rootfs: make pivot_root(2) dance handle initramfs case

While pivot_root(2) normally refuses to pivot a mount if you are running
with / as initramfs (because initramfs doesn't have a parent mount), you
can create a bind-mount and make that a new root to work around this
problem.

This hack is fairly well known and is used all over the place (see
[1,2]) but until now we have forced users to have a far less secure
configuration with --no-pivot. There are some minor issues with this
trick (the initramfs sticks around at the top of the mount tree, but is
completely masked) but they don't really matter for containers.

[1]: containers/bubblewrap#592 (comment)
[2]: https://aconz2.github.io/2024/07/29/container-from-initramfs.html

Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>

Author: cyphar

libcontainer/rootfs_linux.go

@@ -1079,8 +1079,37 @@ func pivotRoot(rootfs string) error {
 		return &os.PathError{Op: "fchdir", Path: "fd " + strconv.Itoa(newroot), Err: err}
 	}
 
-	if err := unix.PivotRoot(".", "."); err != nil {
-		return &os.PathError{Op: "pivot_root", Path: ".", Err: err}
+	pivotErr := unix.PivotRoot(".", ".")
+	if errors.Is(pivotErr, unix.EINVAL) {
+		// If pivot_root(2) failed with -EINVAL, one of the possible reasons is
+		// that we are in early boot and trying pivot_root on top of the
+		// initramfs (which isn't allowed because initramfs/rootfs doesn't have
+		// a parent mount).
+		//
+		// Traditionally, users were told to pass --no-pivot-root (which used a
+		// chroot instead) but this is very insecure (even with the hardenings
+		// we've put into our chroot() wrapper).
+		//
+		// A much better solution is to create a bind-mount of the target and
+		// chroot into it, resulting in a parented mount that pivot_root(2)
+		// will accept. One minor issue is that the mount will still exist (and
+		// in the case of an init system like systemd, this will result in
+		// wasted memory, so they have to do some hacks to clear the initramfs)
+		// but the mount is masked in a much more safe way than chroot() so
+		// this is still much better.
+		if err := unix.Mount(".", ".", "", unix.MS_BIND|unix.MS_REC, ""); err != nil {
+			err := &os.PathError{Op: "bind mount over self", Path: rootfs, Err: err}
+			return fmt.Errorf("error during fallback for failed pivot_root (%w): %w", pivotErr, err)
+		}
+		if err := unix.Chroot("."); err != nil {
+			err := &os.PathError{Op: "chroot into bind-mount", Path: rootfs, Err: err}
+			return fmt.Errorf("error during fallback for failed pivot_root (%w): %w", pivotErr, err)
+		}
+		// Re-try the pivot_root().
+		pivotErr = unix.PivotRoot(".", ".")
+	}
+	if pivotErr != nil {
+		return &os.PathError{Op: "pivot_root", Path: rootfs, Err: err}
 	}
 
 	// Currently our "." is oldroot (according to the current kernel code).