Warning
This SDK is currently in
Alpha
.The JavaScript runtime has not been fully audited. For creating smart contracts that hold value please use
near-sdk-rs
.Help contribute!
Use create-near-app
to quickly get started writing smart contracts in JavaScript on NEAR.
npx create-near-app
This will scaffold a basic template for you 😎
Learn more in our Quick Start guide.
There are a couple of contract examples in the project:
- Clean contract state
- Counter using low level API
- Counter in JavaScript
- Counter in TypeScript
- Doing cross contract call
- Fungible token
- Lockable fungible token
- Non fungible token
- Non fungible token receiver contract
- Status message board
- Status message board with unique messages
- Programmatic Update After Locking The Contract
To build all examples, run yarn build
in examples/
. To test all examples, run yarn test
. You can also build and test one specific example with yarn build:<example-name>
and yarn test:<example-name>
, see examples/package.json
.
To deploy and call a contract on a NEAR node, use near-cli's near deploy
and near call
.
We recommend to use near-workspaces to write tests for your smart contracts. See any of the examples for how tests are setup and written.
If you want to indicate an error happened and fail the transaction, just throw an error object in JavaScript. The compiled JavaScript contract includes error handling capability. It will catch throwed errors and automatically invoke panic_utf8
with "{error.message}\n:{error.stack}"
. As a result, transaction will fail with "Smart contract panicked: {error.message}\n{error.stack}"
error message. You can also use an error utilities library to organize your errors, such as verror.
When your JS code or library throws an error, uncaught, the transaction will also fail with GuestPanic error, with the error message and stacktrace.
When call host function with inappropriate type, means incorrect number of arguments or arg is not expected type:
- if arguments less than params, remaining argument are set as 'undefined'
- if arguments more than params, remaining argument are ignored
- if argument is different than the required type, it'll be coerced to required type
- if argument is different than the required type but cannot be coerced, will throw runtime type error, also with message and stacktrace
All NEAR blockchain provided functionality (host functions) are defined in src/api.ts
and exported as near
. You can use them by:
import { near } from "near-sdk-js";
// near.<api doucmented below>. e.g.:
let signer = near.signerAccountId();
To use nightly host functions, such as altBn128G1Sum
, your contract need to be built with nightly enabled. Use:
export NEAR_NIGHTLY=1
yarn build
NEAR-SDK-JS is written in TypeScript, so every API function has a type specified by signature that looks familiar to JavaScript/TypeScript Developers. Two types in the signature need a special attention:
- Most of the API take
bigint
instead of Number as type. This because JavaScript Number cannot hold 64 bit and 128 bit integer without losing precision. Bytes
in both arguments and return represent a byte buffer, internally it's a JavaScript String Object. Any binary data0x00-0xff
is stored as the char '\x00-\xff'. This is because QuickJS doesn't have Uint8Array in C API.- To ensure correctness, every
Bytes
argument need to be pass in with thebytes()
function to runtime type check it's indeed aBytes
. - If
Bytes
is too long thatbytes()
can cause gas limit problem, such as in factory contract, represents the content of contract to be deployed. In this case you can precheck and guarantee the correctness of the content and use withoutbytes()
.
- To ensure correctness, every
function currentAccountId(): string;
function signerAccountId(): string;
function signerAccountPk(): Bytes;
function predecessorAccountId(): string;
function input(): Bytes;
function blockIndex(): bigint;
function blockHeight(): bigint;
function blockTimestamp(): bigint;
function epochHeight(): bigint;
function storageUsage(): bigint
function accountBalance(): bigint;
function accountLockedBalance(): bigint;
function attachedDeposit(): bigint;
function prepaidGas(): bigint;
function usedGas(): bigint;
function randomSeed(): Bytes;
function sha256(value: Bytes): Bytes;
function keccak256(value: Bytes): Bytes;
function keccak512(value: Bytes): Bytes;
function ripemd160(value: Bytes): Bytes;
function ecrecover(hash: Bytes, sign: Bytes, v: bigint, malleability_flag: bigint): Bytes | null;
function valueReturn(value: Bytes);
function panic(msg?: string);
function panicUtf8(msg: Bytes);
function log(msg: string);
function logUtf8(msg: Bytes);
function logUtf16(msg: Bytes);
function promiseCreate(account_id: string, method_name: string, arguments: Bytes, amount: bigint, gas: bigint): bigint;
function promiseThen(promise_index: bigint, account_id: string, method_name: string, arguments: Bytes, amount: bigint, gas: bigint): bigint;
function promiseAnd(...promise_idx: bigint): bigint;
function promiseBatchCreate(account_id: string): bigint;
function promiseBatchThen(promise_index: bigint, account_id: string): bigint;
function promiseBatchActionCreateAccount(promise_index: bigint);
function promiseBatchActionDeployContract(promise_index: bigint, code: Bytes);
function promiseBatchActionFunctionCall(promise_index: bigint, method_name: string, arguments: Bytes, amount: bigint, gas: bigint);
function promiseBatchActionFunctionCallWeight(promise_index: bigint, method_name: string, arguments: Bytes, amount: bigint, gas: bigint, weight: bigint);
function promiseBatchActionTransfer(promise_index: bigint, amount: bigint);
function promiseBatchActionStake(promise_index: bigint, amount: bigint, public_key: Bytes);
function promiseBatchActionAddKeyWithFullAccess(promise_index: bigint, public_key: Bytes, nonce: bigint);
function promiseBatchActionAddKeyWithFunctionCall(promise_index: bigint, public_key: Bytes, nonce: bigint, allowance: bigint, receiver_id: string, method_names: string);
function promiseBatchActionDeleteKey(promise_index: bigint, public_key: Bytes);
function promiseBatchActionDeleteAccount(promise_index: bigint, beneficiary_id: string);
function promiseResultsCount(): bigint;
function promiseResult(result_idx: bigint, register_id: bigint): bigint;
function promiseReturn(promise_idx: bigint);
function storageWrite(key: Bytes, value: Bytes, register_id: bigint): bigint;
function storageRead(key: Bytes, register_id: bigint): bigint;
function storageRemove(key: Bytes, register_id: bigint): bigint;
function storageHasKey(key: Bytes): bigint;
function validatorStake(account_id: string): bigint;
function validatorTotalStake(): bigint;
function altBn128G1Multiexp(value: Bytes, register_id: bigint);
function altBn128G1Sum(value: Bytes, register_id: bigint);
function altBn128PairingCheck(value: Bytes): bigint;
You can write a simple smart contract by only using low-level APIs, such as near.input()
, near.storageRead()
, etc. In this case, the API of your contract will consist of all the exported JS functions. You can find an example of such a contract here.
But if you want to build a more complex contracts with ease, you can use decorators from this SDK that will handle serialization, deserialization, and other boilerplate operations for you.
In order to do that, your contract must be a class decorated with @NearBindgen({})
. Each method in this class with @call({})
, @view({})
, and @initialize({})
decorators will become functions of your smart contract. call
functions can change state, and view
functions can only read it.
Your class must have a constructor()
. You will not be able to call it, which is why it should not accept any parameters. You must declare all the parameters that you are planning to use in the constructor and set default values.
The simplest example of the contract that follows all these rules can be found here
NearBindgen
decorator can accept requireInit parameter
.
@NearBindgen({ requireInit: true })
class YourContract {
...
}
It is false
by default, but if you will set it to true
, it will prevent all the call
functions from being executed before you initialize the state of the contract.
In order to initialize the contract, you need to add functions flagged with @initialize({})
decorator.
@call({})
decorator can accept two parameters: privateFunction
and payableFunction
. They are both false
by default.
privateFunction: true
can restrict access to this function to the contract itself.
payableFunction: true
will allow the function to accept payments (deposit). Without this flag, it will panic if any deposit was provided.
A few useful on-chain persistent collections are provided. All keys, values and elements are of type Bytes
.
Vector is an iterable implementation of vector that stores its content on the trie. Usage:
import {Vector} from 'near-sdk-js'
// in contract class constructor:
constructor() {
super()
this.v = new Vector('my_prefix_')
}
// Override the deserializer to load vector from chain
deserialize() {
super.deserialize()
this.v = Object.assign(new Vector, this.v)
}
someMethod() {
// insert
this.v.push('abc')
this.v.push('def')
this.v.push('ghi')
// batch insert, extend:
this.v.extend(['xyz', '123'])
// get
let first = this.v.get(0)
// remove, move the last element to the given index
this.v.swapRemove(0)
// replace
this.v.replace(1, 'jkl')
// remove the last
this.v.pop()
// len, isEmpty
let len = this.v.length
let isEmpty = this.v.isEmpty()
// iterate
for (let element of this.v) {
near.log(element)
}
// toArray, convert to JavaScript Array
let a = this.v.toArray()
// clear
ths.v.clear()
}
LookupMap is an non-iterable implementation of a map that stores its content directly on the trie. It's like a big hash map, but on trie. Usage:
import {LookupMap} from 'near-sdk-js'
// in contract class constructor:
constructor() {
super()
this.m = new LookupMap('prefix_a')
}
// Override the deserializer to load vector from chain
deserialize() {
super.deserialize()
this.m = Object.assign(new LookupMap, this.m)
}
someMethod() {
// insert
this.m.set('abc', 'aaa')
this.m.set('def', 'bbb')
this.m.set('ghi', 'ccc')
// batch insert, extend:
this.m.extend([['xyz', '123'], ['key2', 'value2']])
// check exist
let exist = this.m.containsKey('abc')
// get
let value = this.m.get('abc')
// remove
this.m.remove('def')
// replace
this.m.set('ghi', 'ddd')
}
LookupSet is an non-iterable implementation of a set that stores its content directly on the trie. It's like LookupMap, but it only stores whether the value presents. Usage:
import {LookupSet} from 'near-sdk-js'
// in contract class constructor:
constructor() {
super()
this.s = new LookupSet('prefix_b')
}
// Override the deserializer to load vector from chain
deserialize() {
super.deserialize()
this.s = Object.assign(new LookupSet, this.s)
}
someMethod() {
// insert
this.s.set('abc')
this.s.set('def')
this.s.set('ghi')
// batch insert, extend:
this.s.extend(['xyz', '123'])
// check exist
let exist = this.s.contains('abc')
// remove
this.s.remove('def')
}
UnorderedMap is an iterable implementation of a map that stores its content directly on the trie. Usage:
import {UnorderedMap} from 'near-sdk-js'
// in contract class constructor:
constructor() {
super()
this.m = new UnorderedMap('prefix_c')
}
// Override the deserializer to load vector from chain
deserialize() {
super.deserialize()
this.m.keys = Object.assign(new Vector, this.m.keys)
this.m.values = Object.assign(new Vector, this.m.values)
this.m = Object.assign(new UnorderedMap, this.m)
}
someMethod() {
// insert
this.m.set('abc', 'aaa')
this.m.set('def', 'bbb')
this.m.set('ghi', 'ccc')
// batch insert, extend:
this.m.extend([['xyz', '123'], ['key2', 'value2']])
// get
let value = this.m.get('abc')
// remove
this.m.remove('def')
// replace
this.m.set('ghi', 'ddd')
// len, isEmpty
let len = this.m.length
let isEmpty = this.m.isEmpty()
// iterate
for (let [k, v] of this.m) {
near.log(k+v)
}
// toArray, convert to JavaScript Array
let a = this.m.toArray()
// clear
this.m.clear()
}
UnorderedSet is an iterable implementation of a set that stores its content directly on the trie. It's like UnorderedMap but it only stores whether the value presents. Usage:
import {UnorderedSet} from 'near-sdk-js'
// in contract class constructor:
constructor() {
super()
this.s = new UnorderedSet('prefix_d')
}
// Override the deserializer to load vector from chain
deserialize() {
super.deserialize()
this.s.elements = Object.assign(new Vector, this.s.elements)
this.s = Object.assign(new UnorderedSet, this.s)
}
someMethod() {
// insert
this.s.set('abc')
this.s.set('def')
this.s.set('ghi')
// batch insert, extend:
this.s.extend(['xyz', '123'])
// check exist
let exist = this.s.contains('abc')
// remove
this.s.remove('def')
// len, isEmpty
let len = this.s.length
let isEmpty = this.s.isEmpty()
// iterate
for (let e of this.s) {
near.log(e)
}
// toArray, convert to JavaScript Array
let a = this.s.toArray()
// clear
this.s.clear()
}
Within a contract class that decorated by @Nearbindgen
, you can work a high level JavaScript class, called NearPromise
. It's equivalently expressive as promise batch APIs but much shorter to write and can be chained like a JavaScript Promise.
In a @call
method, you can return either a JavaScript value or a NearPromise
object. In the later case, @NearBindgen
will automatically promiseReturn
it for you.
Usage:
// create new promise
import { NearPromise, near, includeBytes } from "near-sdk-js";
import { PublicKey } from "near-sdk-js/lib/types";
let promise = NearPromise.new("account-to-run-promise");
// possible promise actions, choose and chain what you need:
promise
.createAccount()
.transfer(1_000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000n)
.addFullAccessKey(new PublicKey(near.signerAccountPk()))
.addAccessKey(
new PublicKey(near.signerAccountPk()),
250000000000000000000000n, // allowance
"receiver_account_id",
"allowed_function_names"
)
.stake(100000000000000000000000000000n, new PublicKey(near.signerAccountPk()))
.deployContract(includeBytes("path/to/contract.wasm"))
.functionCall(
"callee_contract_account_id",
inputArgs,
0, // amount
2 * Math.pow(10, 13) // gas
)
.functionCallWeight(
"callee_contract_account_id",
inputArgs,
0, // amount
2 * Math.pow(10, 13), // gas
1 // weight
)
.deleteKey(new PublicKey(near.signerAccountPk()))
.deleteAccount("beneficial_account_id");
return promise;
In the case of deploy contract, includeBytes
is a helpful build-time util. You can include the content of a wasm contract, by using includeBytes('path/to/contract.wasm')
.
In the case of addFullAccessKey
, addAccessKey
and stake
, it takes a PublicKey
object, you can find more details about it in the Types sections below.
Besides above APIs to build something on top of an API, you can also chain promises with .then
and .and
, they're equivalent to promiseThen, promiseAnd:
// assume promise, promise2 and promise3 are create with above APIs, with several actions added like above.
promise.and(promise2).then(promise3); // promiseAnd of [promise_id, promise2_id], then promiseThen(promise_and_id, promise3_id)
return promise;
NEAR-SDK-JS also includes type defintions that are equivalent to that in Rust SDK / nearcore. You can browse them in near-sdk-js/src/types. Most of them are just type alias to Bytes and bigint.
Public Key is representing a NEAR account's public key in a JavaScript class. You can either initiate a Public Key from binary data, or from a human readable string.
The binary data is in the same format as nearcore, but encoded in bytes. That's one byte to represent the curve type of the public key, either ed25519 (\x00
), or secp256k1 ('\x01'), follows by the curve-specific public key data in bytes. Examples:
new PublicKey(near.signerAccountPk());
new PublicKey(
"\x00\xeb\x7f\x5f\x11\xd1\x08\x1f\xe0\xd2\x24\xc5\x67\x36\x21\xad\xcb\x97\xd5\x13\xff\xa8\x5e\x55\xbc\x2b\x74\x4f\x0d\xb1\xe9\xf8\x1f"
);
new PublicKey(
"\x01\xf2\x56\xc6\xe6\xc8\x0b\x21\x3f\x2a\xa0\xb0\x17\x44\x23\x5d\x51\x5c\x59\x44\x35\xbe\x65\x1b\x15\x88\x3a\x10\xdd\x47\x2f\xa6\x46\xce\x62\xea\xf3\x67\x0d\xc5\xcb\x91\x00\xa0\xca\x2a\x55\xb2\xc1\x47\xc1\xe9\xa3\x8c\xe4\x28\x87\x8e\x7d\x46\xe1\xfb\x71\x4a\x99"
);
The human readable form is ed25519:
or secp256k1:
following base58-encoded public key. And initialize the Public Key with PublicKey.fromString
:
PublicKey.fromString('ed25519:DXkVZkHd7WUUejCK7i74uAoZWy1w9AZqshhTHxhmqHuB`)
PublicKey.fromString('secp256k1:5r22SrjrDvgY3wdQsnjgxkeAbU1VcM71FYvALEQWihjM3Xk4Be1CpETTqFccChQr4iJwDroSDVmgaWZv2AcXvYeL`)
Once a PublicKey object is created, it can be used in high level promise APIs that takes a public key, such as addFullAccessKey
, addAccessKey
and stake
.
You can develop smart contracts on Windows using Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL2). In order to use WSL2, follow the next steps:
- Run
PowerShell
as Administrator - Execute
wsl --install
to install Ubuntu and do additional setup automatically. Check more details here - Restart your machine
WSL2
will continue setup process on start. Setup your username and password when prompted.- Check this guide to setup
npm
,node
,npx
,VSCode
and other tools of your choice in order to start developing.
In case of any issues of setting up WSL2 make sure that:
- Your Windows OS is up to date
- Virtualisation is turned on in BIOS
Windows Subsystem for Linux
andVirtual Machine Platform
are turned on inWindows Features
(Start -> Search -> Turn Windows Feature On or Off)