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<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
<title>WhatsApp Paper Presentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/reveal.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/theme/white.css" id="theme">
<!-- Theme used for syntax highlighted code -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="plugin/highlight/monokai.css" id="highlight-theme">
</head>
<body>
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<!-- ============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================ -->
<!-- =============================== Introduction 0 =============================== -->
<section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 1 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<a href="https://stallman.org/whatsapp.html" target="_blank">
<img src="media/whatsapp_emblem.png" width=80% height=80% />
</a>
<h6>
Predicting Users’ Age and Gender from Language Use, Emoji, and Emoticon Preferences in WhatsApp Instant Messages
</h6>
<p><small>
(submitted for publication)
</small></p>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 2 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Authors </h2>
<ul>
<li> Timo Koch, Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
<li> Peter Romero, Graduate School of Economics, Advanced Cognition Labs, Keio University
<li> Dr. Clemens Stachl, Department of Communication, Stanford University
</ul>
<a href="https://www.econ.keio.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank">
<img src="media/three_universities.png" width=80% height=80% />
</a>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 3 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Disclaimer </h2>
<p>
Two of the authors were based at the Cambridge Psychometrics Centre during the writring of this paper, and <a href="https://www.psychometrics.cam.ac.uk/about-us/directory/peter-romero">one of the authors</a> is still affiliated with it. The research of the Centre was abused by Cambridge Analytica. We (and the Centre) distance ourselves from this and other forms of abuse strictly.
</p>
<a href="https://www.psychometrics.cam.ac.uk/about-us/media-reports/statement-on-politics" target="_blank">
<img src="media/cambridge_analytica.jpg" width=44% height=44% />
</a>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<!-- ============================================================== -->
<!-- =============================== Results & Narrative =============================== -->
<section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 1 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Your messages reveal you </h2>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
<ul>
<li> German WhatsApp data
<li> Predicting age/ gender
<li> Psycholinguistic features
<li> Statistical machine learning
</ul>
</div>
<div style="float: right; width: 50%;">
<ul>
<li> Author Profiling Study
<li> Messenger more sensitive and intimate
<li> More exact than SNS
<li> Predicts age/ gender
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Emoji & Emoticon </h2>
<br> </br>
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th> Positive Corelation Age </th>
<th> Negative Corelation Age </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> 👍 :-) </td>
<td> :D :) :*</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br> </br>
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th> Male preference </th>
<th> Female </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> ;) -.- </td>
<td>😊</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><small>(most dominant features)</small></p>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 2 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Psycholinguistic Features </h2>
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th> Positive Corelation Age </th>
<th> Negative Corelation Age </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Clout (high expertise, confidence, future-orientation) </td>
<td> 1st person singular ("I") </td>
</tr>
</table>
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th> Male language preference </th>
<th> Female language preference </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Analytical Thinking (formal, logical, hierarchical)</td>
<td> Personal Pronouns 1st person singular ("I", "me") </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><small>(most dominant features)</small></p>
</section>
</section>
<!-- ============================================================== -->
<!-- =============================== Data =============================== -->
<section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 1 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Data </h2>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
<b> Background </b>
<ul>
<li> "What's up, Deutschland?" (Siebenhaar et al., 2018)
<li> Invitation to donate data
<li> Media omitted for privacy
<li> 14 days to consent for all parties
</ul>
</div>
<div style="float: right; width: 50%;">
<b> Raw Data </b>
<ul>
<li> 585,731 raw messages
<li> 264 conversations
<li> 855 participants
<li> Collected 11/14 - 01/15
<li> Manual removal of all personal identifiable information (PII)
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 2 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Caveat </h2>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
<a href="https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?subtype=WH&infotype=SA&htmlfid=LOW14308USEN&attachment=LOW14308USEN.PDF" target="_blank">
<img src="media/privacy_preferences_0.png" width=93% height=93% />
</a>
</div>
<div style="float: right; width: 50%;">
<a href="https://www.ibm.com/smarter-workforce/institute/swi-research-page" target="_blank">
<img src="media/privacy_preferences_1.png" width=93% height=93% />
</a>
</div>
<br></br>
<p><small> (Guenole et al., 2015) </small></p>
...not to speak about GDPR!
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 3 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Data Processing </h2>
<ol>
<li> Checked again on absence of PII
<li> Remove auto-created messages (e.g., someone added to a group)
<li> Exclude all messages where party did not sign consent form
<li> Exclude all messages without demographic information
<li> Remove all messages with less than 250 words
<li> Resulting in 199 participants
<li> 1,550.91 messages (SD=3,576.19) with 1,949,518 words, 80,943 emoji, 48,777 emoticons
</ol>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
</div>
<div style="float: right; width: 50%;">
</div>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 4 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Final Data Set by Gender </h2>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
<b> Men </b>
<ul>
<li> N# 56 (28.1%)
<li> Average Age: 26.54 (SD = 9.67) - no significant gender difference
</ul>
</div>
<div style="float: right; width: 50%;">
<b> Women </b>
<ul>
<li> N# 143 (71.9%)
<li> Average Age: 26.54 (SD = 9.67) - no significant gender difference
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 5 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Final Data Set on Average </h2>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
<b> Average Participant </b>
<ul>
<li> 1,550.91 messages (SD= 3,576.19)
<li> 9796.57 words (SD= 21,695.94)
<li> 36.62 different emoji (SD= 47.07)
<li> 6.40 different emoticons (SD = 5.99)
</ul>
</div>
<div style="float: right; width: 50%;">
<b> Average Message </b>
<ul>
<li> 8.95 words (SDwords = 5.54)
<li> 0.38 emoji (SDemoji = 0.40)
<li> 0.15 emoticons (SDemoticons = 0.19)
</ul>
</div>
<br></br>
<p><small> Further details including Cohen's d and Person's r for group differences in the <a href="https://osf.io/ymx26/">OSF repository</a></small></p>
</section>
</section>
<!-- ============================================================== -->
<!-- =============================== Methodology =============================== -->
<section>
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Methodology </h2>
<ul>
<li> Manual Feature engineering based on psycholinguistic, emoji/ emoticon and message criteria
<li> Hyperparameter tuning for statistical machine learning with nested cross-validation loops
<li> Model performance vs number of words
</ul>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 2 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Feature Engineering </h2>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_engineering" target="_blank">
<img src="media/feature_engineering.png" width=93% height=93% />
</a>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 2 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Hyperparameter Tuning </h2>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparameter_optimization" target="_blank">
<img src="media/hyperparameter_tuning.png" width=77% height=77% />
</a>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 3 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Nested Cross-Validation </h2>
<a href="https://mlfromscratch.com/nested-cross-validation-python-code/#/" target="_blank">
<img src="media/nested_cross_validation.png" width=93% height=93% />
</a>
<p><small>(Hansen, 2019)</small></p>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 4 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Prediction Performance Age </h2>
<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345922044_Predicting_Age_and_Gender_from_Language_Emoji_and_Emoticon_Use_in_WhatsApp_Instant_Messages" target="_blank">
<img src="media/prediction_performance_age.png" width=77% height=77% />
</a>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 5 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Permutation Feature Importance Age </h2>
<a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/26/10/1340/193348" target="_blank">
<img src="media/permutation_feature_importance_age.png" width=93% height=93% />
</a>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 6 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> ALE Plots Age </h2>
<a href="https://christophm.github.io/interpretable-ml-book/ale.html" target="_blank">
<img src="media/ale_plots_age.png" width=55% height=55% />
</a>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 7 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Prediction Performance Gender </h2>
<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345922044_Predicting_Age_and_Gender_from_Language_Emoji_and_Emoticon_Use_in_WhatsApp_Instant_Messages" target="_blank">
<img src="media/prediction_performance_gender.png" width=66% height=66% />
</a>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 8 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Permutation Feature Importance Gender </h2>
<a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/26/10/1340/193348" target="_blank">
<img src="media/permutation_feature_importance_gender.png" width=93% height=93% />
</a>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 9 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> ALE Plots Gender </h2>
<a href="https://christophm.github.io/interpretable-ml-book/ale.html" target="_blank">
<img src="media/ale_plots_gender.png" width=55% height=55% />
</a>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 10 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Prediction performance by number of words </h2>
<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27505683/" target="_blank">
<img src="media/number_words_prediction_effect.png" width=56% height=56% />
</a>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 11 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Minimum word threshold for inclusion in predictive model </h2>
<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221615645_Predicting_age_and_gender_in_online_social_networks" target="_blank">
<img src="media/inclusion_word_threshold.png" width=55% height=55% />
</a>
</section>
<!-- MathJax Example -->
<!-- \[\begin{aligned} -->
<!-- \dot{x} & = \sigma(y-x) \\ -->
<!-- \dot{y} & = \rho x - y - xz \\ -->
<!-- \dot{z} & = -\beta z + xy \\ -->
<!-- \ {x} & =2y -->
<!-- \end{aligned} \] -->
</section>
<!-- ============================================================== -->
<!-- =============================== Discussion & Outlook =============================== -->
<section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 00 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Discussion </h2>
<b> Positives </b>
<ul>
<li> Gender and Age are predictable from messages
<li> Random Forest outperforms Elastic Net and SVM
<li> Specific personal pronouns, emoji and emoticon are associated with age and gender
<li> First study to predict demographics based on WhatsApp data
<li> Demonstrated that prediction is better if more words included
</ul>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 0 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Discussion </h2>
<b> Negatives </b>
<ul>
<li> Manual, theory-driven approach reduces complexity
<li> LIWC has no contextual nor topic understanding
<li> Not adjusted to non-canonical language
<li> Old data set (with difficult to obtain data)
<li> Emoticon/ emoji usage changes by technology and time
<li> Mutual influence of participants not captured
</ul>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 1 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Outlook & Future Research </h2>
<ul>
<li> Non-parametric, theory-free methodolgy
<li> Memetic influence
<li> Group dynamics
<li> Geospatial Research of Linguistic Features
<li> Longitudinal Research of Linguistic Features
<li> Data soon available for own research
</ul>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 2 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> Liberation vs. Control </h2>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
<b> Liberation </b>
<ul>
<li> IOT, 5G, blockchain, ambient computing
<li> Decentralised world
<li> More participation, less hierarchy
<li> Faster speed and smart contracts
</ul>
</div>
<div style="float: right; width: 50%;">
<b> Control </b>
<ul>
<li> Unique Identifier & Meta Data (PRISM)
<li> Surveillance Capitalism
<li> WeChat & Ali Pay & social credit system
<li> QR-Checkin & Contact Tracing for COVID-19
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 3 =-=-=-=-= -->
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2> LINE is watching you :) </h2>
<a href="https://terms.line.me/line_rules/" target="_blank">
<img src="media/line.jpg" width=88% height=88% />
</a>
</section>
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 3 =-=-=-=-= -->
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 4 =-=-=-=-= -->
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 5 =-=-=-=-= -->
<!-- =-=-=-=-= SLIDE 6 =-=-=-=-= -->
</section>
<!-- ============================================================== -->
<!-- =============================== Wrap-Up =============================== -->
<section data-background-image="media/wrap_up.jpg">
<section data-background-image="media/keio.png" data-background-size="222px" data-background-position="top right" >
<h2>
Wrap-up
</h2>
</section>
</section>
<!-- ============================================================== -->
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