fix: Set location before cast instructions in SSA

[jfecher]

Description

Problem*

Resolves #2193

Summary*

This PR fixes the crash and shortens the error message, but the error message is a bit confusing now for the code snippet from the issue since it is off by one:

error: 
  ┌─ /Users/jakefecher/Code/Noir/noir/short/src/main.nr:3:13
  │
3 │     assert((x as u253) < (y as u253));
  │             --------- Range constraint of 254 bits is too large for the Field size

Although since we actually do perform a range constraint to 254 bits during a euclidean division call I'm not sure of an obvious solution to make it less confusing.

Documentation

• This PR requires documentation updates when merged.

  • I will submit a noir-lang/docs PR.
  • I will request for and support Dev Rel's help in documenting this PR.

Additional Context

PR Checklist*

• I have tested the changes locally.
• I have formatted the changes with Prettier and/or cargo fmt on default settings.