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README.md

DPDK driver for Elastic Network Adapter (ENA)

1. Overview

This folder includes resources and utilities for the ENA PMD (Poll Mode Driver) which can be found in the DPDK framework:

  1. Detailed ENA PMD release notes for all the DPDK releases including ENA PMD changes.
  2. Patch for the vfio-pci module which may be used by the ENA PMD instead of the igb_uio. Details can be found below.
  3. The latest ENA PMD driver backports based on the supported LTS branches.

This documentation may not be fully accurate for the older ENA and the DPDK versions, as not all version discrepancy topics were covered. However, the most important changes between the different ENA and the DPDK versions are being documented.

2. ENA PMD versions and DPDK releases

New ENA PMD version releases are strictly associated with the new releases of the DPDK framework. Table below allows to quickly associate DPDK releases with the ENA PMD releases.

DPDK version ENA PMD version
16.04 unversioned
16.07 1.0.0
18.08 1.1.0
18.11 1.1.1
19.02 2.0.0
19.08 2.0.1
19.11 2.0.2
20.02 2.0.3
20.05 2.1.0
20.11 2.2.0
21.02 2.2.1
21.05 2.3.0
21.08 2.4.0
21.11 2.5.0
22.03 2.6.0
22.07 2.7.0

3. ENA PMD backports

ENA PMD v2.4.0 from DPDK v21.08 was backported to the all LTS DPDK versions, since it was released.

  • v16.11.11
  • v17.11.10
  • v18.11.11
  • v19.11.10
  • v20.11.3

ENA PMD backports are skipping DPDK features which aren't supported by the given DPDK version - for example v16.11.11 backport won't contain the reset device feature or the Tx prepare function. In order to use those features, the application should migrate to the newer DPDK version.

The backported ENA version for all branches requires Write Combining support. To satisfy that, the igb_uio included within the DPDK source tree needs to be loaded with wc_activate option if it's being used instead of vfio-pci. This feature was backported together with ENA PMD to all the LTS releases listed in this chapter, which didn't had this feature available. Please refer to the appropriate chapter for more details.

The backport is based on the latest available LTS branch for each supported DPDK version at a time when it is created.

Already existing ENA backports may be rebased on the latests LTS release if the LTS branch is still supported by the DPDK community. Previous LTS releases for the same branch will no longer be supported (e.g. when ENA backport will be targeted for the new LTS release v20.11.4, the v20.11.3 will be no longer supported).

The DPDK application is advised to rebase as well in order to be sure that all ENA PMD patches are applied.

The patches can be either applied manually, or by using the helper script. Full instruction can be found below.

3.1. Manual patching

  1. Clone the stable DPDK repository from the stable DPDK source tree:

    git clone git://dpdk.org/dpdk-stable

  2. Clone repository with patches:

    git clone https://github.com/amzn/amzn-drivers.git

  3. Checkout DPDK to the LTS tag which is one of the supported versions:

    cd dpdk-stable
# <DPDK_VERSION> is one of the versions support by ENA, like v17.11.10
git checkout <DPDK_VERSION>

  4. Apply all required patches:

    git am ../amzn-drivers/userspace/dpdk/<DPDK_VERSION>/*.patch

3.2. Patching using script

Patching using the script can be used instead of applying the patches manually. The script can detect DPDK version automatically and choose the right backports which should be applied.

The DPDK source code which should be patched can be either passed directly, or implicitly, using the RTE_SDK environment variable:

# Read the RTE_SDK environmental variable value and apply appropriate ENA patches
./backports/apply-patches.sh

# Patch the repository, which can be found under the 'dpdk_src' location
./backports/apply-patches.sh -d dpdk_src

If the script will reject to apply the patches to the given DPDK source code, it can be forced to do so. This options should be used with caution! It can result in merge conflicts or the final source code can be missing some ENA patches.

# Use the patches from the 'backports/v18.11.11' directory and apply them to the
# repository, which can be found under the 'dpdk_src' location
./backports/apply-patches.sh -p backports/v18.11.11 -d dpdk_src

4. Quick start guide

Short instructions for setting up and installing the DPDK on Amazon Linux 2 AMI.

Instructions are showing how to prepare clean AMI for the DPDK, get the DPDK sources and build them using the meson build system.

4.1. Install prerequisites

Get the latest kernel version to make sure the downloaded kernel headers will be up to date.

sudo yum update
sudo yum install -y kernel
sudo reboot

Get the kernel headers and tools required to download and install the DPDK.

sudo yum install -y git kernel-devel kernel-headers
pip3 install meson ninja pyelftools

4.2. igb_uio setup

This example is focusing on igb_uio module - alternatively, ENA support vfio-pci as well. Please refer to the appropriate section for more details.

Get the repository containing igb_uio module.

git clone git://dpdk.org/dpdk-kmods
cd dpdk-kmods/linux/igb_uio
make

Load the module with wc_activate=1 option in order to use the Write Combining, required by the ENAv2 in order to work efficiently.

# igb_uio depends on the generic uio module
sudo modprobe uio
# Load igb_uio with Write Combining activated
sudo insmod ./igb_uio.ko wc_activate=1

4.3. Get the DPDK sources

For main releases or the latest development version of the DPDK, please clone the dpdk repository. In order to use some DPDK version (for example v21.08), just checkout to the tag.

git clone git://dpdk.org/dpdk
cd dpdk
git checkout v21.08

Stable DPDK releases, including LTS versions, can be found in the dpdk-stable repository. Same as for the main DPDK repository, the stable release can be acquired by checking out to the tag (for example: v19.11.10).

git clone git://dpdk.org/dpdk-stable
cd dpdk-stable
git checkout v19.11.10

4.4. Prepare environment

Allocate hugepages for the DPDK.

echo 4096 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages

Disable and bind igb_uio module to the eth1 (secondary) ENA interface, which has PCI ID equal to 00:06.0.

# Disable the interface
sudo ifconfig eth1 down
# Check the status
sudo usertools/dpdk-devbind.py --status
# Bind the right device
sudo usertools/dpdk-devbind.py --bind=igb_uio 00:06.0

4.5. Build the DPDK

The quickest way of building the DPDK is using the meson and ninja tools. Two command below are enough in order to accomplish that process.

meson build
ninja -C build

4.6. Execute testpmd application

Run testpmd application which is designed for testing various PMD features. More information can be found in the official DPDK guide.

sudo ./build/app/dpdk-testpmd -- -i

5. PMD configuration options

The PMD can change it's behavior using either static (compile time) Makefile arguments or the runtime options (device arguments - also called devargs).

5.1. Runtime options (devargs)

To tweak ENA behavior after build, one can use device arguments for that purpose. The example usage of the device arguments for device with PCI BDF of 00:06.0 is like below:

./dpdk_app -w 00:06.0,large_llq_hdr=1

ENA supports below devargs:

  • large_llq_hdr

    Enables or disables usage of large LLQ headers.

    Allows application to send packets which header size is greater than 96B. Large LLQ header maximum size is 224B.

    Increasing LLQ header size reduces the size of the Tx queue by half.

    This option will have effect only if the device also supports large LLQ headers. Otherwise, the default value will be used.

    Note: it's fully functional since DPDK release v21.05 (ENA v2.3.0) and LTS release v20.11.2.

    • First appeared in: DPDK v20.05, but it's fully functional since DPDK v21.05 and LTS v20.11.2.
    • Valid values:
      • 0 (default) - large LLQ headers are turned off
      • 1 - large LLQ headers are turned on

  • miss_txc_to

    Defines the timeout in seconds after which the completion for the Tx packet is considered missing. This value may be adjusted if the application uses the watchdog which checks for the Tx ring stall. Please refer to the device reset section for more details.

    Caution: disabling the feature can potentially lead to a performance degradation or a Tx queue stall in case of excessive missing Tx completions.

    • First appeared in: DPDK v22.03
    • Valid values [sec]:
      • Minimal - 0 (disables Tx completions check feature)
      • Maximal - 60
      • Default - 5

  • enable_llq

    Control whether the LLQ (Low Latency Queue) mode should be used or not. The LLQ requires the user to enable the WC (Write Combining) for the supported igb_uio/vfio-pci modules.

    Changing the default value of this option may be useful for very specific use cases, where the user cannot enable the WC.

    Caution: it's not recommended to disable the LLQ, as it won't result in the performance improvement and on the 6th generation AWS instances the lack of LLQ can have a huge negative impact on hardware performance.

    • First appeared in: DPDK v22.07
    • Valid values:
      • 0 - the LLQ mode is disabled
      • 1 (default) - the LLQ mode is turned on

5.2. Makefile (deprecated starting from v20.11)

Makefile support has been removed at DPDK v20.11. But for all previous versions one can use the configuration options showed below for enabling/disabling some features.

They can be modified either by passing them to the make or by editing .config file of the current build setup.

  • CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_PMD (default y): Enabled or disables inclusion of the ENA PMD driver in the DPDK compilation.
  • CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_RX (default n): Enables or disables debug logging of RX logic within the ENA PMD driver.
  • CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX (default n): Enables or disables debug logging of TX logic within the ENA PMD driver.
  • CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_COM_DEBUG (default n): Enables or disables debug logging of low level tx/rx logic in ena_com(base) within the ENA PMD driver.

5.3. Meson build system

If the meson build system is used instead of the Makefile, there are two ways of modifying those arguments.

5.3.1. meson arguments

During the configuration or reconfiguration process, the appropriate build flags can be passed to the meson by using the -Dc_args argument, like below:

meson build -Dc_args='-DRTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_RX=1 -DRTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX=1'

This options can also be modified after the project has been configured:

cd build
meson configure -Dc_args='-DRTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX=1'

List of available options depending on the used DPDK version can be found below.

5.3.2. Configuration file changes

After project configuration using the meson, file rte_config.h is being created in the build folder. It can be used to control some of the parameters, but it's being overwritten each time the reconfiguration is performed.

To enable the extra loggers, they should be defined in the mentioned file. List of available options depending on the used DPDK version can be found below.

// build/rte_config.h
#define RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_RX 1
#define RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX 1
#define RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_COM_DEBUG 1

5.3.3. Available reconfiguration options

Please note, that for the Makefile all the options have the CONFIG_ prefix.

Flag Default Used since Available to Effect
RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_DRIVER N/A v16.11 v17.11 Enable additional driver's logs.
RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_RX N/A v16.11 v21.05 Enable extra Rx path logs.
RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX N/A v16.11 v21.05 Enable extra Tx path logs.
RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX_FREE N/A v16.11 v21.05 Enable extra Tx cleanup path logs.
RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_COM_DEBUG N/A v16.11 v21.05 Enable ena_com layer logs
RTE_LIBRTE_ETHDEV_DEBUG N/A v16.11 - PMD debug mode. Also enables both RTE_ETHDEV_DEBUG_RX and RTE_ETHDEV_DEBUG_TX.
RTE_ETHDEV_DEBUG_RX N/A v21.08 - Enable extra Rx path logs and verifications.
RTE_ETHDEV_DEBUG_TX N/A v21.08 - Enable extra Tx path logs and verifications.

Notes:

  • Starting from DPDK v21.08, ena_com debug logs are enabled by default.
  • Both RTE_LIBRTE_ETHDEV_DEBUG and RTE_ETHDEV_DEBUG_RX or RTE_ETHDEV_DEBUG_TX cannot be declared.

6. vfio-pci and igb_uio

Important note - please read it first!

ENA on 5th generation instances and newer supports LLQ (Low Latency Queue) mode. While it's highly recommended to use the LLQ mode for the 5th generation platforms, it is specifically required on the 6th generation platforms and later. Failing to do so will result in a huge performance degradation.

List of the all instance generation can be found here.

6.1. ENAv2 (>= v2.0.0) and Write Combining

For ENA PMD of v2.0.0 and higher it's mandatory to map memory BAR of the ENA as WC (write combined) when used on ENAv2 hardware. Otherwise, if the driver will use the LLQ (Low Latency Queues) without the WC, it will suffer from high CPU usage and loss of performance due to very slow PCI transactions.

By default igb_uio and vfio-pci is not mapping the BARs as WC, even if they support them, so the user must take care of that by himself.

Please refer to the section below for exact instructions how to use both igb_uio and vfio-pci with WC support.

If the user do not want (or cannot) use one of the above modules in the WC mode, he should use instances with ENAv1 hardware, which doesn't support LLQ and doesn't require Write Combining in order to work properly.

6.2. Instructions for using igb_uio and vfio-pci

6.2.1. igb_uio

igb_uio module was part of the DPDK repository since up to v20.11. At v20.11 it was removed from there and can be found on the separate repository.

Instructions for loading and configuring igb_uio can be found below.

  1. Insert igb_uio kernel module with WC support, by passing wc_activate=1 flag:

    modprobe uio # Load dependent kernel module uio
insmod igb_uio.ko wc_activate=1 # insert igb_uio with WC support

  2. Bind the intended ENA device to the igb_uio kernel module. The exact steps depends on the DPDK version being used.

    # DPDK v16.04
./dpdk/tools/dpdk_nic_bind.py --bind=igb_uio <pci_id>
# DPDK v16.07 - v16.11
./dpdk/tools/dpdk-devbind.py --bind=igb_uio <pci_id>
# DPDK v17.02+
./dpdk/usertools/dpdk-devbind.py --bind=igb_uio <pci_id>

At this point the system should be ready to run DPDK applications. Once the application runs to completion, the ENA can be detached from igb_uio if necessary.

6.2.2. vfio-pci

vfio-pci driver is part of the Linux Kernel, so it should be available for every Linux user. However, if one needs to use ENAv2 and LLQ, the default vfio driver does not support WC.

As upstream of this change is complex, users that would like to use vfio with WC may use this script.

It supports Amazon Linux, Amazon Linux 2, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Ubuntu 18.04 and Ubuntu 20.04.

After cloning this repository, the usage of the script is straight forward:

cd amzn-drivers/userspace/dpdk/enav2-vfio-patch
sudo get-vfio-with-wc.sh

The script will download appropriate Linux kernel sources, apply WC patch, rebuild vfio with support for the no-iommu-mode and replace existing vfio module with the patched version. In some cases the kernel update and reboot is required if the package manager no longer holds the kernel sources for the currently running kernel.

Although documentation in older DPDK releases (18.08 and earlier) does not mention vfio-pci support, it can be used with the ENA DPDK PMD. It was tested for DPDK releases starting from v17.02, so there are no contraindications to use vfio-pci instead of igb_uio since v17.02 release.

  1. Insert vfio-pci kernel module:

    modprobe vfio-pci

  2. Please make sure that IOMMU is enabled in your system, or use vfio driver in the noiommu mode (more about IOMMU on AWS instances can be found in the section below):

    echo 1 > /sys/module/vfio/parameters/enable_unsafe_noiommu_mode

    To use noiommu mode, the vfio-pci must be built with flag CONFIG_VFIO_NOIOMMU.

  3. Bind the intended ENA device to the vfio-pci kernel module. The exact steps depends on the DPDK version being used, so please refer to the appropriate DPDK documentation.

At this point the system should be ready to run DPDK applications. Once the application runs to completion, the ENA can be detached from attached module if necessary.

Note: On Dec/2021 it was reported, that Ubuntu 20.04 LTS AMI changed the way how the vfio-pci is being distributed. Instead of releasing it as a module, it's being built-in the kernel.

The last working Ubuntu kernel, which is having the vfio-pci provided as a module is a 5.4.0-1060-aws.

There are two possible workaround to make the vfio-pci work on the latest Ubuntu AMIs:

  1. Change configuration of the existing Ubuntu kernel and rebuild it with vfio-pci being built as a kernel module. This helper script 'buildscript.zip' can be used to automate those steps. It must be executed as a root.

  2. Downgrade the kernel to the version where the vfio-pci is distributed as a module.

    A. Revert to the kernel 5.4.0-1060-aws

    sudo apt install -y linux-image-5.4.0-1060-aws linux-headers-5.4.0-1060-aws linux-tools-5.4.0-1060-aws

    B. Update the grub

    1. On the fresh instance, open the /etc/default/grub and set the GRUB_DEFAULT value to "1>2". It can be verified using the command below.

      $ grep GRUB_DEFAULT /etc/default/grub
GRUB_DEFAULT="1>2"

      If the OS was modified prior to those steps, the GRUB_DEFAULT value may need to be set to a different value. This entry changes the kernel which will be booted.

    2. Apply the grub changes and reboot

      sudo update-grub
sudo reboot

6.2.3. Verification of the Write Combined memory mapping

In order to verify that the kernel module has been properly configured and the Write Combining has been enabled on the host, the steps below must be performed (x86_64 only):

  1. Load appropriate kernel module as described above.

  2. Bind ENA device to the kernel driver (vfio-pci or igb_uio).

  3. Start any DPDK application that will use this ENA device - the device has to be properly initialized and the application must be running in order to make the ENA resources be exposed with their attributes.

    For example:

    `sudo ./dpdk-build-dir/apps/dpdk-testpmd`

  4. In the second console:

    1. Verify address of the prefetchable BAR of the ENA device that is used by the DPDK application.

      # lspci -v -s 00:06.0
00:06.0 Ethernet controller: Amazon.com, Inc. Elastic Network Adapter (ENA)
Subsystem: Amazon.com, Inc. Elastic Network Adapter (ENA)
Physical Slot: 6
Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 0
Memory at febf8000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
Memory at fe900000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=1M]
Capabilities: [70] Express Endpoint, MSI 00
Capabilities: [b0] MSI-X: Enable- Count=9 Masked-
Kernel driver in use: vfio-pci
Kernel modules: ena

      In this case, the prefetchable BAR has address of 0xfe900000.

    2. Check what memory attributes are assigned to this memory region.

      NOTE: The DPDK application must be still running while the command below is being executed! Otherwise the mapping won't be visible.

      # cat /sys/kernel/debug/x86/pat_memtype_list | grep fe900000
PAT: [mem 0x00000000fe800000-0x00000000fe900000] write-combining
PAT: [mem 0x00000000fe900000-0x00000000fea00000] write-combining

      If write-combining appears next to this memory region as above, then the Write Combining is working properly. Only the second line in the above output is relevant, as it describes the prefetchable memory region starting at the address 0xfe900000. Otherwise, please refer to the known issues section.

6.3. Note about usage on *.metal instances

On AWS, the metal instances are supporting IOMMU for both arm64 and x86_64 hosts.

6.3.1. x86_64 (e.g. c5.metal, i3.metal)

IOMMU should be disabled by default. In that situation, the igb_uio can be used as is, but vfio-pci should be working in no-IOMMU mode (please see above).

When IOMMU is enabled, igb_uio cannot be used as it's not supporting this feature, while vfio-pci should work without any changes. To enable IOMMU on those hosts, please update GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX in file /etc/default/grub with the below extra boot arguments:

iommu=1 intel_iommu=on

Then, make the changes live by executing as a root:

grub2-mkconfig > /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

Finally, reboot should result in IOMMU being enabled.

6.3.2. arm64 (a1.metal)

IOMMU should be enabled by default. Since vfio-pci does not support SMMU (implementation of IOMMU for arm64 architecture) and igb_uio does not support IOMMU at all, it is mandatory to disable IOMMU to allow DPDK with ENA to function on such hosts. This can be done by updating GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX in file /etc/default/grub with the extra boot argument:

iommu.passthrough=1

Then, make the changes live by executing as a root:

grub2-mkconfig > /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

Finally, reboot should result in IOMMU being disabled. Without IOMMU, igb_uio can be used as is but vfio-pci should be working in no-IOMMU mode (please see above).

7. ENA PMD logging system

ENA driver provides various loggers which can be enabled or disabled by changing the build or execution configuration.

As both DPDK and ENA logging system was evolving, steps required to modify the loggers behavior may be different depending on the used ENA version.

Below you can find the instructions on how to enable the extra ENA loggers for the given DPDK version.

7.1. DPDK v16.11 - v17.11

  1. Perform initial configuration of the project (if it wasn't already done)

    make config T=x86_64-native-linuxapp-gcc
cd build

  2. Enable extra logs in the configuration file

    sed -i 's/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX=.*/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX=y/g' .config
sed -i 's/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX_FREE=.*/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX_FREE=y/g' .config
sed -i 's/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_RX=.*/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_RX=y/g' .config
sed -i 's/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_DRIVER=.*/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_DRIVER=y/g' .config
sed -i 's/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_COM_DEBUG=.*/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_COM_DEBUG=y/g' .config

  3. Rebuild the DPDK

    make -j

  4. Execute the dpdk application with highest logging level (if needed)

    ./dpdk-app --log-level=8

7.2. DPDK v18.02 - v21.05

7.2.1. Makefile (deprecated since v20.11)

  1. Perform initial configuration of the project (if it wasn't already done)

    make defconfig
cd build

  2. Enable extra logs in the configuration file

    sed -i 's/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX=.*/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX=y/g' .config
sed -i 's/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX_FREE=.*/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX_FREE=y/g' .config
sed -i 's/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_RX=.*/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_RX=y/g' .config
sed -i 's/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_COM_DEBUG=.*/CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_COM_DEBUG=y/g' .config

  3. Rebuild the DPDK

    make -j

7.2.2. meson + ninja

  1. Configure the project with appropriate build flags

    A. Initial configuration:

    meson build -Dc_args='-DRTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX=1 -DRTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX_FREE=1 -DRTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_RX=1 -DRTE_LIBRTE_ENA_COM_DEBUG=1'
cd build

    B. Reconfigure existing build:

    cd build
meson configure -Dc_args='-DRTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX=1 -DRTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX_FREE=1 -DRTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_RX=1 -DRTE_LIBRTE_ENA_COM_DEBUG=1'

  2. Build the project

    ninja

7.2.3. Loggers runtime configuration

ENA provides dynamic loggers which can be controlled by using the --log-level EAL flags.

DPDK version Logger name Dependency Purpose
v18.02 pmd.net.ena.init - PMD initialization logs
v18.02 pmd.net.ena.driver - General driver logs
v19.11 pmd.net.ena.com RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_COM_DEBUG ena_com layer logs
v19.11 pmd.net.ena.tx RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX Tx path debugging logs
v19.11 pmd.net.ena.tx_free RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX_FREE Tx free path debugging logs
v19.11 pmd.net.ena.rx RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_RX Rx path debugging logs
  • (since v18.02) pmd.net.ena.init - initialization logs
  • (since v18.02) pmd.net.ena.driver - general driver logs
  • (since v19.11) pmd.net.ena.com - ena_com layer logs (requires RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_COM_DEBUG flag)
  • (since v19.11) pmd.net.ena.tx - Tx path (requires RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX flag)
  • (since v19.11) pmd.net.ena.tx_free - Tx path cleanup path (requires RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_TX_FREE flag)
  • (since v19.11) pmd.net.ena.rx - general Rx logs (requires RTE_LIBRTE_ENA_DEBUG_RX flag)

Level of the logs can be controlled per module:

./dpdk-app --log-level=pmd.net.ena.init:8 --log-level=pmd.net.ena.tx:3 --log-level=pmd.net.ena.com:4

Or for the whole component:

# Change all ENA logs to the highest level
./dpdk-app --log-level=pmd.net.ena.*:8

7.3. DPDK v21.08+

In DPDK v21.08 the ENA logging system was reworked and both flag requirements and the available loggers changed. The way of enabling the logs for the meson build system is exactly the same as previously.

7.3.1. Loggers runtime configuration

Available dynamic loggers names with the required flag dependency can be found in the table below.

DPDK version Logger name Dependency Purpose
v18.02 pmd.net.ena.init - PMD initialization logs
v18.02 pmd.net.ena.driver - General driver logs
v21.08 pmd.net.ena.com - ena_com layer logs
v21.08 pmd.net.ena.tx RTE_ETHDEV_DEBUG_TX Tx path debugging logs
v21.08 pmd.net.ena.rx RTE_ETHDEV_DEBUG_RX Rx path debugging logs

8. Driver statistics

ENA PMD supports two kind of statistics:

  • Generic statistics
  • Extended statistics (xstats) available since ENA v2.0.0

8.1. Generic statistics

To get the generic driver's statistics, use rte_eth_stats_get() function.

Please note, that currently this function cannot be called from the secondary process in the MP mode, as it must use the ENA's admin queue, which may work only in the primary process.

ENA PMD supports per-queue statistics since ENA v2.0.0. However DPDK limits its number to 16 by default. Some of ENA devices can support up to 32 IO queues, so in that case only the first 16 queues will return the per-queue stats.

In order to increase number of available per-queue counters, constant RTE_ETHDEV_QUEUE_STAT_CNTRS must be changed to some higher value (for example: 32).

8.2. Extended statistics (xstats)

Since DPDK v19.02, ENA PMD supports xstats. Except the standard xstats provided by the DPDK, ENA provides extra ones:

8.2.1. General statistics

Statistics global for the driver.

Statistic Supported in ENA PMD Description
wd_expired All The number of times keep alive watchdog has expired.
dev_start All The number of times the device was started.
dev_stop All The number of times the device was stopped.
tx_drops 2.0.3 and later The number of Tx packets dropped by the HW. Device can start dropping Tx packets if the driver will push more data than the link can handle.

8.2.2. ENI limiters

Counters provided by the ENA device, notifies user about exceeding performance limiters. More details about those metrics can be read in the related AWS blog post. Available since ENA v2.2.0.

Metric Description
bw_in_allowance_exceeded The number of packets queued or dropped because the inbound aggregate bandwidth exceeded the maximum for the instance.
bw_out_allowance_exceeded The number of packets queued or dropped because the outbound aggregate bandwidth exceeded the maximum for the instance.
pps_allowance_exceeded The number of packets queued or dropped because the bidirectional PPS exceeded the maximum for the instance.
conntrack_allowance_exceeded The number of packets dropped because connection tracking exceeded the maximum for the instance and new connections could not be established. This can result in packet loss for traffic to or from the instance.
linklocal_allowance_exceeded The number of packets dropped because the PPS of the traffic to local proxy services exceeded the maximum for the network interface. This impacts traffic to the DNS service, the Instance Metadata Service, and the Amazon Time Sync Service.

8.2.3. Tx per-queue statistics

Each Tx queue provides below set of statistics. Each statistic described below has "tx_qX_" prefix, where 'X' stands for the queue ID.

Statistic Supported in ENA PMD Description
cnt All The number of packets were transmitted by this queue.
bytes All The number of bytes were transmitted by this queue.
prepare_ctx_err All The number of failures of the Tx routine which prepares packets for the hardware. This kind of error is a reset condition.
linearize All The number of times Tx packet has been linearized by the driver because it had too much segments.
linearize_failed All The number of times linearization of the Tx packet has failed.
tx_poll All The number of times the Tx polling function has been called.
doorbells All The number of times the hardware doorbell has been written.
bad_req_id All The number of times invalid Tx request ID has been detect. It is a reset condition.
available_desc 2.0.0 and later The number of Tx descriptors that has been available last time, the Tx burst function has been called. Rough calculations for devices using LLQ.
missed_tx 2.5.0 and later The number of Tx packets which weren't completed on time. Please refer to miss_txc_to device argument for more details.

8.2.4. Rx per-queue statistics

Each Rx queue provides below set of statistics. Each statistic described below has "rx_qX_" prefix, where 'X' stands for the queue ID.

Statistic Supported in ENA PMD Description
cnt All The number of packets were received by this queue.
bytes All The number of bytes were received by this queue.
refill_partial All The number of times Rx ring has been partially refilled because the descriptor couldn't be passed to the HW.
bad_csum Up to 2.5.0 The number of times invalid Rx checksum was detected by the device.
l3_csum_bad 2.6.0 and later The number of times invalid Rx L3 checksum was detected by the device.
l4_csum_bad 2.6.0 and later The number of times invalid Rx L4 checksum was detected by the device.
l4_csum_good 2.6.0 and later The number of times Rx L4 checksum was correctly verified by the device.
mbuf_alloc_fail All The number of times memory pool couldn't provide enough mbufs to refill the Rx ring.
bad_desc_num All The number of times Rx packets couldn't be retrieved from the HW because it had too many Rx descriptors. It is a reset condition.
bad_req_id All The number of times Rx packets couldn't be retrieved from the HW because it had invalid Rx request ID. It is a reset condition.

9. Device reset and the timer service

ENA supports health checks which can be used to detect faulty behavior of the hardware and the driver, including:

  • HW unresponsiveness – Driver detected that the periodic keep alive signals stopped arriving from the HW through the Asynchronous Event Notification Queue (AENQ).
  • Faulty admin queue behavior – The admin queue entered a faulty state.
  • Faulty behavior on the IO path – The device returned invalid descriptors or caused the driver to enter the invalid state.
  • Missing Tx completions exceeds a dynamically calculated threshold - Prevent Tx ring stalls in case Tx descriptors were not returned by the HW.

In order to make both of those features work, the application perform steps listed below:

  1. Bind ENA device to the kernel driver which supports interrupts (both igb_uio and vfio-pci should work properly).
  2. Application should periodically call rte_timer_manage() function (1 second frequency is recommended). This shall trigger ena_timer_wd_callback() routine execution which performs all the health checks no more often than once a second.
  3. Register event callback and check for the event RTE_ETH_EVENT_INTR_RESET
  4. If the above event was detected, prepare the application for the device reset and perform it using the rte_eth_dev_reset() function.

10. Multi process (MP) support

Up to ENA v2.5.0, the MP support was experimental - this means, that the driver was not guaranteeing that all calls were MP safe and it was not performing all the required verification checks for the MP mode in all the places.

Many of the driver's requests to the hardware are performed using the admin queue. The admin queue requests cannot be handled directly from the secondary process. As a result, all the API calls which had to use requests like that were not supported by the secondary process.

Since not all API are clear about their usage by the secondary process, we provide here the list of the generic API which should not be used from the secondary process up to the DPDK v21.11 and ENA v2.5.0:

  • rte_eth_stats_get() - To get information about statistics, the ENA admin command needs to be send.
  • rte_eth_xstats_get() - To get information about ENI limiters, the ENA admin command needs to be send.
  • rte_eth_xstats_get_by_id() - It's not allowed only if the ENI limiters are being requested from the secondary process.

Starting from ENA v2.6.0 (DPDK v22.03), the MP support was improved and now it should be possible to use more function calls from the secondary process. Please note, that operations clearly forbidden by the DPDK documentation will never be supported from the secondary process (like the ones which requires memory allocations).

List of the new functions that can be used safely from the secondary process since ENA v2.6.0:

  • rte_eth_stats_get()
  • rte_eth_xstats_get()
  • rte_eth_xstats_get_by_id()
  • rte_eth_dev_set_mtu()
  • rte_eth_dev_rss_reta_query()
  • rte_eth_dev_rss_reta_update()

11. RSS support

Depending on the used instance type (which determines ENA hardware version), ENA may support different RSS (Receive Side Scaling) reconfiguration features, as shown in the table below. The table shows how ENA RSS features names corresponds with the DPDK features and when support for the given features was added.

ENA feature DPDK feature Available since Support in HW
RSS RSS hash DPDK v16.04 All HW types
Indirection table update RSS reta update DPDK v16.04 All HW types
RSS hash function (key) update RSS key update DPDK v21.08 (ENA v2.4.0) Subset of HW
RSS hash fields set RSS key update DPDK v21.08 (ENA v2.4.0) None

11.1. RSS feature

ENA driver supports RSS. In order to activate it, flag RTE_ETH_MQ_RX_RSS_FLAG must be passed to the dev_conf.rxmode.mq_mode field and at least 1 Rx queue must be configured. Enabling RSS allows the hardware to use multiple Rx queues and redirect flow depending on the calculated hash, indirection table values and the supported packet types.

When this mode is being activated, driver will automatically enable offload RTE_ETH_RX_OFFLOAD_RSS_HASH and pass RSS hash value to the mbuf.

By default RSS hash calculation works only for the TCP and UDP packets.

11.2. Indirection table update

Applications may distribute traffic across the queues by using the indirection table (in the DPDK it's also being called the redirection table). The table consists of 128 elements and each one of them holds the Rx queue ID. Modulo operation pkt_hash % 128 gives indirection table index, which contains the Rx queue number to which the HW will steer the received packet

Indirection table is filled with Rx queue IDs using the round robin technique. For example, if there are 4 Rx queues used by the application, the first 12 values of this table will look like this from the application perspective: [0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3]. ENA HW indirection table will hold different values as it uses common ring structure definition for Tx and Rx. However it's not important from the application point of view.

The indirection table can be modified using the rte_eth_dev_rss_reta_update() function and acquired by calling rte_eth_dev_rss_reta_query().

The script toeplitz_calc.py can be very handy when the indirection table is being optimized for the known flows.

11.3. RSS hash key update

Since DPDK v21.08 and ENA v2.4.0 ENA supports modification of the RSS hash key for the Toeplitz hashing function.

Before ENA v2.4.0, the HW used the static key below:

be:ac:01:fa:6a:42:b7:3b:80:30:f2:0c:77:cb:2d:a3:ae:7b:30:b4:d0:ca:2b:cb:43:a3:8f:b0:41:67:25:3d:25:5b:0e:c2:6d:5a:56:da

ENA v2.4.0+ PMD generates the RSS hash key randomly each time the application is being executed. In order to get the predictable flow-to-queue mapping, application should set it's own RSS hash key, by filling the struct rte_eth_rss_conf like below:

  • .rss_key - pointer to the 40 bytes table containing RSS hash key
  • .rss_key_len - size of the RSS key, which must be 40

If the hardware doesn't support RSS hash fields modification, the field .rss_hf can be set to 0.

Filled structure should be passed to the function rte_eth_dev_rss_hash_update().

In case RSS HF update is not supported, the user will see warning message like:

Setting RSS hash fields is not supported. Using default values: 0xc30

But the return code from the function will be 0, as otherwise it won't be possible to reconfigure RSS hash key without RSS HF support in the HW.

11.4. RSS hash fields modification

This feature was introduced in the DPDK v21.08 and ENA v2.4.0, but it is not supported by the currently available ENA hardware.

Hash fields determine the packet types for which the hash function is calculated (effectively defining the packet types for which RSS will be used).

Packets for which the hash function is not used are always received on the queue 0.

If this feature is not supported, the hardware will use RSS for the below type of packets:

RTE_ETH_RSS_NONFRAG_IPV4_TCP
RTE_ETH_RSS_NONFRAG_IPV4_UDP
RTE_ETH_RSS_NONFRAG_IPV6_TCP
RTE_ETH_RSS_NONFRAG_IPV6_UDP

The application can always probe the supported hash functions by using the API rte_eth_dev_rss_hash_conf_get() and reading the .rss_hf field in the structure rte_eth_rss_conf. However attempt to modify .rss_hf in the call rte_eth_dev_rss_hash_update() won't succeed if it lacks HW support and can result in:

  • error, if the .rss_key wasn't provided as well,
  • error, if the .rss_hf exceeds HW capabilities,
  • success, if the .rss_key was provided.

The last situation is a workaround around DPDK API for the devices which supports hash key change, but doesn't support HF modification.

12. Performance tuning

Applying below tips allows the application to achieve optimal packets per second and bandwidth values.

To get the reference values of what AWS instances are capable of, please refer the ENA DTS - this tool based on the DTS (DPDK Test Suite), which generates optimized flows to get the best results. This tool can measure PPS, BW and latency.

To get more details about instance network bandwidth tuning, please refer to the Amazon EC2 instance network bandwidth guide.

12.1. Tx path

  • Bandwidth for single flow is limited to 5-10 Gbps. Use multiple flows to overcome this limitation.
  • For multiple flow traffic, it should be spread across multiple Tx queues.
  • Single Tx flow should be pinned to one queue.
  • Processing only one flow in a bulk will be faster as the queue can cache the flow's meta data.
  • Use the jumbo frames in order to get the best bandwidth.
  • Limit global Tx rate of the application to the instance's upper Tx limit. For example: for the instance capable of getting 100 Gbps set the max Tx rate to 100 Gbps and do not call Tx burst function if this rate is exceeded. ENAv2 hardware can accept packets beyond the link limit, but they will be simply dropped and the hardware will waste time processing those unsent packets.
  • Use the RTE_ETH_TX_OFFLOAD_MBUF_FAST_FREE Tx offload when possible, to reduce the PMD overhead upon releasing the Tx mbufs. Supported in ENA PMD since DPDK v22.07.

12.2. Rx path

  • Configure the RSS (Receive Side Scaling) for the Rx path in order to use multiple Rx queues.
  • Use the jumbo frames in order to get the best bandwidth.
  • If Rx drops can be observed, increase the Rx ring size.
  • Use the RSS indirection table to redirect some of the flows from very busy queues, to the ones which are idle. To get the hash which will be calculated by the hardware for the given flow, the script toeplitz_calc.py can be used.

13. General FAQ

Q: My application uses a watchdog which is timing out. The traces are showing that function ena_com_execute_admin_command is causing a timeout.

A: It is a known issue which exists in the mainline DPDK versions prior to v21.05. It is caused by the PMD which wasn't handling the conditional variable properly. If the thread sending admin command is slower than the interrupt thread, the conditional variable can be set before the main thread even achieves the pthread_cond_timedwait function. As a result, it will cause this thread to wait for the full timeout value, which can be a few seconds value.

To fix that, the upstream commit 072b9f2bbc2402a8c86194fe9e11458c1605540a should be applied to the working DPDK repository.

Q: I am getting dmesg error "vfio-pci: probe of <pci_id> failed with error -22" while trying to bind ENA to the vfio-pci driver.

A: Most likely you are trying to bind ENA on no-IOMMU machine to the vfio-pci which is working in IOMMU mode. Please change vfio-pci to work in the no-IOMMU mode.

Q: Which IO kernel modules does the ENA PMD support?

A: Currently only igb_uio and vfio-pci are supported by the ENA PMD. Other modules may not attach properly or may cause disfunction of the driver. Please refer to the appropriate section for more details about those modules.

Q: Where can I find the igb_uio kernel module?

A: The latest igb_uio module now can be found in the dpdk-kmods repository.

Since DPDK vXX.XX igb_uio is no longer part of the DPDK main tree. However this standalone version is recommended even for the users using the older DPDK versions as it provides the latest updates and fixes.

Q: How can I get the vfio-pci kernel module?

A: vfio-pci comes with the kernel. However it doesn't support no-IOMMU mode nor the Write Combining. To get the patched vfio-pci for your kernel, the script in the amzn-drivers repository can be used.

Q: Which module should I use - igb_uio or vfio-pci?

A: It's up to the user which one to use. igb_uio is simpler but it is providing less security because lack of the IOMMU support. Currently only *.metal AWS instances provides IOMMU support and if it's enabled, the vfio-pci is the only valid option.

To use vfio-pci on systems without IOMMU it must be rebuilt with CONFIG_VFIO_NOIOMMU flag and no-IOMMU mode of the vfio-pci must be enabled.

Also vfio-pci by default doesn't support Write Combining, what can affect driver's network performance. It should be enabled with the patch located in this repository.

Rx interrupt feature of the ENA PMD will work only with the vfio-pci module, as it provides more than one interrupt. The first interrupt is always reserved for the ENA's admin queue.

Q: Which platforms are supported by the ENA PMD?

A: Although DPDK can be built on Linux, FreeBSD and Windows, currently officially only the Linux is supported. However it doesn't mean that the driver won't work properly on other platforms - we just can't guarantee it will work properly with all the features and to provide support for them.

Q: I'm using ENAv2 and I need to handle Tx packets with headers size larger than 96B. How can I use Large LLQ Headers feature in the DPDK?

A: In order to use the Large LLQ Headers (headers with size > 96B and <= 224B), the request must be passed to PMD using the "Device Arguments" feature which is being passed as an EAL argument.

This device argument is called large_llq_hdr and must be set to 1. Please refer to the appropriate section for more details.

It's fully functional since DPDK release v21.05 and LTS release v20.11.2.

Q: How can I get the latest ENA driver?

A: The latest ENA driver is always available on the main branch of the DPDK repository. It contains all the latest features and the fixes which currently aren't available for the previous versions.

Please refer to the quick start guide for instructions how to get the latest DPDK repository.

Q: I just checked out to the latest DPDK and I cannot use Makefile to build the framework. Why is that?

A: Makefile has been deprecated at the DPDK v20.08 and since v20.11 only the meson build system is available.

Meson was introduced in DPDK v18.02 and was slowly becoming the main build system. Please refer to the DPDK build guide #link# for more details how to use the meson.

Q: Can I use ENA on arm64 AWS instances?

A: Yes, ENA supports arm64 instances officially since DPDK v20.11. However, for the Graviton2 (instances like c6g, c6gn) the DPDK v21.02 is needed, as previous versions aren't generating project configuration properly, which may affect available number of lcores and the overall performance.

Q: When I'm trying to configure RSS hash fields I can see ENA message: Setting RSS hash fields is not supported. Using default values: 0xc30. Is it some kind of error?

A: ENA device, depending on the HW version, may support only some subset of the RSS configuration features:

  • Indirection (redirection) table reconfiguration
  • RSS hash key reconfiguration
  • RSS hash fields (functions) reconfiguration

While for the device those are 3 independent features, for the DPDK both RSS hash key and hash function reconfiguration is performed by filling the common structure struct rte_eth_rss_conf and calling function rte_eth_dev_rss_hash_update(). As a result the driver must support both of those features even if they're not available in the HW.

If one of the above features won't be supported by the HW, the rte_eth_dev_rss_hash_update() will only return error in some cases, and in others it will return a warning messages, as shown in a table below

Case RSS hash key RSS hash functions Action Result
1. unsupported unsupported any Return -ENOTSUP
2. supported unsupported set hf Return -ENOTSUP
3. supported unsupported set key + hf Return 0 and print warning message: Setting RSS hash fields is not supported. Using default values: 0xc30
4. supported supported any Return 0

To allow change of the RSS hash key even though the hash functions cannot be reconfigured, this API call cannot return an error. Otherwise the application won't be able to detect the use case when the hash key has been modified successfully.

In order to notify the user that his request was only partially completed, the driver prints the warning message about lack of RSS hf reconfiguration support and the default values used by the hardware.

Whenever application tries to retrieve RSS configuration and RSS hash function modification is not supported, user may see warning message: Reading hash control from the device is not supported. .rss_hf will contain a default value. - however it will be printed only for the first time the API rte_eth_dev_rss_hash_conf_get() is being called.

Q: Why is the link speed exposed by the ENA device RTE_ETH_SPEED_NUM_NONE (or 0)?

A: ENA is a device that runs in AWS virtualized environment and thus does not have a physical link. The bandwidth is limited according to the instance-specific allowance of which PMD is unaware. However, this allowance can be queried by the application through the instance metadata.

Q: I am trying to configure the L4 Tx checksum offload for the IPv6 packets. However the rte_eth_tx_prepare() function fails or the data doesn't reach the target host properly although the data seems to be correct. What can cause the failure?

A: L4 Tx checksum offload for the IPv6 packets is supported since ENA v2.6.0, given that the hardware support IPv6 checksum offload as well.

Prior to ENA v2.5.0, the device capabilities weren't checked, so the invalid checksum offload request could be passed to the hardware. Since ENA v2.5.0, the rte_eth_tx_prepare() should fail if the request is not supported by the driver or the hardware.

Q: Is there any dependency between the ENA kernel driver and the DPDK/PMD?

A: No. Except that they are both drivers for the same hardware, they're totally independent. DPDK doesn't need ENA kernel driver to operate properly, as it provides it's own driver (PMD - Poll Mode Driver) which is used to communicate with the real hardware by using the igb_uio, vfio-pci or other similar kernel modules which exposes hardware resources to the userspace.

Q: How to use KNI with the ENA PMD?

DPDK Kernel NIC Interface (KNI) allows userspace applications access to the Linux control plane.

Although the KNI driver is exposed as ethX, it has no binding the physical hardware or with the PMD directly. The DPDK application should handle both the PMD and the KNI requests and that's transparent for the ENA PMD.

That being said, the KNI usage for the ENA PMD is generic, there is no special use case and the information provided in the official guide should cover it.

Both Tx and Rx flow looks as below, when the KNI is being used:

NetworkInterface (ethX) <-> Linux stack <-> KNI driver <-> DPDK Application <-> ENA PMD <-> ENA HW

We suggest you always make sure you use the KNI provided with the DPDK version being used in order to prevent any API mismatch.

Q: Where can I see the list of features that ENA PMD supports?

ENA uses only the standard DPDK features. You can find the latest feature list here.

All non-standard behaviors for the ENA driver are covered in this document.

14. Performance FAQ

Q: Upon profiling I've noticed that ena_com_prep_pkts is taking a lot of CPU time.

A: Most likely you have loaded igb_uio or vfio-pci modules without Write Combining support. This can lead to a poor performance when ENA is sending LLQ (Low Latency Queue) buffers to the hardware, leading to high CPU utilization in the ena_com_prep_pkts function. Please refer to the appropriate section for more details.

If the issue still persists after following steps in the above section, please see the known issues.

Q: I can see that Tx is higher than the instance capability (i.e. 120 Gbps instead of 100 Gbps). However on the Rx side I can only see some of those packets. Is ENA capable of sending more than the instance's link speed?

A: ENAv2 device is capable of accepting more Tx buffers than it can actually send over the link but it will result in drop of the excessive Tx packets. Leading to situation like that can reduce amount of the effective sent packets as the hardware will be busy dropping the packets.

To get the most from the hardware, the application should limit it's Tx to around 100% of the link speed instead of constantly calling PMD Tx burst when it's exceeded.

Q: I'm using pktgen-dpdk for checking instance's performance capability. However the achieved Tx and Rx values aren't as high as expected.

A: Unpatched version of the pktgen doesn't work well as is with the ENA hardware:

  • Pktgen shall be limited to the default 10 Gbps Tx rate unless it is manually patched. Pktgen uses the default Tx rate since the actual Tx rate calculation requires the link speed which the ENA does not expose (virtual device).
  • A simple pktgen setup generates only a single flow which is limited to 5-10 Gbps on EC2. Increasing number of queues will not improve performance since all the queues will relate to this single flow. This can be mitigated by either using the pktgen's range feature or by using the custom pcap files.
  • Each queue generates all the flows from the pcaps or the range feature. To mitigate this, use pcap files, where each pcap file holds only one flow with multiple packets (which will increase Tx burst size) and bind each pcap file to a different Tx queue.
  • Pktgen does not use jumbo frames by default.

Please refer to the performance tuning section for more details.

15. Known issues

igb_uio does not map memory as Write Combined with DPDK v21.11

DPDK v21.11 introduced a regression in the DPDK bus code in the commit d61138d4f0e2 ("drivers: remove direct access to interrupt handle").

The regression prevents the PMD flags to be passed to the userspace igb_uio driver. As a result, the request to map the memory region as a WC is ignored.

This was fixed in the commit 6b92f184680283b4b3da4ebc722b5feb7ef280fb which landed in DPDK v22.03, and was backported to the LTS DPDK v21.11.1.