);
                    }
                } else if (_Off < 0) {
                    _Current += static_cast<difference_type>(_Stride * _Off + _Missing);
                    _Missing = 0;
                }
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator-=(const difference_type _Off)
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                _STL_VERIFY(_Off != (numeric_limits<difference_type>::min)(),
                    "cannot advance stride_view iterator past end (integer overflow)");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                return *this += -_Off;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](const difference_type _Off) const
                noexcept(noexcept(*(*this + _Off))) /* strengthened */
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return *(*this + _Off);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _It, default_sentinel_t) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_It._Current == _It._End))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _It._Current == _It._End;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Left._Current == _Right._Current))) // strengthened
                requires equality_comparable<_Base_iterator>
            {
                return _Left._Current == _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Left._Current < _Right._Current))) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Left._Current < _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Right._Current < _Left._Current))) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Right._Current < _Left._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(!(_Right._Current < _Left._Current)))) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return !(_Right._Current < _Left._Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(!(_Left._Current < _Right._Current)))) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return !(_Left._Current < _Right._Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto operator<=>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current <=> _Right._Current)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base> && three_way_comparable<_Base_iterator>
            {
                return _Left._Current <=> _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off)
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Copy = _It;
                _Copy += _Off;
                return _Copy;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const difference_type _Off, const _Iterator& _It)
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Copy = _It;
                _Copy += _Off;
                return _Copy;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator-(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off)
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Copy = _It;
                _Copy -= _Off;
                return _Copy;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) //
                noexcept(noexcept(_Left._Current - _Right._Current)) // strengthened
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_iterator, _Base_iterator>
            {
                const auto _Diff = _Left._Current - _Right._Current;
                if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>) {
                    return (_Diff + _Left._Missing - _Right._Missing) / _Left._Stride;
                } else {
                    if (_Diff < 0) {
                        return -_Div_ceil(-_Diff, _Left._Stride);
                    } else {
                        return _Div_ceil(_Diff, _Left._Stride);
                    }
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(default_sentinel_t, const _Iterator& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(_It._End - _It._Current)) // strengthened
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, _Base_iterator>
            {
                return _Div_ceil(_It._End - _It._Current, _It._Stride);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Iterator& _It, default_sentinel_t) noexcept(
                noexcept(_It._End - _It._Current)) // strengthened
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, _Base_iterator>
            {
                return -_Div_ceil(_It._End - _It._Current, _It._Stride);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_rvalue_reference_t<_Base> iter_move(const _Iterator& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES iter_move(_It._Current))) {
                return _RANGES iter_move(_It._Current);
            }

            friend constexpr void iter_swap(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES iter_swap(_Left._Current, _Right._Current)))
                requires indirectly_swappable<_Base_iterator>
            {
                return _RANGES iter_swap(_Left._Current, _Right._Current);
            }
        };

    public:
        constexpr explicit stride_view(_Vw _Range_, range_difference_t<_Vw> _Stride_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)), _Stride(_Stride_) {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
            _STL_VERIFY(_Stride > 0, "stride must be greater than 0");
#endif // _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr range_difference_t<_Vw> stride() const noexcept {
            return _Stride;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            return _Iterator<false>{this, _RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const noexcept(
            noexcept(_RANGES begin(_Range)) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<const _Vw>>) // strengthened
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _Iterator<true>{this, _RANGES begin(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES distance(_Range)) && noexcept(_RANGES end(_Range))
                                                 && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>>) // strengthened
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Vw> && sized_range<_Vw> && forward_range<_Vw>) {
                const auto _Missing =
                    static_cast<range_difference_t<_Vw>>(_Stride - _RANGES distance(_Range) % _Stride);
                if (_Missing == _Stride) {
                    return _Iterator<false>{this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
                } else {
                    return _Iterator<false>{this, _RANGES end(_Range), _Missing};
                }
            } else if constexpr (common_range<_Vw> && !bidirectional_range<_Vw>) {
                return _Iterator<false>{this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return default_sentinel;
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const
            noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES distance(_Range)) && noexcept(_RANGES end(_Range))
                     && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<iterator_t<const _Vw>>) // strengthened
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<const _Vw> && sized_range<const _Vw> && forward_range<const _Vw>) {
                const auto _Missing =
                    static_cast<range_difference_t<_Vw>>(_Stride - _RANGES distance(_Range) % _Stride);
                if (_Missing == _Stride) {
                    return _Iterator<true>{this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
                } else {
                    return _Iterator<true>{this, _RANGES end(_Range), _Missing};
                }
            } else if constexpr (common_range<const _Vw> && !bidirectional_range<const _Vw>) {
                return _Iterator<true>{this, _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return default_sentinel;
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES distance(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            return _To_unsigned_like(_Div_ceil(_RANGES distance(_Range), _Stride));
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES distance(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _To_unsigned_like(_Div_ceil(_RANGES distance(_Range), _Stride));
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng>
    stride_view(_Rng&&, range_difference_t<_Rng>) -> stride_view<views::all_t<_Rng>>;

    template <class _Vw>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<stride_view<_Vw>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Vw>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<stride_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>;

    template <class _Rng>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const stride_view<_Rng>> = _Compile_time_max_size<const _Rng>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        struct _Stride_fn {
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(
                _Rng&& _Range, const range_difference_t<_Rng> _Stride) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(stride_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _Stride)))
                requires requires { stride_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _Stride); }
            {
                return stride_view(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _Stride);
            }

            template <class _Ty>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Ty>, _Ty>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Ty&& _Stride) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Ty>, _Ty>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Stride_fn, decay_t<_Ty>>{_STD forward<_Ty>(_Stride)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Stride_fn stride;
    } // namespace views

    template <class... _RangeTypes>
    concept _Zip_is_common = (sizeof...(_RangeTypes) == 1 && (common_range<_RangeTypes> && ...))
                          || (!(bidirectional_range<_RangeTypes> && ...) && (common_range<_RangeTypes> && ...))
                          || ((random_access_range<_RangeTypes> && ...) && (sized_range<_RangeTypes> && ...));

    template <class _CallbackType>
    constexpr auto _Tuple_transform_closure(_CallbackType& _Callback) noexcept {
        return [&_Callback]<class... _ViewTupleTypes>(_ViewTupleTypes&&... _View_tuples) noexcept(
                   noexcept(tuple<invoke_result_t<_CallbackType&, _ViewTupleTypes>...>{
                       _STD invoke(_Callback, _STD forward<_ViewTupleTypes>(_View_tuples))...})) {
            return tuple<invoke_result_t<_CallbackType&, _ViewTupleTypes>...>{
                _STD invoke(_Callback, _STD forward<_ViewTupleTypes>(_View_tuples))...};
        };
    }

    template <class _CallbackType, class _TupleType>
    constexpr auto _Tuple_transform(_CallbackType&& _Callback, _TupleType&& _Tuple) noexcept(noexcept(
        _STD apply(_Tuple_transform_closure(_Callback), _STD forward<_TupleType>(_Tuple)))) /* strengthened */ {
        return _STD apply(_Tuple_transform_closure(_Callback), _STD forward<_TupleType>(_Tuple));
    }

    template <class _CallbackType>
    constexpr auto _Tuple_for_each_closure(_CallbackType& _Callback) noexcept {
        return [&_Callback]<class... _ViewTupleTypes>(_ViewTupleTypes&&... _View_tuples) noexcept(
                   noexcept(((void) (_STD invoke(_Callback, _STD forward<_ViewTupleTypes>(_View_tuples))), ...))) {
            ((void) (_STD invoke(_Callback, _STD forward<_ViewTupleTypes>(_View_tuples))), ...);
        };
    }

    template <class _CallbackType, class _TupleType>
    constexpr void _Tuple_for_each(_CallbackType&& _Callback, _TupleType&& _Tuple) noexcept(
        noexcept(_STD apply(_Tuple_for_each_closure(_Callback), _STD forward<_TupleType>(_Tuple)))) /* strengthened */ {
        _STD apply(_Tuple_for_each_closure(_Callback), _STD forward<_TupleType>(_Tuple));
    }

    template <bool _IsConst, class... _Views>
    concept _All_random_access = (random_access_range<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _Views>> && ...);

    template <bool _IsConst, class... _Views>
    concept _All_bidirectional = (bidirectional_range<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _Views>> && ...);

    template <bool _IsConst, class... _Views>
    concept _All_forward = (forward_range<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _Views>> && ...);

    template <class _ResultType, class... _LHSTupleTypes, class... _RHSTupleTypes>
        requires (sizeof...(_LHSTupleTypes) == sizeof...(_RHSTupleTypes))
    _NODISCARD constexpr _ResultType _Zip_get_smallest_distance(
        const tuple<_LHSTupleTypes...>& _Lhs_tuple, const tuple<_RHSTupleTypes...>& _Rhs_tuple)
        // clang-format off
        noexcept((noexcept(static_cast<_ResultType>(
            _STD declval<const _LHSTupleTypes&>() - _STD declval<const _RHSTupleTypes&>())) && ...)) {
        constexpr bool _Is_noexcept = (noexcept(static_cast<_ResultType>(
            _STD declval<const _LHSTupleTypes&>() - _STD declval<const _RHSTupleTypes&>())) && ...);
        // clang-format on
        const auto _Get_smallest_distance_closure = [&_Lhs_tuple,
                                                        &_Rhs_tuple]<size_t _FirstIdx /* = 0 */, size_t... _Idxs>(
                                                        index_sequence<_FirstIdx, _Idxs...>) noexcept(_Is_noexcept) {
            const _ResultType _First_size = static_cast<_ResultType>(_STD get<0>(_Lhs_tuple) - _STD get<0>(_Rhs_tuple));

            if (_First_size == 0) {
                return static_cast<_ResultType>(0);
            }
            const initializer_list<_ResultType> _Sizes = {
                _First_size, (_STD get<_Idxs>(_Lhs_tuple) - _STD get<_Idxs>(_Rhs_tuple))...};
            return _First_size < 0 ? static_cast<_ResultType>((_RANGES max)(_Sizes))
                                   : static_cast<_ResultType>((_RANGES min)(_Sizes));
        };

        return _Get_smallest_distance_closure(index_sequence_for<_LHSTupleTypes...>{});
    }

    template <class... _LHSTupleTypes, class... _RHSTupleTypes>
        requires (sizeof...(_LHSTupleTypes) == sizeof...(_RHSTupleTypes))
    _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Zip_iterator_sentinel_equal(
        const tuple<_LHSTupleTypes...>& _Lhs_tuple, const tuple<_RHSTupleTypes...>& _Rhs_tuple)
        // clang-format off
        noexcept((noexcept(_STD declval<const _LHSTupleTypes&>() == _STD declval<const _RHSTupleTypes&>()) && ...)) {
        // clang-format on
        const auto _Evaluate_equality_closure =
            [&_Lhs_tuple, &_Rhs_tuple]<size_t... _Indices>(index_sequence<_Indices...>) noexcept(
                (noexcept(_STD declval<const _LHSTupleTypes&>() == _STD declval<const _RHSTupleTypes&>())&&...)) {
                return ((_STD get<_Indices>(_Lhs_tuple) == _STD get<_Indices>(_Rhs_tuple)) || ...);
            };

        return _Evaluate_equality_closure(index_sequence_for<_LHSTupleTypes...>{});
    }

    template <class _Func, class... _Views>
    concept _Zip_transform_constraints =
        move_constructible<_Func> && is_object_v<_Func> && (sizeof...(_Views) > 0) && (input_range<_Views> && ...)
        && (view<_Views> && ...) && regular_invocable<_Func&, range_reference_t<_Views>...>
        && _Can_reference<invoke_result_t<_Func&, range_reference_t<_Views>...>>;

    _EXPORT_STD template <input_range... _ViewTypes>
        requires (view<_ViewTypes> && ...) && (sizeof...(_ViewTypes) > 0)
    class zip_view : public view_interface<zip_view<_ViewTypes...>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ tuple<_ViewTypes...> _Views;

        template <bool _IsConst>
        struct _Category_base {};

        template <bool _IsConst>
            requires _All_forward<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>
        struct _Category_base<_IsConst> {
            using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
        };

        template <bool _IsConst>
        class _Iterator : public _Category_base<_IsConst> {
        private:
            friend zip_view;

#ifdef __clang__ // TRANSITION, LLVM-61763
        public:
#else // ^^^ workaround / no workaround vvv
            template <class _Func, class... _OtherViews>
                requires _Zip_transform_constraints<_Func, _OtherViews...>
            friend class zip_transform_view;
#endif // ^^^ no workaround ^^^

            using _My_tuple = tuple<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>...>;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _My_tuple _Current;

            constexpr explicit _Iterator(_My_tuple _Current_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_My_tuple>) // strengthened
                : _Current(_STD move(_Current_)) {}

        public:
            using iterator_concept = conditional_t<_All_random_access<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>,
                random_access_iterator_tag,
                conditional_t<_All_bidirectional<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>, bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                    conditional_t<_All_forward<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>, forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>>>;

            using value_type      = tuple<range_value_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>...>;
            using difference_type = common_type_t<range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>...>;

            _Iterator() = default;

            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_IsConst> _Rhs) noexcept(
                (is_nothrow_convertible_v<iterator_t<_ViewTypes>, iterator_t<const _ViewTypes>> && ...)) // strengthened
                requires (_IsConst && (convertible_to<iterator_t<_ViewTypes>, iterator_t<const _ViewTypes>> && ...))
                : _Current(_STD move(_Rhs._Current)) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr auto operator*() const
                noexcept((noexcept(*(_STD declval<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>&>()))
                          && ...)) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Tuple_transform(
                    [](auto& _Itr) _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR noexcept(noexcept(*_Itr)) -> decltype(auto) { return *_Itr; },
                    _Current);
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() noexcept(
                noexcept(_Tuple_for_each([](auto& _Itr) _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR noexcept(noexcept(++_Itr)) { ++_Itr; },
                    _Current))) /* strengthened */ {
                _Tuple_for_each([](auto& _Itr) _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR noexcept(noexcept(++_Itr)) { ++_Itr; }, _Current);
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr void operator++(int) noexcept(noexcept(++(_STD declval<_Iterator>()))) /* strengthened */ {
                ++*this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int) noexcept(
                noexcept(++(_STD declval<_Iterator>())) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator>) // strengthened
                requires _All_forward<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>
            {
                auto _Temp = *this;
                ++*this;

                return _Temp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--() noexcept(noexcept(_Tuple_for_each(
                [](auto& _Itr) _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR noexcept(noexcept(--_Itr)) { --_Itr; }, _Current))) // strengthened
                requires _All_bidirectional<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>
            {
                _Tuple_for_each([](auto& _Itr) _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR noexcept(noexcept(--_Itr)) { --_Itr; }, _Current);
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int) noexcept(
                noexcept(--(_STD declval<_Iterator>())) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator>) // strengthened
                requires _All_bidirectional<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>
            {
                auto _Temp = *this;
                --*this;

                return _Temp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator+=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                (noexcept(_STD declval<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>&>() +=
                          static_cast<iter_difference_t<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>>>(_Off))
                    && ...)) // strengthened
                requires _All_random_access<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>
            {
                _Tuple_for_each(
                    [&_Off]<class _IteratorType>(_IteratorType& _Itr) noexcept(
                        noexcept(_Itr += static_cast<iter_difference_t<_IteratorType>>(_Off))) {
                        _Itr += static_cast<iter_difference_t<_IteratorType>>(_Off);
                    },
                    _Current);

                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator-=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                (noexcept(_STD declval<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>&>() -=
                          static_cast<iter_difference_t<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>>>(_Off))
                    && ...)) // strengthened
                requires _All_random_access<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>
            {
                _Tuple_for_each(
                    [&_Off]<class _IteratorType>(_IteratorType& _Itr) noexcept(
                        noexcept(_Itr -= static_cast<iter_difference_t<_IteratorType>>(_Off))) {
                        _Itr -= static_cast<iter_difference_t<_IteratorType>>(_Off);
                    },
                    _Current);

                return *this;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr auto operator[](const difference_type _Where) const noexcept(
                (noexcept((_STD declval<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>&>())
                         [static_cast<iter_difference_t<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>>>(_Where)])
                    && ...)) // strengthened
                requires _All_random_access<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>
            {
                return _Tuple_transform(
                    [&_Where]<class _IteratorType>(_IteratorType& _Itr) noexcept(
                        noexcept(_Itr[static_cast<iter_difference_t<_IteratorType>>(_Where)])) -> decltype(auto) {
                        return _Itr[static_cast<iter_difference_t<_IteratorType>>(_Where)];
                    },
                    _Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Lhs, const _Iterator& _Rhs) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Zip_iterator_sentinel_equal(_Lhs._Current, _Rhs._Current))) // strengthened
                requires (equality_comparable<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>> && ...)
            {
                if constexpr (!_Zip_is_common<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>...>
                              || _All_random_access<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...> || sizeof...(_ViewTypes) == 1) {
                    return _STD get<0>(_Lhs._Current) == _STD get<0>(_Rhs._Current);
                } else {
                    return _Zip_iterator_sentinel_equal(_Lhs._Current, _Rhs._Current);
                }
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto operator<=>(const _Iterator& _Lhs, const _Iterator& _Rhs)
                requires _All_random_access<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>
            {
                return _Lhs._Current <=> _Rhs._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const _Iterator& _Lhs, const difference_type _Rhs) noexcept(
                noexcept(_STD declval<_Iterator&>() += _Rhs)
                && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator>) // strengthened
                requires _All_random_access<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>
            {
                auto _Modified_iterator = _Lhs;
                _Modified_iterator += _Rhs;

                return _Modified_iterator;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const difference_type _Lhs, const _Iterator& _Rhs) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Rhs + _Lhs)) /* strengthened */
                requires _All_random_access<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>
            {
                return _Rhs + _Lhs;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator-(const _Iterator& _Lhs, const difference_type _Rhs) noexcept(
                noexcept(_STD declval<_Iterator&>() -= _Rhs)
                && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator>) // strengthened
                requires _All_random_access<_IsConst, _ViewTypes...>
            {
                auto _Modified_iterator = _Lhs;
                _Modified_iterator -= _Rhs;

                return _Modified_iterator;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type
                operator-(const _Iterator& _Lhs, const _Iterator& _Rhs) noexcept(
                    noexcept(_Zip_get_smallest_distance<difference_type>(_STD declval<_My_tuple>(),
                        _STD declval<_My_tuple>()))) // strengthened
                requires (sized_sentinel_for<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>,
                              iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>>
                          && ...)
            {
                return _Zip_get_smallest_distance<difference_type>(_Lhs._Current, _Rhs._Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto iter_move(const _Iterator& _Itr) noexcept(
                (noexcept(_RANGES iter_move(_STD declval<const iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>&>()))
                    && ...)
                && (is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<range_rvalue_reference_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>>
                    && ...)) {
                return _Tuple_transform(_RANGES iter_move, _Itr._Current);
            }

            // clang-format off
            friend constexpr void iter_swap(const _Iterator& _Lhs, const _Iterator& _Rhs)
                noexcept((noexcept(_RANGES iter_swap(
                    _STD declval<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>&>(),
                    _STD declval<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>&>())) && ...))
                requires (indirectly_swappable<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>> && ...)
            {
                // clang-format on
                const auto _Swap_every_pair_closure =
                    [&_Lhs, &_Rhs]<size_t... _Indices>(index_sequence<_Indices...>) noexcept(noexcept(
                        ((_RANGES iter_swap(_STD get<_Indices>(_Lhs._Current), _STD get<_Indices>(_Rhs._Current))),
                            ...))) {
                        ((_RANGES iter_swap(_STD get<_Indices>(_Lhs._Current), _STD get<_Indices>(_Rhs._Current))),
                            ...);
                    };

                _Swap_every_pair_closure(index_sequence_for<_ViewTypes...>{});
            }
        };

        template <bool _IsConst>
        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            friend zip_view;

            using _My_tuple = tuple<sentinel_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>...>;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _My_tuple _End;

            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(_My_tuple _End_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_My_tuple>) // strengthened
                : _End(_End_) {}

            template <bool _IteratorConst>
            _NODISCARD static constexpr const auto& _Get_iterator_tuple(
                const _Iterator<_IteratorConst>& _Itr) noexcept {
                // NOTE: This function is necessary because friend functions are never
                // member functions, and friendship is not transitive.
                return _Itr._Current;
            }

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;

            constexpr _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_IsConst> _Rhs) noexcept(
                (is_nothrow_convertible_v<sentinel_t<_ViewTypes>, sentinel_t<const _ViewTypes>> && ...)) // strengthened
                requires (_IsConst && (convertible_to<sentinel_t<_ViewTypes>, sentinel_t<const _ViewTypes>> && ...))
                : _End(_STD move(_Rhs._End)) {}

            template <bool _IteratorConst>
                requires (sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>,
                              iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IteratorConst, _ViewTypes>>>
                          && ...)
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool
                operator==(const _Iterator<_IteratorConst>& _Lhs, const _Sentinel& _Rhs) noexcept(
                    noexcept(_Zip_iterator_sentinel_equal(_Get_iterator_tuple(_Lhs), _Rhs._End))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Zip_iterator_sentinel_equal(_Get_iterator_tuple(_Lhs), _Rhs._End);
            }

            template <bool _IteratorConst>
                requires (sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>,
                              iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IteratorConst, _ViewTypes>>>
                          && ...)
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr common_type_t<range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_IteratorConst, _ViewTypes>>...>
                operator-(const _Iterator<_IteratorConst>& _Lhs, const _Sentinel& _Rhs) noexcept(
                    noexcept(_Zip_get_smallest_distance<
                        common_type_t<range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_IteratorConst, _ViewTypes>>...>>(
                        _Get_iterator_tuple(_Lhs), _Rhs._End))) /* strengthened */ {
                using _Difference_type = common_type_t<range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_IteratorConst, _ViewTypes>>...>;
                return _Zip_get_smallest_distance<_Difference_type>(_Get_iterator_tuple(_Lhs), _Rhs._End);
            }

            template <bool _IteratorConst>
                requires (sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>,
                              iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IteratorConst, _ViewTypes>>>
                          && ...)
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr common_type_t<range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_IteratorConst, _ViewTypes>>...>
                operator-(const _Sentinel& _Lhs, const _Iterator<_IteratorConst>& _Rhs) noexcept(
                    noexcept(-(_Rhs - _Lhs))) /* strengthened */ {
                return -(_Rhs - _Lhs);
            }
        };

        template <bool _IsConst>
        _NODISCARD static consteval bool _Is_end_noexcept() noexcept {
            if constexpr (!_Zip_is_common<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>...>) {
                return noexcept(_Sentinel<_IsConst>{
                    _Tuple_transform(_RANGES end, _STD declval<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, tuple<_ViewTypes...>>&>())});
            } else if constexpr ((random_access_range<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>> && ...)) {
                // Operations on iter_difference_t values must be noexcept, so we only
                // need to check the noexcept of begin().
                return noexcept(_STD declval<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, zip_view>&>().begin());
            } else {
                return noexcept(_Iterator<_IsConst>{
                    _Tuple_transform(_RANGES end, _STD declval<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, tuple<_ViewTypes...>>&>())});
            }
        }

    public:
        zip_view() noexcept((is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_ViewTypes> && ...)) = default;

        constexpr explicit zip_view(_ViewTypes... _Args) noexcept(
            (is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_ViewTypes> && ...)) // strengthened
            : _Views(_STD move(_Args)...) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() noexcept(
            noexcept(_Iterator<false>{_Tuple_transform(_RANGES begin, _Views)})) // strengthened
            requires (!(_Simple_view<_ViewTypes> && ...))
        {
            return _Iterator<false>{_Tuple_transform(_RANGES begin, _Views)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const
            noexcept(noexcept(_Iterator<true>{_Tuple_transform(_RANGES begin, _Views)})) // strengthened
            requires (range<const _ViewTypes> && ...)
        {
            return _Iterator<true>{_Tuple_transform(_RANGES begin, _Views)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() noexcept(_Is_end_noexcept<false>()) // strengthened
            requires (!(_Simple_view<_ViewTypes> && ...))
        {
            if constexpr (!_Zip_is_common<_ViewTypes...>) {
                return _Sentinel<false>{_Tuple_transform(_RANGES end, _Views)};
            } else if constexpr ((random_access_range<_ViewTypes> && ...)) {
                return begin() + static_cast<iter_difference_t<_Iterator<false>>>(size());
            } else {
                return _Iterator<false>{_Tuple_transform(_RANGES end, _Views)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const noexcept(_Is_end_noexcept<true>()) // strengthened
            requires (range<const _ViewTypes> && ...)
        {
            if constexpr (!_Zip_is_common<const _ViewTypes...>) {
                return _Sentinel<true>{_Tuple_transform(_RANGES end, _Views)};
            } else if constexpr ((random_access_range<const _ViewTypes> && ...)) {
                return begin() + static_cast<iter_difference_t<_Iterator<true>>>(size());
            } else {
                return _Iterator<true>{_Tuple_transform(_RANGES end, _Views)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(
            noexcept(_STD apply(_Size_closure(), _Tuple_transform(_RANGES size, _Views)))) // strengthened
            requires (sized_range<_ViewTypes> && ...)
        {
            return _STD apply(_Size_closure(), _Tuple_transform(_RANGES size, _Views));
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const
            noexcept(noexcept(_STD apply(_Size_closure(), _Tuple_transform(_RANGES size, _Views)))) // strengthened
            requires (sized_range<const _ViewTypes> && ...)
        {
            return _STD apply(_Size_closure(), _Tuple_transform(_RANGES size, _Views));
        }

    private:
        _NODISCARD static constexpr auto _Size_closure() noexcept {
            return [](auto... _Sizes) _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR noexcept {
                using _Common_unsigned_type = _Make_unsigned_like_t<common_type_t<decltype(_Sizes)...>>;
                return (_RANGES min)({static_cast<_Common_unsigned_type>(_Sizes)...});
            };
        }
    };

    template <class... _RangeTypes>
    zip_view(_RangeTypes&&...) -> zip_view<views::all_t<_RangeTypes>...>;

    template <class... _ViewTypes>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<zip_view<_ViewTypes...>> = (enable_borrowed_range<_ViewTypes> && ...);

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class... _Rngs>
    _NODISCARD consteval auto _Zip_view_compile_time_max_size() {
        using _Size_type = common_type_t<decltype(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rngs>)...>;
        return (_STD min)({static_cast<_Size_type>(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rngs>)...});
    }

    template <class... _Rngs>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<zip_view<_Rngs...>> = _Zip_view_compile_time_max_size<_Rngs...>();

    template <class... _Rngs>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const zip_view<_Rngs...>> =
        _Zip_view_compile_time_max_size<const _Rngs...>();
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        struct _Zip_fn {
        private:
            template <class... _Types>
            _NODISCARD static consteval bool _Is_invocation_noexcept() {
                if constexpr (sizeof...(_Types) == 0) {
                    // NOTE: views::empty<tuple<>> is nothrow copy-constructible.
                    return true;
                } else {
                    return noexcept(zip_view<views::all_t<_Types>...>(_STD declval<_Types>()...));
                }
            }

        public:
            template <class... _Types>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Types&&... _Args) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(_Is_invocation_noexcept<_Types...>())
                requires (sizeof...(_Types) == 0)
                      || requires { zip_view<views::all_t<_Types>...>(_STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...); }
            {
                if constexpr (sizeof...(_Types) == 0) {
                    return empty_view<tuple<>>{};
                } else {
                    return zip_view<views::all_t<_Types>...>(_STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...);
                }
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Zip_fn zip{};
    } // namespace views

    _EXPORT_STD template <class _Func, class... _ViewTypes>
        requires _Zip_transform_constraints<_Func, _ViewTypes...>
    class zip_transform_view : public view_interface<zip_transform_view<_Func, _ViewTypes...>> {
    private:
        using _Inner_view = zip_view<_ViewTypes...>;

        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Movable_box<_Func> _Function;
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Inner_view _Zip;

        template <bool _IsConst>
        using _Ziperator = iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _Inner_view>>;

        template <bool _IsConst>
        using _Zentinel = sentinel_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _Inner_view>>;

        template <bool _IsConst>
        struct _Category_base {};

        template <bool _IsConst>
            requires forward_range<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _Inner_view>>
        struct _Category_base<_IsConst> {
        private:
            template <class _Tag_type>
            static constexpr bool _Iterators_derive_from_tag =
                (derived_from<
                     typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>>::iterator_category,
                     _Tag_type>
                    && ...);

            using _Invoke_t = invoke_result_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _Func>&,
                range_reference_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>...>;

        public:
            using iterator_category = conditional_t<!is_reference_v<_Invoke_t>, input_iterator_tag,
                conditional_t<_Iterators_derive_from_tag<random_access_iterator_tag>, random_access_iterator_tag,
                    conditional_t<_Iterators_derive_from_tag<bidirectional_iterator_tag>, bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                        conditional_t<_Iterators_derive_from_tag<forward_iterator_tag>, forward_iterator_tag,
                            input_iterator_tag>>>>;
        };

        template <bool _IsConst>
        class _Iterator : public _Category_base<_IsConst> {
        private:
            friend zip_transform_view;

            using _Parent_t = _Maybe_const<_IsConst, zip_transform_view>;
            using _Base_t   = _Maybe_const<_IsConst, _Inner_view>;

            _Parent_t* _Parent = nullptr;
            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Ziperator<_IsConst> _Inner;

            constexpr _Iterator(_Parent_t& _Parent_, _Ziperator<_IsConst> _Inner_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Ziperator<_IsConst>>) // strengthened
                : _Parent(_STD addressof(_Parent_)), _Inner(_STD move(_Inner_)) {}

        public:
            using iterator_concept = _Ziperator<_IsConst>::iterator_concept;
            using value_type       = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _Func>&,
                range_reference_t<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _ViewTypes>>...>>;
            using difference_type  = range_difference_t<_Base_t>;

            _Iterator() = default;

            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_IsConst> _Rhs) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_convertible_v<_Ziperator<false>, _Ziperator<_IsConst>>) // strengthened
                requires (_IsConst && convertible_to<_Ziperator<false>, _Ziperator<_IsConst>>)
                : _Parent(_Rhs._Parent), _Inner(_STD move(_Rhs._Inner)) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const
                noexcept(noexcept(_STD apply(_Dereference_closure(), _Inner._Current))) {
                return _STD apply(_Dereference_closure(), _Inner._Current);
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() noexcept(noexcept(++_Inner)) /* strengthened */ {
                ++_Inner;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr void operator++(int) noexcept(noexcept(++_STD declval<_Iterator&>())) /* strengthened */ {
                ++*this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int) noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator> //
                    && noexcept(++*this)) // strengthened
                requires forward_range<_Base_t>
            {
                auto _Temp = *this;
                ++*this;
                return _Temp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--() noexcept(noexcept(--_Inner)) // strengthened
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base_t>
            {
                --_Inner;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int) noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator> //
                    && noexcept(--*this)) // strengthened
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base_t>
            {
                auto _Temp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Temp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator+=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Inner += _Off)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base_t>
            {
                _Inner += _Off;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator-=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Inner -= _Off)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base_t>
            {
                _Inner -= _Off;
                return *this;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](const difference_type _Where) const
                noexcept(noexcept(_STD apply(_Subscript_closure(_Where), _Inner._Current))) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base_t>
            {
                return _STD apply(_Subscript_closure(_Where), _Inner._Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Lhs, const _Iterator& _Rhs) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Lhs._Inner == _Rhs._Inner)) // strengthened
                requires equality_comparable<_Ziperator<_IsConst>>
            {
                return _Lhs._Inner == _Rhs._Inner;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto operator<=>(const _Iterator& _Lhs, const _Iterator& _Rhs) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Lhs._Inner <=> _Rhs._Inner)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base_t>
            {
                return _Lhs._Inner <=> _Rhs._Inner;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const _Iterator& _Lhs, const difference_type _Rhs) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Iterator{*_Lhs._Parent, _Lhs._Inner + _Rhs})) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base_t>
            {
                return _Iterator{*_Lhs._Parent, _Lhs._Inner + _Rhs};
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const difference_type _Lhs, const _Iterator& _Rhs) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Iterator{*_Rhs._Parent, _Rhs._Inner + _Lhs})) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base_t>
            {
                return _Iterator{*_Rhs._Parent, _Rhs._Inner + _Lhs};
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator-(const _Iterator& _Lhs, const difference_type _Rhs) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Iterator{*_Lhs._Parent, _Lhs._Inner - _Rhs})) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base_t>
            {
                return _Iterator{*_Lhs._Parent, _Lhs._Inner - _Rhs};
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Iterator& _Lhs,
                const _Iterator& _Rhs) noexcept(noexcept(_Lhs._Inner - _Rhs._Inner)) // strengthened
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Ziperator<_IsConst>, _Ziperator<_IsConst>>
            {
                return _Lhs._Inner - _Rhs._Inner;
            }

        private:
            _NODISCARD constexpr auto _Dereference_closure() const noexcept {
                return [this](const auto&... _Itrs) noexcept(noexcept(_STD invoke(*_Parent->_Function,
                           *_Itrs...))) -> decltype(auto) { return _STD invoke(*_Parent->_Function, *_Itrs...); };
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr auto _Subscript_closure(const difference_type _Where) const noexcept {
                return [this, _Where]<class... _Iterator_types>(const _Iterator_types&... _Iters) noexcept(
                           noexcept(_STD invoke(*_Parent->_Function,
                               _Iters[static_cast<iter_difference_t<_Iterator_types>>(_Where)]...))) -> decltype(auto) {
                    return _STD invoke(
                        *_Parent->_Function, _Iters[static_cast<iter_difference_t<_Iterator_types>>(_Where)]...);
                };
            }
        };

        template <bool _IsConst>
        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            friend zip_transform_view;

            // TRANSITION, DevCom-10253131
            template <bool _IteratorConst>
            using _Iter_sent_difference_type = range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_IteratorConst, _Inner_view>>;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Zentinel<_IsConst> _Inner;

            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(_Zentinel<_IsConst> _Inner_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Zentinel<_IsConst>>) // strengthened
                : _Inner(_Inner_) {}

            template <bool _IteratorConst>
            _NODISCARD static constexpr const auto& _Get_iterator_inner(
                const _Iterator<_IteratorConst>& _Itr) noexcept {
                return _Itr._Inner;
            }

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;

            constexpr _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_IsConst> _Rhs) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_convertible_v<_Zentinel<false>, _Zentinel<_IsConst>>) // strengthened
                requires (_IsConst && convertible_to<_Zentinel<false>, _Zentinel<_IsConst>>)
                : _Inner(_STD move(_Rhs._Inner)) {}

            template <bool _IteratorConst>
                requires sentinel_for<_Zentinel<_IsConst>, _Ziperator<_IteratorConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator<_IteratorConst>& _Lhs,
                const _Sentinel& _Rhs) noexcept(noexcept(_Get_iterator_inner(_Lhs) == _Rhs._Inner)) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Get_iterator_inner(_Lhs) == _Rhs._Inner;
            }

            template <bool _IteratorConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Zentinel<_IsConst>, _Ziperator<_IteratorConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iter_sent_difference_type<_IteratorConst> // TRANSITION, DevCom-10253131
                operator-(const _Iterator<_IteratorConst>& _Lhs, const _Sentinel & _Rhs) noexcept(
                    noexcept(_Get_iterator_inner(_Lhs) - _Rhs._Inner)) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Get_iterator_inner(_Lhs) - _Rhs._Inner;
            }

            template <bool _IteratorConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Zentinel<_IsConst>, _Ziperator<_IteratorConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iter_sent_difference_type<_IteratorConst> // TRANSITION, DevCom-10253131
                operator-(const _Sentinel & _Lhs, const _Iterator<_IteratorConst>& _Rhs) noexcept(
                    noexcept(_Lhs._Inner - _Get_iterator_inner(_Rhs))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Lhs._Inner - _Get_iterator_inner(_Rhs);
            }
        };

        template <bool _IsConst>
        _NODISCARD static consteval bool _Is_end_noexcept() noexcept {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _Inner_view>>) {
                return noexcept(_Iterator<_IsConst>{_STD declval<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, zip_transform_view>&>(),
                    _STD declval<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _Inner_view>&>().end()});
            } else {
                return noexcept(_Sentinel<_IsConst>{_STD declval<_Maybe_const<_IsConst, _Inner_view>&>().end()});
            }
        }

        static constexpr bool _Enable_const_begin_end =
            (range<const _Inner_view> && regular_invocable<const _Func&, range_reference_t<const _ViewTypes>...>);

    public:
        zip_transform_view() = default;

        constexpr explicit zip_transform_view(_Func _Function_, _ViewTypes... _Views) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Func>
            && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Inner_view, remove_reference_t<_ViewTypes>&&...>) // strengthened
            : _Function(in_place, _STD move(_Function_)), _Zip(_STD move(_Views)...) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() noexcept(noexcept(_Iterator<false>{*this, _Zip.begin()})) /* strengthened */ {
            return _Iterator<false>{*this, _Zip.begin()};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const noexcept(noexcept(_Iterator<true>{*this, _Zip.begin()})) // strengthened
            requires _Enable_const_begin_end
        {
            return _Iterator<true>{*this, _Zip.begin()};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() noexcept(_Is_end_noexcept<false>()) /* strengthened */ {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Inner_view>) {
                return _Iterator<false>{*this, _Zip.end()};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<false>{_Zip.end()};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const noexcept(_Is_end_noexcept<true>()) // strengthened
            requires _Enable_const_begin_end
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<const _Inner_view>) {
                return _Iterator<true>{*this, _Zip.end()};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<true>{_Zip.end()};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_Zip.size())) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<_Inner_view>
        {
            return _Zip.size();
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_Zip.size())) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<const _Inner_view>
        {
            return _Zip.size();
        }
    };

    template <class _Func, class... _Ranges>
    zip_transform_view(_Func, _Ranges&&...) -> zip_transform_view<_Func, views::all_t<_Ranges>...>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Fn, class... _Rngs>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<zip_transform_view<_Fn, _Rngs...>> =
        _Compile_time_max_size<zip_view<_Rngs...>>;

    template <class _Fn, class... _Rngs>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const zip_transform_view<_Fn, _Rngs...>> =
        _Compile_time_max_size<const zip_view<_Rngs...>>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        struct _Zip_transform_fn {
        private:
            template <class _Func, class... _Types>
            _NODISCARD static consteval bool _Is_invocation_noexcept() {
                if constexpr (sizeof...(_Types) == 0) {
                    return true;
                } else {
                    return noexcept(zip_transform_view(_STD declval<_Func>(), _STD declval<_Types>()...));
                }
            }

            template <class _Func, class... _Types>
            _NODISCARD static consteval bool _Enable_cpo() {
                if constexpr (sizeof...(_Types) == 0) {
                    // This is a more efficient implementation of the CPO requirements listed in
                    // N4950 [range.zip.transform.overview]/2.1.1.
                    using _Decayed_func = decay_t<_Func>;
                    if constexpr (move_constructible<_Decayed_func> && regular_invocable<_Decayed_func&>) {
                        return !is_void_v<invoke_result_t<_Decayed_func&>>;
                    } else {
                        return false;
                    }
                } else {
                    return requires(_Func&& _Function, _Types&&... _Args) {
                        zip_transform_view(_STD forward<_Func>(_Function), _STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...);
                    };
                }
            }

        public:
            template <class _Func, class... _Types>
                requires (_Enable_cpo<_Func, _Types...>())
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(
                _Func&& _Function, _Types&&... _Args) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(_Is_invocation_noexcept<_Func, _Types...>()) /* strengthened */ {
                if constexpr (sizeof...(_Types) == 0) {
                    using _Decayed_func = decay_t<_Func>;
                    return empty_view<decay_t<invoke_result_t<_Decayed_func&>>>{};
                } else {
                    return zip_transform_view(_STD forward<_Func>(_Function), _STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...);
                }
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Zip_transform_fn zip_transform{};
    } // namespace views

    template <class _Ty, size_t>
    using _Repeat_type = _Ty;

    template <class _Ty, class _Indices>
    struct _Repeated_tuple_impl;

    template <class _Ty, size_t... _Indices>
    struct _Repeated_tuple_impl<_Ty, index_sequence<_Indices...>> {
        using type = tuple<_Repeat_type<_Ty, _Indices>...>;
    };

    template <class _Ty, size_t _Nx>
    using _Repeated_tuple = _Repeated_tuple_impl<_Ty, make_index_sequence<_Nx>>::type;

    template <class _Fn, class _Ty, class _Indices>
    inline constexpr bool _Regular_invocable_with_repeated_type_impl = false;

    template <class _Fn, class _Ty, size_t... _Indices>
    inline constexpr bool _Regular_invocable_with_repeated_type_impl<_Fn, _Ty, index_sequence<_Indices...>> =
        regular_invocable<_Fn, _Repeat_type<_Ty, _Indices>...>;

    template <class _Fn, class _Ty, size_t _Nx>
    concept _Regular_invocable_with_repeated_type =
        _Regular_invocable_with_repeated_type_impl<_Fn, _Ty, make_index_sequence<_Nx>>;

    template <class _Fn, class _Ty, class _Indices>
    struct _Invoke_result_with_repeated_type_impl;

    template <class _Fn, class _Ty, size_t... _Indices>
    struct _Invoke_result_with_repeated_type_impl<_Fn, _Ty, index_sequence<_Indices...>> {
        using type = invoke_result_t<_Fn, _Repeat_type<_Ty, _Indices>...>;
    };

    template <class _Fn, class _Ty, size_t _Nx>
    using _Invoke_result_with_repeated_type =
        _Invoke_result_with_repeated_type_impl<_Fn, _Ty, make_index_sequence<_Nx>>::type;

    template <class _Vw, class _Fn, size_t _Nx>
    concept _Adjacent_transform_constraints =
        (_Nx > 0) && forward_range<_Vw> && view<_Vw> && is_object_v<_Fn> && move_constructible<_Fn>
        && _Regular_invocable_with_repeated_type<_Fn&, range_reference_t<_Vw>, _Nx>
        && _Can_reference<_Invoke_result_with_repeated_type<_Fn&, range_reference_t<_Vw>, _Nx>>;

    _EXPORT_STD template <class _Vw, class _Fn, size_t _Nx>
        requires _Adjacent_transform_constraints<_Vw, _Fn, _Nx>
    class adjacent_transform_view;

    _EXPORT_STD template <forward_range _Vw, size_t _Nx>
        requires view<_Vw> && (_Nx > 0)
    class adjacent_view : public view_interface<adjacent_view<_Vw, _Nx>> {
    private:
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Vw _Range{};

        struct _As_sentinel {
            explicit _As_sentinel() = default;
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Iterator {
        private:
            friend adjacent_view;

#ifdef __clang__ // TRANSITION, LLVM-61763
        public:
#else // ^^^ workaround / no workaround vvv
            template <class _Vw2, class _Fn, size_t _Nx2>
                requires _Adjacent_transform_constraints<_Vw2, _Fn, _Nx2>
            friend class adjacent_transform_view;
#endif // ^^^ no workaround ^^^
            using _Base          = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            using _Base_iterator = iterator_t<_Base>;

            array<_Base_iterator, _Nx> _Current{};

            constexpr _Iterator(_Base_iterator _First, sentinel_t<_Base> _Last) {
                _Current.front() = _First;
                for (size_t _Ix = 1; _Ix < _Nx; ++_Ix) {
                    _RANGES advance(_First, 1, _Last);
                    _Current[_Ix] = _First;
                }
            }

            constexpr _Iterator(_As_sentinel, _Base_iterator _First, _Base_iterator _Last) {
                if constexpr (!bidirectional_range<_Base>) {
                    _Current.fill(_Last);
                } else {
                    _Current.back() = _Last;
                    for (size_t _Ix = 1; _Ix < _Nx; ++_Ix) {
                        _RANGES advance(_Last, -1, _First);
                        _Current[_Nx - 1 - _Ix] = _Last;
                    }
                }
            }

            template <size_t... _Indices>
            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const>& _Other, index_sequence<_Indices...>) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_convertible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>, _Base_iterator>)
                requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vw>, _Base_iterator>
                : _Current{_STD move(_Other._Current[_Indices])...} {}

        public:
            using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
            using iterator_concept  = conditional_t<random_access_range<_Base>, random_access_iterator_tag,
                conditional_t<bidirectional_range<_Base>, bidirectional_iterator_tag, forward_iterator_tag>>;
            using value_type        = _Repeated_tuple<range_value_t<_Base>, _Nx>;
            using difference_type   = range_difference_t<_Base>;

            _Iterator() = default;

            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> _Other) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_convertible_v<iterator_t<_Vw>, _Base_iterator>) // strengthened
                requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vw>, _Base_iterator>
                : _Iterator(_Other, make_index_sequence<_Nx>{}) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr auto operator*() const {
                return _RANGES _Tuple_transform(
                    [](auto& _It) _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR -> decltype(auto) { return *_It; }, _Current);
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() noexcept(noexcept(++_Current.front())) /* strengthened */ {
                for (_Base_iterator& _It : _Current) {
                    ++_It;
                }
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int) noexcept(
                noexcept(++*this) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator>) /* strengthened */ {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                ++*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--() noexcept(noexcept(--_Current.back())) // strengthened
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
                for (_Base_iterator& _It : _Current) {
                    --_It;
                }
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int) noexcept(
                noexcept(--*this) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator>) // strengthened
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator+=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Current.back() += _Off)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                for (_Base_iterator& _It : _Current) {
                    _It += _Off;
                }
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator-=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Current.back() -= _Off)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                for (_Base_iterator& _It : _Current) {
                    _It -= _Off;
                }
                return *this;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr auto operator[](const difference_type _Off) const
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _RANGES _Tuple_transform([&](auto& _It) -> decltype(auto) { return _It[_Off]; }, _Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Left._Current.back() == _Right._Current.back()))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Current.back() == _Right._Current.back();
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_Left._Current.back() < _Right._Current.back()))) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Left._Current.back() < _Right._Current.back();
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Right < _Left)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Right < _Left;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(!(_Right < _Left))) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return !(_Right < _Left);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(!(_Left < _Right))) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return !(_Left < _Right);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto operator<=>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Current.back() <=> _Right._Current.back())) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base> && three_way_comparable<_Base_iterator>
            {
                return _Left._Current.back() <=> _Right._Current.back();
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_STD declval<_Iterator&>() += _Off)
                && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator>) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Tmp = _It;
                _Tmp += _Off;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const difference_type _Off, const _Iterator& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(_STD declval<_Iterator&>() += _Off)
                && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator>) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Tmp = _It;
                _Tmp += _Off;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator-(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_STD declval<_Iterator&>() -= _Off)
                && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator>) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Tmp = _It;
                _Tmp -= _Off;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type
                operator-(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                    noexcept(_Left._Current.back() - _Right._Current.back())) // strengthened
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_iterator, _Base_iterator>
            {
                return _Left._Current.back() - _Right._Current.back();
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto iter_move(const _Iterator& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES iter_move(_STD declval<const _Base_iterator&>()))
                && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<range_rvalue_reference_t<_Base>>) {
                return _RANGES _Tuple_transform(_RANGES iter_move, _It._Current);
            }

            friend constexpr void iter_swap(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_RANGES iter_swap(_STD declval<_Base_iterator>(), _STD declval<_Base_iterator>())))
                requires indirectly_swappable<_Base_iterator>
            {
                for (size_t _Ix = 0; _Ix < _Nx; ++_Ix) {
                    _RANGES iter_swap(_Left._Current[_Ix], _Right._Current[_Ix]);
                }
            }
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            friend adjacent_view;

            using _Base          = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;
            using _Base_sentinel = sentinel_t<_Base>;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Base_sentinel _End{};

            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(_Base_sentinel _Last_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Base_sentinel>) // strengthened
                : _End(_STD move(_Last_)) {}

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>
            _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Equal(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It) const
                noexcept(noexcept(_Fake_copy_init<bool>(_It._Current.back() == _End))) {
                return _It._Current.back() == _End;
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>
            _NODISCARD constexpr range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>> _Distance_from(
                const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It) const noexcept(noexcept(_End - _It._Current.back())) {
                return _End - _It._Current.back();
            }

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;

            constexpr _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const> _Other) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_convertible_v<sentinel_t<_Vw>, _Base_sentinel>) // strengthened
                requires _Const && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Vw>, _Base_sentinel>
                : _End(_STD move(_Other._End)) {}

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It,
                const _Sentinel& _Se) noexcept(noexcept(_Se._Equal(_It))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Se._Equal(_It);
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>> operator-(
                const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It, const _Sentinel& _Se) noexcept( //
                noexcept(_Se._Distance_from(_It))) /* strengthened */ {
                return -_Se._Distance_from(_It);
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Base_sentinel, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Vw>> operator-(
                const _Sentinel& _Se, const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It) noexcept( //
                noexcept(_Se._Distance_from(_It))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Se._Distance_from(_It);
            }
        };

    public:
        // clang-format off
        adjacent_view() requires default_initializable<_Vw> = default;
        // clang-format on

        constexpr explicit adjacent_view(_Vw _Range_) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            : _Range(_STD move(_Range_)) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Vw>) // strengthened
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Range;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw>) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Range);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin()
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            return _Iterator<false>{_RANGES begin(_Range), _RANGES end(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            return _Iterator<true>{_RANGES begin(_Range), _RANGES end(_Range)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end()
            requires (!_Simple_view<_Vw>)
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Vw>) {
                return _Iterator<false>{_As_sentinel{}, _RANGES begin(_Range), _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<false>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const
            requires range<const _Vw>
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<const _Vw>) {
                return _Iterator<true>{_As_sentinel{}, _RANGES begin(_Range), _RANGES end(_Range)};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<true>{_RANGES end(_Range)};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<_Vw>
        {
            using _Size_type        = decltype(_RANGES size(_Range));
            using _Common_size_type = common_type_t<_Size_type, size_t>;
            auto _Size              = static_cast<_Common_size_type>(_RANGES size(_Range));
            _Size -= (_STD min)(_Size, static_cast<_Common_size_type>(_Nx - 1));
            return static_cast<_Size_type>(_Size);
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_RANGES size(_Range))) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<const _Vw>
        {
            using _Size_type        = decltype(_RANGES size(_Range));
            using _Common_size_type = common_type_t<_Size_type, size_t>;
            auto _Size              = static_cast<_Common_size_type>(_RANGES size(_Range));
            _Size -= (_STD min)(_Size, static_cast<_Common_size_type>(_Nx - 1));
            return static_cast<_Size_type>(_Size);
        }
    };

    template <class _Rng, size_t _Nx>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<adjacent_view<_Rng, _Nx>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Rng>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng, size_t _Nx>
    _NODISCARD consteval auto _Adjacent_view_compile_time_max_size() {
        using _Size_type = common_type_t<decltype(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>), size_t>;
        auto _Size       = static_cast<_Size_type>(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>);
        _Size -= (_STD min)(_Size, static_cast<_Size_type>(_Nx - 1));
        return static_cast<_Size_type>(_Size);
    }

    template <class _Rng, size_t _Nx>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<adjacent_view<_Rng, _Nx>> =
        _Adjacent_view_compile_time_max_size<_Rng, _Nx>();

    template <class _Rng, size_t _Nx>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const adjacent_view<_Rng, _Nx>> =
        _Adjacent_view_compile_time_max_size<const _Rng, _Nx>();
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        template <size_t _Nx>
        class _Adjacent_fn : public _Pipe::_Base<_Adjacent_fn<_Nx>> {
        public:
            template <viewable_range _Rng>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(adjacent_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, _Nx>{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)}))
                requires requires { adjacent_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, _Nx>{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)}; }
            {
                return adjacent_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, _Nx>{_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range)};
            }

            template <viewable_range _Rng>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&&) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR noexcept
                requires (_Nx == 0)
            {
                return empty_view<tuple<>>{};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD template <size_t _Nx>
        inline constexpr _Adjacent_fn<_Nx> adjacent;
        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Adjacent_fn<2> pairwise;
    } // namespace views

    _EXPORT_STD template <class _Vw, class _Fn, size_t _Nx>
        requires _Adjacent_transform_constraints<_Vw, _Fn, _Nx>
    class adjacent_transform_view : public view_interface<adjacent_transform_view<_Vw, _Fn, _Nx>> {
    private:
        using _Inner_view = adjacent_view<_Vw, _Nx>;
        template <bool _Const>
        using _Inner_iterator = iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Inner_view>>;
        template <bool _Const>
        using _Inner_sentinel = sentinel_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Inner_view>>;

        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Movable_box<_Fn> _Func;
        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Inner_view _Inner;

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Iterator {
        private:
            friend adjacent_transform_view;

            using _Parent_t = _Maybe_const<_Const, adjacent_transform_view>;
            using _Base     = _Maybe_const<_Const, _Vw>;

            _Parent_t* _Parent = nullptr;
            _Inner_iterator<_Const> _Inner;

            constexpr _Iterator(_Parent_t& _Parent_, _Inner_iterator<_Const> _Inner_) noexcept(
                is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Inner_iterator<_Const>>) // strengthened
                : _Parent(_STD addressof(_Parent_)), _Inner(_STD move(_Inner_)) {}

            _NODISCARD static consteval auto _Get_iterator_category() noexcept {
                if constexpr (!is_reference_v<_Invoke_result_with_repeated_type<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Fn>&,
                                  range_reference_t<_Base>, _Nx>>) {
                    return input_iterator_tag{};
                } else {
                    using _Cat = iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Base>>::iterator_category;

                    if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, random_access_iterator_tag>) {
                        return random_access_iterator_tag{};
                    } else if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, bidirectional_iterator_tag>) {
                        return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
                    } else if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, forward_iterator_tag>) {
                        return forward_iterator_tag{};
                    } else {
                        return input_iterator_tag{};
                    }
                }
            }

            template <size_t... _Indices>
            _NODISCARD static consteval bool _Is_indirection_nothrow(index_sequence<_Indices...>) noexcept {
                return noexcept(_STD invoke(_STD declval<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Fn>&>(),
                    *_STD get<_Indices>(_STD declval<const _Inner_iterator<_Const>&>()._Current)...));
            }

        public:
            using iterator_category = decltype(_Get_iterator_category());
            using iterator_concept  = _Inner_iterator<_Const>::iterator_concept;
            using value_type        = remove_cvref_t<
                _Invoke_result_with_repeated_type<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Fn>&, range_reference_t<_Base>, _Nx>>;
            using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Base>;

            _Iterator() = default;

            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> _Other)
                requires _Const && convertible_to<_Inner_iterator<false>, _Inner_iterator<_Const>>
                : _Parent(_Other._Parent), _Inner(_STD move(_Other._Inner)) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const
                noexcept(_Is_indirection_nothrow(make_index_sequence<_Nx>{})) {
                return _STD apply(
                    [&](const auto&... _Iters) -> decltype(auto) { return _STD invoke(*_Parent->_Func, *_Iters...); },
                    _Inner._Current);
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() noexcept(noexcept(++_Inner)) /* strengthened */ {
                ++_Inner;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int) noexcept(
                noexcept(++*this) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator>) /* strengthened */ {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                ++*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--() noexcept(noexcept(--_Inner)) /* strengthened */
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
                --_Inner;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int) noexcept(
                noexcept(--*this) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iterator>) // strengthened
                requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator+=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Inner += _Off)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                _Inner += _Off;
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator-=(const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Inner -= _Off)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                _Inner -= _Off;
                return *this;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](const difference_type _Off) const
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _STD apply(
                    [&](const auto&... _Iters) -> decltype(auto) {
                        return _STD invoke(*_Parent->_Func, _Iters[_Off]...);
                    },
                    _Inner._Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Inner == _Right._Inner)) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Left._Inner == _Right._Inner;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Inner < _Right._Inner)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Left._Inner < _Right._Inner;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Inner > _Right._Inner)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Left._Inner > _Right._Inner;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator<=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Inner <= _Right._Inner)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Left._Inner <= _Right._Inner;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator>=(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Inner >= _Right._Inner)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Left._Inner >= _Right._Inner;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto operator<=>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                noexcept(_Left._Inner <=> _Right._Inner)) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base> && three_way_comparable<_Inner_iterator<_Const>>
            {
                return _Left._Inner <=> _Right._Inner;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_It._Inner + _Off) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Inner_iterator<_Const>>) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Iterator{*_It._Parent, _It._Inner + _Off};
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const difference_type _Off, const _Iterator& _It) noexcept(
                noexcept(_It._Inner + _Off) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Inner_iterator<_Const>>) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Iterator{*_It._Parent, _It._Inner + _Off};
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator-(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off) noexcept(
                noexcept(_It._Inner - _Off) && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Inner_iterator<_Const>>) // strengthened
                requires random_access_range<_Base>
            {
                return _Iterator{*_It._Parent, _It._Inner - _Off};
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) //
                noexcept(noexcept(_Left._Inner - _Right._Inner)) // strengthened
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Inner_iterator<_Const>, _Inner_iterator<_Const>>
            {
                return _Left._Inner - _Right._Inner;
            }
        };

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Sentinel {
        private:
            friend adjacent_transform_view;

            /* [[no_unique_address]] */ _Inner_sentinel<_Const> _Inner;

            constexpr explicit _Sentinel(_Inner_sentinel<_Const> _Inner_) : _Inner(_Inner_) {}

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sentinel_for<_Inner_sentinel<_Const>, _Inner_iterator<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Equal(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It) const
                noexcept(noexcept(_It._Inner == _Inner)) {
                return _It._Inner == _Inner;
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Inner_sentinel<_Const>, _Inner_iterator<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD constexpr range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Inner_view>> _Distance_from(
                const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It) const noexcept(noexcept(_Inner - _It._Inner)) {
                return _Inner - _It._Inner;
            }

        public:
            _Sentinel() = default;

            constexpr _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const> _Other)
                requires _Const && convertible_to<_Inner_sentinel<false>, _Inner_sentinel<_Const>>
                : _Inner(_STD move(_Other._Inner)) {}

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sentinel_for<_Inner_sentinel<_Const>, _Inner_iterator<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It,
                const _Sentinel& _Se) noexcept(noexcept(_Se._Equal(_It))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Se._Equal(_It);
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Inner_sentinel<_Const>, _Inner_iterator<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Inner_view>> operator-(
                const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It, const _Sentinel& _Se) noexcept( //
                noexcept(_Se._Distance_from(_It))) /* strengthened */ {
                return -_Se._Distance_from(_It);
            }

            template <bool _OtherConst>
                requires sized_sentinel_for<_Inner_sentinel<_Const>, _Inner_iterator<_OtherConst>>
            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Inner_view>> operator-(
                const _Sentinel& _Se, const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& _It) noexcept( //
                noexcept(_Se._Distance_from(_It))) /* strengthened */ {
                return _Se._Distance_from(_It);
            }
        };

    public:
        adjacent_transform_view() = default;

        constexpr explicit adjacent_transform_view(_Vw _Range_, _Fn _Func_) noexcept(
            is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Vw> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Fn>) // strengthened
            : _Func(in_place, _STD move(_Func_)), _Inner(_STD move(_Range_)) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() const& noexcept(noexcept(_Inner.base())) // strengthened
            requires copy_constructible<_Vw>
        {
            return _Inner.base();
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Vw base() && noexcept(noexcept(_STD move(_Inner).base())) /* strengthened */ {
            return _STD move(_Inner).base();
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() {
            return _Iterator<false>{*this, _Inner.begin()};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto begin() const
            requires range<const _Inner_view>
                  && _Regular_invocable_with_repeated_type<const _Fn&, range_reference_t<const _Vw>, _Nx>
        {
            return _Iterator<true>{*this, _Inner.begin()};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() {
            if constexpr (common_range<_Inner_view>) {
                return _Iterator<false>{*this, _Inner.end()};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<false>{_Inner.end()};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto end() const
            requires range<const _Inner_view>
                  && _Regular_invocable_with_repeated_type<const _Fn&, range_reference_t<const _Vw>, _Nx>
        {
            if constexpr (common_range<const _Inner_view>) {
                return _Iterator<true>{*this, _Inner.end()};
            } else {
                return _Sentinel<true>{_Inner.end()};
            }
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() noexcept(noexcept(_Inner.size())) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<_Inner_view>
        {
            return _Inner.size();
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const noexcept(noexcept(_Inner.size())) // strengthened
            requires sized_range<const _Inner_view>
        {
            return _Inner.size();
        }
    };

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class _Rng, class _Fn, size_t _Nx>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<adjacent_transform_view<_Rng, _Fn, _Nx>> =
        _Compile_time_max_size<adjacent_view<_Rng, _Nx>>;

    template <class _Rng, class _Fn, size_t _Nx>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const adjacent_transform_view<_Rng, _Fn, _Nx>> =
        _Compile_time_max_size<const adjacent_view<_Rng, _Nx>>;
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        template <size_t _Nx>
        class _Adjacent_transform_fn {
        public:
            template <viewable_range _Rng, class _Fn>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&&, _Fn&& _Func) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(views::zip_transform(_STD forward<_Fn>(_Func))))
                requires (_Nx == 0) && requires { views::zip_transform(_STD forward<_Fn>(_Func)); }
            {
                return views::zip_transform(_STD forward<_Fn>(_Func));
            }

            template <viewable_range _Rng, class _Fn>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rng&& _Range, _Fn&& _Func) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(adjacent_transform_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, decay_t<_Fn>, _Nx>(
                    _STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Fn>(_Func))))
                requires requires {
                    adjacent_transform_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, decay_t<_Fn>, _Nx>(
                        _STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Fn>(_Func));
                }
            {
                return adjacent_transform_view<views::all_t<_Rng>, decay_t<_Fn>, _Nx>(
                    _STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Fn>(_Func));
            }

            template <class _Fn>
                requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Fn>, _Fn>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Fn&& _Func) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Fn>, _Fn>) {
                return _Range_closure<_Adjacent_transform_fn, decay_t<_Fn>>{_STD forward<_Fn>(_Func)};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD template <size_t _Nx>
        inline constexpr _Adjacent_transform_fn<_Nx> adjacent_transform;
        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Adjacent_transform_fn<2> pairwise_transform;
    } // namespace views

    template <bool _Const, class _First, class... _Rest>
    concept _Cartesian_product_is_random_access =
        (random_access_range<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>> && ...
            && (random_access_range<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>> && sized_range<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>) );

    template <class _Rng>
    concept _Cartesian_product_common_arg = common_range<_Rng> || (sized_range<_Rng> && random_access_range<_Rng>);

    template <bool _Const, class _First, class... _Rest>
    concept _Cartesian_product_is_bidirectional = (bidirectional_range<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>> && ...
                                                   && (bidirectional_range<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>
                                                       && _Cartesian_product_common_arg<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>) );

    template <class _First /*, class... _Rest*/>
    concept _Cartesian_product_is_common = _Cartesian_product_common_arg<_First>;

    template <class... _Rngs>
    concept _Cartesian_product_is_sized = (sized_range<_Rngs> && ...);

    template <bool _Const, template <class> class _FirstSent, class _First, class... _Rest>
    concept _Cartesian_is_sized_sentinel =
        (sized_sentinel_for<_FirstSent<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>> && ...
            && (sized_range<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>
                && sized_sentinel_for<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>,
                    iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>>) );

    template <_Cartesian_product_common_arg _Rng>
    _NODISCARD constexpr auto _Cartesian_common_arg_end(_Rng& _Range) {
        if constexpr (common_range<_Rng>) {
            return _RANGES end(_Range);
        } else {
            return _RANGES begin(_Range) + _RANGES distance(_Range);
        }
    }

    template <class _Rng>
    _NODISCARD consteval int _Cartesian_product_max_size_bit_width() {
        using _Size_type = decltype(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>);
        if constexpr (requires { _STD bit_width(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>); }) {
            return _STD bit_width(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rng>);
        } else {
            return numeric_limits<_Size_type>::digits;
        }
    }

    template <class... _Rngs>
        requires (sizeof...(_Rngs) > 0)
    _NODISCARD consteval auto _Cartesian_product_optimal_size_type() noexcept {
        constexpr int _Optimal_size_type_bit_width = (_Cartesian_product_max_size_bit_width<_Rngs>() + ...);
        if constexpr (_Optimal_size_type_bit_width <= 8) {
            return uint8_t{};
        } else if constexpr (_Optimal_size_type_bit_width <= 16) {
            return uint16_t{};
        } else if constexpr (_Optimal_size_type_bit_width <= 32) {
            return uint32_t{};
        } else if constexpr (_Optimal_size_type_bit_width <= 64) {
            return uint64_t{};
        } else {
            return _Unsigned128{};
        }
    }

    _EXPORT_STD template <input_range _First, forward_range... _Rest>
        requires (view<_First> && ... && view<_Rest>)
    class cartesian_product_view : public view_interface<cartesian_product_view<_First, _Rest...>> {
    private:
        template <bool _Const>
        using _Optimal_size_type = decltype(_Cartesian_product_optimal_size_type<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>,
            _Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>...>());

        template <bool _Const>
        using _Difference_type = common_type_t<_Make_signed_like_t<_Optimal_size_type<_Const>>,
            range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>, range_difference_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>...>;

        template <bool _Const>
        using _Size_type = common_type_t<_Optimal_size_type<_Const>, range_size_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>,
            range_size_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>...>;

        /* [[no_unique_address]] */ tuple<_First, _Rest...> _Bases;

        template <bool _Const>
        class _Iterator {
        private:
            friend cartesian_product_view;
            using _Parent_t = _Maybe_const<_Const, cartesian_product_view>;

            _Parent_t* _Parent = nullptr;
            tuple<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>...> _Current;

            template <size_t _Index = sizeof...(_Rest)>
            constexpr void _Next() {
                auto& _It = _STD get<_Index>(_Current);
                ++_It;
                if constexpr (_Index > 0) {
                    auto& _Range = _STD get<_Index>(_Parent->_Bases);
                    if (_It == _RANGES end(_Range)) {
                        _It = _RANGES begin(_Range);
                        _Next<_Index - 1>();
                    }
                }
            }

            template <size_t _Index = sizeof...(_Rest)>
            constexpr void _Prev() {
                auto& _It = _STD get<_Index>(_Current);
                if constexpr (_Index > 0) {
                    auto& _Range = _STD get<_Index>(_Parent->_Bases);
                    if (_It == _RANGES begin(_Range)) {
                        _It = _Cartesian_common_arg_end(_Range);
                        _Prev<_Index - 1>();
                    }
                }
                --_It;
            }

            template <size_t... _Indices>
            _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Entire_tail_at_begin(index_sequence<_Indices...>) const {
                return ((_STD get<_Indices + 1>(_Current) == _RANGES begin(_STD get<_Indices + 1>(_Parent->_Bases)))
                        && ...);
            }

            template <size_t _Index = sizeof...(_Rest)>
            constexpr void _Advance(const _Difference_type<_Const> _Off) {
                if (_Off == 0) {
                    return;
                }

                auto& _Range = _STD get<_Index>(_Parent->_Bases);
                auto& _It    = _STD get<_Index>(_Current);
                using _Iter  = remove_reference_t<decltype(_It)>;
                using _Diff  = _Difference_type<_Const>;

                if constexpr (_Index > 0) {
                    const auto _Size       = static_cast<_Diff>(_RANGES ssize(_Range));
                    const auto _Begin      = _RANGES begin(_Range);
                    const auto _It_off     = static_cast<_Diff>(_It - _Begin);
                    const auto _It_new_off = static_cast<_Diff>((_It_off + _Off) % _Size);
                    const auto _Next_off   = static_cast<_Diff>((_It_off + _Off) / _Size);
                    if (_It_new_off < 0) {
                        _It = _Begin + static_cast<iter_difference_t<_Iter>>(_It_new_off + _Size);
                        _Advance<_Index - 1>(_Next_off - 1);
                    } else {
                        _It = _Begin + static_cast<iter_difference_t<_Iter>>(_It_new_off);
                        _Advance<_Index - 1>(_Next_off);
                    }
                } else {
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                    const auto _It_off = static_cast<_Diff>(_It - _RANGES begin(_Range));
                    _STL_VERIFY(_It_off + _Off >= 0, "Cannot advance cartesian_product_view iterator before begin "
                                                     "(N4950 [range.cartesian.iterator]/19).");
                    if constexpr (sized_range<decltype(_Range)>) {
                        const auto _Size = static_cast<_Diff>(_RANGES ssize(_Range));
                        _STL_VERIFY(_It_off + _Off < _Size
                                        || (_It_off + _Off == _Size
                                            && _Entire_tail_at_begin(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Rest)>{})),
                            "Cannot advance cartesian_product_view iterator past end (N4950 "
                            "[range.cartesian.iterator]/19).");
                    }
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                    _It += static_cast<iter_difference_t<_Iter>>(_Off);
                }
            }

            template <size_t... _Indices>
            _NODISCARD constexpr bool _Is_end(index_sequence<_Indices...>) const {
                return ((_STD get<_Indices>(_Current) == _RANGES end(_STD get<_Indices>(_Parent->_Bases))) || ...);
            }

            template <size_t... _Indices>
            _NODISCARD constexpr auto _End_tuple(index_sequence<_Indices...>) const {
                return tuple<sentinel_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>...>{
                    _RANGES end(_STD get<0>(_Parent->_Bases)),
                    _RANGES begin(_STD get<_Indices + 1>(_Parent->_Bases))...};
            }

            template <size_t _Index = sizeof...(_Rest), class _Tuple>
            _NODISCARD constexpr _Difference_type<_Const> _Distance_from(const _Tuple& _Tpl) const {
                const auto _Diff =
                    static_cast<_Difference_type<_Const>>(_STD get<_Index>(_Current) - _STD get<_Index>(_Tpl));
                if constexpr (_Index > 0) {
                    _Difference_type<_Const> _Result{1};
                    const auto _Size =
                        static_cast<_Difference_type<_Const>>(_RANGES size(_STD get<_Index>(_Parent->_Bases)));
                    [[maybe_unused]] const bool _Overflow =
                        _Mul_overflow(_Size, _Distance_from<_Index - 1>(_Tpl), _Result)
                        || _Add_overflow(_Result, _Diff, _Result);
#if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                    _STL_VERIFY(!_Overflow, "Scaled-sum cannot be represented by difference_type (N4950 "
                                            "[range.cartesian.iterator]/8).");
#endif // _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
                    return _Result;
                } else {
                    return _Diff;
                }
            }

            template <size_t... _Indices>
            _NODISCARD static consteval bool _Is_iter_move_nothrow(index_sequence<_Indices...>) noexcept {
                return conjunction_v<
                           is_nothrow_move_constructible<range_rvalue_reference_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>>,
                           is_nothrow_move_constructible<range_rvalue_reference_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>>...>
                    && (noexcept(_RANGES iter_move(_STD get<_Indices>(_STD declval<const _Iterator&>()._Current)))
                        && ...);
            }

            template <size_t... _Indices>
            _NODISCARD static consteval bool _Is_iter_swap_nothrow(index_sequence<_Indices...>) noexcept {
                return (noexcept(_RANGES iter_swap(_STD get<_Indices>(_STD declval<const _Iterator&>()._Current),
                            _STD get<_Indices>(_STD declval<const _Iterator&>()._Current)))
                        && ...);
            }

            constexpr _Iterator(_Parent_t& _Parent_,
                tuple<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>, iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>...> _Current_)
                : _Parent(_STD addressof(_Parent_)), _Current(_STD move(_Current_)) {}

        public:
            using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
            using iterator_concept  = conditional_t<_Cartesian_product_is_random_access<_Const, _First, _Rest...>,
                random_access_iterator_tag,
                conditional_t<_Cartesian_product_is_bidirectional<_Const, _First, _Rest...>, bidirectional_iterator_tag,
                    conditional_t<forward_range<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>, forward_iterator_tag,
                        input_iterator_tag>>>;
            using value_type =
                tuple<range_value_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>, range_value_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>...>;
            using reference       = tuple<range_reference_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>,
                range_reference_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>...>;
            using difference_type = _Difference_type<_Const>;

            _Iterator() = default;

            constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> _It)
                requires _Const
                          && (convertible_to<iterator_t<_First>, iterator_t<const _First>> && ...
                              && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Rest>, iterator_t<const _Rest>>)
                : _Parent(_It._Parent), _Current(_STD move(_It._Current)) {}

            _NODISCARD constexpr auto operator*() const {
                return _RANGES _Tuple_transform(
                    [](auto& _It) _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR -> decltype(auto) { return *_It; }, _Current);
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator++() {
                _Next();
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr void operator++(int) {
                ++*this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator++(int)
                requires forward_range<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                ++*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator--()
                requires _Cartesian_product_is_bidirectional<_Const, _First, _Rest...>
            {
                _Prev();
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator operator--(int)
                requires _Cartesian_product_is_bidirectional<_Const, _First, _Rest...>
            {
                auto _Tmp = *this;
                --*this;
                return _Tmp;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator+=(const difference_type _Off)
                requires _Cartesian_product_is_random_access<_Const, _First, _Rest...>
            {
                _Advance(_Off);
                return *this;
            }

            constexpr _Iterator& operator-=(const difference_type _Off)
                requires _Cartesian_product_is_random_access<_Const, _First, _Rest...>
            {
                _Advance(-_Off);
                return *this;
            }

            _NODISCARD constexpr reference operator[](const difference_type _Off) const
                requires _Cartesian_product_is_random_access<_Const, _First, _Rest...>
            {
                return *(*this + _Off);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right)
                requires equality_comparable<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>>
            {
                return _Left._Current == _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr bool operator==(const _Iterator& _It, default_sentinel_t) {
                return _It._Is_end(make_index_sequence<1 + sizeof...(_Rest)>{});
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto operator<=>(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right)
                requires _All_random_access<_Const, _First, _Rest...>
            {
                return _Left._Current <=> _Right._Current;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off)
                requires _Cartesian_product_is_random_access<_Const, _First, _Rest...>
            {
                return _Iterator{_It} += _Off;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator+(const difference_type _Off, const _Iterator& _It)
                requires _Cartesian_product_is_random_access<_Const, _First, _Rest...>
            {
                return _It + _Off;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr _Iterator operator-(const _Iterator& _It, const difference_type _Off)
                requires _Cartesian_product_is_random_access<_Const, _First, _Rest...>
            {
                return _Iterator{_It} -= _Off;
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right)
                requires _Cartesian_is_sized_sentinel<_Const, iterator_t, _First, _Rest...>
            {
                return _Left._Distance_from(_Right._Current);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(const _Iterator& _It, default_sentinel_t)
                requires _Cartesian_is_sized_sentinel<_Const, sentinel_t, _First, _Rest...>
            {
                return _It._Distance_from(_It._End_tuple(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Rest)>{}));
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr difference_type operator-(default_sentinel_t _Se, const _Iterator& _It)
                requires _Cartesian_is_sized_sentinel<_Const, sentinel_t, _First, _Rest...>
            {
                return -(_It - _Se);
            }

            _NODISCARD_FRIEND constexpr auto iter_move(const _Iterator& _It) noexcept(
                _Is_iter_move_nothrow(make_index_sequence<1 + sizeof...(_Rest)>{})) {
                return _RANGES _Tuple_transform(_RANGES iter_move, _It._Current);
            }

            friend constexpr void iter_swap(const _Iterator& _Left, const _Iterator& _Right) noexcept(
                _Is_iter_swap_nothrow(make_index_sequence<1 + sizeof...(_Rest)>{}))
                requires (indirectly_swappable<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _First>>> && ...
                          && indirectly_swappable<iterator_t<_Maybe_const<_Const, _Rest>>>)
            {
                return [&]<size_t... _Indices>(index_sequence<_Indices...>) {
                    return (_RANGES iter_swap(_STD get<_Indices>(_Left._Current), _STD get<_Indices>(_Right._Current)),
                        ...);
                }(make_index_sequence<1 + sizeof...(_Rest)>{});
            }
        };

        template <size_t _Index>
        _NODISCARD constexpr auto _Begin_or_first_end([[maybe_unused]] const bool _Is_empty) {
            if constexpr (_Index == 0) {
                return _Is_empty ? _RANGES begin(_STD get<_Index>(_Bases))
                                 : _Cartesian_common_arg_end(_STD get<_Index>(_Bases));
            } else {
                return _RANGES begin(_STD get<_Index>(_Bases));
            }
        }

        template <size_t _Index>
        _NODISCARD constexpr auto _Begin_or_first_end([[maybe_unused]] const bool _Is_empty) const {
            if constexpr (_Index == 0) {
                return _Is_empty ? _RANGES begin(_STD get<_Index>(_Bases))
                                 : _Cartesian_common_arg_end(_STD get<_Index>(_Bases));
            } else {
                return _RANGES begin(_STD get<_Index>(_Bases));
            }
        }

    public:
        constexpr cartesian_product_view() = default;

        constexpr explicit cartesian_product_view(_First _First_base, _Rest... _Other_bases) noexcept(
            (is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_First> && ... && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Rest>) ) // strengthened
            : _Bases(_STD move(_First_base), _STD move(_Other_bases)...) {}

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Iterator<false> begin()
            requires (!_Simple_view<_First> || ... || !_Simple_view<_Rest>)
        {
            return _Iterator<false>{*this, _RANGES _Tuple_transform(_RANGES begin, _Bases)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Iterator<true> begin() const
            requires (range<const _First> && ... && range<const _Rest>)
        {
            return _Iterator<true>{*this, _RANGES _Tuple_transform(_RANGES begin, _Bases)};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Iterator<false> end()
            requires ((!_Simple_view<_First> || ... || !_Simple_view<_Rest>) && _Cartesian_product_is_common<_First>)
        {
            const bool _Is_empty = [&]<size_t... _Indices>(index_sequence<_Indices...>) {
                return (_RANGES empty(_STD get<_Indices + 1>(_Bases)) || ...);
            }(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Rest)>{});

            const auto _Make_iter_tuple = [&]<size_t... _Indices>(index_sequence<_Indices...>) {
                return tuple<iterator_t<_First>, iterator_t<_Rest>...>{_Begin_or_first_end<_Indices>(_Is_empty)...};
            };
            return _Iterator<false>{*this, _Make_iter_tuple(make_index_sequence<1 + sizeof...(_Rest)>{})};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr _Iterator<true> end() const
            requires _Cartesian_product_is_common<const _First>
        {
            const bool _Is_empty = [&]<size_t... _Indices>(index_sequence<_Indices...>) {
                return (_RANGES empty(_STD get<_Indices + 1>(_Bases)) || ...);
            }(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Rest)>{});

            const auto _Make_iter_tuple = [&]<size_t... _Indices>(index_sequence<_Indices...>) {
                return tuple<iterator_t<const _First>, iterator_t<const _Rest>...>{
                    _Begin_or_first_end<_Indices>(_Is_empty)...};
            };
            return _Iterator<true>{*this, _Make_iter_tuple(make_index_sequence<1 + sizeof...(_Rest)>{})};
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr default_sentinel_t end() const noexcept {
            return default_sentinel;
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size()
            requires _Cartesian_product_is_sized<_First, _Rest...>
        {
            return [&]<size_t... _Indices>(index_sequence<_Indices...>) {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
                const array _Sizes   = {static_cast<_Size_type<false>>(_RANGES size(_STD get<_Indices>(_Bases)))...};
                const bool _Any_zero = ((_Sizes[_Indices] == 0) || ...);
                if (_Any_zero) {
                    return _Size_type<false>{0};
                }

                _Size_type<false> _Product{1};
                const bool _Overflow = (_Mul_overflow(_Product, _Sizes[_Indices], _Product) || ...);
                _STL_VERIFY(!_Overflow, "Size of cartesian product cannot be represented by size type (N4950 "
                                        "[range.cartesian.view]/10).");
                return _Product;
#else // ^^^ _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0 / _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL == 0 vvv
                return (static_cast<_Size_type<false>>(_RANGES size(_STD get<_Indices>(_Bases))) * ...);
#endif // ^^^ _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL == 0 ^^^
            }(make_index_sequence<1 + sizeof...(_Rest)>{});
        }

        _NODISCARD constexpr auto size() const
            requires _Cartesian_product_is_sized<const _First, const _Rest...>
        {
            return [&]<size_t... _Indices>(index_sequence<_Indices...>) {
#if _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0
                const array _Sizes   = {static_cast<_Size_type<true>>(_RANGES size(_STD get<_Indices>(_Bases)))...};
                const bool _Any_zero = ((_Sizes[_Indices] == 0) || ...);
                if (_Any_zero) {
                    return _Size_type<true>{0};
                }

                _Size_type<true> _Product{1};
                const bool _Overflow = (_Mul_overflow(_Product, _Sizes[_Indices], _Product) || ...);
                _STL_VERIFY(!_Overflow, "Size of cartesian product cannot be represented by size type (N4950 "
                                        "[range.cartesian.view]/10).");
                return _Product;
#else // ^^^ _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL > 0 / _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL == 0 vvv
                return (static_cast<_Size_type<true>>(_RANGES size(_STD get<_Indices>(_Bases))) * ...);
#endif // ^^^ _CONTAINER_DEBUG_LEVEL == 0 ^^^
            }(make_index_sequence<1 + sizeof...(_Rest)>{});
        }
    };

    template <class... _Rngs>
    cartesian_product_view(_Rngs&&...) -> cartesian_product_view<views::all_t<_Rngs>...>;

#if _HAS_CXX23
    template <class... _Rngs>
    _NODISCARD consteval auto _Cartesian_product_view_compile_time_max_size() {
        using _Size_type = common_type_t<decltype(_Cartesian_product_optimal_size_type<_Rngs...>()),
            decltype(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rngs>)...>;
        _Size_type _Result{1};
        const bool _Overflow =
            (_Mul_overflow(static_cast<_Size_type>(_Compile_time_max_size<_Rngs>), _Result, _Result) || ...);
        if (_Overflow) {
            return (numeric_limits<_Size_type>::max)();
        } else {
            return _Result;
        }
    }

    template <class... _Rngs>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<cartesian_product_view<_Rngs...>> =
        _Cartesian_product_view_compile_time_max_size<_Rngs...>();

    template <class... _Rngs>
    inline constexpr auto _Compile_time_max_size<const cartesian_product_view<_Rngs...>> =
        _Cartesian_product_view_compile_time_max_size<const _Rngs...>();
#endif // _HAS_CXX23

    namespace views {
        class _Cartesian_product_fn {
        public:
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()() _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR noexcept {
                return views::single(tuple{});
            }

            template <class... _Rngs>
            _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(_Rngs&&... _Ranges) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
                noexcept(noexcept(cartesian_product_view<views::all_t<_Rngs>...>{_STD forward<_Rngs>(_Ranges)...}))
                requires requires { cartesian_product_view<views::all_t<_Rngs>...>{_STD forward<_Rngs>(_Ranges)...}; }
            {
                return cartesian_product_view<views::all_t<_Rngs>...>{_STD forward<_Rngs>(_Ranges)...};
            }
        };

        _EXPORT_STD inline constexpr _Cartesian_product_fn cartesian_product;
    } // namespace views

    template <class _Range, class _Container>
    concept _Sized_and_reservable = sized_range<_Range> && sized_range<_Container>
                                 && requires(_Container& _Cont, const range_size_t<_Container> _Count) {
                                        _Cont.reserve(_Count);
                                        { _Cont.capacity() } -> same_as<range_size_t<_Container>>;
                                        { _Cont.max_size() } -> same_as<range_size_t<_Container>>;
                                    };

    template <class _Rng, class _Container>
    concept _Ref_converts =
        !input_range<_Container> || convertible_to<range_reference_t<_Rng>, range_value_t<_Container>>;

    template <class _Rng, class _Container, class... _Types>
    concept _Converts_direct_constructible =
        _Ref_converts<_Rng, _Container> && constructible_from<_Container, _Rng, _Types...>;

    template <class _Rng, class _Container, class... _Types>
    concept _Converts_tag_constructible = _Ref_converts<_Rng, _Container>
                                       // per LWG issue unnumbered as of 2022-08-08
                                       && constructible_from<_Container, const from_range_t&, _Rng, _Types...>;

    template <class _Rng, class _Container, class... _Types>
    concept _Converts_and_common_constructible =
        _Ref_converts<_Rng, _Container> && common_range<_Rng> //
        && requires { typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Rng>>::iterator_category; }
        && derived_from<typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Rng>>::iterator_category, input_iterator_tag>
        && constructible_from<_Container, iterator_t<_Rng>, iterator_t<_Rng>, _Types...>;

    template <class _Container, class _Reference>
    concept _Can_push_back = requires(_Container& _Cont) { _Cont.push_back(_STD declval<_Reference>()); };

    template <class _Container, class _Reference>
    concept _Can_insert_end = requires(_Container& _Cont) { _Cont.insert(_Cont.end(), _STD declval<_Reference>()); };

    template <class _Rng, class _Container, class... _Types>
    concept _Converts_constructible_insertable =
        _Ref_converts<_Rng, _Container> && constructible_from<_Container, _Types...>
        && (_Can_push_back<_Container, range_reference_t<_Rng>>
            || _Can_insert_end<_Container, range_reference_t<_Rng>>);

    template <class _Reference, class _Container>
    _NODISCARD constexpr auto _Container_inserter(_Container& _Cont) {
        if constexpr (_Can_push_back<_Container, _Reference>) {
            return back_insert_iterator{_Cont};
        } else {
            return insert_iterator{_Cont, _Cont.end()};
        }
    }

    _EXPORT_STD template <class _Container, input_range _Rng, class... _Types>
        requires (!view<_Container>)
    _NODISCARD constexpr _Container to(_Rng&& _Range, _Types&&... _Args) {
        static_assert(!is_const_v<_Container>, "C must not be const. ([range.utility.conv.to])");
        static_assert(!is_volatile_v<_Container>, "C must not be volatile. ([range.utility.conv.to])");
        static_assert(is_class_v<_Container>, "C must be a class type. ([range.utility.conv.to])");
        if constexpr (_Converts_direct_constructible<_Rng, _Container, _Types...>) {
            return _Container(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...);
        } else if constexpr (_Converts_tag_constructible<_Rng, _Container, _Types...>) {
            return _Container(from_range, _STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...);
        } else if constexpr (_Converts_and_common_constructible<_Rng, _Container, _Types...>) {
            return _Container(_RANGES begin(_Range), _RANGES end(_Range), _STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...);
        } else if constexpr (_Converts_constructible_insertable<_Rng, _Container, _Types...>) {
            _Container _Cont(_STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...);
            if constexpr (_Sized_and_reservable<_Rng, _Container>) {
                _Cont.reserve(static_cast<range_size_t<_Container>>(_RANGES size(_Range)));
            }
            _RANGES copy(_Range, _Container_inserter<range_reference_t<_Rng>>(_Cont));
            return _Cont;
        } else if constexpr (!_Ref_converts<_Rng, _Container> && input_range<range_reference_t<_Rng>>) {
            const auto _Xform = [](auto&& _Elem) _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR {
                return _RANGES to<range_value_t<_Container>>(_STD forward<decltype(_Elem)>(_Elem));
            };
            return _RANGES to<_Container>(views::transform(_Range, _Xform), _STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...);
        } else {
            static_assert(_Always_false<_Container>, "the program is ill-formed per N4950 [range.utility.conv.to]/2.3");
        }
    }

    template <class _Container>
    struct _To_class_fn {
        _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(!is_const_v<_Container>);
        _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(!is_volatile_v<_Container>);
        _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(is_class_v<_Container>);
        _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(!view<_Container>);

        template <input_range _Rng, class... _Types>
        _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(
            _Rng&& _Range, _Types&&... _Args) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR
            requires requires { _RANGES to<_Container>(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...); }
        {
            return _RANGES to<_Container>(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...);
        }
    };

    _EXPORT_STD template <class _Container, class... _Types>
        requires (!view<_Container>)
    _NODISCARD constexpr auto to(_Types&&... _Args) {
        static_assert(!is_const_v<_Container>, "C must not be const. ([range.utility.conv.adaptors])");
        static_assert(!is_volatile_v<_Container>, "C must not be volatile. ([range.utility.conv.adaptors])");
        static_assert(is_class_v<_Container>, "C must be a class type. ([range.utility.conv.adaptors])");
        return _Range_closure<_To_class_fn<_Container>, decay_t<_Types>...>{_STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...};
    }

    template <input_range _Rng>
    struct _Phony_input_iterator {
        using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
        using value_type        = range_value_t<_Rng>;
        using difference_type   = ptrdiff_t;
        using pointer           = add_pointer_t<range_reference_t<_Rng>>;
        using reference         = range_reference_t<_Rng>;

        reference operator*() const;
        pointer operator->() const;

        _Phony_input_iterator& operator++();
        _Phony_input_iterator operator++(int);

        bool operator==(const _Phony_input_iterator&) const;
    };

    template <template <class...> class _Cnt, class _Rng, class... _Args>
    auto _To_helper() {
        if constexpr (requires { _Cnt(_STD declval<_Rng>(), _STD declval<_Args>()...); }) {
            return static_cast<decltype(_Cnt(_STD declval<_Rng>(), _STD declval<_Args>()...))*>(nullptr);
        } else if constexpr (requires { _Cnt(from_range, _STD declval<_Rng>(), _STD declval<_Args>()...); }) {
            return static_cast<decltype(_Cnt(from_range, _STD declval<_Rng>(), _STD declval<_Args>()...))*>(nullptr);
        } else if constexpr (requires {
                                 _Cnt(_STD declval<_Phony_input_iterator<_Rng>>(),
                                     _STD declval<_Phony_input_iterator<_Rng>>(), _STD declval<_Args>()...);
                             }) {
            return static_cast<decltype(_Cnt(_STD declval<_Phony_input_iterator<_Rng>>(),
                _STD declval<_Phony_input_iterator<_Rng>>(), _STD declval<_Args>()...))*>(nullptr);
        }
    }

    _EXPORT_STD template <template <class...> class _Container, input_range _Rng, class... _Types,
        class _Deduced = remove_pointer_t<decltype(_To_helper<_Container, _Rng, _Types...>())>>
    _NODISCARD constexpr _Deduced to(_Rng&& _Range, _Types&&... _Args) {
        return _RANGES to<_Deduced>(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...);
    }

    template <template <class...> class _Container>
    struct _To_template_fn {
        template <input_range _Rng, class... _Types,
            class _Deduced = remove_pointer_t<decltype(_To_helper<_Container, _Rng, _Types...>())>>
        _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR constexpr auto operator()(
            _Rng&& _Range, _Types&&... _Args) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR {
            return _RANGES to<_Deduced>(_STD forward<_Rng>(_Range), _STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...);
        }
    };

    _EXPORT_STD template <template <class...> class _Container, class... _Types>
    _NODISCARD constexpr auto to(_Types&&... _Args) {
        return _Range_closure<_To_template_fn<_Container>, decay_t<_Types>...>{_STD forward<_Types>(_Args)...};
    }
#endif // _HAS_CXX23
} // namespace ranges

_EXPORT_STD namespace views = ranges::views;

_STD_END

#pragma pop_macro("new")
_STL_RESTORE_CLANG_WARNINGS
#pragma warning(pop)
#pragma pack(pop)
#endif // ^^^ _HAS_CXX20 ^^^
#endif // _STL_COMPILER_PREPROCESSOR
#endif // _RANGES_