test: refactor async-hooks test-callback-error

Two child processes have their logic in a switch statement and a third
uses an `if` statement to detect it. Move all three child process tasks
into switch statement.

PR-URL: #13554
Reviewed-By: Trevor Norris <trev.norris@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Refael Ackermann <refack@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: David Cai <davidcai1993@yahoo.com>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Luigi Pinca <luigipinca@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Yuta Hiroto <hello@about-hiroppy.com>

Author: Trott

test/async-hooks/test-callback-error.js

@@ -24,15 +24,14 @@ switch (process.argv[2]) {
                          async_hooks.triggerId());
     async_hooks.emitBefore(async_hooks.currentId());
     break;
-}
-
-if (process.execArgv.includes('--abort-on-uncaught-exception')) {
-  initHooks({
-    oninit: common.mustCall(() => { throw new Error('test_callback_abort'); })
-  }).enable();
+  case 'test_callback_abort':
+    initHooks({
+      oninit: common.mustCall(() => { throw new Error('test_callback_abort'); })
+    }).enable();
 
-  async_hooks.emitInit(async_hooks.currentId(), 'test_callback_abort',
-                       async_hooks.triggerId());
+    async_hooks.emitInit(async_hooks.currentId(), 'test_callback_abort',
+                         async_hooks.triggerId());
+    break;
 }
 
 const c1 = spawnSync(`${process.execPath}`, [__filename, 'test_init_callback']);